Academic literature on the topic 'South Australian seismicity'

Abstract The tectonic system of Eastern Indonesia is controlled by several major and minor plates, such as Indo-Australian, Australian plate, and Pacific plates. This area is known for its complexity, and high seismic activity. This study tries to image the complex structures beneath this region by employing regional events data and seismic tomography methods. We used five years of regional events catalog provided by the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. We have sorted 7336 events recorded between 120° – 136° longitude and 0° – 13°(-) latitude consisting of 46446 P and 15467 S wave arrival data. Relocated hypocenter map shows a better constrain location on seismicity along outer Bandar Arc. A dipping pattern of seismicity is seen that is going deeper to the Banda Sea. The seismicity map also images a steep angle pattern of seismicity that could be related to the subduction slab roll-back model at North of Wetar island. Interestingly, we spotted a seismicity gap in West Seram that could be linked with slab tear zone. The checker-board test suggests a proper resolution is still reliable to a depth of 200 km with a less interpretable model at a depth of 300 km. P-wave tomographic models image the high velocity dipping down going slab. The Banda slab is seen to subduct from south Timor Island to the north, from east Tanimbar and Aru Island to west part, and from north Seram Island to south. We observed the down-going slab meet from all directions at about 300 km beneath the Banda sea. P wave tomogram also shows the Timor Island slab has a steeper dip that agrees with the seismicity pattern. Near the Seram island, we identify a low-velocity anomaly zone infiltrate the Banda slab beneath the shallow part of West Seram, which was previously interpreted as slab tear zone. This study also noticed a higher velocity tomogram model at North of Wetar island that might indicate a back-arc thrust. Lastly, a low-velocity band is also exposed at a shallow depth close to the volcano chain along that Banda volcanic arc.

Abstract The plate movement, geological structure, magmatism, and seismic activity in the area of Bali to East Nusa Tenggara are mainly related with the subducting of Indo-Australian Plate underneath the Eurasian plate. The complexity is added with the recent collision of Australian continent lithosphere with the western Banda arc, along the islands of Flores, Sumba and Timor island. Our study area is known as the Sunda-Banda arc transition. With the aim of imaging subsurface structure, we perform seismic tomography inversion using regional events. We collected 5 years of earthquake data (January 2015 – December 2019) from the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). The output of our data processing is not limited to only P wave velocity model, but also relocated seismicity pattern in the region. In general, seismicity pattern shows dominant shallow events in the south that progressively shift into deeper events in the north down to a few 500 km, marking a dipping subduction zone in this region. A group of shallow events down to a depth of 50 km is also seen at the norther region that may relate to back-arc thrust activity. P wave tomogram model show a lower velocity perturbation at a depth of 30 km that could be associated with magmatic activity along the volcanic front line. Higher P wave perturbation model are spotted at two different zones, the first one is marking a dipping Indo-Australian plate down to depth of 400 km. We noticed that the angle of dipping is steeper in the Eastern part compared to the Western part. The second a relatively flat at shallow depth at the northern region from the island of Lombok to Nusa Tenggara Timur that may mark the back-arc thrust region

Bali is one of the areas prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because it is located in the meeting area of ??two plates namely the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates located in the south of Bali and a back-arc trust zone located in the north of Bali. Research has been carried out on tsunami hazard level analysis based on scenario modeling and earthquake seismicity in southern Bali. This study uses earthquake data in January 2010 - July 2018. Tsunami prone areas in southern Bali are Klungkung district, Nusa Penida, Kuta beach, Sanur beach, Tabanan and Gianyar districts. The research conducted aims to determine the level of tsunami hazard by looking at the tsunami run up and arrival time in the southern region of Bali. This simulation model uses 1427 data which is then processed using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software so that seismicity maps are obtained, and tsunami modeling uses the Tsunami Observation and Simulation Terminal (TOAST) software. The results obtained from the tsunami modeling simulation in the form of altitude (run up) and tsunami wave arrival time (arrival time) which have an average value of 1,385 - 2,776 meters with an arrival time of 20-24 minutes. The tsunami hazard level is obtained in scenario A with a magnitude of 7.5 which has a maximum value of <1 meter (low) and scenario B with a magnitude of 7.8 has a maximum tsunami run-up value of 1-3 meters (medium) and in scenario C with a magnitude 8.0 has a maximum run-up of tsunami waves of 1 - 3 meters (medium).

Abstract West Java, Indonesia, is located in the northern part of the subduction zone between the Australian and Eurasian plates, with a complex tectonic setting and high seismicity level. In 2016, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) and Australia National University (ANU) deployed 85 temporary seismometers to investigate this area. We constructed the shallow crust profile by applying the Ambient Noise Tomography (ANT) method to improve our knowledge of the tectonic condition in West Java. In this research, we used the north-south (NS) and east-west (EW) components to extract the Love waves Green’s function. We first rotated the NS and EW daily data series to obtain the transverse component. We then pre-processed the transverse daily data and applied cross-correlation to all station pair data. The daily cross-correlated data is stacked to obtain the Love waves Green’s function. The Green’s function in this study is clearly seen in the 1-25 s period band. The obtained Green’s function will be analyzed further to get the Love waves group velocity which then will be inverted to obtain the shear wave velocity (Vs) profile beneath the study area.

Bali is one of the areas prone to earthquake and tsunami as being at the junction of two plates, namely the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate is located in the south of Bali and back arc trust zones are located in the North of Bali. We need research on the potential dangers of earthquakes and tsunami in Bali are based on the value of seismicity which is interpreted by the value of b and a. This study uses earthquake data on the coordinates 6?-11? SLand 114?-116? EL with 339 data that was processed using Zmap in order to obtain the value of b at 1.57 ± 0.008 and the value of a is 10.6 and maximum magnitude of 7.1 Mw. From mapping the values ??of b and a known area that has the highest value of b and a lies in the sea area to the south of Bali, Karangasem and Buleleng to the northern region of Bali. Furthermore, for mapping the tsunami in Bali using the TOAST application obtained tsunami prone areas of Bali, Kuta Beach, East Buleleng and Karangasem.

Abstract The Sunda-Arc transition to the Banda Arc is located on the south of the Flores Island, Indonesia, where the Australian lithosphere is moving to the north direction. On-going subduction process dictates the tectonic setting though some studies also suggest a collision and obduction may occur in the past due to of plate buoyancy. This area has active seismicity with frequent large magnitude events. To better understand the tectonic system in this region, we performed double-difference tomography inversion using regional events. We obtained the data catalog from the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics ranging from 116° to 125° east longitude and -6.5° to 12.5° latitude. We collected 4312 events data, detected from 15 stations from January 2015 to December 2019. Final relocated hypocenters showed a reduced fixed-depth problem and a more clustered event, although some deep events disappear. Most events are related to the subducting Benioff zone with some clustered events in the northern area may be related to back-arc thrust. We also observed clustered events near active volcano region and reduced shallow seismicity region to the west of the Timor Island. Resolution test using the checkerboard and Derivative weigh Sum (DWS) shows that fair P wave resolution can be achieved until 300 km, although a smearing start to show at a deeper depth. However, due to lack of arrival S wave data, the resolution test suggest good resolution can only be seen until a depth of 100 km. Tomogram P and S wave models show a clear dipping subducting slab from south to North down to a 250 km. We also spot a fast velocity band near the Timor Island area that similar to the previous tomography study, interpreted as sliver forearm. We spotted a band of lower Vp, lower Vs and higher Vp/Vs at shallow depth close to the volcanic line and we interpreted this as a zone of higher temperature, that may relate to magmatic activity in this region. We also noticed a zone of low velocity and higher Vp/Vs that may relate with dehydration and partial melting. However, we feel this still uncertain due to low Vs resolution.

The Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand straddles a wide zone of active earth deformation associated with the oblique continent-continent collision between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates east of the Alpine fault. The associated ongoing crustal strain is documented by the shallow earthquake activity (at depths of <40 km) and surface deformation expressed by active faulting, folding and ongoing geodetic strain. The level of earth deformation activity (and consequent earthquake hazard) decreases from the northwest to the southeast across the region. Deeper-level subduction related earthquake events are confined to the northernmost parts of the region, beneath Marlborough. To describe the geological setting and seismological activity in the region we have sub-divided the Canterbury region into eight domains that are defined on the basis of structural styles of deformation. These eight domains provide an appropriate geological and seismological context on which seismic hazard assessment can be based. A further, ninth source domain is defined to include the Alpine fault, but lies outside the region. About 90 major active earthquake source faults within and surrounding the Canterbury region are characterised in terms of their type (sense of slip), geometry (fault dimensions and attitude) and activity (slip rates, single event displacements, recurrence intervals, and timing of last rupture). In the more active, northern part of the region strike-slip and oblique strike-slip faults predominate, and recurrence intervals range from 81 to >5,000 years. In the central and southern parts of the region oblique-reverse and reverse/thrust faults predominate, and recurrence intervals typically range from -2,500 to >20,000 years. In this study we also review information on significant historical earthquakes that have impacted on the region (e,g. Christchurch earthquakes 1869 and 1870; North Canterbury 1888; Cheviot 1902; Motunau 1922; Buller 1929; Arthurs Pass 1929 and 1994; and others), and the record of instrumental seismicity. In addition, data from available paleoseismic studies within the region are included; and we also evaluate large potential earthquake sources outside the Canterbury region that are likely to produce significant shaking within the region. The most important of these is the Alpine fault, which we include as a separate source domain in this study. The integrated geological and seismological data base presented in this paper provide the foundation for the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the Canterbury region, and this is presented in a following companion paper in this Bulletin (Stirling et al. this volume).

Abstract Java Island is part of the island arc influenced by subducting Indo-Australian beneath Eurasian tectonic plates, therefore there is high seismic activity and an active volcanic chain trending East-West. One of the volcanoes in Java Island is Mt. Pandan, northern part of Madiun, East Java region, which is known as one of the dormant volcano in the region. According to the list of volcanoes in Indonesia Mt. Pandan is not classified as an active volcano. The previous studies mentioned that Mt. Pandan is a modern volcano which is located in the Kendeng zone. On June 25, 2015, there was felt earthquake (M 4.2) causing several houses damaged around Mt. Pandan as reported by Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia and then in February 2016, more than twenty small earthquakes (M < 4) occurred again in the area. In order to understand the structure beneath Mt. Pandan, we have conducted gravity measurement and seismicity analysis through hypocenter relocation. Our results show prominent low gravity and density anomalies by forward modeling derived from residual anomaly around Mt. Pandan area. The clusters of small earthquakes appear at depths of less than 30 km beneath Mt. Pandan. The selected focal mechanism of the event in the area is left-lateral faulting in the north and oblique dominant thrust in the south of Mt. Pandan. Some indications related to submagmatic activities such as hot springs and warm ground is found. Our interpretation is this phenomenon may be related to tectonic and magmatic activities. On the other hand, it confirms also that Mt. Pandan is probably a modern volcanic center.

Abstract Sulawesi Island, eastern Indonesia, is located at the junction between the Pacific-Philippine, Indo-Australian Plates, and the Sunda Block, i.e., the southeastern edge of the Eurasian Plate (fig. 1). Its peculiar shape results from an on-going complex history of collision and rotation of continental slivers, island arcs, and oceanic domains with respect to the Sunda Block. Seismic network document a high level of seismicity in its northern boundaries, corresponding to deformation along the North Sulawesi trench and within the Molucca Sea subduction (fig. 1). Seismic activity is lower in central and south Sulawesi (fig. 4). It represents the activity of the NE, SW and SE arms thrust and the left-lateral Central Sulawesi Fault System, which comprises the Palu-Koro and Matano fault zones. This system connects, from northwest to southeast, the North Sulawesi Subduction zone to the Sorong fault (through th Sud Sula fault, after, Hinschberger et al. [2000] and the Tolo thrust in the North Banda Sea, Silver et al., [1983] proposed a deformation model that implies a clockwise rotation of the Sula block that is limited to the west and south by the Central Sulawesi Fault System. Paleomagnetic [Surmont et al., 1994] and GPS [Walpersdorf et al., 1998a] studies confirm and measure this rotation. In order to discus the present day kinematics and deformation of Sulawesi area, we performed a seismotectonic study, using focal mechanism of moderate and large (Mw ≥ 5) shallow earthquake (≤ 60 Km), collected from the Harverd CMT database (period 1976 to 2001) and complemented by Fitch [1972] and Cardwell [1980] (period 1964–1976). From these focal mechanisms and the known structural context, we defined ten homogeneous deformation domains (fig. 3 et fig.5). For seven of these, focal solution and moment tensors were inverted (Carey-Gailhardis and Mercier method [1987Carey-Gailhardis and Mercier method [1992]) and summed, in order to obtain stress and deformation tensors and rate estimates (Brune [1968] or Kostrov [1974] methods). Results are presented in table I, on figure 2 and figure 3. In northern Molucca Sea (north of equvator), the fast convergence slip rate (75 mm/a) is absorbed by the Sangihe subduction and accommodates the major part of the Philippines/Sunda plates motion. South of the equator, the estimated slip rate is only 2 mm/yr and represents the Sangihe slap subduction, which is affected by a torsion from NNE to E strike. Along the North-Sulawesi fault system, direction of the stress axes are not significantly different from east to west (average N356°±5E), but the determined slip rates increase from 20±4 mm/a to 54±10 mm/a, respectively. These values agree with the Sula block rotation pole previously proposed and located at the eastern extremity of the Northern Arm. The Palu-Koro fault, bounding the western Sula block, contributes to this rotaion because its trace fits well a small circle centered on the pole. However, seisicity document few moderate magnitude earthquake (fig. 4) related to the left lateral Central Sulawesi fault system, despite many identified active tectonic feature [Beaudouin, 1998]. Moreover, geologically determined Palu-Koro long-term slip rate of 35±8 mm/a, [Bellier et al., 2001] agrees with the far-field strike-slip rate of 32–45 mm/a proposed from GPS measurement [Walpersdorf et al., 1998b ; Stevens et al., 1999]. This confirms that is a fast slipping fault with a relatively low level of seismicity. The southeastern limit of the Sula block is represented by the ENE-trending Sorong strike-slip fault that extends from Irian-Jaya island to the east coast of Sulawesi where it connects to the Matano fault through the South Sula fault, This structure is particularly active south of the Sula island with a major Mw=7.7 earthquake (29/11/98). The inversion provides a strike-slip regime with respectively N220°E and N310°E-trending σ1. and σ3 stress axes. This study also highlight the Sula block internal deformation that could explain in the GPS velocities model obtained by walpersdorf et al. [1998a] for the Sula block rotation. We evidence an extensional stress regime with a N030°E-trending σ3, in the southern part of the Tomini Gulf. The estimated extension rate is 9 mm/a toward a N036°E direction. Considering the location of the Tomini Gulf, this deformation could be interpreted as a back-arc spreading related to the North Sulawesi subduction. The Batui zone correspond to the domain of the collision wich occured in the early-middle Plicene [e.g., Velleneuve et al., 2000] between the NE arm and the Irian-jaya derived Banggaï-Sula block. This domain remains active (12 earthquake with a major one of Mw=7.6, 14/05/00, fig. 4) but is mainly affected by strike-slip deformation. The Tolo thrust, lying off the SE arm east coast, absorbs the convergence to the west of the North Banda Sea, as attested by six moderate earthquake with reverse faulting focal mechanisms. This allows to distinguish a North-Banda block in SE Sulawesi, bounded by the South Sula segment of the Sorong fault, the Tolo thrust and the Hamilton fault (fig. 5) and moving westward at a lower rate than the Sula block. The SW arm of Sulawesi is also characterised by a compressional stress regime with N099°E-trending σ1 and an estimated convergence rate of 8.5 mm/a toward a N080°E direction. This is the consequence of the Majene-Kalosi thrust activity and could represent the most western accommodation of the Philippines/Sunda plates motion.

ABSTRAKPulau Sumatera merupakan daerah yang tinggi akan tingkat kegempaannya yang disebabkan karena berada pada daerah pertemuan antara dua lempeng yaitu Indo-Australia dibagian selatan dan lempeng Eurasia dibagian utara. Sumatera bagian Utara terletak pada koordinat 0o – 5o LU dan 96o – 101o BT. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas gempa bumi di wilayah Sumatera bagian Utara berdasarkan magnitudo dan kedalamannya pada tahun 2020 – 2021. Data yang digunakan berasal dari katalog gempa bumi BMKG Deli Serdang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dan deskriptif serta pemetaannya menggunakan aplikasi Arc-GIS 10.3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wilayah Sumatera bagian Utara pada tahun 2020 sampai 2021 memiliki tingkat kegempaan yang tinggi. Pada tahun 2020, gempa bumi yang terjadi sebanyak 1.352 kejadian dengan rentang magnitudo M1,2 hingga M4,9 dan rentang kedalaman 1 km hingga 750 km. Sedangkan pada tahun 2021, gempa bumi yang terjadi sebanyak 2.994 kejadian dengan rentang magnitudo M1,1 hingga M4,9 dan rentang kedalaman 1 km hingga 276 km.Kata Kunci : Sumatera, Gempa bumi, magnitudo, kedalaman. ABSTRACTThe island of Sumatra is an area that has a hig level of seismicity due to its location at the confluence of two plates, namely the Indo-Australia plate in the south and the Eurasian plate in the north. North Sumatra is located at coordinate 0o – 5o North Latitude and 96o – 101o East Longitude. The purpose of this study is to determine earthquake activity in the nothern Sumatra region based on its magnitude an depth in 2020-2021. The data used comes from the BMKG Deli Serdang earthquake catalog. The results of the study show that the northern part of Sumatra in 2020 to 2021 has a high level of seismicity. In 2020, there were 1,352 earthquakes with a magnitude range of M1,2 to M4,9 and da depth range of 1 km to 750 km. Meanwhile, in 2021, 2,994 earthquakes occurred with a magnitude range of M1,1 to M4,9 and a depth range of 1 km to 276 km.Keywords : Sumatera, earthquakes, magnitude, depth

[Truncated abstract] The southwest of Western Australia is an intraplate area classified as a stable continental region. It comprises predominantly Archaean and Proterozoic geology and has generally subdued topography. The region currently experiences significant seismicity in the Southwest Seismic Zone (SWSZ), which is one of the most seismically active areas in Australia and is thought to represent the highest seismic hazard of the region. In recent years, numerous scarps, potentially related to large palaeoearthquakes have been recognised not only within the SWSZ, but also in a broader region of the southwest of Australia. Palaeoseismological investigations of two of these scarps, the Dumbleyung and the Lort River scarps, confirm their association with surface-rupturing palaeoearthquakes and indicate events with likely maximum magnitudes of ~Mw 7.0 on faults of low to medium slip rates. Two trenches across the Dumbleyung Fault scarp revealed a thrust fault in alluvial sediments with two associated earthquakes in the last ca 24-60 ka. A possible Holocene age was recognised for the last recorded earthquake event exposed in these trenches. Two trenches across the Lort River Scarp show that this feature results from thrust faulting in the weathered gneissic country rock. These trenches exposed evidence of two events in the last ca 35 ka, with a likely late Pleistocene age for the last earthquake. On both sites, the earthquakes are interpreted as associated with the last phase of fault activity, which was likely been preceded by a long period of quiescence. Assessment of the earthquake hazard associated with large earthquakes at the Dumbleyung and Lort River Faults resulted in calculated peak ground accelerations of up to 2 g in the near-fault fields. Such earthquakes would significantly affect nearby towns such as Dumbleyung, Wagin, Katanning, and Esperance, but they are unlikely to cause any significant damage in Perth. The palaeoseismological investigations show that the earthquake activity in the southwest of Western Australia is not only confined to the SWSZ, as it has been considered in previous assessments of the seismic hazard, but that there is also potential for strong earthquakes across much of the region. The seismicity in the southwest of Western Australia appears to be transient and migratory. This is suggested by the lack of local relief associated with places of current seismicity and fault scarps, the widespread distribution of the fault scarps across the region, the increase in seismicity in the SWSZ following strong recent events, and the apparent long periods of earthquake recurrence at fault sites. Accordingly, the current seismicity in the SWSZ is inferred to be transient and probably associated with stress changes produced by the recent earthquakes. '...' This uplift could be associated with dynamic topography effects resulting from processes along the plate margins. The uplift is probably enhanced by a flexural response of the lithosphere to local differential loads and density contrast along the southern margin, a mechanism that may also help explain the occurrence of some earthquake activity. The results from this study, complemented by additional palaeoseismological studies must be included in future probabilistic assessments of the seismic hazard of the southwest of Western Australia.

[Truncated abstract] A number of controlled and natural seismic sources are utilised to model the Pwave velocity structure of the southwest of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. The Yilgarn Craton is one of the largest pieces of Archaean crust in the world and is known for its gold and nickel deposits in the east and intraplate seismicity in the west. The aim of the project is to link 2D and 3D models of variations in seismic velocity with the local seismicity and geology. A new set of seismic refraction data, acquired in 25 overlapping deployments between 2002 and 2005, has been processed, picked and analysed using forward modelling. The data comprise two perpendicular traverses of three-component recordings of various delay-fired blasts from local commercial quarries. The data were processed using a variety of techniques. Tests were carried out on a number of data enhancement and picking procedures in order to determine the best method for enhancement of delay-fired data. A new method for automatic phase recognition is presented, where the maximum of the derivative of the rectilinearity of a trace is taken as the first break. Complete shot gathers with first break picks for each seismic source are compiled from the overlapping deployments. ... The starting 3D model was based on the models produced by 2D forward modelling. 14 iterations were carried out and the best-fit 3D model was achieved at the 10th iteration. It is 35% better then the current model used to locate earthquakes in this region. The resultant velocity block model was used to iii construct a density block model. A relative gravity map of the southwest of Yilgarn Craton was made. The results of 2D forward modelling, 3D tomography and forward gravity modelling have been compared and it was found that the HVZ is present in all models. Such a zone has been previously seen on a single seismic refraction profile, but it is the first time, this zone has been mapped in 3D. The gravity high produced by the zone coincides with the gravity high observed in reality. There is strong evidence that suggests that the HVZ forms part of the Archaean terrane boundary within the Yilgarn Craton. The distribution of the local seismicity was then discussed in the framework of the new 3D velocity model. A hypothesis, that the primary control on the seismicity in the study area is rotation of the major horizontal stress orientation, is presented. It is also argued that the secondary control on seismicity in the SWSZ is accommodation of movements along major faults.

Macroseismic data in the form of felt reports of earthquake shaking is vital to seismic hazard assessment, especially in view of the relatively short period of instrumental recording in many countries. During the early 1990s, a very detailed examination of historical earthquake records held in the State Government archives and the Public Library of South Australia was carried out by myself. This original work resulted in the compilation of a list of just over 460 earthquakes in the period prior to seismic network recording, which commenced in 1963, The majority of these events had escaped mention in any previous publication on South Australian seismicity and seismic risk. This historical earthquake research, including the production of a large number of isoseismal maps to enable earthquake quantification in terms of magnitude and location, appears to have been the only study of its kind in South Australia performed so comprehensively, and resulted in the most extensive list available. After 20 years, it still stands as the definitive list of historical earthquake events in the state. The incorporation of these additional historical events into the South Australian Earthquake Catalogue maintained by the SA Department of Primary Industries and Resources had the potential to raise the previous listing of just 49 pre-instrumental events to 511 earthquakes, and to extend it back another 46 years to 1837. Some of the major events have been formally included in the South Australian Earthquake Catalogue. However, for many events, there was insufficient information and/or time to finalise the source parameters due to the onerous task of manually trawling through historical records and newspapers for felt reports. With the advent of the information age, researching historical newspapers and records is now a feasible undertaking. As an example, I recovered reports of an additional 110 previously unrecognised events during the first 50 years of colonisation from digitised South Australian newspapers, recently made available on the National Library of Australia’s website called TROVE. This was done in a relatively short period of time and now the South Australian Historical Earthquake List incorporating these events comprises some 679 entries. This thesis builds upon and consolidates the work that was commenced 20 years ago. By doing so, it proposes the establishment of flexible and convenient computerized processes to maintain well into the future an increasingly accurate record of historical earthquakes in South Australia. This work may also provide a model for the ongoing development of historical earthquake records in other states and territories of Australia.
Thesis (M.Phil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2013