Journal articles on the topic 'South eastern Australian coastal habitats'
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1
Morgan, David L., Stephen J. Beatty, Paul G. Close, Mark G. Allen, Peter J. Unmack, Michael P. Hammer, and Mark Adams. "Resolving the taxonomy, range and ecology of biogeographically isolated and critically endangered populations of an Australian freshwater galaxiid, Galaxias truttaceus." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 4 (2016): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15043.
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The spotted galaxias (or trout minnow), Galaxias truttaceus, is a species that is restricted to south-western and south-eastern Australia, but there has long been conjecture as to whether the geographically and Critically Endangered Western Australian populations represent a subspecies (Galaxias truttaceus hesperius). We provide evidence that Western Australian populations, on the basis of a combination of genetic, geographic and ecological criteria, should be considered an evolutionary significant unit, which merits management as a high conservation priority. Substructure at nuclear and matrilineal genetic markers is not suggestive of species-level divergence, but rather of discrete western and eastern Australian subpopulations with limited contemporary gene flow. In contrast to many eastern populations that are diadromous, all western populations are potamodromous. Adults live and spawn in riverine habitats and larvae drift downstream to coastal lakes, where they spend several months, before undertaking a distinct upstream recruitment migration as juveniles to colonise riverine habitats. Instream barriers that disconnect riverine and lentic habitats restrict distributional range and presumably affect reproductive success of Western Australian populations. Conserving the remaining populations in Western Australia will require ongoing efforts to reduce the impact of emerging threats, particularly those related to instream barriers, introduced species and reductions in water quantity and quality.
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Dawson, D. R., and W. M. Koster. "Habitat use and movements of Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena) in a Victorian coastal stream." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 8 (2018): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17198.
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Riverine fishes are among the most imperilled fauna in the world; however, for many species, there is little or no understanding of their ecological requirements. The Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena) is a small diadromous fish endemic to rivers in south-eastern Australia that has declined considerably in range and abundance and is listed as threatened nationally. To improve understanding of the species’ movement ecology and to inform the development of conservation management actions, we examined the day-to-day movements and habitat use of Australian grayling (n=7) over 8 weeks by using radio-telemetry. Tagged individuals of Australian grayling typically occupied restricted (i.e. tens to hundreds of metres) reaches of stream, and were mostly located in moderate- to fast-flowing habitats (i.e. glide or run), although, at night, use of slower-flowing habitats (i.e. pools) increased. They also undertook longer-distance downstream movements during a period of increased streamflow. Incorporation of such information into management strategies has the potential to improve our capacity to maintain or re-instate the conditions required to conserve and restore Australian grayling populations.
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Brandimarti, Maquel E., Rachael Gray, Fabiola R. O. Silva, and Catherine A. Herbert. "Kangaroos at maximum capacity: health assessment of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos on a coastal headland." Journal of Mammalogy 102, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab022.
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Abstract Sprawling urban development is fragmenting the landscape and native wildlife habitats on the Australian east coast. The impact of this rapid urbanization on wildlife health is largely unknown. This study surveyed the health of a high-density (5.4 individuals per ha) population of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) affected by urban encroachment and prolonged drought. Blood parameters (hematological and serum protein), trace element and heavy metal concentrations, and parasite counts (fecal worm egg counts, ticks, and mites) are reported for a sample of ≤ 54 kangaroos at Look at Me Now Headland, New South Wales, Australia. These parameters were compared to lower density kangaroo populations from other sites in New South Wales. We found the health and welfare of this population to be severely compromised, with nonregenerative anemia and nutritional deficiencies evident. Our results indicate that high-density kangaroo populations isolated by urban encroachment are at significant health risk. To prevent further decline in this population’s health, we discuss management strategies that could be employed, concurrent with ongoing health and disease monitoring, to mitigate the poor health outcomes in this population. We conclude that it is essential to retain habitat connectivity when altering land use in areas with resident kangaroo populations if managers are to maintain healthy populations.
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Tulloch, Ayesha I., and Chris R. Dickman. "Floristic and structural components of habitat use by the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) in burnt and unburnt habitats." Wildlife Research 33, no. 8 (2006): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06057.
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The eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) occurs broadly but patchily in south-eastern Australia. It is a small, difficult-to-trap marsupial with poorly known resource and habitat preferences. This study investigated the structural and floristic habitat resources used and selected by C. nanus in Royal National Park (which was heavily burnt by bushfire in 1994) and Heathcote National Park (most of which had remained unburnt for over two decades at the time of study), in central-coastal New South Wales. Three different sampling methods were used – pitfall traps, Elliott traps and hair tubes – with pitfall trapping being by far the most effective method for detecting C. nanus. Live-trapping in different habitats revealed higher numbers of C. nanus in unburnt and burnt woodland, burnt heathland and burnt coastal complex than in unburnt coastal complex and burnt and unburnt rainforest. To identify the components of habitat contributing to this pattern, we first scored floristic and structural features of vegetation around trap stations and then quantified habitat components further by using spool- and radio-tracking. We found little evidence that C. nanus responded to any structural components of habitat, although arboreal activity was greater, not surprisingly, in wooded than in burnt heathland habitats. C. nanus was associated most strongly with the abundance of certain plants in the Proteaceae and Myrtaceae. In particular, the species prefers Banksia spp. (probably for food) and Eucalyptus and Xanthorrhoea spp. (probably for shelter).
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Rix, Michael G., Mark S. Harvey, and J. Dale Roberts. "A revision of the textricellin spider genus Raveniella (Araneae:Araneoidea:Micropholcommatidae): exploring patterns of phylogeny and biogeography in an Australian biodiversity hotspot." Invertebrate Systematics 24, no. 3 (2010): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is09048.
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South-western Western Australia is a biodiversity hotspot, with high levels of local endemism and a rich but largely undescribed terrestrial invertebrate fauna. Very few phylogeographic studies have been undertaken on south-western Australian invertebrate taxa, and almost nothing is known about historical biogeographic or cladogenic processes, particularly on the relatively young, speciose Quaternary sand dune habitats of the Swan Coastal Plain. Phylogeographic and taxonomic patterns were studied in textricellin micropholcommatid spiders belonging to the genus Raveniella Rix & Harvey. The Micropholcommatidae is a family of small spiders with a widespread distribution in southern Western Australia, and most species are spatially restricted to refugial microhabitats. In total, 340 specimens of Raveniella were collected from 36 surveyed localities on the Swan Coastal Plain and 17 non-Swan Coastal Plain reference localities in south-western Western Australia. Fragments from three nuclear rRNA genes (5.8S, 18S and ITS2), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (COI) were used to infer the phylogeny of the genus Raveniella, and to examine phylogeographic patterns on the Swan Coastal Plain. Five new species of Raveniella are described from Western Australia (R. arenacea, sp. nov., R. cirrata, sp. nov., R. janineae, sp. nov., R. mucronata, sp. nov. and R. subcirrata, sp. nov.), along with a single new species from south-eastern Australia (R. apopsis, sp. nov.). Four species of Raveniella were found on the Swan Coastal Plain: two with broader distributions in the High Rainfall and Transitional Rainfall Zones (R. peckorum Rix & Harvey, R. cirrata); and two endemic to the Swan Coastal Plain, found only on the western-most Quindalup dunes (R. arenacea, R. subcirrata). Two coastally restricted species (R. subcirrata, R. janineae) were found to be morphologically cryptic but genetically highly distinct, with female specimens morphologically indistinguishable from their respective sister-taxa (R. cirrata and R. peckorum). The greater Perth region is an important biogeographic overlap zone for all four Swan Coastal Plain species, where the ranges of two endemic coastal species join the northern and south-western limits of the ranges of R. peckorum and R. cirrata, respectively. Most species of Raveniella were found to occupy long, highly autapomorphic molecular branches exhibiting little intraspecific variation, and an analysis of ITS2 rRNA secondary structures among different species of Raveniella revealed the presence of an extraordinary hypervariable helix, ranging from 31 to over 400 nucleotides in length.
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Champion, Curtis, Alistair J. Hobday, Xuebin Zhang, Gretta T. Pecl, and Sean R. Tracey. "Changing windows of opportunity: past and future climate-driven shifts in temporal persistence of kingfish (Seriola lalandi) oceanographic habitat within south-eastern Australian bioregions." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 1 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17387.
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Climate-driven shifts in species distributions are occurring rapidly within marine systems and are predicted to continue under climate change. To effectively adapt, marine resource users require information relevant to their activities at decision-making timescales. We model oceanographic habitat suitability for kingfish (Seriola lalandi) from south-eastern Australia using multiple environmental variables at monthly time steps over the period 1996–2040. Habitat predictions were used to quantify the temporal persistence (months per year) of suitable oceanographic habitat within six coastal bioregions. A decline in temporal habitat persistence is predicted for the northernmost (equatorward) bioregion, whereas increases are predicted for the three southernmost (poleward) bioregions. We suggest that temporal habitat persistence is an important metric for climate change adaptation because it provides fishery-relevant information. Our methods demonstrate how novel metrics relevant to climate adaptation can be derived from predictions of species’ environmental habitats, and are appropriate for the management of fisheries resources and protection of high conservation value species under future climate change.
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Becker, Alistair, and Matthew D. Taylor. "Nocturnal sampling reveals usage patterns of intertidal marsh and subtidal creeks by penaeid shrimp and other nekton in south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 4 (2017): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15325.
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The life cycle of most penaeid prawns includes a juvenile phase in protected coastal environments such as estuaries and embayments. In the tropics, some penaeids are known to utilise intertidal habitats, yet in temperate regions of Australia the use of marshes has not been investigated. We focused on determining the extent to which Melicertus plebejus and Metapenaeus macleayi directly utilise intertidal marsh habitat using fyke nets. Using cast nets, we also assessed the abundance of the two focal species in middle and edge habitat of adjacent subtidal creeks. Despite collecting 8300 crustaceans and 4259 teleosts, only 8M. plebejus were sampled on the marsh. Abundances of M. macleayi were greater with 90 individuals collected. Within the subtidal creeks larger M. macleayi were collected in the middle habitat and the abundance of both penaeids varied among different creeks. The nekton community as a whole also differed among creeks within marshes. This study has demonstrated that juvenile M. plebejus and M. macleayi do not directly utilise intertidal marsh habitats. Despite this, marshes may provide important resources for prawns through the export of carbon. Future isotope studies would provide valuable information in this regard, providing a broader understanding of penaeids and specific estuarine habitats.
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Stokes, Vicki L. "Trappability of introduced and native rodents in different trap types in coastal forests of south-eastern Australia." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12002.
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Trapping is an invaluable tool for estimating community composition and population size and structure of mammals. Bias in the relative contribution of species to a community and the age and sex structure of populations can occur where the traps used do not equally trap all species, sexes or cohorts. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of enclosed Elliott traps and open wire cage traps in trapping the invasive black rat, Rattus rattus, and the native rodent, Rattus fuscipes. Both trap types were suitable for trapping R. fuscipes and there was no apparent bias in capture of sex and age classes. In contrast, black rats were considerably more trappable in cage traps. Juveniles were more readily trapped in Elliott traps than adults, but were still considerably undersampled where only Elliott traps were used. These findings have important implications for sampling invasive rodents in Australian forests where Elliott traps are commonly used to census small mammals. Only using Elliott traps will underestimate density, distribution and impacts of R. rattus in native habitats. Cage traps or a combination of traps are recommended for reliably trapping black rats and obtaining representative data on presence, abundance and distribution.
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WINTERTON, SHAUN L. "Are hind coxal knobs a synapomorphy for therevids? An unusual new species of Anabarhynchus Macquart from Australia (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae)." Zootaxa 413, no. 1 (January 28, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.413.1.1.
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A new species of Anabarhynchus Macquart is described and figured from south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Anabarhynchus oblongicornus sp. nov. adults are active in coastal heath and beach fore-dune habitats. This species is notable because of its greatly elongate antennae, and absence of hind coxal knob, which easily differentiates A. oblongicornus sp. nov. from other species in this endemic Australasian genus. The presence of the hind coxal knob has previously been considered synapomorphic for Therevidae+Apsilocephalidae. A review of the presence of this structure in the therevoid clade (Apsilocephalidae+Scenopinidae+Therevidae+Ocoidae) indicates that it is actually plesiomorphic for the entire group, with various examples of secondary reduction or absence in all higher scenopinids and some therevids.
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Miller, Kelly B., and Janice S. Edgerly. "Systematics and natural history of the Australian genus Metoligotoma Davis (Embioptera:Australembiidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 22, no. 3 (2008): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is07018.
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Members of the order Embioptera (webspinners) are among the least known groups of insects, but have a relatively well-developed, phylogenetically unique, and biologically interesting fauna in portions of Australia. The genus Metoligotoma Davis (Australembiidae) is a well-defined group occurring in south-eastern Australia where species are especially distinctive in that they occupy extremely small endemic areas. Additionally, both males and females are wingless, thereby severely limiting opportunities for dispersal. Hypotheses of relationships among these species are not available in a modern phylogenetic context and little is known of their natural history and biogeography. A new species of Embioptera, Metoligotoma rooksi Miller & Edgerly, sp. nov. is described from a male specimen from near Bombala, New South Wales, Australia. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus (including 10 of the 16 known species of Metoligotoma) was conducted using morphological and molecular data from 16S, 28S, COI+COII and H3. The new species is most closely related to M. begae, from which it is geographically separated by the high coastal mountains. The natural history of the genus is reviewed, including descriptions of the silk galleries, habitats and eggs. The biogeography of the genus is examined in light of the phylogeny. No obvious vicariance model supports the current distribution and small endemic areas exhibited by members of the genus. Instead, it is speculated that periodic, rare dispersal events from north to south, and inland over the coastal mountains, resulted in the current distribution of the species. This is the first modern phylogenetic analysis of the Australembiidae, and the first extensive analysis of any group of Embioptera to include molecular data.
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Tierney, Leyton J., Clyde H. Wild, and James M. Furse. "Total incombustible (mineral) content of Cherax quadricarinatus differs between feral populations in Central-Eastern Australia." PeerJ 7 (February 1, 2019): e6351. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6351.
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Cherax quadricarinatus has been widely translocated within Australia, and a number of self-sustaining feral populations have established, and persisted, in central-eastern Australia for over 20 years: however, the biology and ecology of feral populations remain poorly understood. Using the loss-by-ignition method, this study investigated differences in the total content of incombustible material (as a proxy for total mineral content), between feral C. quadricarinatus populations in southeast Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. A total of 102 C. quadricarinatus were ignited, and percent total incombustible material was not proportional to the body size, or gender of the crayfish. Incombustible content was however, significantly different between some locations of capture (i.e., waterbodies). The site where incombustible content in crayfish was atypical, Lake Ainsworth, is a naturally acidic coastal lake, and we suggest that acidity and low concentration of calcium in that waterbody are likely responsible for the difference in mineral content detected in that population. Mechanism(s) driving the difference detected in the Lake Ainsworth population are unknown, but we suggest the acidic environment could directly impact maintenance of internal calcium reserves in the crayfish (intermoult), during recalcification of the cuticle (postmoult), or both. Limited calcium availability in the lake may also be a direct, or indirect, contributing factor. The ability of C. quadricarinatus to occupy acidic habitats while managing biomineralization challenges possibly could enable additional range-expansion of the species, and potential impacts on both endangered ecological communities and other biota occupying the acidic coastal habitats of Eastern Australia.
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Wilson, Barbara A., Lily Zhuang-Griffin, and Mark J. Garkaklis. "Decline of the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus minimus maritimus in south-east Australia: implications for recovery and management under a drying climate." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo17041.
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Our understanding of recent extinctions and declines of Australian mammals is poor, particularly where there is a paucity of data to quantify change. The swamp antechinus (A. m. maritimus) has a fragmented, coastal distribution in south-east Australia. Although long-term studies (1975–2007) of this vulnerable species were conducted in the eastern Otways, its current status was unclear. We assessed the success of live trapping and camera trapping (2013–17) at 42 sites, 19 where the species was trapped previously. Between 2013 and 2015 A. m. maritimus was recorded at only 6 sites (n = 8), but at none in 2016–17. Assessment of long-term changes found that high-density populations occurred after above-average rainfall, and both low- and high-density populations collapsed after wildfire, after low rainfall, and in fragmented habitat. The species may now be restricted to very small populations in refuges such as coastal dunes, and predicted low rainfall and increased burning frequency pose major threats to the species’ survival. Recovery is unlikely without targeted management, including predator control and protection from inappropriate fire regimes and habitat fragmentation. If similar declines have been experienced across the species’ range, prevention of extinction of the species will require similar management strategies.
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HARMER, AARON M. T., and VOLKER W. FRAMENAU. "Telaprocera (Araneae: Araneidae), a new genus of Australian orb-web spiders with highly elongated webs." Zootaxa 1956, no. 1 (December 5, 2008): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1956.1.2.
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A new genus of orb-web spider (Araneidae Simon), Telaprocera gen. nov., including two new species, T. maudae sp. nov. (type species) and T. joanae sp. nov., are described. Telaprocera gen. nov. differs from all other araneid genera by the presence of a dorsal keel on the male cymbium. The known range of Telaprocera maudae sp. nov. is limited to the east coast of Australia, from far northern Queensland to central New South Wales. The spiders are found in closed canopy rainforest and adults can be found year round. Telaprocera joanae sp. nov. has been found from central coastal Queensland to far eastern Victoria. They occur in similar habitats, with similar phenology, as T. maudae sp. nov. Both species build highly elongated orb-webs known as ladder-webs. A variety of phylogenetic analyses based on an updated morphological data matrix for orb-web spiders did not provide a conclusive placement of Telaprocera gen. nov. within the Araneidae. Equally weighted analysis placed the genus as sister to Kaira O. P.-Cambridge and Metepeira F. O. P.Cambridge combined. Strong downweighting of homoplasious characters placed the genus as sister taxon to the traditional Argiopinae Simon. The uncertain phylogenetic position of Telaprocera gen. nov. may reflect the insufficient knowledge of the morphology of Australian taxa—taxa that may possess characters previously not considered in phylogenetic analyses of the Araneidae.
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McLuckie, Catherine, Natalie Moltschaniwskyj, Troy Gaston, R. Hugh Dunstan, Marcus Crompton, and Matthew D. Taylor. "Lethal and sublethal effects of simultaneous exposure to hypoxia and aluminium on juvenile eastern school prawn." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 6 (2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18487.
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Estuarine waters are heavily influenced by catchment land use and run-off, and acid sulfate soils directly affect both dissolved oxygen (DO) and aluminium concentrations. This can affect harvested species (including benthic crustaceans) and can have concomitant effects on their productivity. In this study we evaluated the effects of hypoxia (DO concentrations <2mgL–1) on eastern school prawn (Metapenaeus macleayi) under enhanced and ambient aluminium concentrations (mean±s.d., 0.112±0.009 and 0.015±0.002mgL–1 respectively). There was a significant increase in survival with increasing DO and LC50 was ~0.9mgL–1, although survival decreased at higher DO concentrations in the presence of enhanced aluminium concentrations. Total fatty acid and amino acid concentrations were significantly greater in prawns subjected to hypoxia, regardless of aluminium exposure. Docosahexaenoic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid and behenic acid (fatty acids) and leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and asparagine (amino acids) contributed to differences in fatty and amino acid profiles among treatments. Hypoxia and aluminium concentrations in nursery habitats of south-eastern Australian estuaries can exceed the conditions evaluated, and could thus affect survival of M. macleayi. More generally, these results have implications for other crustacean species in estuaries that drain coastal flood plains, and the fisheries that rely on them.
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Spaet, JLY, A. Manica, CP Brand, C. Gallen, and PA Butcher. "Environmental conditions are poor predictors of immature white shark Carcharodon carcharias occurrences on coastal beaches of eastern Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 653 (October 29, 2020): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13488.
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Understanding and predicting the distribution of organisms in heterogeneous environments is a fundamental ecological question and a requirement for sound management. To implement effective conservation strategies for white shark Carcharodon carcharias populations, it is imperative to define drivers of their movement and occurrence patterns and to protect critical habitats. Here, we acoustically tagged 444 immature white sharks and monitored their presence in relation to environmental factors over a 3 yr period (2016-2019) using an array of 21 iridium satellite-linked (VR4G) receivers spread along the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Results of generalized additive models showed that all tested predictors (month, time of day, water temperature, tidal height, swell height, lunar phase) had a significant effect on shark occurrence. However, collectively, these predictors only explained 1.8% of deviance, suggesting that statistical significance may be rooted in the large sample size rather than biological importance. On the other hand, receiver location, which captures geographic fidelity and local conditions not captured by the aforementioned environmental variables, explained a sizeable 17.3% of deviance. Sharks tracked in this study hence appear to be tolerant to episodic changes in environmental conditions, and movement patterns are likely related to currently undetermined, location-specific habitat characteristics or biological components, such as local currents, prey availability or competition. Importantly, we show that performance of VR4G receivers can be strongly affected by local environmental conditions, and provide an example of how a lack of range test controls can lead to misinterpretation and erroneous conclusions of acoustic detection data.
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Henle, Klaus, Will Osborne, and Frank Lemckert. "The herpetofauna of Kioloa, New South Wales: baseline observational data collected 30 years ago and inspired by R. E. Barwick." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 1 (2014): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14003.
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There is increasing concern about the global decline of amphibians and reptiles. One problem with documenting declines and identifying underlying causes is the absence of historical data to compare to current data. Here we provide historic data for Kioloa on the south-eastern coast of New South Wales. In this region considerable clearing of natural forest and woodland and creation of farmland ponds took place during the second half of the 20th century. The Australian National University has a field station at Kioloa and R.E. Barwick introduced us to the field station and what was known of the herpetofauna in the mid-1980s. We undertook detailed observational surveys of the herpetofauna at this time and we revisited the area at other times, focusing on the coastal habitats. We found 13 species of frogs and 11 species of reptiles. Three further frog species and one reptile species known to occur in the area in the 1980s were not detected by us. More recently, one further frog species and six reptile species were added to the list, raising the total to 17 frog and 18 reptile species. The number and composition was similar to other locations of coastal New South Wales, except for some of the rarely encountered species. No strictly forest-dependent species were observed in the partially cleared survey area and such species presumably had already disappeared from these areas already before we commenced our observations. The frog Pseudophryne bibronii was still common in tall open-forest but was uncommon in partially cleared areas. Six species of frogs and one species of reptile presumably benefited from the anthropogenic habitat modifications. No declines of common species of reptiles occurred between the mid-1980s and 1993 but all species of frogs were very rare in 1993 due to very dry conditions. Litoria aurea, a threatened species of frog that was widespread in the mid-1980s, survives (2012) only at one site in the area.
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Sale, Michael G., Barbara A. Wilson, and John P. Y. Arnould. "Factors influencing population dynamics in island and mainland populations of the swamp antechinus (Antechinus minimus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 3 (2008): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08076.
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Simultaneously analysing demographic processes of small mammals living in different ecological contexts may help to understand mechanisms that influence the growth and decline of these populations. The size and demography of swamp antechinus (Antechinus minimus) populations located in a coastal mainland habitat and on a small offshore island in south-eastern Australia were investigated. Large demographic differences occurred between the two ecosystems, with the island population density often 100 times greater than that on the mainland. The swamp antechinus in the mainland habitat was influenced by extrinsic climatic forces, with juvenile recruitment, individual body mass and overall population size being affected by rainfall, a factor likely to influence food availability for the species. However, the island population did not appear to be affected by drought to the same degree where allochthonous marine nutrient inputs may have offset any drought-induced reduction in primary production. Significantly greater juvenile recruitment in the island habitats combined with restricted emigration and potentially reduced predation and interspecific competition are likely to be responsible for the high population densities on the island. Although island populations appear robust, future conservation efforts should focus on mainland populations given the genetic deficiencies in the island populations.
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van der Meulen, Dylan E., Chris T. Walsh, Matthew D. Taylor, and Charles A. Gray. "Habitat requirements and spawning strategy of an estuarine-dependent fish, Percalates colonorum." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 3 (2014): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13060.
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Determining the links among estuarine hydrography, habitat and spawning of estuarine-dependent fish is essential for understanding reproductive dynamics, recruitment processes and directing conservation efforts. Acoustic tracking was used to evaluate fine-scale spatial and temporal patterns in spawning activity of Percalates colonorum (estuary perch) within the Shoalhaven River, south-eastern Australia. Plankton tows were used to determine the timing of spawning events. Tagged P. colonorum exhibited movements restricted to areas of structurally complex large wooden debris and a concrete ferry landing. Egg counts confirmed that spawning events coincided with adult aggregations, whereas egg abundances peaked at night during the first 2 h of the run-out tide. We postulate that spawning and recruitment success of P. colonorum is attributable to its selective spawning habitats that are (1) structurally complex to provide refuge and protection from predation, as well as congregate prey items, (2) adjacent to deep water of high velocities to maximise egg dispersal and (3) in close proximity to river entrance to facilitate coastal dispersal of eggs and inter-estuarine connectivity of larvae.
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Houston, Wayne A., Robert L. Black, and Rod J. Elder. "Distribution and habitat of the critically endangered Capricorn Yellow Chat Epthianura crocea macgregori." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 1 (2013): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130039.
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The Capricorn Yellow Chat (Meliphagidae: Epthianura crocea macgregori) is a poorly known, endangered passerine of coastal north-eastern Australian wetlands. Recent research has highlighted the need for evidence based management and that recovery programmes may be hampered by a lack of sound ecological knowledge. Capricorn Yellow Chats were found at 15 sites near Rockhampton between Broad Sound and the Fitzroy River delta in the south. Overall, suitable habitat was limited with an area occupied of about 6 000 ha, confirming the need for careful management. Habitat may be typified as grass-sedge wetlands or tall supratidal saltmarshes that are temporarily flooded, with pools becoming brackish to hypersaline as they dry. Over 96% of sightings were on coastal plains formed by marine sedimentation processes, most without current tidal influence, and many less than 5 m above sea level. The remaining 4% were associated with alluvial-formed plains, but only where these bordered existing marine plain sites; suggesting a preference for marine plain habitats, possibly reflecting structural differences and foraging preferences (marine plains tend to be more open due to the presence of salt-tolerant samphire vegetation). Sea level rise was identified as a major threat to the subspecies with chat sightings at most sites averaging less than 2 m above current highest astronomical tidal influence, and sites becoming tidal or with regular storm surge influence under future modest predicted sea level rise scenarios of 0.5 m by 2100. Most sites had some form of banking to reduce tidal influence and promote freshwater pasture grasses for cattle production. The site supporting most chats had small banks that allowed floods to flow around them, maintaining connectivity with the downstream marine systems. This study contributes to baseline information essential to the evaluation of any future management interventions; thus avoiding the pitfalls hampering much of the global conservation efforts directed at threatened species.
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Milton, DA, and AH Arthington. "Reproductive strategy and growth of the Australian smelt, Retropinna semoni (Weber) (Pisces : Retropinnidae), and the olive perchlet, Ambassis nigripinnis (De Vis) (Pisces : Ambassidae), in Brisbane, south-eastern Queensland." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 3 (1985): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850329.
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The reproductive biology and growth of R. semoni and A. nigripinnis were studied in Brisbane, south- eastern Queensland, over a 20-month period (1981-1982). R. semoni began to breed in winter at water temperatures exceeding 15�C, reflecting its salmoniform affinities and temperate distribution. A. nigripinnis, a subtropical species of Indo-Pacific origin, required a period of rising temperature before breeding began in spring at 22�C. Both species concentrated their breeding activity into the months that precede summer storms and high, variable stream discharges, which can generate fluctuating water levels, destruction of weedbeds and instability of the stream substrate. Pre-flood spawning also occurs in three other small-bodied native species in the region, and appears to have adaptive value in the seasonally unstable environments of coastal streams. Dispersal of juvenile fish may be facilitated by rising water levels during summer months following spawning. R. semoni grew faster and to larger sizes than A. nigripinnis and growth of both species was adequately described by the von Bertalanffy equation. Male and female R. semoni and male A. nigripinnis live and breed for 2 years but female A. nigripinnis survive and may breed into their third year. These patterns of survivorship and reproduction are consistent with the contention that natural mortality is higher in open-water foragers such as R. semoni than in species like A. nigripinnis, which tends to forage amongst littoral vegetation and in mid-water. Differences in the sizes of eggs and larvae of the two species are also consistent with the probability that they experience different relative exposure to predation. These and other attributes, coupled with pre-flood spawning, enable both species to achieve large populations in suitable habitats within coastal streams, in spite of their relatively low fecundities.
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Phillips, M., and PC Catling. "Home Range and Activity Patterns of Red Foxes in Nadgee Nature Reserve." Wildlife Research 18, no. 6 (1991): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910677.
Full textAbstract:
Three adult red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in a 20-km2 wilderness area of coastal south-eastern Australia were studied during pre-denning and denning. Home ranges were defined by geographic featues, but not by roads. The foxes occupied exclusive home ranges, and observations suggest that they were territorial and existed alone or, at most, in mated pairs. Home-range sizes were small (1.2-5.2 km2) compared with those in North America and Europe, but similar to those in England and Wales. During denning the female's activity became almost entirely diurnal. When not active, the vixen was with the cubs. Male activity during denning was nocturnal, but, as found for the female, inactive periods were spent near the suspected den-site in his home range. Habitats that were frequented most by all foxes were those with the highest abundance of either small or medium-sized mammals. Dry sclerophyll forest was used consistently by all foxes but heathland and the beaches were rarely frequented. Small and medium-sized mammals, which were abundant in all habitats except the beach and heathland, made up 52.6% of items in the scats.
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Griffith, Stephen J., Susan Rutherford, Kerri L. Clarke, and Nigel W. M. Warwick. "Water relations of wallum species in contrasting groundwater habitats of Pleistocene beach ridge barriers on the lower north coast of New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 7 (2015): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15103.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the water relations of sclerophyllous evergreen vegetation (wallum) on coastal sand barriers in eastern Australia. Many wallum species may be groundwater dependent, although the extent of this dependency is largely unknown. Twenty-six perennial tree, shrub and herb species were investigated in three groundwater habitats (ridge, open depression, closed depression). Pre-dawn and midday shoot xylem water potentials (ψx) were measured monthly between late autumn 2010 and late summer 2011. Pressure–volume curve traits were determined in mid- to late spring 2009, including the osmotic potential at full (π100) and zero (π0) turgor, and bulk modulus of elasticity (ε). Carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) were also determined in mid- to late spring 2009, to measure water-use efficiency (WUE). The species displayed a range of physiological strategies in response to water relations, and these strategies overlapped among contrasting growth forms and habitats. Linear relationships between osmotic and elastic adjustment were significant. A strong correlation between δ13C and distribution along the hydrological gradient was not apparent. Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha (A.S.George) A.S.George, Eucalyptus racemosa Cav. subsp. racemosa and Eucalyptus robusta Sm. displayed little seasonal variation in ψx and maintained a comparatively high pre-dawn ψx, and are therefore likely to be phreatophytic. Wetland vegetation in the lowest part of the landscape appeared to tolerate extreme fluctuations in water availability linked to a prevailing climatic pattern of variable and unreliable seasonal rainfall.
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Perrett, Christine, Olusegun O. Osunkoya, and Cameron Clark. "Cat's claw creeper vine, Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae), invasion impacts: comparative leaf nutrient content and effects on soil physicochemical properties." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 6 (2012): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12055.
Full textAbstract:
Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is a major environmental weed in coastal Queensland, Australia. There is a lack of quantitative data on its leaf chemistry and its impact on soil properties. Soils from infested vs uninfested areas, and leaves of M. unguis-cati and three co-occurring vine species (one exotic, two native) were collected at six sites (riparian and non-riparian) in south-eastern Queensland. Effects of invasion status, species, site and habitat type were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Habitat type had a greater effect on soil nutrients than on leaf chemistry. Invasion effect of M. unguis-cati on soil chemistry was more pronounced in non-riparian than in riparian habitat. Significantly higher values were obtained in M. unguis-cati infested (vs. uninfested) soils for ~50% of traits. Leaf ion concentrations differed significantly between exotic and native vines. Observed higher leaf-nutrient load (especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in exotic plants aligns with the preference of invasive plant species for disturbed habitats with higher nutrient input. Higher load of trace elements (aluminium, boron, cadmium and iron) in its leaves suggests that cycling of heavy-metal ions, many of which are potentially toxic at excess level, could be accelerated in soils of M. unguis-cati-invaded landscape. Although inferences from the present study are based on correlative data, the consistency of the patterns across many sites suggests that M. unguis-cati may improve soil fertility and influence nutrient cycling, perhaps through legacy effects of its own litter input.
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Monamy, V. "Sexual Differences in Habitat Use by Rattus lutreolus (Rodentia: Muridae): The Emergence of Patterns in Native Rodent Community Structure." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 1 (1998): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97043.
Full textAbstract:
The successful long-term conservation of Australian fauna relies on a clear understanding of how coexisting species partition limited resources. Such partitioning results in complex levels of habitat selection, dependent on dynamic interactions between biotic and abiotic processes. In small mammal communities where native Rattus spp. are present and there are substantial interspecific competitive effects, habitat selection by female Rattus may drive habitat use by other rodent species (particularly native mice). This has been demonstrated in Tasmania where the velvet-furred rat, R. lutreolus velutinus, and the long-tailed mouse, Pseudomys higginsi, occupy wet sclerophyll forest in sympatry. Differential habitat use is exhibited by male and female R. l. velutinus which may determine the extent of habitat use by P. higginsi. Here, I report a similar pattern of coexistence between the swamp rat, R. l. lutreolus, and the eastern chestnut mouse, P. gracilicaudatus, in coastal heathland in New South Wales. As in the Tasmanian model, female R. l. lutreolus were significantly more likely to be trapped in areas of densest vegetation, and male R. l. lutreolus and both sexes of P. gracilicaudatus were more often trapped in areas where cover was less dense. This finding introduces the possibility that there exists a clear and possibly widespread mechanism of coexistence that involves intersexual differences in habitat use by the dominant species in communities where substantive interspecific competition has been demonstrated.
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Walsh, Chris T., Charles A. Gray, Ron J. West, Dylan E. van der Meulen, and Lindsay F. G. Williams. "Growth, episodic recruitment and age truncation in populations of a catadromous percichthyid, Macquaria colonorum." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 4 (2010): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09080.
Full textAbstract:
Temperate basses and perches (family Percichthyidae) worldwide have declined in distribution and abundance during the past few decades due to anthropogenic impacts such as fishing, habitat degradation and alteration to river flows. This study examined differences in the age, growth and longevity of Macquaria colonorum among three south-eastern Australian coastal rivers. Estimates of ages were made by counting opaque zones in sectioned otoliths. Ages were validated by using marginal increment analysis, staining fish otoliths with oxytetracycline and sampling young-of-the-year fish. Length-at-age data from 1644 fish indicated that growth of M. colonorum is rapid in the first 3 to 4 years, after which it slows considerably. Females grew faster and reached larger asymptotic lengths than males. The species was found to be long lived, with the oldest fish estimated at 41 years. Population age structures indicated variable year-class strengths in all three rivers and there was an absence of larger, older (>10 years) individuals in the populations from the two rivers with a history of commercial fishing. These results indicate that M. colonorum populations, similar to other global percichthyid and estuarine-dependent fishes, have been subjected to episodic recruitment and age truncation and that these are likely influenced by environmental flows and fishing pressure.
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Ovenden, J. R., and R. W. White. "Mitochondrial and allozyme genetics of incipient speciation in a landlocked population of Galaxias truttaceus (Pisces: Galaxiidae)." Genetics 124, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.701.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Galaxias truttaceus is found in coastal rivers and streams in south-eastern Australia. It spawns at the head of estuaries in autumn and the larvae spend 3 months of winter at sea before returning to fresh water. In Tasmania there are landlocked populations of G. truttaceus in a cluster of geologically young lakes on the recently glaciated Central Plateau. These populations have no marine larval stage and spawn in the lakes in spring. Speciation due to land locking is thought to be a frequent occurrence within Galaxias. To investigate the nature of the speciation event which may be occurring within lake populations of G. truttaceus we studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and allozyme diversity of both lake and stream populations. Using the presence or absence of restriction sites recognized by 13 six-base restriction endonucleases, we found 58 mtDNA haplotypes among 150 fish collected from 13 Tasmanian and one south-east Australian mainland stream populations. The most parsimonious network relating the haplotypes by site loss or gain was starlike in shape. We argue that this arrangement is best explained by selection upon slightly beneficial mutations within the mitochondrial genome. Gene diversity analysis under Wright's island model showed that the populations in each drainage were not genetically subdivided. Only two of these stream haplotypes were found among the 66 fish analyzed from four lake populations. Despite the extreme lack of mtDNA diversity in lake populations, the observed nuclear DNA heterozygosity of 40 lake fish (0.10355) was only slightly less than that of 82 stream fish (0.11635). In the short time (3000-7000 years) that the lake fish have been landlocked, random genetic drift in a finite, stable-sized population was probably not responsible for the lack of mtDNA diversity in the lake populations. We infer the lake populations have probably experienced at least one, severe, but transitory bottleneck possibly induced by natural selection for life-history characters essential for survival in the lacustrine habitat. If speciation is occurring in the landlocked populations of G. truttaceus, then it may be driven by genetic transilience.
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Orchard, A. E. "A revision of Cassinia (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in Australia. 6. Section Cassinia." Australian Systematic Botany 22, no. 5 (2009): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb09018.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper completes a taxonomic revision of Cassinia subg. Cassinia, a group of 35 species separated from subg. Achromolaena by the structure of its inflorescence (capitula arrangement approximately dichasial, giving rise to flat- or round-topped compound inflorescences, as opposed to the irregular or alternate arrangement of capitula in subg. Achromolaena, where the overall shape of the inflorescence is conical or elongate). The seven species of Cassinia sect. Cassinia (C. aculeata, C. thinicola, C. wilsoniae, C. longifolia, C. aureonitens, C. trinerva and C. cinerea) are keyed, described and illustrated, with discussion of ecology, distribution and variation. Cassinia aculeata subsp. nova-anglica Orchard, C. thinicola Orchard, C. wilsoniae Orchard and C. cinerea Orchard are described as new. Cassinia aculeata is a variable and widespread species. Four morphological variants are described and discussed, although not formally named. Previously suggested hybridisation between C. aculeata and Ozothamnus obcordatus is discussed, and dismissed. A new subspecies, narrowly endemic to the New England region of New South Wales (NSW), and separated by 350 km from subsp. aculeata, is described. Cassinia longifolia is similarly widespread and variable, particularly in indumentum and leaf shape. Again, four more or less distinct local morphological variants are described, but they are not formally named because of problems with satisfactory circumscription. Cassinia thinicola is newly segregated from C. aculeata. It is a strikingly distinct species, confined to coastal habitats north and south of Newcastle, distinguished by its (usually) lack of hairs on the upper leaf surface, ochre-coloured inflorescences and compact habit. Cassinia wilsoniae, confined to Wyperfeld National Park in western Victoria, has hitherto been largely overlooked, with specimens assigned to a broadly circumscribed ‘C. uncata’, or C. aculeata or C. longifolia. It is geographically widely separated from all of these taxa. It is unusual in the genus, in being confined largely to the summits of consolidated sand dunes. It has rather small inflorescences with few capitula, and these are ochre-coloured. The leaf margins are strongly revolute, almost completely covering the midrib below, unlike related taxa where the midrib remains uncovered. Cassinia cinerea is a rare species confined to south-eastern Queensland, and hitherto confused with C. laevis and C. collina, both in subg. Achromolaena (and thus with conical inflorescences). It also differs from both in a range of indumentum and leaf characters. The remaining, previously recognised, species are redescribed in detail, and their nomenclature, variation, ecology and distribution are discussed as required.
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Kerle, J. A., C. Kimmorley, and J. M. Old. "An inland population of the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) at Black Rock Ridge, New South Wales: a preliminary ecological assessment." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 2 (2013): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12047.
Full textAbstract:
The common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) is considered abundant throughout its distribution in eastern Australia but appears to be declining at a regional level in inland New South Wales. Previous studies of the common ringtail possum in south-eastern Australia have focussed on coastal populations and little is known about the ecology of inland populations. In south-western Australia studies of the closely related western ringtail possum (Pseudocherius occidentalis) have found that coastal populations differ from inland populations, particularly in their nesting behaviour. In this preliminary study of an inland population of the common ringtail possum at Black Rock Ridge in central west New South Wales population density has been estimated and the habitat and nesting preference assessed. Up to one ringtail per hectare and 4.5 ringtails per spotlight hour were recorded. Tree hollows appeared to be the preferred nest site, with possums seen entering hollows during spotlighting and no dreys being located. Threats to common ringtail possums at Black Rock Ridge include the isolation of the remnant ridge vegetation within an extensively cleared landscape and the associated change in fire regimes. Within this landscape there has been an extensive reduction in available habitat, and an overall lack of habitat connectivity has placed ringtail possums at an increased risk of predation.
29
Colgan, D. J. "Marine and estuarine phylogeography of the coasts of south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 11 (2016): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15106.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding a region’s phylogeography is essential for an evolutionary perspective on its biological conservation. This review examines the phylogeographic structures in south-eastern Australia that have been revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequencing and other genetic techniques and examines whether they can be explained by known factors. The review covers species that occur in the intertidal zone or, even infrequently, in the shallow subtidal zone. The coasts most frequently associated with phylogeographic structure are the boundaries between the Peronian and Maugean biogeographical provinces in southern New South Wales and the Maugean and Flindersian provinces in South Australia, the areas in Victoria and north-eastern Tasmania separated by the Bassian Isthmus at glacial maxima, long sandy stretches without rocky intertidal habitat on the Ninety Mile Beach in Victoria and the Younghusband Peninsula–Coorong in South Australia, southern Tasmania and Bass Strait, which acts as a barrier for littoral species.
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Dawkins, Kathryn L., James M. Furse, Clyde H. Wild, and Jane M. Hughes. "Distribution and population genetics of the threatened freshwater crayfish genus Tenuibranchiurus (Decapoda:Parastacidae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 9 (2010): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09294.
Full textAbstract:
Very high rates of extinction are recorded in freshwater ecosystems, with coastally distributed species threatened by urban development, pollution and climate change. One example, the world’s second smallest freshwater crayfish (genus Tenuibranchiurus), inhabits coastal swamps in central-eastern Australia. Although only one species is described (Tenuibranchiurus glypticus), it was expected that populations isolated through habitat fragmentation would be highly divergent. The aims of this study were to determine if populations of Tenuibranchiurus are genetically distinct, and if ancient divergence, as indicated in other species in the region, was evident. Tenuibranchiurus were collected at seven sites, extending the known geographical distribution ∼260 km south to Wooli, New South Wales. Analysis of two mitochondrial DNA gene regions indicated two highly divergent clades, with numerous additional subclades. Both clades and subclades were strongly congruent with geographical location, and were estimated to have diverged from each other during the Miocene or Pliocene era. Little sharing of haplotypes between subpopulations was evident, indicating negligible gene flow, and genetic differentiation between subclades possibly indicates distinct species. The coastal distribution of Tenuibranchiurus, severe habitat fragmentation and clear differences between subclades suggest that they should be recognised as evolutionarily significant units, and be treated as such if conservation and management initiatives are warranted.
31
Lambkin, KJ. "Revision of the Australian scorpion-fly genus Harpobittacus (Mecoptera : Bittacidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 8, no. 4 (1994): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9940767.
Full textAbstract:
Harpobittacus Gerstaecker is the largest of the six genera of Australian Bittacidae. Adults occur in eastern, south-eastern and south-western Australian eucalypt woodland and coastal heathland during spring and summer and sometimes autumn. The genus contains 11 species, which are diagnosed in the present revision: H. australis (Klug) [= australis rubripes Riek, syn. nov., = corethrarius (Rambur), = intermedius (Selys-Longchamps)] (south-east Australia, including Tasmania); H. albatus Riek, stat. nov. (= limnaeus Smithers, syn. nov.) (coastal eastern Australia); H. christine, sp. nov. (inland south-east Queensland); H. tillyardi Esben-Petersen ( = nigratus Navás) (coastal eastern Australia); H. rubricatus Riek (inland south-east Australia); H. scheibeli Esben-Petersen (= brewerae Smithers, syn. nov.) (inland and coastal eastern Australia); H. septentrionis, sp. nov. (coastal north Queensland); H. nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps) (mainland south-east Australia); H. similis Esben-Petersen, H. quasisimilis, sp. nov., and H. phaeoscius Riek (all south-west Western Australia). Cladistic analysis has produced the following hypothesis of relationships: (((australis (albatus christine)) (tillyardi rubricatus)) ((similis quasisimilis) ((scheibeli septentrionis) (nigriceps phaeoscius))). Immediate sister-species show little or no overlap in their geographic distributions.
32
Lei, Juan, and David T. Booth. "Intraspecific variation in space use of a coastal population of lace monitors (Varanus varius)." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (2017): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo17078.
Full textAbstract:
The lace monitor (Varanus varius) is a carnivorous scavenger that inhabits lowland forests and coastlines throughout south-eastern Australia. Here we used global positioning system (GPS) devices to remotely monitor adult lace monitor behaviour across two summer seasons in a coastal habitat adjacent to a sea turtle nesting beach at Wreck Rock, Queensland, Australia. GPS tracking showed that lace monitors spent most of their time in woodland habitat away from the seafront dune areas. Both adult males and females occupied relatively large home ranges (0.005 to 1.467 km2 calculated by the Kernel Brownian Bridge method) and individual home ranges overlapped each other to a large extent. The space use patterns of individual lace monitors could be classified as ‘linear’ or ‘clumped’, indicating plasticity in this species’ movement behaviour. Because lace monitors rarely visited the frontal dune area where sea turtles nest, they do not pose a significant threat to sea turtle nests.
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Juanes, F., JA Hare, and AG Miskiewicz. "Comparing Early Life History Strategies of Pomatomus saltatrix: a Global Approach." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960365.
Full textAbstract:
Pomatomus saltatrix (Pisces:Pomatomidae) is a highly migratory, continental-shelf species with a worldwide subtropical distribution including the eastern coast of North America, the Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, north-western Africa, the eastern coast of South America, the south-eastern coast of South Africa, and the south-eastern and south-westem coasts of Australia. This paper summarizes available life history information from the different regions where P. saltatrix occurs, with a focus on the early life history. The basic physical oceanography of these regions is also reviewed to elucidate patterns in larval transport. Comparison of these populations suggests that there are commonalties: adults migrate to spawning grounds; eggs and larvae are typically advected along-shore to juvenile nursery habitats; juveniles recruit to inshore habitats at a similar size, and there they grow rapidly and are mainly piscivorous, feeding primarily on atherinids and engraulids. There are also a number of life history traits that are quite variable among populations: the number of annual reproductive peaks, the number of juvenile cohorts, adult growth patterns and reproductive parameters. Comparison of these life history patterns leads to several non-exclusive hypotheses as to the adaptive significance of variations in life history traits. The goal is to identify areas where more research is needed to assess the degree to which populations of a global species are adapted to their local environment.
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Laidlaw W, S., S. Hutchings, and R. Newell G. "Home Range and Movement Patterns of Sminthopsis leucopus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) In Coastal Dry Heathland, Anglesea, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 19, no. 1 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am96001.
Full textAbstract:
Sminthopsis leucopus is a small dasyurid distributed in south-eastern Australia. Radiotelemetry in conjunction with live capture trapping was used to investigate home range size and habitat utilisation of S. leucopus. The average distance moved showed no significant differences between sexes or between seasons. The observed range length and home range area were similar for both sexes. The mean home range area (95% harmonic mean) for S. leucopus was 0.917 hectares. Home ranges of males and females revealed a high degree of overlap. Activity during the day was low and highest in the hours following dusk.
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Kroon, Frederieke J., and Dean H. Ansell. "A comparison of species assemblages between drainage systems with and without floodgates: implications for coastal floodplain management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2400–2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-134.
Full textAbstract:
Coastal floodplains provide essential nursery habitat for a large number of fish and prawn species, many of which are commercially and recreationally important. Human activities in coastal floodplains, such as those associated with agriculture and (or) development, can have detrimental impacts on this nursery function. We examined the potential role of flood mitigation structures, in particular tidal floodgates, in depleting estuarine and inshore fisheries stocks in eastern Australia. We compared species assemblages (abundance and biomass) in reference and gated drainage systems in the Clarence River floodplain (New South Wales, Australia) over a 1-year period. We subsequently determined which environmental variables were associated with the observed patterns in species assemblages. Our results show that abundance, biomass, and assemblages of juvenile fishes and invertebrates differed significantly and consistently between drainage systems with and without floodgates. The major environmental variables of concern in systems with floodgates were (i) presence of a floodgate, (ii) elevated concentrations of nutrients, and (iii) abundance of aquatic weeds. We discuss our findings in light of potential strategies to improve coastal floodplain management for fisheries production purposes.
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Huyer, A., RL Smith, PJ Stabeno, JA Church, and NJ White. "Currents off south-eastern Australia: results from the Australian coastal experiment." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 3 (1988): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880245.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian Coastal Experiment was conducted off the east coast of New South Wales between September 1983 and March 1984. The experiment was conducted with arrays of current meters spanning the continental margin at three latitudes (37.5�, 34.5�, and 33.0�S.), additional shelf moorings at 29� and 42�S. coastal wind and sea-level measurements, monthly conductivity-temperature-depth probe/expendable bathythermograph (CTD/XBT) surveys, and two satellite-tracked buoys. Over the continental shelf and slope, the alongshore component of the current generally exceeded the onshore component, and the subtidal (<0.6 cpd, cycles per day) current variability greatly exceeded the mean flow. Part of the current variability was associated with two separate warm-core eddies that approached the coast, causing strong (>50 cm sec-1), persistent (>8 days), southward currents over the continental slope and outer shelf. Temperature and geostrophic velocity sections through the eddies, maps of ship's drift vectors and temperature contours at 250 m, and the satellite-tracked drifter trajectories showed that these eddies were similar in structure to those observed previously in the East Australian Current region. Both eddies migrated generally southward. Eddy currents over the shelf and slope were rare at Cape Howe (37.5�S.), more common near Sydney (34.5�S.), and frequent at Newcastle (33.0�S.), where strong northward currents were also observed. Near Sydney, the eddy currents over the slope turned clockwise with depth between 280 and 740 m, suggesting net downwelling there. Repeated CTD sections also indicated onshore transport and downwelling at shallower levels; presumably, upwelling occurred farther south where the eddy currents turned offshore. Periodic rotary currents over the continental slope near Sydney and Newcastle indicated the presence of small cyclonic eddies on the flank of a much larger anticyclonic eddy. Between early October and late January, no strong southward currents were observed over the continental margin near Sydney. Data from this 'eddy-free' period were analysed further to examine the structure and variability of the coastal currents. Much of this variability was correlated with fluctuations in coastal sea-level (at zero lag) and with the wind stress (at various lags). The coherence and phase relationships among current, wind-stress, and sea-level records at different latitudes (determined from spectral analysis and frequency-domain empirical orthogonal functions) were consistent with the equatorward propagation of coastal-trapped waves generated by winds in phase with those near Cape Howe. Time-domain empirical orthogonal functions show that the current fluctuations decayed with distance from shore and with depth, as expected of coastal-trapped waves.
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Jackson, W. D., and R. J. E. Wiltshire. "Historical taxonomy and a resolution of the Stylidium graminifolium complex (Stylidiaceae) in Tasmania." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 6 (2001): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99024.
Full textAbstract:
The troubled taxonomic history of Stylidium graminifolium Sw. ex Willd. (syn. Candollea serrulata Labill.) is reviewed. The entity formerly known as S. graminifolium forms a complex consisting of three species. Stylidium graminifolium sens. str. is lectotypified on the basis of plants collected by Banks and Solander from Botany Bay NSW in 1770. This narrow-linear-leaved species is diploid (2n = 30) and is distributed widely on infertile soils in south-eastern continental Australia and Tasmania. Stylidium armeria Labill., on the basis of plants collected from southern Tasmania in the late 1790s, is a tetraploid (2n = 60), with leaves about two to three or four times wider than in S. graminifolium and more spathulate in shape. It has a strictly littoral habitat along the rough water coasts of Tasmania from Macquarie Heads to Tasman Peninsula, probably extending to the coasts of south-eastern Australia. Stylidium melastachys R.Br., on the basis of plants collected from the Kent Group in Bass Strait in 1803, is synonymous with S. armeria. A third species, S. dilatatum W.D.Jackson and R.J.E.Wiltshire, is described as new. It is morphologically similar to S. graminifolium but has linear leaves about two to three times as wide as S. graminifolium and is a tetraploid (2n = 60). It is widely distributed in Tasmania and in the cooler subalpine areas of south-eastern Australia but is confined to more fertile soils than the soils in which S. graminifolium is found.
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Baker, Jack. "The decline, response to fire, status and management of the Eastern Bristlebird." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970235.
Full textAbstract:
The Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus is a threatened passerine, endemic to southeastern Australia. It is a cryptic, ground dwelling, semi-flightless inhabitant of dense, fire-prone vegetation and is usually only detected by its calls. The disjunct distribution suggests that they were once more numerous and their population continuous from southern Queensland to western Victoria. Their decline has been documented in historic and recent times. Habitat loss, nest desertion and fire have been implicated in the decline and extinction of local populations. Strongholds for the species are Barren Grounds Nature Reserve and Bherwerre Peninsula, 100 and 150 km south of Sydney respectively. At Barren Grounds, in the absence of recent fire, there were significant increases in the population between 1992 and 1996. There was a trend of increasing Eastern Bristlebird density with increasing fire-age of habitat and average density plateauing at two birds per 5 ha, 10 years after fire. At Nadgee, a coastal Nature Reserve on the New South Wales/Victorian border, the population appears to be recovering very slowly from severe wildfires in 1972 and 1980. At the beginning of 1996 there were less than 2 000 individual Eastern Bristlebirds occupying an area of approximately 100 km2. For the management of Eastern Bristlebirds, habitat manipulation using prescribed fire should not be undertaken unless site-specific population monitoring data demonstrate that it would be beneficial. Concentrations of Eastern Bristlebirds and potential fire refuges should be protected from unplanned fire. For prescription burns, potential escape routes need to be planned for Eastern Bristlebirds. The threatened status should be changed from Vulnerable to Endangered.
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Stocks, Jerom R., Charles A. Gray, and Matthew D. Taylor. "Out in the wash: spatial ecology of a temperate marine shallow rocky-reef species derived using acoustic telemetry." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 6 (2015): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14182.
Full textAbstract:
Characterising the movement and habitat affinities of fish is a fundamental component in understanding the functioning of marine ecosystems. A comprehensive array of acoustic receivers was deployed at two near-shore coastal sites in south-eastern Australia, to examine the movements, activity-space size and residency of a temperate rocky-reef, herbivorous species Girella elevata. Twenty-four G. elevata individuals were internally tagged with pressure-sensing acoustic transmitters across these two arrays and monitored for up to 550 days. An existing network of coastal receivers was used to examine large-scale movement patterns. Individuals exhibited varying residency, but all had small activity-space sizes within the arrays. The species utilised shallow rocky-reef habitat, displaying unimodal or bimodal patterns in depth use. A positive correlation was observed between wind speed and the detection depth of fish, with fish being likely to move to deeper water to escape periods of adverse conditions. Detection frequency data, corrected using sentinel tags, generally illustrated diurnal behaviour. Patterns of habitat usage, residency and spatial utilisation highlighted the susceptibility of G. elevata to recreational fishing pressure. The results from the present study will further contribute to the spatial information required in the zoning of effective marine protected areas, and our understanding of temperate reef fish ecology.
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Johnston, Kerrylyn, and Belinda J. Robson. "Habitat use by the hymenosomatid crab Amarinus lacustris (Chilton) in two south-eastern Australian rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 1 (2005): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04219.
Full textAbstract:
The hymenosomatid crab Amarinus lacustris is abundant in some south-eastern Australian rivers; however, little is known of its ecology. Patterns of habitat use by crabs in rivers may be affected by seasonal changes in river discharge. This study investigates population characteristics, timing of reproduction and patterns of habitat use by A. lacustris in five riffle and pool habitats from each of the Hopkins and Merri Rivers in south-west Victoria, Australia, sampled over a twelve-month period. Distribution of Amarinus lacustris was similar between the two rivers, but log-linear modelling showed that there was a strong association between crab sex, habitat occupied and time of year because female A. lacustris showed a shift from riffle to pool habitats during March and April, coinciding with the non-gravid period of the year. Male crabs also showed a change in relative occurrence, occurring most often in riffles during winter–spring (July–November) but being equally common in both habitats in summer–autumn (January–May). These patterns are probably the result of the reproductive cycle of A. lacustris, which appears to show both ontogenetic and sex-related changes in habitat use during its life cycle, taking advantage of seasonal fluctuations in flow regime that may assist egg/larval development and dispersal.
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Francis, RICC, and RH Winstanley. "Differences in growth rates between habitats of South-east Australian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus)." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 6 (1989): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890703.
Full textAbstract:
Data on recaptured fish from two tagging experiments on south-east Australian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, were analysed: 198 fish released in several Victorian locations between 1956 and 1962, and 118 fish released in Port Phillip Bay in 1971 and 1972. Movement data from both experiments were used to classify the fish into habitats (oceanic and bay) and stocks (western and eastern). Length increment data from the earlier experiment indicate that the major growth-rate differences in south-east Australian snapper lie within the western stock (between oceanic and bay habitats) rather than between stocks as suggested by an earlier analysis of the same data. The annual growth rates of 20-30-cm snapper in Port Phillip Bay and Western Port are 17-20% higher than for fish in the ocean. Oceanic growth rates in the western stock appear to be lower than those in the eastern stock. Procedural differences in length measurements at tagging and recapture can introduce a net bias in the length increment that, if ignored (as is conventional in tagging growth models), will bias growth rate estimates. In the earlier tagging experiment, this is shown to have caused a 10% positive bias in growth rate estimates.
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Wilson, B. A., and E. Bradtke. "The diet of the New Holland mouse, Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Waterhouse) in Victoria." Wildlife Research 26, no. 4 (1999): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97062.
Full textAbstract:
The New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) is found in disjunct populations in coastal south- eastern Australia. This study assessed the diet of the species at four locations (Anglesea, Loch Sport, Providence Ponds and Wilsons Promontory) in Victoria, southern Australia, where it is very rare in abundance and distribution. Overall, P. novaehollandiae was found to consume considerable amounts of dicotyledon leaf (27%), fungi (19%), invertebrate (17%) and seed (14%). There was no significant difference in diet between males and females. Seasonal variations in the percentage of dicotyledon leaf and fungi consumed were recorded. There were also significant differences between localities in the consumption of fungi, root and invertebrate material. Dicotyledon leaf was the most commonly consumed food item at Anglesea, Providence Ponds and Wilsons Promontory, while fungi was the most important at Loch Sport. The dietary differences between localities are likely to be related to important habitat factors including vegetation floristics and successional age. The results indicate that P. novaehollandiae is an omnivore with an opportunistic foraging strategy.
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McPherson, Skye, Derek Eamus, and Brad R. Murray. "Seasonal impacts on leaf attributes of several tree species growing in three diverse ecosystems of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 3 (2004): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03104.
Full textAbstract:
Patterns of leaf attributes were examined for six woody species growing in a eucalypt woodland, a mangrove, or a heathland in coastal New South Wales, Australia, during winter and summer. It was found that the rate of assimilation per unit leaf dry mass (Amass) of the mangrove species was largest, woodland species exhibiting an intermediate rate and heathland species the smallest values of Amass. Mean habitat Amass did not change from winter to summer in the woodland or mangrove species but increased significantly in the heathland species. Average specific leaf area (SLA) was largest for the mangrove species and smallest for the heathland species, with woodland species showing intermediate values. SLA of all species within a habitat did not change from winter to summer. Mean foliar nitrogen (Nmass) of the mangrove species was highest, intermediate for woodland species and lowest for heathland species. Nmass was significantly related to Amass in both summer and winter and the individual slopes for this relationship in the summer and winter differed. In contrast, a common slope was fitted to the relationship between SLA and Amass for the two seasons. A common slope between seasons was also shown for the relationship between SLA and Nmass. There was no significant difference in slope elevation between summer and winter for the SLA v. Nmass relationship. Trends within relationships among leaf attributes were the same as those found for a wide range of plant species worldwide, but the absolute values were lower than those found elsewhere. Therefore, the 'global relationships' in terms of trends (positive or negative) that have been determined overseas apply in Australia but the elevation of the slope and the magnitude of the slope are reduced (Amass v. Nmass) or increased (Amass v. SLA and Nmass v. SLA) compared with global trends.
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Pearce, Alan, and Ming Feng. "Observations of warming on the Western Australian continental shelf." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 10 (2007): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07082.
Full textAbstract:
Global temperature datasets indicate a warming trend in the south-eastern Indian Ocean of ~0.02°C year–1. This is supported by in situ temperature measurements at a coastal monitoring station on the Western Australian continental shelf that have shown a mean temperature rise of 0.013°C year–1 since 1951, corresponding to ~0.6°C over the past 5 decades. Measurements from three other shallow stations between 1985 and 2004 indicated warming trends of 0.026–0.034°C year–1. It is suggested that enhanced air–sea heat flux into the south-eastern Indian Ocean may be a key factor in the rising temperature trend. There has also been a steady rise in salinity over the past half-century. At interannual scales, coherent temperature variability at the various stations indicates that larger-scale processes are influencing the shelf waters and are linked with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related events in coastal sea level and hence the Leeuwin Current.
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KALOGIROU, S. "First record of the non-indigenous fangtooth moray Enchelycore anatina from Rhodes Island, south- eastern Aegean Sea." Mediterranean Marine Science 11, no. 2 (October 8, 2010): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.83.
Full textAbstract:
The collection of one specimen of the non-indigenous fangtooth moray Enchelycore anatina of tropical Atlantic origin was for the first time found in an area of south eastern Aegean Sea. This record may indicate a recent establishment of the species on the coasts of Rhodes Island and a possible expansion of it on the coastal rocky habitats.
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Hsieh, WW, and BV Hamon. "The El Nino-Southern Oscillation in south-eastern Australian waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 3 (1991): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910263.
Full textAbstract:
Using four decades of hydrographic data collected off the coast near Sydney, New South Wales, and sea-level data at Sydney, we studied the interannual variability in south-eastern Australian shelf waters. The first two empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the band-pass-filtered 50-m-depth hydrographic data (temperature, T; salinity, S; nitrate, N; inorganic phosphate, P; and oxygen, O) and the sea level (SL) and adjusted sea level (ASL) data accounted respectively for 51 and 27% of the total variance. Both modes were significantly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The first mode, with T, S, O and ASL varying in opposition to N and P, represented the internal or baroclinic response, associated with vertical displacements of the isopycnals. The second mode, with large in-phase fluctuations in SL and ASL but small changes in the hydrographic variables, represented mainly the external or barotropic response during the El Niiio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Three-year composites centred around seven ENSO warm episodes revealed that T, S, O and ASL were generally low and N, P, SL and SO1 were high in the year before each ENSO warm episode, but the former group rose while the latter group dropped in the year of the warm episode. The changes in the hydrographic variables at 50 m depth were consistent with relatively shallow isopycnals in the year before the ENSO warm episode, followed by a deepening of the isopycnals during the warm episode. Estimates of this downward displacement of isopycnals, as determined from T, N, P and O, were in the range 7-10 m. The geostrophic wind arising from the pressure fluctuations during ENSO is proposed as a probable cause for the vertical displacement of the isopycnals. In the year before the warm episode, the low air pressure over Australia would produce a clockwise geostrophic wind around south-eastern Australia, generating offshore Ekman transport and coastal upwelling. During the warm episode, air pressure over Australia rises, the geostrophic wind reverses, and downward movement of the isopycnals would occur off south-eastern Australia.
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Blažauskas, Nerijus, and Dmitry Dorokhov. "Assessment of the sensitivity of sandy coasts of the south–eastern part of the Baltic to oil spills." Baltica 27, special (February 20, 2014): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2014.27.16.
Full textAbstract:
The sandy coasts of the south–eastern Baltic Sea are the unique landscape along the shores of Poland, Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), Lithuania and Latvia. Flat sandy beaches, protective dune ridges and near shore sandy spits are very valuable and attractive resources for human recreation and valuable habitat for wildlife. Intensifying shipping, operation of oil terminals and offshore platforms poses a constant threat not only to coastal and socio–economic resources, but also to sensitive underwater landscapes of marine areas and vulnerable marine habitats. Analysis of environmental sensitivity proved to be an effective tool for national and regional oil spill response planning. However, in order to complete the precise evaluation of near shore and coastal zone sensitivity to possible oil spills there is a need to identify vulnerable coastal sectors and complete detailed mapping of underwater landscapes. This is achieved by developing an integrated methodology for analysis of valuable coastal zone sensitivity to potential oil spills.
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Austin, C. M., T. T. T. Nguyen, M. M. Meewan, and D. R. Jerry. "The taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'Cherax destructor' complex (Decapoda : Parastacidae) examined using mitochondrial 16S sequences." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 2 (2003): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02054.
Full textAbstract:
This study uses nucleotide sequences from the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene to investigate the taxonomy and phylogeny of freshwater crayfish belonging to the 'Cherax destructor' complex. The sequencing of an approximately 440-bp fragment of this gene region from freshwater crayfish sampled from 14 locations identified significant haplotype diversity. Phylogenetic analysis found three distinct clades that correspond to the species C. rotundus, C. setosus and C. destructor. C. rotundus is largely confined to Victoria, and C. setosus is restricted to coastal areas north of Newcastle in New South Wales. C. destructor is widely distributed in eastern Australia and shows significant phylogeographic structure, with three well supported clades. None of these clades, however, correspond to species previously recognised as C. esculus, C. davisi or C. albidus. The failure to genetically distinguish these morphologically defined species is consistent with reproductive information and morphological plasticity relating to habitat similar to that documented for other Cherax species.
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Coates, Fiona, and J. B. Kirkpatrick. "Is Geographic Range Correlated with Climatic Range in Australian Spyridium Taxa?" Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 5 (1999): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97066.
Full textAbstract:
The major centres of local endemism and richness at the species level and below in Spyridium Fenzl are located on the southern coast of Western Australia and in south-eastern South Australia. There are only a few Spyridium taxa with ranges that transgress the boundaries of the following four regions: south- western Western Australia; south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria; eastern Victoria, New South Wales and southern Queensland; Tasmania. Synthetic climatic variables were generated for all recorded populations of Spyridium taxa. Variabilities in these were related to the maximum geographic ranges of taxa in Australia as a whole, and within the regions, in order to test the hypothesis that narrow endemism is explained by climatic restriction since the last glacial. In Australia as a whole, local endemics are both narrowly and widely distributed climatically, as are more widespread Spyridiumtaxa, and there were no significant relationships between the climatic and geographic ranges of taxa confined to the Australian mainland regions. However, Tasmanian taxa exhibited a strong positive relationship. Restriction of range as a result of climate change is an unlikely explanation for local endemism in Spyridium in mainland Australia, where topographic and climatic gradients are generally subdued, and which apparently experienced less severe climatic oscillations during the Quaternary. However, this hypothesis cannot be rejected for Tasmania, which experienced more extreme Quaternary climatic fluctuations than the present-day areas of mediterranean climate, and hence more severe fluctuations in the area and location of climatically suitable habitats.
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Brainwood, Meredith, Shelley Burgin, and Maria Byrne. "Is the decline of freshwater mussel populations in a regulated coastal river in south-eastern Australia linked with human modification of habitat?" Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16, no. 5 (2006): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.758.
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