Journal articles on the topic 'South Asians in the U.S'

Specimens of the genus Ulota kept in the bryological herbaria of MW, MHA, LE, NSK, IRK, UUH, VLA and VBGI were revisited basing on the recent taxonomical treatments of the genus in Europe, Asia and North America. Among ten species of the genus previously known from the territory of Russia, U. phyllantha was recently transferred to the new genus, Plenogemma, while Ulota crispa, which has been considered before in the broad sense, was proved to include at least three separate species, U. crispa s. str., U. intermedia and U. crispula; all three species occur in Russia. According to our results, diversity of the genus within North East Asian center (cf. Garilleti et al., 2015) was underestimated. Two new species from the of U. japonica affinity, U. orientalis sp. nov. and U. pacifica sp. nov. are described herein from north Pacific Region (Khabarovsk Territory and South Kurils correspondingly). Thus, at least thirteen taxa of the genus are presently known in Russia; distribution data were significantly corrected for some of them. Key to identification of Ulota species in Russia and adjacent areas is provided; their distribution is discussed and mapped.

ABSTRACT Background A collision tumor is the coexistence of two distinct tumors without any histological intermixing in the same organ or tissue. Though these types of tumors are often seen in various organs, their occurrence in the ovary is rare. Case description Here, we have reported a case series of three collision tumors—serous cystadenoma with mature cystic teratoma, mucinous cystadenoma with benign cystic teratoma, and a case of serous cystadenofibroma with mature cystic teratoma. Clinical significance It is important to identify collision tumors and also document all their components for optimal treatment. How to cite this article Sujithra S, Rani U, Sundaram S, et al. Ovarian Collision Tumors. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2020;12(5):331–334.

ABSTRACT The concomitant occurrence of chronic myeloid leukemia and pregnancy is estimated to be one in 75000-100000 pregnancies annually. We present a case of 28 years old lady with 36 weeks of gestation diagnosed as chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. Her pregnancy and delivery was uneventful. She breast fed the baby for 3 weeks before initiating treatment. Close vigilance and relevant investigations are of paramount importance in recognizing this extremely rare disease during pregnancy. How to cite this article Prathima S, Prasad CSBR, Kumar U, Narayanswamy M. An Uneventful Pregnancy and Delivery in a Patient with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2014;2(1):33-34.

ABSTRACT Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) during pregnancy is one of the rarest diagnoses and requires a high index of suspicion as symptoms and signs overlap with that of normal pregnancy. Adrenal cortical carcinoma is associated with various fatal maternal and fetal complications. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach with timely management is the key component to prevent grave consequences to mother and the fetus. Here, we present a case of primigravida female with Cushing syndrome diagnosed as ACC. How to cite this article Mishra VV, Sharma U, Choudhary S, Aggarwal R, Agarwal R, Gandhi K. Pregnancy with Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016; 8(1):82-84.

ABSTRACT Adnexal masses in postmenopausal women represent a spectrum of conditions from gynaecologic and non gynaecologic sources. Post-menopausal women are especially at high risk of gynaecologic malignancy however even in this population majority of adnexal masses are benign. Tumor markers and high frequency transvaginal ultrasonography with doppler studies project high quality images allowing for detailed macroscopic appearances of masses and remain the least expensive modalities available. Adnexal masses that are suspicious for cancer, women should be referred to gynaecologic oncologist for optimal care. How to cite this article Yadav P, Gupta M, Agarwal M, Garg R, Verma U, Gupta S. Role of Imaging in Dilemma of Adnexal Masses in Postmenopausal Women. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2017;5(1):45-50.

ABSTRACT Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is the rarest type of ectopic pregnancy implanted in the myometrium at the site of the previous cesarean section scar. It may lead catastrophic complications like uterine rupture and uncontrollable hemorrhage.4 Early diagnosis can offer treatment options of avoiding uterine rupture and hemorrhage, thus, preserving the uterus and future fertility. The conservative treatment can be by local and/or systemic administration of methotrexate, dilatation and curettage, excision of trophoblastic tissues (laparoscopy/laparotomy), bilateral internal artery ligation with trophoblastic evacuation and uterine artery embolization7 combined with curettage and/ or methotrexate. We did successful treatment of a viable CSP by systemic injections of methotrexate followed by selective uterine artery embolization in combination with dilatation and curettage. How to cite this article Mehta P, Vishwanath U, Joseph S, Anitha M. Successful Management of a Scary Case of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy with Combined Treatment using Methotrexate, Uterine Artery Embolization and Suction Evacuation. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):143-147.

ABSTRACT Objective To present five cases of unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancies treated with ultrasound-guided aspiration with local potassium chloride (KCl) or systemic methotrexate (MTX) administration. Design Case series. Setting A hospital-based prospective study. Patients Five women with unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy. Interventions Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of tubal ectopic pregnancy followed by local KCl or intramuscular injection of MTX (50 mg/m2). Main outcome measures Successful conservative treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancies with preservation of fallopian tubes. Results Four (80%) out of five women weres uccessfully treated, without the need for operative intervention. One patient required salpingectomy for ruptured ectopic pregnancy during the course of treatment. Conclusion Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of ectopic gestational sac along with either local KCl or systemic methotrexate administration can be safely used to treat unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancies in selected patient population. How to cite this article Mishra VV, Choudhary S, Sharma U, Agarwal R. Transvaginal Aspiration of Ectopic Gestational Sac: A Novel Treatment Option in Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(1):1-4.

The advancement and promoting by the United States of its concept of Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) has shaped many of political discussions in Asian countries in recent years. The Republic of Korea is no exception. From this perspective, the article reviews the basic aspects of the evolution of South Korea’s foreign policy course as well as new priorities in that area which have been forged with the advent of President Moon Jae-in administration. The paper shows that the complex fluctuations of the South Korea’s external policy have been defined by the need to maintain the focus on the United States, on one side, and desire to nurture strategic partnership with China, on the other side. However, finding the right balance in that political equation has been significantly complicated due to the growing confrontation between the two global powers. Special attention is given to the role and place of South Korea in the U. S. Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy. The article examines the main directions, some of the outcomes and the prospects of cooperation between Washington and Seoul aimed at harmonizing their regional strategies in view of the factors facilitating those interactions as well as those hampering them. President Trump highlighted that the United States – the Republic of Korea alliance remains a linchpin for security, stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific. However, the dialogue between the two partners has not revealed the willingness of South Korea to collaborate with the United States on that theme beyond a narrow framework of purely economic coordination. Particularly, South Korea has consistently rejected the attempts of its ally to involve the country into the activities of Quad for fear of a possible adverse effect for the Korea–China relationships. All of those questions are examined in the article in linkage with a number of bilateral problems prevailing in the ROK–USA alliance which have complicated the collaboration between the two countries on regional issues in recent times.

ABSTRACT Introduction Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is very common problem in patient attending outpatient department, especially in perimenopausal group. Objective To study prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding and its type in perimenopausal women as well as to compare diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography, hysteroscopy and histopathology. Material and method The study was carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Era Medical College, Lucknow, in 100 patient attending outpatient department with AUB in perimenopausal age group. Observation Most of the patients were multiparous, more than 50% belong to socioeconomic class III and IV and mean age was 43.05 ± 4.09 years. Commonest complaint was menorrhagia (45%) followed by metrorrhagia in 19% and menometorrhagia in 14%. Majority of patients (85%) had uterine volume between 151 and 250 cm3. Only three patient had uterine volume more than 252 cm3. Endometrial hyperplasia was diagnosed in 14% with ultrasonography, 11% on hysteroscopy while in 15% on hystopathological examination. Conclusion In perimenopausal women with AUB, ultrasonography should be first investigation because of its freely availability, noninvasiveness and cost effectiveness. How to cite this article Verma U, Garg R, Singh S, Yadav P, Rani R. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2014;2(1):12-14.

ObjectiveTo explore the differences between Europeans and South Asians in BMI, subcutaneous fat, and serum leptin (s-leptin) levels during and after pregnancy and their relationship with gestational diabetes (GDM).DesignMulti-ethnic population-based cohort study, whereof 353 Europeans (93.1% of the included) and 190 South Asians (95.0% of the included).MethodsS-leptin, BMI, and subcutaneous fat (sum of triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds) were measured at 14 and 28 weeks of gestation, and 14 weeks after delivery. GDM was diagnosed with the WHO criteria 2013.ResultsSouth Asians had similar thickness of the triceps and suprailiac skinfolds, thicker subscapular skinfold, and higher s-leptin than Europeans in early pregnancy, despite lower BMI. South Asians retained more subcutaneous fat (mean (95% CI) 10.0 (7.4–12.7) mm vs 3.8 (1.9–5.8) mm) and BMI (1.5 (1.2–1.8) kg/m2 vs 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) kg/m2) than Europeans 14 weeks after delivery and s-leptin decreased less in South Asians than Europeans (−0.13 (−0.27 to −0.00) μg/l vs −0.47 (−0.57 to −0.37) μg/l, P<0.001 for all). The prevalence of GDM was 23.8% (n=84) in Europeans and 42.6% (n=81) in South Asians. BMI, subcutaneous fat, and s-leptin were all positively associated with GDM, also after adjustment for covariates.ConclusionsThe relatively high amounts of subcutaneous fat and s-leptin in South Asians in early pregnancy contributed to their increased risk of GDM. South Asians retained more weight and subcutaneous fat after delivery, potentially increasing their risk of adiposity and GDM in future pregnancies.

ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate and compare the efficacy of liquid-based cytology (LBC) with conventional cytology (CS) as a screening tool for cervical cancer in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods This was an observational crosssectional study conducted over one year. Subjects were recruited from patients attending the outpatient department of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Pap smear and LBC were taken in all subjects. In cases with suspected lesions, the discrepancy between Pap smear and LBC and colposcopy was found. Results Pap smear reported 14.3% inadequate smears in women with postmenopausal changes and 5% inadequate smears in women without postmenopausal changes. In contrast, LBC reported no inadequate smear. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.011). Cervical neoplasia was ruled out in 53.6% cases by Pap smear and 75.8% cases by LBC. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.002). Conclusion Liquid-based cytology offers better results in detecting cervical pathology when compared with Pap smear. Liquid-based cytology could be better as a screening method, especially in postmenopausal women in which the screening is challenging due to menopause-induced anatomical and hormonal changes. Clinical significance Cervical cancer is the most common genital cancer among Indian women. Postmenopausal women are at higher risk for developing cervical cancer. Low estrogenic state poses a challenge for detection of cervical cancer by CS in postmenopausal women. We investigated LBC as a better cervical cancer screening tool in this age group. How to cite this article Qureshi S, Singh U, Foruin S, Negi N, Agarwal G, Singh N. Liquid-based Cytology vs Conventional Cytology as a Screening Tool for Cervical Cancer in Postmenopausal Women. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(2):159-163.

ABSTRACT Objective To study incidence and outcome of gestational trophoblastic disease and its variants and changes in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) outcome since the use of FIGO 2002 scoring system. Materials and method A prospective and retrospective cohort study was conducted on all cases of GTD. Those admitted from Jan 2005 to Dec 2007 were retrospectively analyzed from hospital records. Cases admitted from Jan 2008 to Dec 2009 were followed prospectively. Data was analyzed in terms of methods of diagnosis, FIGO score, treatment methods, success and follow- up feasibility. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS 11 of Windows 2003. Results Forty-four patients of GTD were analyzed, 21 retrospectively and 23 prospectively. The incidence of GTD was 1.1 per 1,000 admissions and 1.5 per 1,000 deliveries. GTN constituted 1.44% of all the gynecological cancer cases admitted in 5 years. Invasive mole constituted 68% of GTN. Seventyone percent of the GTN belonged to stage 1 and 60% had low risk score. Prospective cases managed according to new FIGO (2002) scoring system showed a faster decline in βhCG, lower drug toxicity and higher complete cure rates. Conclusion Management of GTN according to new scoring system results in high cure rates. Centralized registry can achieve 100% follow-up and higher survival rates. How to cite this article Singh N, Singh U, Srivastava S. Prospective and Retrospective Analysis of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease over a Period of 5 Years. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1):11-14.

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this article is to study the various factors that can predict the success of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) section. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study of deliveries was conducted from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014 by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in our hospital. Patients with previous low transverse cesarean section who had undergone a trial of labor were identified. Maternal inpatient and prenatal records were reviewed in all eligible subjects. During labor, uterine activity and fetal heart rate were monitored. When indicated, oxytocin or prostaglandin E2 was used for induction of labor according to Bishop score. Emergency cesarean delivery was considered in cases with the appearance of scar tenderness, fetal distress, nonprogress of labor, and deep transverse arrest. Results A total of 200 women were eligible for VBAC, but after written informed consent, 131 (65.5%) subjects were given trial of labor at term after one prior cesarean delivery among 3,604 deliveries while 69 (34.5%) subjects opted for elective repeat cesarean section. The overall VBAC success rate was 63.3% (76 of 120) in our study. History of spontaneous labor (p = 0.042) and history of previous vaginal delivery (p = 0.038) were found to be significantly associated with increased chance of success of VBAC, and lesser interdelivery interval was not found to be associated with decreased success rate (p = 0.096). Neither indication of previous cesarean nor birth weight of newborn (>3 kg) was found to be related to the success of VBAC. Conclusion Vaginal birth after cesarean section is a safe practice as long as it is offered with a proper selection of candidates with factors having a high success rate. Physicians need to be aware of factors having a good outcome before counseling mothers so that failure rates decrease and successful VBAC is increased. How to cite this article Verma ML, Nisha S, Singh U, Sankhwar PL, Qureshi S. Factors predicting Success of Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Section. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(3):198-201.

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The alkali volcanics and intrusive rocks, dated at around 35-33Ma, are cut by mineralised northeast and east trending faults showing predominant evidence for strike-slip. Mineralisation includes haematite-Au-Cu and is accompanied by iron-rich alteration of the volcanic rocks. Detailed assessment of the geometry of the fault system at Pu Sam Cap suggests that the faults formed as a Riedel shear system during left-lateral slip within the Song Hong-Song Chay shear zone and the numerous contemporaneous northwest trending faults to the south; the northeast trending faults are interpreted as dextral “book-end’’ faults between major northwest trending faults enclosing the Pu Sam Cap massif. As mineralisation is hosted within these faults and is also associated with lamprohyric dykes it confirms a thermal event younger than the alkaline volcanics and syenitic intrusives at Pu Sam Cap, suggesting a hidden, young porphyry system. 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South Asians living in the United Kingdom have a 1.5-fold greater risk of ischemic stroke than the general population. Impaired cerebrovascular carbon dioxide (CO2) reactivity is an independent predictor of ischemic stroke and cardiovascular mortality. We sought to test the hypothesis that cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity is reduced in South Asians. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCA Vm) was measured at rest and during stepwise changes in end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 ([Formula: see text]) in South Asian ( n = 16) and Caucasian European ( n = 18) men who were young (~20 yr), healthy, and living in the United Kingdom. Incremental hypercapnia was delivered via the open-circuit steady-state method, with stages of 4 and 7% CO2 (≈21% oxygen, nitrogen balanced). Cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity was calculated as the change in MCA Vm relative to the change in [Formula: see text]. MCA Vm was not different in South Asians [59 (9) cm/s, mean (standard deviation)] and Caucasian Europeans [61 (12) cm/s; P > 0.05]. Similarly, cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity was not different between the groups [South Asian 2.53 (0.76) vs. Caucasian European 2.61 (0.81) cm·s−1·mmHg−1; P > 0.05]. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was lower in South Asians [5.48 (2.94)%] compared with Caucasian Europeans [7.41 (2.28)%; P < 0.05]; however, when corrected for shear rate no between-group differences in flow-mediated dilation were observed ( P > 0.05). Flow-mediated dilation was not correlated with cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity measures. In summary, cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and flow-mediated dilation corrected for shear rate are preserved in young healthy South Asian men living in the United Kingdom. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous reports have identified an increased risk of ischemic stroke and peripheral endothelial dysfunction in South Asians compared with Caucasian Europeans. The main finding of this study is that cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity (an independent predictor of ischemic stroke) is not different in healthy young South Asian and Caucasian European men.

Abstract Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to compare exercise capacity, strength and skeletal muscle perfusion during exercise, and oxidative capacity between South Asians, African Caribbeans and Europeans, and determine what effect ethnic differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has on these functional outcomes. Methods In total, 708 participants (aged [mean±SD] 73 ± 7 years, 56% male) were recruited from the Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) study, a UK population-based cohort comprised of Europeans (n = 311) and South Asian (n = 232) and African Caribbean (n = 165) migrants. Measurements of exercise capacity using a 6 min stepper test (6MST), including measurement of oxygen consumption ($$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$V̇O2) and grip strength, were performed. Skeletal muscle was assessed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); measures included changes in tissue saturation index (∆TSI%) with exercise and oxidative capacity (muscle oxygen consumption recovery, represented by a time constant [τ]). Analysis was by multiple linear regression. Results When adjusted for age and sex, in South Asians and African Caribbeans, exercise capacity was reduced compared with Europeans ($$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$V̇O2 [ml min−1 kg−1]: β = −1.2 [95% CI –1.9, −0.4], p = 0.002, and β −1.7 [95% CI –2.5, −0.8], p < 0.001, respectively). South Asians had lower and African Caribbeans had higher strength compared with Europeans (strength [kPa]: β = −9 [95% CI –12, −6), p < 0.001, and β = 6 [95% CI 3, 9], p < 0.001, respectively). South Asians had greater decreases in TSI% and longer τ compared with Europeans (∆TSI% [%]: β = −0.9 [95% CI –1.7, −0.1), p = 0.024; τ [s]: β = 11 [95% CI 3, 18], p = 0.006). Ethnic differences in $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$V̇O2 and grip strength remained despite adjustment for type 2 diabetes or HbA1c (and fat-free mass for grip strength). However, the differences between Europeans and South Asians were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for other possible mediators or confounders (including physical activity, waist-to-hip ratio, cardiovascular disease or hypertension, smoking, haemoglobin levels or β-blocker use). The difference in ∆TSI% between Europeans and South Asians was marginally attenuated after adjustment for type 2 diabetes or HbA1c and was also no longer statistically significant after adjusting for other confounders; however, τ remained significantly longer in South Asians vs Europeans despite adjustment for all confounders. Conclusions/interpretation Reduced exercise capacity in South Asians and African Caribbeans is unexplained by higher rates of type 2 diabetes. Poorer exercise tolerance in these populations, and impaired muscle function and perfusion in South Asians, may contribute to the higher morbidity burden of UK ethnic minority groups in older age.

SummaryActivity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a potent inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is raised in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and may contribute to excess macrovascular disease. We investigated the association of PAI-1 activity with NIDDM in Pima Indians, a racial group with low risk of coronary artery disease, but in whom the impact of NIDDM on the occurrence of coronary artery disease is similar to other racial groups. We studied 308 (136 nondiabetic, 172 diabetic) Pima Indians from Arizona, and 138 (98 nondiabetic, 40 diabetic) South Asians and 129 (80 non-diabetic, 49 diabetic) Europeans living in North London. PAI-1 activity was measured by a spectrophotometric assay, and insulin, intact proinsulin and des 31,32 proinsulin concentrations were measured employing highly specific monoclonal antibody-based assays. Compared with non-diabetic subjects, PAI-1 activity was significantly higher in subjects with NIDDM among South Asians (22.8 ± 7.3 vs. 17.4 ± 6.9 AU/ml, p <0.001) and Europeans (23.1 ± 6.6 vs. 16.5 ± 6.1 AU/ml, p <0.001) but not among Pima Indians (19.5 ± 9.6 vs. 18.5 ± 8.6 AU/ml, ns). The association of PAI-1 activity with diabetes remained statistically significant when controlled for age, sex, body mass index and waist-hip ratio, serum triglyceride and fasting insulin concentrations in South Asians (p <0.001) and Europeans (p <0.001). The relationships of PAI-1 activity with clinical and biochemical variables were similar in the three racial groups other than for fasting and 2 h plasma glucose concentrations which were significantly associated with PAI-1 activity in South Asians (partial r = 0.32 and 0.31) and Europeans (partial r = 0.44 and 0.50) but not in Pima Indians (partial r = 0.11 and 0.15). In Pima Indians with NIDDM, PAI-1 activity was similar in those treated with sulphonylureas, insulin, or no drugs for diabetes. In conclusion, the association of PAI-1 with diabetes differs in racial groups who are at different risk of NIDDM and ischaemic heart disease. Previously reported differences in the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease between diabetic and non-diabetic Pima Indians, and between non-diabetic subjects from the three racial groups, are unlikely to be due to differences in PAI-1 activity.

The U antigen (MNS5) is one of 49 antigens belonging to the MNS blood group system (ISBT002) carried on glycophorins A (GPA) and B (GPB). U is present on the red blood cells in almost all Europeans and Asians but absent in approximately 1.0% of Black Africans. U negativity coincides with negativity for S (MNS3) and s (MNS4) on GPB, thus be called S–s–U–, and is thought to arise from homozygous deletion of GYPB. Little is known about the molecular background of these deletions. Bioinformatic analysis of the 1000 Genomes Project data revealed several candidate regions with apparent deletions in GYPB. Highly specific Gap-PCRs, only resulting in positive amplification from DNAs with deletions present, allowed for the exact genetic localization of 3 different breakpoints; 110.24- and 103.26-kb deletions were proven to be the most frequent in Black Americans and Africans. Among 157 CEPH DNAs, deletions in 6 out of 8 African ethnicities were present. Allele frequencies of the deletions within African ethnicities varied greatly and reached a cumulative 23.3% among the Mbuti Pygmy people from the Congo. Similar observations were made for U+var alleles, known to cause strongly reduced GPB expression. The 110- and 103-kb deletional GYPB haplotypes were found to represent the most prevalent hereditary factors causative of the MNS blood group phenotype S–s–U–. Respective GYPB deletions are now accessible by molecular detection of homo- and hemizygous transmission.

Embodying a differential set of skills, refugees experience varying obstacles and reception upon entry into their host country. Starting in 1975, the U.S. received large numbers of refugees from Southeast Asia. Although these arrivals are no longer labeled as ‘refugees’, their initial immigration status raises interesting questions, including whether or not they match the attainment of those who arrived in the U.S. at the same time. Using the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Files (PUMS), this paper traces the adaptation of post-1975 Southeast Asians within the U.S. through the lens of segmented assimilation. Refugee flows are disaggregated into Sino-Vietnamese, Ethnic-Vietnamese, Hmong, Cambodians, and Laotian identities and contrasted to Chinese immigrants.

SummaryA polymorphism in the coagulation factor XIII gene (FXIII Val34Leu) has been recently described to confer protection for arterial and venous thrombosis and to predispose to intracerebral hemorrhage. At present it is known that FXIII Val34Leu is prevalent in Caucasians, but information upon its distribution in different ethnic groups is scarce. We investigated the prevalence of FXIIIVal34Leu in 450 unrelated subjects of four ethnic groups: 97 Caucasians (Brazilians of European descent and Portuguese), 149 Blacks (Brazilians, and Africans from Cameroon, Zaire and Angola), 40 Asians (Japanese descendents) and 164 Amerindians from South America. PCR amplification of exon 2 of FXIII gene followed by MseI restriction-digestion was employed to define the genotypes. FXIIIVal34Leu was detected in 44.3% of the Caucasians, in 28.9% of the Blacks, in 2.5% of the Asians and in 51.2% of the Amerindians. These data confirm that FXIII Val34Leu is highly prevalent in Caucasians and indicate that it is rarer in populations of African origin. The very high frequency among Amerindians indicates that FXIII Val34Leu is not absent among Asians, and since it has a very low prevalence in Japanese, a heterogeneity in its distribution in Asia may be inferred. Taken together, our data showed that FXIII Val34Leu exhibits a significant ethnic heterogeneity, a finding that is relevant for studies relating this polymorphism with thrombotic and bleeding disorders.

The presence of Asian in Great Britain has added a new perspective to debates about notions such as ‘identity’, ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘Englishness’. East is East (Damien O’Donnell, 1999) explores the culture clash that occurs in the context of a half Pakistani and half British family living in early 1970’s Salford. Through its representation of an atypical family the film’s emphasis lies most conspicuously on its portrayal of the beginnings of contemporary multi-ethnic and multicultural British society. This way, the film highlights issues of cultural diversity, difference and hybridity while also raising questions about identity, belonging and the concept of Englishness. The aim of this essay will therefore be to examine how Daniel O’Donnell’s film East is East explores the paradoxical nature of “identities” inevitably swaying in between two cultures by looking at the diverse discourses on identity and how they have been constructed.

Abstract HLA-DR β1* 0405 has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders including autoimmune hepatitis (Qiu DK et al, J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003). T cell clones with HLA-DR β1* 0405 restricted stem cell toxicity has been demonstrated in patients with aplastic anemia (Nakao S et al, Blood 1997). We report a patient with acute non viral hepatitis and aplastic anemia who has HLA-DR β1* 0405 genotype which she shared with her HLA matched sibling who was diagnosed to have autoimmune hepatitis. Case Report: A 23 year old South Asian lady presented in July of 2012 with acute hepatitis. Her liver function tests (LFTs) showed a total bilirubin of 9.8mg/dl, and aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase(ALT) of 1815 and 2327 U/L respectively. Screening for known acute hepatitis causing viruses was negative. She had no significant history of exposure to any drugs or toxins other than a three day course of ciprofloxacin two weeks earlier. Liver biopsy showed evidence of active hepatitis with chronic lymphocytic infiltrates in the portal triads and small areas of hepatic necrosis with neutrophilic infiltrates. She also had pancytopenia with hemoglobin (Hb) of 10.1 g/dl, white blood count (WBC) of 3.1 X103/mm3 with absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 2.1 X103/mm3 and platelet count of 7 X103/mm3. Bone marrow exam confirmed a hypocellular marrow with 10% cellularity. She was treated with high dose steroids with improvement of her liver function tests. Her cytopenias worsened and she was transferred to our tertiary care center for further management. At admission her WBC was 0.9 X103 /mm3 with ANC of 0.1 X103 /mm3, Hb of 10.1 g/dl and platelet count of 21 X 103/mm3(after tranfusional support). A repeat bone marrow exam showed a marrow with <1% cellularity consistent with aplastic anemia. Her LFTs had improved with total bilirubin 2.6mg/dl, AST and ALT 131 and 667 U/L respectively and normalized four weeks later. Screening for autoimmune antibodies including Anti Nuclear Antibody (ANA), anti-mitochondrial antibody and anti-smooth muscle antibody was negative. Her HLA typing confirmed HLA DR*β 1 0405 genotype. Her sister was HLA identical and during donor screening was found to have elevated AST and ALT of 92 and 174 U/L respectively. She had normal blood counts. She was positive for both anti-smooth muscle and anti-mitochondrial antibodies and liver biopsy showed mixed inflammatory infiltrate in portal and lobular regions. She was initially excluded as a bone marrow donor secondary to diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Patient was treated with immunosuppressive therapy consisting of equine antithymocyte globulin (Atgam), cyclosporine and methylprednisone without response at four months. She received allogeneinc bone marrow transplant from her HLA matched sister after conditioning with fludrabine and cyclophosphamide. Sibling donor with autoimmune hepatitis had normal liver function tests at the time of bone marrow harvest after receiving therapy with steroids for three months. The patient’s immediate post transplant course was complicated by respiratory failure requiring brief intubation and transient worsening of her LFTs. She developed severe thrombotic microangiopathy at 11 months post transplant with acute renal failure that was refractory to plasma exchange but responded well to therapy with rituximab. At 12 months post transplant patient had >95 % donor chimerism and was negative for anti-smooth muscle and anti-mitochondrial antibody screening. Patient is now 18 months post transplant and is off all immune suppression with normal blood counts, renal function and liver function tests. Conclusion: HLA-DRβ1* 0405 restricted autoimmune T-cells may have a role to play in the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis and associated aplastic anemia. A successful bone marrow transplant could be carried out in a patient with hepatitis with aplastic anemia from HLA matched sibling donor with autoimmune hepatitis after the donor had received treatment with steroids. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Madam, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired cognitive functions in a person (1). It is the most common cause of dementia and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Currently, 50 million people in the world live with dementia, AD accounting for more than half (50-75%) of all cases (2). Despite such an extensive burden of the disease, existing management options such as cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonists have failed to improve disease progress and are mainly focused on treating the symptoms. Last month, on the 7th of June 2021 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Biogen® 's Aducanumab (ADU), an anti- beta-amyloid (A?) monoclonal antibody for the treatment of AD (3). Although controversial, the FDA’S approval of the drug marks a historic event in the fight against this debilitating disease. ADU represents the first of its kind treatment against AD. It is the only new Alzheimer’s drug to be approved in almost two decades and it’s also the first drug to target A?, a hallmark of AD pathophysiology. In a study, 3382 patients with AD were enrolled on three clinical trials to check for its efficacy. Patients who received the drug showed a time-dependent reduction of beta-amyloid plaque, while on the contrary, those on placebo did not. (4) However, due to inconsistent results in the phase III trials (5), FDA requires Biogen to conduct a post-approval trial to verify clinical benefit. Failing to do so, may result in the FDA withdrawing the approval. Despite limited evidence regarding its efficacy, annual ADU therapy is priced at U$D56000, raising healthcare equity, accessibility, and affordability concerns. Presently 60% of the world’s population living with dementia belongs to low-middle income countries, by 2050 this number shall expectedly rise to 71%. Along with its South Asian and Western Pacific neighbors, Pakistan comprises the world’s fastest-growing elderly population (6), which ultimately means more people with AD. This means we require efficient therapy options to fight an ever-growing disease burden in the upcoming years. Therefore, it is pivotal to acknowledge that ADU the first therapy to halt AD progression, is a milestone achieved in its treatment. It should be considered as a step forward towards the path to finding a cure.

The most of protein requirement for cows is fulfilled by microbial protein. Increasing the protein from ration usually influences the milk production in dairy cows. However, the availability of dietary protein should support rumen ecosystem through microbial activity in the fermentation and digestion process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein levels of dairy cow ration on the rumen fermentability and digestibility using an in vitro method. Randomized block design with three levels of protein ration as a treatment and three times taken of rumen liquor as a block. The treatments were: R1= ration with low protein; R2= ration with moderate protein and R3= ration with high protein. The measured parameters were rumen fermentability (total VFA, N-NH3 and pH), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The results showed that there were significantly increase in dry and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05), due to increasing the level of dietary protein, but there was no effect in the fermentability, except a slight increase in N-NH3 concentration. The conclusion of this study was the highest level of protein ration enhances the digestibility, and showed a tendency for higher N-NH3. Key words: dairy cattle, dietary protein, digestibility, fermentability, in vitro DAFTAR PUSTAKA [Ditjennak-Keswan] Direktorat Jendral Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan. 2019. Pemerintah dorong perbaikan kualitas dan kuantitas susu nasional [internet]. Tersedia pada: http://ditjennak.pertanian.go.id/pemerintah-dorong-perbaikan-kualitas-dan-kuantitas-susu-nasional Anggraeny YN, Soetanto H, Kusmartono & Hartutik. 2015. Sinkronisasi suplai protein dan energi dalam rumen untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pakan berkualitas rendah. WARTAZOA. 25(3):107–116 Chanthakhoun V, Wanapat M & Berg J. 2012. Level of crude protein in concentrate supplements influenced rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Livestock Science. 144(3):197–204. Cherdthong A & Wanapat M. 2013. Manipulation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility by dried rumen digesta. Livestock Science. 153(1–3):94–100. Colmenero JJO & Broderick GA. 2006. Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 89(5):1704–1712. Conway E. 1957. Microdiffusion of Analysis of Association Official Analytical Chemist. Georgia (US): Georgia Press. Despal, Permana IG, Safarina SN & Tatra AJ. 2011. Penggunaan berbagai sumber karbohidrat terlarut air untuk meningkatkan kualitas silase daun rami. Media Peternakan. 34(2):69–76. Despal, Zahera R, Lestari DA, Ma’rifah H & Permana IG. 2015. Ketersediaan dan kualitas sumberdaya pakan musim kemarau dan dampaknya terhadap pemenuhan nutrien dan performa sapi perah di Pangalengan Kabupaten Bandung. Sumedang (ID): Seminar Nasional Peternakan Berkelanjutan, Universitas Pajajaran Dung DV, Shang W & Yao W. 2014. Effect of crude protein levels in concentrate and concentrate levels in diet on in vitro fermentation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 27(6):797–805. Forejtová J, Lád F, Třináctý J, Richter M, Gruber M, Doležal P, Homolka P & Pavelek L. 2005. Comparison of organic matter digestibility determined by in vivo and in vitro methods. Czeh Journal of Animal Science. 50(2):47–53. Hernaman I, Tarmidi AR & Dhalika T. 2017. Kecernaan in vitro ransum sapi perah berbasis jerami padi yang mengandung konsentrat yang difermentasi oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Effective Microorganisms-4 (EM-4). Majalah Ilmu Peternakan. 20(2):45–48. Holik YLA, Abdullah L & Karti PDMH. 2019. Evaluasi nutrisi silase kultivar baru tanaman sorgum (Sorghum bicolor) dengan penambahan legum Indigofera sp. pada taraf berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan. 17(2):38–46. Imran M, Pasha TN, Shahid MQ, Babar I & Naveed M. 2017. Effect of increasing dietary metabolizable protein on nitrogen efficiency in Holstein dairy cows. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 30(5):660–665. Joo JW, Bae GS, Min WK, Choi HS, Maeng WJ, Chung YH & Chang MB. 2005. Effect of protein sources on rumen microbial protein synthesis using rumen simulated continuous culture system. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 18(3):326–331. Law RA, Young FJ, Patterson DC, Kilpatrick DJ, Wylie ARG & Mayne CS. 2009. Effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation. Journal of Dairy Science. 92(3):1001–1012. Leonardi C, Stevenson M & Armentano LE. 2003. Effect of two levels of crude protein and methionine supplementation on performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 86(12):4033–4042. Lestari DA, Abdullah L & Despal. 2015. Comparative study of milk production and feed efficiency based on farmer best practices and National Research Council. Media Peternakan. 38(2): 110-117 McDonald P, Edwards R, Greenhalgh J, Morgan C, Sinclair L & Wilkinson R. 2010. Animal Nutrition. Seventh Ed. London (UK): Pearson Education McMurphy C, Duff G, Sanders S, Cuneo S & Chirase N. 2011. Effects of supplementing humates on rumen fermentation in Holstein steers. South Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 41(2):134–140. Nadeau E, Englund J & Gustafsson AH. 2007. Nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows as affected by diet and milk yield. Livestock Science. 111(1–2):45–56. NRC. 1978. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 5th Revised Ed. Washington (US): National Academy Press. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 7th Revised Ed Washington (US): National Academy Press Permana IG, Despal, Zahera R & Damayanti E. 2017. Evaluasi kecukupan nutrien, produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah di peternakan rakyat. Bogor (ID): Seminar Nasional Industri Peternakan, Fakultas Peternakan IPB. Saha S, Gallo L, Bittante G, Schiavon S, Bergamaschi M, Gianesella M & Fiore E. 2019. Rumination time and yield, composition, lactating holstein cows. Animals. 9(2):1–13. Shahzad MA, Tauqir NA, Ahmad F, Nisa MU, Sarwar M & Tipu MA. 2011. Effects of feeding different dietary protein and energy levels on the performance of 12 – 15-month-old buffalo calves. Tropical Animal Health Production. 43(3):685–694. Sucak MG, Serbester U & Görgülü M. 2017. Effects of dietary starch and crude protein levels on milk production and composition of dairy cows fed high concentrate diet. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 5(6):563–567. Suharti S, Aliyah DN & Suryahadi. 2018. Karakteristik fermentasi rumen in vitro dengan penambahan sabun kalsium minyak nabati pada buffer yang berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan. 16(3):56–64. Xia C, Aziz M, Rahman U, Yang H, Shao T, Qiu Q, Su H & Cao B. 2018. Effect of increased dietary crude protein levels on production performance, nitrogen utilization, blood metabolites and ruminal fermentation of Holstein bulls. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 31(10):1643–1653. Zahera R, Permana IG & Despal. 2015. Utilization of mungbean’s greenhouse fodder and silage in the ration for lactating dairy cows. Media Peternakan. 38(2):123–131

The most of protein requirement for cows is fulfilled by microbial protein. Increasing the protein from ration usually influences the milk production in dairy cows. However, the availability of dietary protein should support rumen ecosystem through microbial activity in the fermentation and digestion process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein levels of dairy cow ration on the rumen fermentability and digestibility using an in vitro method. Randomized block design with three levels of protein ration as a treatment and three times taken of rumen liquor as a block. The treatments were: R1= ration with low protein; R2= ration with moderate protein and R3= ration with high protein. The measured parameters were rumen fermentability (total VFA, N-NH3 and pH), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The results showed that there were significantly increase in dry and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05), due to increasing the level of dietary protein, but there was no effect in the fermentability, except a slight increase in N-NH3 concentration. The conclusion of this study was the highest level of protein ration enhances the digestibility, and showed a tendency for higher N-NH3. Key words: dairy cattle, dietary protein, digestibility, fermentability, in vitro DAFTAR PUSTAKA [Ditjennak-Keswan] Direktorat Jendral Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan. 2019. Pemerintah dorong perbaikan kualitas dan kuantitas susu nasional [internet]. Tersedia pada: http://ditjennak.pertanian.go.id/pemerintah-dorong-perbaikan-kualitas-dan-kuantitas-susu-nasional Anggraeny YN, Soetanto H, Kusmartono & Hartutik. 2015. Sinkronisasi suplai protein dan energi dalam rumen untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pakan berkualitas rendah. WARTAZOA. 25(3):107–116 Chanthakhoun V, Wanapat M & Berg J. 2012. Level of crude protein in concentrate supplements influenced rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Livestock Science. 144(3):197–204. Cherdthong A & Wanapat M. 2013. Manipulation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility by dried rumen digesta. Livestock Science. 153(1–3):94–100. Colmenero JJO & Broderick GA. 2006. Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 89(5):1704–1712. Conway E. 1957. Microdiffusion of Analysis of Association Official Analytical Chemist. Georgia (US): Georgia Press. Despal, Permana IG, Safarina SN & Tatra AJ. 2011. Penggunaan berbagai sumber karbohidrat terlarut air untuk meningkatkan kualitas silase daun rami. Media Peternakan. 34(2):69–76. Despal, Zahera R, Lestari DA, Ma’rifah H & Permana IG. 2015. Ketersediaan dan kualitas sumberdaya pakan musim kemarau dan dampaknya terhadap pemenuhan nutrien dan performa sapi perah di Pangalengan Kabupaten Bandung. Sumedang (ID): Seminar Nasional Peternakan Berkelanjutan, Universitas Pajajaran Dung DV, Shang W & Yao W. 2014. Effect of crude protein levels in concentrate and concentrate levels in diet on in vitro fermentation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 27(6):797–805. Forejtová J, Lád F, Třináctý J, Richter M, Gruber M, Doležal P, Homolka P & Pavelek L. 2005. Comparison of organic matter digestibility determined by in vivo and in vitro methods. Czeh Journal of Animal Science. 50(2):47–53. Hernaman I, Tarmidi AR & Dhalika T. 2017. Kecernaan in vitro ransum sapi perah berbasis jerami padi yang mengandung konsentrat yang difermentasi oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Effective Microorganisms-4 (EM-4). Majalah Ilmu Peternakan. 20(2):45–48. Holik YLA, Abdullah L & Karti PDMH. 2019. Evaluasi nutrisi silase kultivar baru tanaman sorgum (Sorghum bicolor) dengan penambahan legum Indigofera sp. pada taraf berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan. 17(2):38–46. Imran M, Pasha TN, Shahid MQ, Babar I & Naveed M. 2017. Effect of increasing dietary metabolizable protein on nitrogen efficiency in Holstein dairy cows. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 30(5):660–665. Joo JW, Bae GS, Min WK, Choi HS, Maeng WJ, Chung YH & Chang MB. 2005. Effect of protein sources on rumen microbial protein synthesis using rumen simulated continuous culture system. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 18(3):326–331. Law RA, Young FJ, Patterson DC, Kilpatrick DJ, Wylie ARG & Mayne CS. 2009. Effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation. Journal of Dairy Science. 92(3):1001–1012. Leonardi C, Stevenson M & Armentano LE. 2003. Effect of two levels of crude protein and methionine supplementation on performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 86(12):4033–4042. Lestari DA, Abdullah L & Despal. 2015. Comparative study of milk production and feed efficiency based on farmer best practices and National Research Council. Media Peternakan. 38(2): 110-117 McDonald P, Edwards R, Greenhalgh J, Morgan C, Sinclair L & Wilkinson R. 2010. Animal Nutrition. Seventh Ed. London (UK): Pearson Education McMurphy C, Duff G, Sanders S, Cuneo S & Chirase N. 2011. Effects of supplementing humates on rumen fermentation in Holstein steers. South Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 41(2):134–140. Nadeau E, Englund J & Gustafsson AH. 2007. Nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows as affected by diet and milk yield. Livestock Science. 111(1–2):45–56. NRC. 1978. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 5th Revised Ed. Washington (US): National Academy Press. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 7th Revised Ed Washington (US): National Academy Press Permana IG, Despal, Zahera R & Damayanti E. 2017. Evaluasi kecukupan nutrien, produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah di peternakan rakyat. Bogor (ID): Seminar Nasional Industri Peternakan, Fakultas Peternakan IPB. Saha S, Gallo L, Bittante G, Schiavon S, Bergamaschi M, Gianesella M & Fiore E. 2019. Rumination time and yield, composition, lactating holstein cows. Animals. 9(2):1–13. Shahzad MA, Tauqir NA, Ahmad F, Nisa MU, Sarwar M & Tipu MA. 2011. Effects of feeding different dietary protein and energy levels on the performance of 12 – 15-month-old buffalo calves. Tropical Animal Health Production. 43(3):685–694. Sucak MG, Serbester U & Görgülü M. 2017. Effects of dietary starch and crude protein levels on milk production and composition of dairy cows fed high concentrate diet. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 5(6):563–567. Suharti S, Aliyah DN & Suryahadi. 2018. Karakteristik fermentasi rumen in vitro dengan penambahan sabun kalsium minyak nabati pada buffer yang berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan. 16(3):56–64. Xia C, Aziz M, Rahman U, Yang H, Shao T, Qiu Q, Su H & Cao B. 2018. Effect of increased dietary crude protein levels on production performance, nitrogen utilization, blood metabolites and ruminal fermentation of Holstein bulls. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 31(10):1643–1653. Zahera R, Permana IG & Despal. 2015. Utilization of mungbean’s greenhouse fodder and silage in the ration for lactating dairy cows. Media Peternakan. 38(2):123–131

SummaryWe aimed to investigate significant correlations of insulin resistance with thrombotic factors in South Asians with stroke. Correlations of Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA)(as a surrogate of insulin resistance) were analysed with 6 thrombotic factors in 140 South Asian patients with a history of confirmed (by computerised tomography) ischaemic stroke. Age and sex adjusted HOMA was correlated to waist-hip ratio (r = 0.38, p = 0.0001), triglycerides (r = 0.22, p = 0.03), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.21, p = 0.04), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) (r = 0.22, p = 0.04); plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-1) (r = 0.26, p = 0.02); fibrinogen (r = 0.25, p = 0.02); and factor VII antigen (r = 0.21, p = 0.06). On regression analysis, with HOMA as dependent variable and significant correlates as independent variables in the model, HOMA was independently associated with PAI-1 antigen. There is extensive clustering of metabolic and thrombotic factors with insulin resistance in South Asian patients with ischaemic stroke, which may contribute to high prevalence of vascular disease in this population.

Powdery mildews are one of the most common diseases of plants growing in many nurseries, city parks, and home gardens in Turkey. Common zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is widely cultivated in Turkey for ornamental purposes. In September 2010, zinnia plants grown in Hatay, Turkey were found to be heavily infected with a powdery mildew. Pathogen mycelia and sporulation were observed as circular to irregular, white patches on both sides of the leaves and on stems and flower petals. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Hyphae were straight to wavy and 4 to 7 μm wide. Conidiophores arose from the upper part of the hyphae, measured 120 to 190 × 10 to 13 μm, were simple, and produced two to six immature conidia in chains with a sinuate edge, followed by two to three straight cells. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, measured 25 to 42 × 14 to 22 μm (length/width ratio = 1.3 to 2.5), lacked distinct fibrosin bodies, and produced germ tubes on the perihilar position, with reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. No chasmothecia were observed. The structures described above were typical of the Oidium subgenus Reticuloidium, anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements were compatible with those of G. cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta described previously (1,3). To confirm the tentative identification based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences from a representative material (MKU-ZK311077, duplicate KUS-F25655) was conducted. The complete ITS regions of rDNA were amplified using primers ITS5 and P3 as described by S. Takamatsu (4) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 508 bp from MKU-ZK311077 was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JN051414). A GenBank BLAST search using the current data revealed an exact match for several sequences of G. cichoracearum, including Australian and Korean powdery mildews on zinnia plants, with a 100% sequence similarity. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of three healthy, potted zinnia plants. Three noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 10 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. The powdery mildew infections of Z. elegans associated with G. cichoracearum are nearly circumglobal, including Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Oceania, and Western Asian localities like India, Nepal, Jordan, and Israel (1,2). The current work confirmed the occurrence of G. cichoracearum infecting Z. elegans in Turkey using detailed morphological and molecular analysis. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedw. 89:1, 1987. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 24, 2011. (3) M. J. Park et al. Plant Pathol. J. 27:85, 2011. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.

INTRODUCTION: The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) administers New Zealand’s (NZ) accident compensation scheme. Asians in NZ are apparently under-serviced by ACC and may be experiencing barriers to accessing services. This study identifies barriers that Asians in NZ face in accessing ACC’s injury-related services and compensations. METHODS: By utilising a qualitative research design, 113 Chinese, Korean, Indian, and South East Asian participants residing in Auckland, NZ were recruited through maximum variation and purposive snowball sampling. Data were gathered during 2006 through 22 individual in-depth interviews and 14 focus group discussions based on semi-structured interview schedules. Interviewees included Asian general practitioners, traditional health providers, users and non-users of injury-related services, case managers and Asian community leaders. Data were analysed using a general inductive approach. FINDINGS: Results show that personal/cultural characteristics such as age, gender, English language competence, injury-related language competence, differing Asian worldviews, and consequent helpseeking behaviours act as barriers to accessing services and entitlements. This is exacerbated by logistical and environmental factors such as cost, transport, time, inadequate interpretation and translation services, as well as institutional barriers such as lack of information about services, culturally inappropriate services, discriminatory attitudes and employment risks. CONCLUSION: It is evident that Asians living in NZ are experiencing several cultural, environmental and institutional barriers to accessing ACC services. There is clearly a need for more culturally relevant information and injury-related services if Asian immigrants’ use of such services and entitlements is to be increased. KEYWORDS: Barriers; access; Asians; injury-related services

AbstractMultiwavelength Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) of far-infrared (FIR) galaxies detected in the AKARI South Ecliptic Poles Survey (ADF-S) allow to trace differences between [Ultra]-Luminous Infrared Galaxies ([U]LIRGS) and other types of star-forming galaxies (SF).

ABSTRACT In South Korea (S. Korea), viral hepatitis is a major public health burden. Advances in healthcare policy, evidence-based medicine, and therapeutic strategies in S. Korea have brought a rapid change in the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of viral hepatitis. This review discusses the innovative approaches that S. Korea has taken to curb the epidemic of viral hepatitis. In addition, the efficacy of various preventive and therapeutic modalities is discussed. This review aims to provide a brief overview to guide future research direction and healthcare policy changes. How to cite this article Pak SC, Alastal Y, Khan Z, Darr U. Viral Hepatitis in South Korea. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2017;7(2):163-165.

AbstractSingle-radius (SR) and multiradius (MR) total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) have produced similar outcomes, albeit most studies originate from Western nations. There are known knee kinematic differences between Western and Asian patients after TKA. The aim of this study is to compare the short-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of SR-TKA versus MR-TKA in Asians. Registry data of 133 SR-TKA versus 363 MR-TKA by a single surgeon were analyzed. Preoperative and 2-year postoperative range of motion (ROM) and PROMs were compared with Student's t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the odds of SR-TKA or MR-TKA achieving the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of studied outcomes. Patients in both groups had similar age (65.7 ± 7.6 vs. 65.8 ± 8.2 years; p = 0.317), gender proportion (71% females vs. 79% females; p = 0.119), and ethnic distribution (80% Chinese vs. 84% Chinese; p = 0.258). Preoperatively, there were no statistically significant differences between both groups for ROM, Knee Society Score (KSS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and Short Form (SF)-36 scores. At 2 years, all outcomes were statistically similar or failed to achieve a difference of MCID. Controlling for all preoperative variables, SR-TKA has significantly lower odds of achieving MCID for OKS (odds ratio [OR]: 0.275, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.114–0.663; p = 0.004) and SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) (OR: 0.547; 95% CI: 0.316–0.946; p = 0.031) compared with MR-TKA. In conclusion, there are no significant differences in the absolute PROMs between SR-TKA and MR-TKA at 2 years following TKA in Asians. However, SR-TKA has significantly lower odds of achieving the MCID for OKS and SF-36 PCS.

ABSTRAK Tujuan utama dari makalah ini untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh zakat, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) perkapita, Upah Minimum Regional/Provinsi (UMP), dan inflasi terhadap tingkat gini rasio di 34 provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2018-2020. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi zakat yang diproksikan dengan Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS serta tingkat inflasi secara statistik tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Sementara itu, tingkat PDRB perkapita dan UMP memiliki arah hubungan negatif dan berpengaruh signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada pengelola zakat untuk menciptakan dan mengembangkan program zakat yang mampu memberdayakan perekonomian mustahik sehingga mampu mengurangi tingkat kesenjangan pendapatan dalam masyarakat. Selain itu, seluruh pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) harus bersinergi dalam upaya meningkatkan realisasi pengumpulan dana zakat di lembaga dengan melalui peningkatan literasi dan kesadaran masyarakat guna mengoptimalisasikan peran zakat dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kata kunci: Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS, Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Makroekonomi, Zakat. ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to empirically examine the effect of zakat, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) percapita, Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage, and inflation on the gini ratio in 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2018-2020. The findings of this study indicate that the distribution of zakat, which is proxied by the BAZNAS Welfare Index, and the inflation rate has no statistically significant effect on the level of income inequality in Indonesia. 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Problemi povezani s kockanjem mladih predmet su interesa brojnih studija, no područje procjene problema još je nedovoljno istraženo. Stoga je cilj ovog rada usporediti i provjeriti podudarnost, u istraživanjima najčešće korištenog instrumenta, South Oaks skale kockanja mladih (SOGS-RA) s Kanadskim upitnikom kockanja adolescenata, tj. njegovom mjerom opće razine problema (CAGI-GPSS), prvim instrumentom ciljano konstruiranim za primjenu u populaciji adolescenata. U istraživanju je sudjelovao prigodni uzorak od N = 572 muških srednjoškolaca iz Zagreba i Splita (Mdob = 16,17 godina; SD = 1,22) svih triju vrsta obrazovnih programa, od prvog do završnog razreda srednje škole. Uz spomenute instrumente procjene, korišten je i Upitnik o osnovnim osobnim i sociodemografskim obilježjima. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da značajan udio mladića zadovoljava kriterije za skupinu onih s ozbiljnim problemima povezanim s kockanjem i na SOGS-RA instrumentu (13,8%) i na CAGI-GPSS subskali (16.4%). Klasifikacijska podudarnost instrumenata je umjerena (Kappa = ,574), tj. udio mladića koji su na oba instrumenta svrstani u istu skupinu problema iznosi oko 57%. Rezultati su analizirani u odnosu na relevantne empirijske pokazatelje, te su raspravljene njihove praktične implikacije i potencijalni doprinos razvoju pouzdanog instrumenta procjene ovog kompleksnog problema u ponašanju mladih. Ključne riječi: problematično kockanje mladih, procjena, SOGS-RA, CAGI-GPSS, klasifikacija, podudarnost