Journal articles: 'South asians – canada'

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KURIAN, G. "South Asians in Canada." International Migration 29, no. 3 (September 1991): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1991.tb01029.x.

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Ashutosh, Ishan. "From the Census to the City: Representing South Asians in Canada and Toronto." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17, no. 2 (June 2014): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.17.2.130.

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Since the 2006 Canadian Census, “South Asians” have constituted both Canada’s and Toronto’s most populous “visible minority group.” This article investigates the term “South Asian” along two lines of enquiry. First, through an examination of the Canadian Census, this article sheds light on how the state produced the term “South Asian.” The second aspect focuses on how this state classification has been used as the basis for antiracist activism and is inhabited and transformed as a critical transnational identity. I begin by tracing the emergence of the category “South Asian” in light of previous categories used in the Canadian Census since the migration of South Asians to Canada began in the early twentieth century. I then turn to narratives based on interviews with South Asians in Toronto to examine contemporary representations of this category. As a state category, I argue that the category “South Asian” homogenizes the diversity of South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, and yet, as a diasporic identity, the term challenges the national divides of postcolonial South Asia and the South Asian diaspora. I conclude by suggesting that South Asian identities represent complex and multiple identities that should not be reduced to a simple and artificial category of the state.

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Ihsan, Aqeel. "‘Paki go home’: The story of racism in the Gerrard India Bazaar." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 10, no. 1 (March 13, 2023): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v10i1.556.

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For South Asian Canadians who migrated to Toronto in the 1970s, the only place for them to purchase and consume South Asian foodstuffs would have been in the area referred to as ‘Little India’, which later developed into what is referred to today as the Gerrard India Bazaar (GIB). Little India is located on Gerrard Street, encompassing the nine blocks from Greenwood Avenue to Coxwell Avenue. The very first South Asian entrepreneur in Gerrard Street was Gian Naaz, who rented the defunct Eastwood Theatre in 1972 and began showing films in Hindi and other South Asian languages. Naaz’s success inspired and attracted other South Asian entrepreneurs, some of whom opened restaurants and grocery stores. These early South Asian businesses on Gerrard Street combatted racism and racial stereotyping and the GIB was a microcosm of the violences South Asians experienced all across Toronto in the 1970s and 80s. As such, this paper tells the story of how South Asians, both them and their businesses, persevered and helped develop the GIB as an ethnic enclave because it allowed South Asians to affirm notions of home and belonging in Canada, all without ever having a distinct residential identity.

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Ghosh, Sutama. "‘Am I a South Asian, really?’ Constructing ‘South Asians’ in Canada and being South Asian in Toronto." South Asian Diaspora 5, no. 1 (March 2013): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2013.724913.

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Sharma, Tanmay, Baanu Manoharan, Christine Langlois, Rita E. Morassut, and David Meyre. "The effect of race/ethnicity on obesity traits in first year university students from Canada: The GENEiUS study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e0242714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242714.

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Background Little is known about the impact of race/ethnicity on weight change at university. The objective of this study is to determine if ethnicity has an impact on obesity traits in a multiethnic cohort of first-year students at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Methods 183 first year students from the three most represented ethnic groups (South Asian, East Asian, and white-Caucasian) in our study sample were followed longitudinally with data collected early in the academic year and towards the end of the year. Obesity parameters including body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, and waist hip ratio (WHR) were analyzed. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for pairwise comparison of traits from the beginning to the end of the year in the absence of adjustments. Linear regression was used with covariate adjustments to investigate the effect of ethnicity on obesity traits. Results A significant increase in weight by 1.49 kg (95%CI: 1.13–1.85) was observed over the academic year in the overall analyzed sample. This was accompanied by significant gains in BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and WHR. Ethnicity stratified analysis indicated significant increase in all investigated obesity traits in East Asians and all traits, but WHR, in South Asians. White-Caucasians only displayed significant increases in weight and BMI. Body weight and hip circumference were significantly lower in East Asians compared to white-Caucasians at baseline. However, East Asians displayed a significantly larger increase in mean BMI and weight compared to white-Caucasians after first-year. South Asians displayed larger waist circumference at baseline compared to East Asians and larger WHR compared to white-Caucasians. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that ethnicity has an impact on obesity traits in first-year university students. Universities should take ethnicity into account while implementing effective obesity prevention programs to promote healthy and active lifestyles for students.

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Reilly, Kenneth. "“A Hard Strain on Imperialism”: South Asian Resistance to the British Honduras Scheme." Canadian Journal of History 56, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh-2020-0037.

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In the fall and winter of 1908, the Canadian government attempted to relocate South Asians living in British Columbia to British Honduras for indentured labour. Those in favour of relocation claimed that most South Asians were unemployed, were unable to survive winter, and could not adapt to Canadian society because of their religious beliefs. South Asians who opposed relocation challenged many of these claims and formed a wide network across the British Empire to foil this relocation. This study discusses the overlooked subject of the Canadian state’s attempts to remove South Asians who had already settled in the country, as well as the agency of South Asians in early-twentieth-century Canada. The documents examined throughout this article show that the British Honduras Scheme failed when South Asians could not be convinced that it served their interests and found that they possessed the necessary resources to challenge deportation.

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Subhan, Fatheema B., and Catherine B. Chan. "Diet quality and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among South Asians in Alberta." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44, no. 8 (August 2019): 886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0868.

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South Asians have a higher prevalence of early onset cardiovascular disease risk compared with other populations. Dietary intake is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dietary patterns in immigrants and successive generations of South Asians settled in Western countries undergo adaptions. Little is known about the dietary intake of South Asians in Alberta, thus the objective of the present study was to describe the dietary patterns among South Asians and their risks for cardiovascular diseases. A retrospective analysis of data collected from 140 South Asian adults participating in the Alberta’s Tomorrow Project was conducted. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was used an indicator of overall diet quality and adherence to dietary recommendations made by Health Canada. Central obesity (70%), hypercholesterolemia (27%), and hypertension (14%) were predominant health conditions observed in the study participants. About 56% and 44% of participants obtained moderate and poor HEI scores, respectively. The diet quality of the majority of participants was inadequate to meet macro- and micronutrient intake recommendations. The high prevalence of poor/moderate diet quality and pre-existing chronic health conditions across all body mass index groups is a cause for concern in this population.

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Mian, Sadia Iftekhar, and Paula M. Brauer. "Dietary Education Tools for South Asians with Diabetes." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 70, no. 1 (March 2009): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/70.1.2009.28.

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Purpose: South Asian immigrants to Canada are at high risk for developing diabetes, and culturally relevant diet counselling tools are needed. We examined perceived needs and preferences for diet counselling resources based on the newly revised Canadian Diabetes Association meal planning guide. Methods: Five focus groups of individuals fromdifferent regions of South Asia (n=53) discussed portion size estimating methods, cultural values and holidays, food group classifications, and common South Asian foods. A focus panel with dietitians (n=8) provided insight on current diabetes educationmethods and resources for teaching South Asian clients. Results: The dietitian panelmembers reported a need for resources targeted at differing client skill levels. They also noted preferences for individual counselling, and common barriers to education including finances, access, South Asian diets, and cultural views on health. Community focus groups reported larger portions but fewer dailymeals in Canada. Ingredients and portions were notmeasured. Fasting was an important value, and sweets were a crucial component of holidays. Resources in South Asian languages, inclusion of pictures, and separate legumes, sweets, and snacks food groups were preferred. Conclusions: Findings can be used when developing new counselling tools for the South Asian community.

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Thobani, Tijhiana Rose, and Zahid Ahmad Butt. "The Increasing Vulnerability of South Asians in Canada during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052786.

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Canadian South Asians are being economically, socially, politically, and culturally impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is currently a gap in the literature on the unique challenges faced by this specific group of individuals. People of color and ethnic minorities are being homogenized in the media and throughout the literature when addressing populations disproportionally impacted by the current situation. This commentary aims to add a new perspective to the current literature by specifically exploring factors that may contribute to the high rates of COVID-19 among South Asian communities in Canada. Another goal is to highlight the importance of providing tailored support and attention for this community and the negative consequences if this is not correctly done. Factors such as overrepresentation in essential work and financial instability are discussed. Pre-existing health conditions among South Asians such as diabetes, hypertension, anxiety, and mood disorder are considered, as well as how the history of these conditions within this population elevates the risk of severe health complications. This commentary presents suggestions for addressing this gap in research, as well as directions for future public health initiatives and policies.

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Darling, Andrea L. "Vitamin D deficiency in western dwelling South Asian populations: an unrecognised epidemic." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, no. 3 (February 12, 2020): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120000063.

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Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D) is at epidemic proportions in western dwelling South Asian populations, including severe deficiency (<12⋅5 nmol/l) in 27–60% of individuals, depending on season. The paper aimed to review the literature concerning vitamin D concentrations in this population group. Research from the UK and Europe suggests a high prevalence of South Asians with 25(OH)D concentration <25 nmol/l, with most having a 25(OH)D concentration of <50 nmol/l. In Canada, South Asians appear to have a slightly higher 25(OH)D concentration. There are few studies from the United States, South Africa and Australasia. Reasons for vitamin D deficiency include low vitamin D intake, relatively high adiposity, sun exposure avoidance and wearing of a covered dress style for cultural reasons. Possible health effects of deficiency include bone diseases such as rickets and hypocalcaemia in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D deficiency may also increase the risk of other chronic diseases. Increased fortification of food items relevant to South Asian groups (e.g. chapatti flour), as well as increased use of vitamin D supplements may help reduce this epidemic. Introducing culturally acceptable ways of increasing skin exposure to the sun in South Asian women may also be beneficial but further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of different approaches. There may be a need for a South Asian specific vitamin D dietary intake guideline in western countries. To conclude, vitamin D deficiency is epidemic in South Asians living in western countries and there is a clear need for urgent public health action.

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Mahmood, Bushra, Lindsay Nettlefold, Maureen C. Ashe, Joseph H. Puyat, and Tricia S. Tang. "Device-worn measures of sedentary time and physical activity in South Asian adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes in Metro-Vancouver, Canada." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): e0266599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266599.

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Background South Asians have high incidence of chronic disease. Physical activity (PA) and sedentary time are modifiable risk factors for chronic disease but their assessment in South Asians has been primarily based on self-report. This study presents directly-measured PA and sedentary time in South Asian adults in Canada. Methods A subset of 100 South Asian participants from a larger study who were identified at being at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes wore Actical accelerometers for 7 days. Anthropometric measures were taken and socio-demographic factors including age, income, education level, years since immigration, presence of children under the age of 12 years in the household and employment status were self-reported. Results Ninety-one participants (mean age 65.6 years) provided valid accelerometer data. Participants accumulated mean 673.5 (95% CI: 656.6, 691.0) min/day sedentary time, 130.5 (95% CI: 117.3, 145.3) min/day light PA (LPA) and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.3, 4.2) min/day moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). For sedentary time and LPA, sex and BMI explained 51% of variability. For MVPA, BMI, season of assessment and employment status explained 23% variability with those who were employed accumulating significantly higher mean min/day of MVPA compared to those who were unemployed; (5.8, 95% CI: 1.5, 21.7) vs (1.5, 95% CI: 5.3, 20.0) respectively. Conclusion High sedentary time, and low MVPA indicates the need to focus health promotion efforts on shifting sedentary time into LPA while trying to increase MVPA. Future studies need to be based on larger, representative samples of South Asians.

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Bukhari, Syeda Nayab. "Ethnic media as alternative media for South Asians in Metro Vancouver, Canada: Creating knowledge, engagement, civic and political awareness." Journal of Alternative & Community Media 4, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/joacm_00060_1.

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South Asians, making 11% of the total population of Metro Vancouver, have established a large number of ethnic media sources including exclusive 24/7 radio stations, several newspapers, magazines, and online media in different South Asian languages for their audience. This qualitative research study of ethnic media of South Asian communities living in Metro Vancouver, reveals that ethnic media, specifically radio, provided active media space for discussion and dialogue on crucial issues concerning their everyday life challenges as immigrant communities. According to the participants, ethnic media triggered political activism and awareness through their content, especially due to mainstream medias failure of coverage or negative coverage of ethnic minorities. This qualitative study uses in-depth interviews with thirteen South Asian ethnic media practitioners including media owners, journalists, and anchorpersons, as well as focus group discussions with South Asian audiences in Metro Vancouver. The article discusses the role of South Asian ethnic media, as alternative media, in creating knowledge, engagement, civic and political awareness, and giving a participatory platform to raise the voices of their audiences.

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Roy, Patricia E., and Norman Buchignani. "Continuous Journey: A Social History of South Asians in Canada." American Historical Review 93, no. 1 (February 1988): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1865888.

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Patterson, Wayne, Norman Buchignani, Doreen M. Indra, and Ram Srivastiva. "Continuous Journey: A Social History of South Asians in Canada." International Migration Review 21, no. 3 (1987): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546638.

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Dhamoon, Mandip S., Limei Zhou, Melissa Stamplecoski, Moira Kapral, and Baiju Shah. "Stroke recurrence among South Asians with diabetes in Ontario, Canada." International Journal of Stroke 11, no. 8 (July 9, 2016): 890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493016654488.

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Ramu, G. N., Norman Buchignani, Doreen M. Indra, and Ram Srivastava. "Continuous Journey: A Social History of South Asians in Canada." Pacific Affairs 60, no. 4 (1987): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759233.

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Ke, Calvin H., Steve Morgan, Kate Smolina, Danijela Gasevic, Hong Qian, and Nadia A. Khan. "Is cardiovascular risk reduction therapy effective in South Asian, Chinese and other patients with diabetes? A population-based cohort study from Canada." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e013808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013808.

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ObjectivesGuidelines recommend ACE inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and diuretics in all patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the effectiveness of these agents in South Asian and Chinese populations is unknown. We sought to determine whether ACEi, ARB, CCB and diuretics are associated with reduced mortality in South Asian, Chinese and other patients with diabetes.DesignPopulation-based cohort study using administrative health databases.SettingProvince of British Columbia, Canada (2006–2013).ParticipantsPatients aged ≥35 years with incident diabetes.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome was all-cause mortality for each medication class compared with untreated patients within each ethnicity. Treatment effect was assessed using inverse probability of treatment weighted Cox proportional hazards models. Medication adherence effect on mortality was also evaluated.Results208 870 patients (13 755 South Asian, 22 871 Chinese, 172 244 other Canadian) were included. ACEi reduced mortality in other patients (HR=0.88, 0.84–0.91), but power was insufficient to evaluate for benefit in Chinese and South Asian patients. ARB and diuretics reduced mortality in Chinese (ARB HR=0.64, 0.50–0.82; diuretics HR=0.77, 0.62–0.96) and other patients (ARB HR=0.69, 0.64–0.74; diuretics HR=0.66, 0.63–0.69) compared with untreated patients. No mortality benefit was observed among South Asians for any drug class or for CCB among all ethnicities. Higher medication adherence was associated with lower mortality for other patients only (HR=0.79, 0.72–0.86).ConclusionsEffectiveness of cardiovascular risk reduction therapy on mortality varies considerably by ethnicity. Further study is needed to evaluate the mortality benefit of antihypertensive agents in South Asians. Inclusion of these ethnic groups in future clinical trials is essential to examine for differential responses.

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Tran, Don Quang, Andrew G. Ryder, and G. Eric Jarvis. "Reported immigration and medical coercion among immigrants referred to a cultural consultation service." Transcultural Psychiatry 56, no. 5 (June 6, 2019): 807–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461519847811.

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Members of visible minorities are commonly targets of social coercion related to immigration and medical measures. Social coercion is associated with poor mental health outcomes and mistrust of medical services. This study will determine if Afro-Canadian immigrants referred to a Cultural Consultation Service (CCS) in Montreal report more or less medical and immigration coercion compared with other ethnic minorities. We reviewed the charts of 729 referrals to the CCS and gathered data on the 401 patients included in the study. Chi-square statistics examined the relation between minority group and self-reported coercion. Binary logistic regression models controlled for standard sociodemographic variables in addition to ethnicity, language barrier, length of stay in Canada since immigration, refugee claimant status, referral source, presence of psychosis in the main diagnosis, and presence of legal history. Patients were diverse and included 105 Afro-Canadians, 40 Latin Americans, 73 Arab and West Asians, 149 South Asians, and 34 East and Southeast Asians. Being Afro-Canadian was significantly and positively associated with medical coercion (p = .02, 95% CI = 1.15-4.57), while being South Asian was negatively and significantly associated with immigration coercion (p = .03, 95% CI = .29–.93). Members of visible minority communities are not equal in their reported experience of social coercion after arriving to Canada. Future research clarifying pathways to mental health care for immigrants and the experience of new Canadians in immigration and health care settings would give needed context to the findings of this study.

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Khunkhun, Inderpreet, and Bonnie Fournier. "Newly Arrived South Asian Students’ Experience with the Canadian Healthcare System." Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education 13, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v13i2.2138.

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In this article, we report on the experiences of newly arrived South Asian international students (undergraduate and graduate levels) with accessing healthcare services in a small town setting in British Columbia, Canada. The objective of the study was to better understand the barriers and facilitators of accessing healthcare services. We used a qualitative design with an exploratory approach and conducted 8 semi-structured interviews with South Asians students that had newly arrived in the city of Kamloops and had been enrolled at Thompson Rivers University (TRU) for less than 12 months. Findings included barriers such as needing more information during on campus orientation, inefficiencies of the healthcare system, and accessing healthcare service. Facilitators of accessing healthcare services included attending campus orientation, having a curiosity, and a social support system. These findings provide new knowledge regarding the barriers and facilitators of accessing healthcare in Canada. In order to better meet the needs of international students programs and services must be tailored to this unique group of students.

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Desai, Dipika, Sujane Kandasamy, Jayneel Limbachia, Michael A. Zulyniak, Paul Ritvo, Diana Sherifali, Gita Wahi, Sonia S. Anand, and Russell J. de Souza. "Studies to Improve Perinatal Health through Diet and Lifestyle among South Asian Women Living in Canada: A Brief History and Future Research Directions." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 2932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13092932.

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South Asians (i.e., people who originate from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh) have higher cardiovascular disease rates than other populations, and these differences persist in their offspring. Nutrition is a critical lifestyle-related factor that influences fetal development, and infant and child health in early life. In high-income countries such as Canada, nutrition-related health risks arise primarily from overnutrition, most strikingly for obesity and associated non-communicable diseases. Evidence for developmental programming during fetal life underscores the critical influence of maternal diet on fetal growth and development, backed by several birth cohort studies including the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study, the South Asian Birth Cohort Study, and the Born in Bradford Study. Gestational diabetes mellitus is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes, future atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in the mother and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in her offspring. Non-pharmacological trials to prevent gestational diabetes are few, often not randomized, and are heterogeneous with respect to design, and outcomes have not converged upon a single optimal prevention strategy. The aim of this review is to provide an understanding of the current knowledge around perinatal nutrition and gestational diabetes among the high-risk South Asian population as well as summarize our research activities investigating the role of culturally-tailored nutrition advice to South Asian women living in high-income settings such as Canada. In this paper, we describe these qualitative and quantitative studies, both completed and underway. We conclude with a description of the design of a randomized trial of a culturally tailored personalized nutrition intervention to reduce gestational glycaemia in South Asian women living in Canada and its implications.

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Haan, Michael. "The Homeownership Hierarchies of Canada and the United States: The Housing Patterns of White and Non-White Immigrants of the past Thirty Years." International Migration Review 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00074.x.

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In this paper two gaps in North American immigrant homeownership research are addressed. The first concerns the lack of studies (especially in Canada) that identify changes in homeownership rates by skin color over time, and the second relates to the shortage of comparative research between Canada and the United States on this topic. In this paper the homeownership levels and attainment rates of Black, Chinese, Filipino, White, and South Asian immigrants are compared in Canada and the United States for 1970/1971–2000/2001. For the most part, greater similarities than differences are found between the two countries. Both Canadian and U.S. Chinese and White immigrants have the highest adjusted homeownership rates of all groups, at times even exceeding comparably positioned native-born households. Black immigrants, on the other hand, tend to have the lowest ownership rates of all groups, particularly in the United States, with Filipinos and South Asians situated between these extremes. Most of these differences stem from disparities that exist at arrival, however, and not from differential advancement into homeownership.

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Godley, Jenny. "Everyday Discrimination in Canada: Prevalence and Patterns." Canadian Journal of Sociology 43, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs29346.

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Using nationally representative data from the 2013 Canadian Community Health Survey, this article examines the prevalence and patterning of self-reported everyday discrimination in Canada. Almost twenty-three percent of Canadians report experiencing everyday discrimination. The most common types reported are gender, age, and race, followed by discrimination based on physical characteristics such as weight. Sex, age, marital status, race, place of birth, and body mass index all contribute to individuals’ reported experiences of discrimination. Gay men report particularly high levels of discrimination based on sexual orientation; Blacks, Asians, and Aboriginals report particularly high levels of racial discrimination; and Arabs, South and West Asians, and Aboriginals report particularly high levels of religious discrimination. There is strong evidence of the persistence of everyday discrimination in Canada, across multiple social groups, despite legal protections for marginalized groups. Suggestions are made for addressing the roots of discrimination at both the individual and the collective levels.

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Schroder, Theresa H., Graham Sinclair, Andre Mattman, Benjamin Jung, Susan I. Barr, Hilary D. Vallance, and Yvonne Lamers. "Pregnant women of South Asian ethnicity in Canada have substantially lower vitamin B12status compared with pregnant women of European ethnicity." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 6 (September 18, 2017): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002331.

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AbstractMaternal vitamin B12(B12) status has been inversely associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and positively with fetal growth and infant development. South Asians, Canada’s largest ethnic minority, are prone to B12deficiency. Yet, data are lacking on B12status in South Asian pregnant women in North America. We sought to determine B12status, using multiple biomarkers, in 1st and 2nd trimester pregnant women of South Asian and, for comparison, European ethnicity living in Vancouver, Canada. In this retrospective cohort study, total B12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and total homocysteine concentrations were quantified in two routinely collected (mean gestational week: 11·5 (range 8·3–13·9) and 16·5 (range 14·9–20·9)), banked serum samples of 748 healthy pregnant South Asian (n371) and European (n377) women. South Asian pregnant women had significantly lower B12status than European pregnant women at both time points, as indicated by lower serum total B12and holoTC concentrations, and higher MMA concentrations (allP≤0·001). The largest difference, which was substantial (Cohen’sd≥0·5), was observed in mean serum total B12concentrations (1st trimester: 189 (95 % CI 180, 199)v. 246 (95 % CI 236, 257) pmol/l; 2nd trimester: 176 (95 % CI 168, 185)v. 226 (95 % CI 216, 236) pmol/l). Further, South Asian ethnicity was a significant negative predictor of B12status during pregnancy. South Asian women living in Vancouver have substantially lower B12status during early pregnancy. Future research identifying predictors and health consequences of this observed difference is needed to allow for targeted interventions.

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Patterson, Wayne. "Book Review: Continuous Journey: A Social History of South Asians in Canada." International Migration Review 21, no. 3 (September 1987): 874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100334.

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Carroll, Matthew W., Zachary Hamilton, Hira Gill, Jonathan Simkin, Matthew Smyth, Victor Espinosa, Brian Bressler, and Kevan Jacobson. "Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among South Asians Living in British Columbia, Canada." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 22, no. 2 (February 2016): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mib.0000000000000651.

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Bainey, Kevin R., Milan Gupta, Imtiaz Ali, Sripal Bangalore, Maria Chiu, Kendeep Kaila, Padma Kaul, et al. "The Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians Residing in Canada: A Reflection From the South Asian Heart Alliance." CJC Open 1, no. 6 (November 2019): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjco.2019.09.004.

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Smith, Jessica, Katherine Cianflone, Maha Al-Amri, and Allan Sniderman. "Body composition and the apoB/apoA-I ratio in migrant Asian Indians and white Caucasians in Canada." Clinical Science 111, no. 3 (August 15, 2006): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20060045.

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Migrant and native South Asians appear to be at increased risk of Type II diabetes mellitus and coronary disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between the most accurate summary index of the lipoprotein-related risk of vascular disease, the apoB (apolipoprotein B-100)/apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I) ratio, and body composition in established migrant South Asians and white Caucasians living in Canada. Men and women living in Montreal, Canada between the ages of 20–60 years were recruited for participation in the study. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of cardiovascular disease or were taking lipid-lowering medication. Individuals identified themselves as Asian Indian or Caucasian. Anthropometric measurements were collected, including weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and body fat percentage. Plasma samples were analysed for total cholesterol, HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), apoA-I and apoB. Indian subjects had a substantially higher WHR (waist-to-hip ratio) than Caucasian subjects [men, 0.93±0.01 compared with 0.86±0.01 respectively (P<0.001); women, 0.88±0.01 compared with 0.77±0.01 respectively (P<0.0001)]. WHR correlated strongly with body fat percentage in Caucasians (men, r=0.63, P=0.0002; women, r=0.74, P<0.0001). By contrast, there was no correlation in Indians (men, r=0.22, P value not significant; women, r=0.23, P value not significant). In addition, Indian men and women had a higher apoB/A-I ratio than Caucasians [men, 0.85±0.04 compared with 0.66±0.04 respectively (P=0.001); women, 0.73±0.04 compared with 0.56±0.03 respectively (P=0.0003)]. Of interest, there were also significant correlations between the apoB/apoA-I ratio and WHR in all of the groups, except the Indian women, which were stronger than the correlation of the apoB/apoA-I ratio with BMI. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the apoB/apoA-I ratio and the body fat percentage in any of the groups. In conclusion, the present study confirms that, as body fat percentage increases, the distribution of body fat differs between migrant Indians and Caucasians living in Canada. It also relates differences in body fat distribution to differences in the apoB/apoA-I ratio, providing at least part of the answer as to why South Asians may be at increased risk of vascular disease.

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Nakamura, Nadine, Anca Ialomiteanu, Jurgen Rehm, and Benedikt Fischer. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Substance Use Among Chinese and South Asians in Canada." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 10, no. 1 (January 2011): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2011.547794.

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Ashutosh, Ishan. "From the Census to the City: Representing South Asians in Canada and Toronto." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17, no. 2 (2014): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dsp.2014.0001.

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Caperchione, Cristina M., Shirley Chau, Gordon J. Walker, W. Kerry Mummery, and Cally Jennings. "Gender-Associated Perceptions of Barriers and Motivators to Physical Activity Participation in South Asian Punjabis Living in Western Canada." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 12, no. 5 (May 2015): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0208.

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Background:Gender is a sociocultural factor known to impact the physical activity (PA) behaviors of South Asians. The purpose of this research was to examine gender-associated perceptions of barriers and motivators for PA in a South Asian population living Canada.Methods:A random sample (N = 204) of South Asian Punjabi adults (18yrs+) completed a computer assisted telephone interview concerning their perceptions to PA participation. Content analysis was used to identify relevant main themes and chi-square analysis was used to calculate gender differences.Results:Results indicated that women more often reported a lack of time due to work and family (χ2 = 7.284, df = 1, P = .007) and a lack of motivation (χ2 = 4.982, df = 1, P = .026), yet men more often reported climate (χ2 = 7.045, df = 1, P = .008) as a barrier. Regarding motivators, men more often reported prevention and reduction of disease (χ2 = 4.451, df = 1, P = .034) and watching others perform (χ2 = 10.827, df = 1, P = .001); however, reducing weight gain (χ2 = 4.806, df = 1, P = .028) and looking like others (χ2 = 4.730, df = 1, P = .029) were reported more often by women.Conclusions:Gender-associated differences concerning PA are present in this population and must be considered in the design and implementation of effective interventions.

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Fazli, Ghazal S., Rahim Moineddin, Arlene S. Bierman, and Gillian L. Booth. "Ethnic variation in the conversion of prediabetes to diabetes among immigrant populations relative to Canadian-born residents: a population-based cohort study." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, no. 1 (February 2020): e000907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000907.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare absolute and relative rates of conversion from prediabetes to diabetes among non-European immigrants to Europeans and Canadian-born residents, overall, and by age and level of glycemia.Research design and methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort population-based study using administrative health databases from Ontario, Canada, to identify immigrants (n=23 465) and Canadian born (n=1 11 085) aged ≥20 years with prediabetes based on laboratory tests conducted between 2002 and 2011. Individuals were followed until 31 December 2013 for the development of diabetes using a validated algorithm. Immigration data was used to assign ethnicity based on country of origin, mother tongue, and surname. Fine and Gray’s survival models were used to compare diabetes incidence across ethnic groups overall and by age and glucose category.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 5.2 years, 8186 immigrants and 39 722 Canadian-born residents developed diabetes (7.1 vs 6.1 per 100 person-years, respectively). High-risk immigrant populations such as South Asians (HR: 1.72, 95% CI 1.55 to 1.99) and Southeast Asians (HR: 1.65, 95% CI 1.46 to 1.86) had highest risk of converting to diabetes compared with Western Europeans (referent). Among immigrants aged 20–34 years, the adjusted cumulative incidence ranged from 18.4% among Eastern Europeans to 52.3% among Southeast Asians. Conversion rates increased with age in all groups but were consistently high among South Asians, Southeast Asians and Sub-Saharan African/Caribbeans after the age of 35 years. On average, South Asians converted to diabetes 3.1–4.6 years earlier than Western Europeans and at an equivalent rate of conversion to Western Europeans who had a 0.5 mmol/L higher baseline fasting glucose value.ConclusionsHigh-risk ethnic groups converted to diabetes more rapidly, at younger ages, and at lower fasting glucose values than European populations, leading to a shorter window for diabetes prevention.

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Batra, Mehak, Sabrina Gupta, and Bircan Erbas. "Oral Health Beliefs, Attitudes, and Practices of South Asian Migrants: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111952.

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Oral health is a burden among all populations and is linked with major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. Migrants, in particular South Asians, have poor oral health which requires further understanding to better inform oral health interventions by targeting specific aspects of this heterogenous South Asian population. This review is undertaken to systematically synthesize the evidence of oral health understandings, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of South Asian migrants residing in high-income countries. A comprehensive systematic search of seven electronic databases and hand-searching for peer-reviewed studies was conducted. All study designs were included, and quality assessment conducted. Of the 1614 records identified, 17 were included for synthesis and 12 were quantitative in design. These studies were primarily conducted in the UK, USA, Canada, and Europe. South Asian migrants had inadequate oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices—influenced by culture, social norms, and religiosity. In the absence of symptoms, preventive oral hygiene practices were limited. Barriers to access varied with country of origin; from lack of trust in dentists and treatment cost in studies with India as the country of origin, to religiosity, among poorer nations such as Bangladesh. Fewer studies focused on recent arrivals from Bhutan or the Maldives. Culturally and socially appropriate strategies must be developed to target oral health issues and a “one-size” fits all approach will be ineffective in addressing the needs of South Asian migrants.

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Rana, A., R. J. de Souza, S. Kandasamy, S. A. Lear, and S. S. Anand. "Cardiovascular risk among South Asians living in Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis." CMAJ Open 2, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): E183—E191. http://dx.doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20130064.

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Jamnik, Joseph, Christopher R. Villa, Sirbarinder Bryn Dhir, David J. A. Jenkins, and Ahmed El-Sohemy. "Prevalence of positive coeliac disease serology and HLA risk genotypes in a multiethnic population of adults in Canada: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): bmjopen—2017–017678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017678.

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ObjectivesCoeliac disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune disorder with known genetic risk factors. Approximately 1% of individuals of European ancestry have CD, but the prevalence among different ethnicities living in Canada remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of positive CD serology in a population of Canadian adults living in Toronto, and to determine whether the prevalence of CD seropositivity and predisposing human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8 risk genotypes differ between major ethnocultural groups.DesignCross-sectional screening study of participants from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health and the Toronto Healthy Diet studies.SettingUniversity campus and households across Toronto, Canada.Participants: free-livingAdults (n=2832) of diverse ethnocultural backgrounds.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of positive CD serology was determined by screening for antitissue transglutaminase antibodies in individuals with predisposing HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotypes. HLA genotypes were determined using six single nucleotide polymorphisms in the HLA gene region.ResultsOf the 2832 individuals screened, a total of 25 (0.88%; 95% CI 0.57% to 1.30%) were determined to have positive CD serology. The majority of seropositive CD cases were undiagnosed (87%). Prevalence was highest among Caucasians (1.48%; 95% CI 0.93% to 2.23%), and similar in those of ‘Other’ (0.74%; 95% CI 0.09% to 2.63%) or ‘Unknown’ (0.43; 95% CI 0.01% to 2.36%) ethnicity. No cases of positive CD serology were identified among East Asian or South Asian individuals. East Asians had a lower prevalence of HLA risk genotypes than Caucasians and South Asians (p<0.005).ConclusionsThe prevalence of positive CD serology among Canadian adults living in Toronto is likely ~1%, with 87% of cases being undiagnosed. These findings suggest the need for better screening in high genetic risk groups.Trial registration numberNCT00516620; Post-results.

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Slapnicar, Calum, Scott A. Lear, Mahshid Dehghan, Milan Gupta, Sumathy Rangarajan, and Zubin Punthakee. "Relationship of parental feeding practices and diet with children's diet among South Asians in Canada." Appetite 173 (June 2022): 105991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.105991.

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Li, Alvin Ho-ting, Eric McArthur, Janet Maclean, Cynthia Isenor, Versha Prakash, S. Joseph Kim, Greg Knoll, Baiju Shah, and Amit X. Garg. "Deceased Organ Donation Registration and Familial Consent among Chinese and South Asians in Ontario, Canada." PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2015): e0124321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124321.

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Lai, Daniel W. L., and Shireen Surood. "Types and Factor Structure of Barriers to Utilization of Health Services among Aging South Asians in Calgary, Canada." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 29, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980810000188.

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RÉSUMÉSouvent, les personnes aînés de groupes ethniques minoritaires éprouvent obstacles différents à l’access aux services de santé. Généralement, les études ont porté sur les groupes combinés d’immigrants âgés ou sur minorités ethno-culturels importantes, tels que les Chinois au Canada ou les Afro-américains et Latino-Américains aux États-Unis. Cette étude visait à examiner les types des facteurs qui constituent des obstacles à l’utilization des services de santé rencontrés à Calgary, Alberta, Canada, par les immigrés vieillissants d’Asie du Sud. Un sondage téléphonique a été utilisé pour rassembler des données d’un échantillon aléatoire d’immigrants d’Asie du Sud âgés de 55 ans et plus. L’analyse des éléments principaux a révélé quatre types principaux d’obstacles: l’incompatibilité culturelle; les attitudes personnelles; les problèmes administratifs dans la livraison et les défis posés par les circonstances.

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Curtin, Kimberley D., Tanya R. Berry, Kerry S. Courneya, Kerry R. McGannon, Colleen M. Norris, Wendy M. Rodgers, and John C. Spence. "Investigating relationships between ancestry, lifestyle behaviors and perceptions of heart disease and breast cancer among Canadian women with British and with South Asian ancestry." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 17, no. 4 (January 23, 2018): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474515118755729.

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Background: Ethnic minority groups including Asians in Canada have different knowledge and perceptions of heart disease and breast cancer compared with the ethnic majority group. Aim: Examine relationships between perceptions of heart disease and breast cancer, and lifestyle behaviors for Canadian women with British and with South Asian ancestry. Methods: Women with South Asian ( n = 170) and with British ( n = 373) ancestry ( Mage = 33.01, SD = 12.86) reported leisure time physical activity, intended fruit and vegetable consumption, disease perceptions (ability to reduce risk, control over getting the diseases, and influence of family history), and demographic information. Mann–Whitney tests and multiple hierarchical linear regressions were used to examine the relationships between lifestyle behaviors and disease perceptions, with ancestry explored as a possible moderator. Results: Participants with South Asian ancestry believed they had greater ability to reduce their risk and have control over getting breast cancer than participants with British ancestry. Family history influences on getting either disease was perceived as higher for women with British ancestry. Age was positively related to all three perceptions in both diseases. Intended fruit and vegetable consumption was positively related to perceptions of ability to reduce risk and control of both diseases, but was stronger for women with South Asian ancestry regarding perceptions of breast cancer. Leisure time physical activity was positively related to perceptions of control over getting heart disease for women with British ancestry. Conclusions: Women’s disease perceptions can vary by ancestry and lifestyle behaviors. Accurate representation of diseases is essential in promoting effective preventative behaviors.

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Stennett, Rosain N., Hertzel C. Gerstein, Shrikant I. Bangdiwala, Talha Rafiq, Koon K. Teo, Katherine M. Morrison, Stephanie A. Atkinson, Sonia S. Anand, and Russell J. de Souza. "The association of red and processed meat with gestational diabetes mellitus: Results from 2 Canadian birth cohort studies." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 30, 2024): e0302208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302208.

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Objective Red and processed meat is considered risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the evidence is inconclusive. We aimed to examine the association between red and processed meat intake and odds of GDM among South Asian and White European women living in Canada. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of pregnant women from two birth cohorts: SouTh Asian biRth cohorT (START; n = 976) and Family Atherosclerosis Monitoring In earLY life (FAMILY; n = 581). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 169-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between gestational diabetes and: 1) total red and processed meat; 2) unprocessed red meat; 3) processed meat and GDM after adjustment for potential confounders. Results There were 241 GDM cases in START and 91 in FAMILY. The median total red and processed meat intake were 1.5 g/d (START) and 52.8 g/d (FAMILY). In START, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) showed neither lower nor higher intakes of unprocessed red meat (p-trend = 0.68), processed meat (p-trend = 0.90), or total red and processed meat (p-trend = 0.44), were associated with increased odds of GDM, when compared with medium intake. Similar results were observed in FAMILY except for processed meat intake [OR = 0.94 (95% CI 0.47–1.91), for medium versus low and OR = 1.51 (95% CI 0.77–2.29) for medium versus high; p-trend = 0.18] after adjusting for additional dietary factors such as the diet quality score, total fiber, saturated fat and glycemic load. Conclusion Medium compared with low or high red and processed meat intake is not associated with GDM in White Europeans and South Asians living in Canada.

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Bansal, Rishi. "The Letting Die of the South Asian Body: a Foucauldian Analysis of White Hegemony in Western Cardiovascular Medicine." Journal of Integrative Research & Reflection 3 (June 9, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/jirr.v3.1684.

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Cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada and disproportionately affects those of South Asian ancestry. Anecdotally, stories of missed signs and emergency bypass surgeries are abound; empirically, medical research has identified a series of distinct risk factors for South Asian individuals. However, these factors are typically unrecognized by healthcare workers who are typically trained to use recommendations that are founded research done using Caucasian participants. The consequence of this omission is the normalization of the Caucasian body as 'the body' in medicine through disciplinary and regulatory mechanisms, and the 'letting die' of the South Asian body as a result. In taking a Foucauldian approach to this issue, this essay first maps the empirical evidence for the heightened CVD risk in South Asians, namely their predisposition to developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia, among other factors. Disciplinary mechanisms to enforce social cohesion discount these differences as exceptions, and attempt to rehabilitate the South Asian body towards the Caucasian norm. These actions are often subconscious, but result in real actions like spending less time with South Asian patients, misuse of assessment metrics, and lower cardiac rehabilitation referral rates. On a population level, research funding is rarely given to studies investigating disease in particular ethnic groups. Hence, clinical practice guidelines must rely on incomplete data to create population-level recommendations. These guidelines act as if they apply to all individuals, but are in fact partisan; thus, the biopolitical control of populations is made apparent through the racist undertones that thrum beneath the veneer of an equal society. Ultimately, this essay serves a counterhistorical function, and demands recognition of the South Asian body in the medical literature. The current medical regime routinely discounts populations who exist outside the norm. Future research and acknowledgement of these groups is necessary to ensure equitable treatment of all patients, regardless of their background.

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Lakhan, Calvin. "Differences in self reported recycling behavior of first and second generation South Asians in Ontario, Canada." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 97 (April 2015): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.02.006.

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Kalbach, Madeline A., Kelly H. Hardwick, Renata D. Vintila, and Warren E. Kalbach. "Ethnic-connectedness and economic inequality: a persisting relationship." Canadian Studies in Population 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p60w33.

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This paper focuses on the relationship between the retention of ethnic or cultural distinctiveness and economic inequality for Ukrainians, Germans, Italians, Chinese, and south East Asians. It uses Canadian census data to test predictions arising from assimilation theory by examining the possible varying effects of religion on economic inequality for the five ethnic groups in order to determine whether assimilation theory and the multidimensional effect of ethnicity can predict within group variations. This analysis lends emphasis to the fact that retention of ethnic-connectedness and distinctiveness may create obstacles for the immigrant attempting to achieve economic success in Canada.

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Kandasamy, Sujane, Baanu Manoharan, Zainab Khan, Rosain Stennett, Dipika Desai, Rochelle Nocos, Gita Wahi, et al. "Perceptions of COVID-19 risk, vaccine access and confidence: a qualitative description of South Asians in Canada." BMJ Open 13, no. 4 (April 2023): e070433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070433.

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ObjectivesIn the first full year of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), South Asians living in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) and Greater Vancouver area (GVA) experienced specific barriers to accessing SARS-CoV-2 testing and reliable health information. However, between June 2021 and February 2022, the proportion of people having received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose was higher among this group (96%) than among individuals who were not visible minorities (93%). A better understanding of successful approaches and the challenges experienced by those who remain unvaccinated among this highly vaccinated group may improve public health outreach in subsequent waves of the current pandemic or for future pandemic planning. Using qualitative methods, we sought to explore the perceptions of COVID-19 risk, vaccine access, uptake and confidence among South Asians living in Canada.DesignSemistructured interviews conducted with 25 participants analysed using thematic analysis. Throughout this process, we held frequent discussions with members of the study’s advisory group to guide data collection (community engagement, recruitment and data analysis).SettingCommunities of the GTHA and GVA with interviews conducted virtually over Zoom or telephone.Participants25 participants (15 from Ontario and 10 from British Columbia) were interviewed between July 2021 and January 2022. 10 individuals were community members, 9 were advocacy group leaders and 6 were public health staff.ResultsAccess to and confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine was impacted by individual risk perceptions; sources of trusted information (ethnic and non-ethnic); impact of COVID-19 and the pandemic on individuals, families and society; and experiences with COVID-19 mandates and policies (including temporal and generational differences). Approaches that include community-level awareness and tailored outreach (language and cultural context) were considered successful.ConclusionsUnderstanding factors and developing strategies that build vaccine confidence and improve access can guide approaches that increase vaccine acceptance in the current and future pandemics.Visual abstract can be found athttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1iXdnJj9ssc3hXCllZxP0QA9DhHH-7uwB/view

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Walker, Gordon J., Cristina M. Caperchione, W. Kerry Mummery, and Shirley Chau. "Examining the role of acculturation in the leisure-time physical activity of South Asians living in Canada." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18, no. 2 (March 2015): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.010.

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Zulyniak, Michael A., Russell J. de Souza, Mateen Shaikh, Dipika Desai, Diana L. Lefebvre, Milan Gupta, Julie Wilson, et al. "Does the impact of a plant-based diet during pregnancy on birth weight differ by ethnicity? A dietary pattern analysis from a prospective Canadian birth cohort alliance." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e017753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017753.

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ObjectiveBirth weight is an indicator of newborn health and a strong predictor of health outcomes in later life. Significant variation in diet during pregnancy between ethnic groups in high-income countries provides an ideal opportunity to investigate the influence of maternal diet on birth weight.SettingFour multiethnic birth cohorts based in Canada (the NutriGen Alliance).Participants3997 full-term mother–infant pairs of diverse ethnic groups who had principal component analysis-derived diet pattern scores—plant-based, Western and health-conscious—and birth weight data.ResultsNo associations were identified between the Western and health-conscious diet patterns and birth weight; however, the plant-based dietary pattern was inversely associated with birth weight (β=−67.6 g per 1-unit increase; P<0.001), and an interaction with non-white ethnicity and birth weight was observed. Ethnically stratified analyses demonstrated that among white Europeans, maternal consumption of a plant-based diet associated with lower birth weight (β=−65.9 g per 1-unit increase; P<0.001), increased risk of small-for-gestational age (SGA; OR=1.46; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.54;P=0.005) and reduced risk of large-for-gestational age (LGA; OR=0.71; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.95;P=0.02). Among South Asians, maternal consumption of a plant-based diet associated with a higher birth weight (β=+40.5 g per 1-unit increase; P=0.01), partially explained by cooked vegetable consumption.ConclusionsMaternal consumption of a plant-based diet during pregnancy is associated with birth weight. Among white Europeans, a plant-based diet is associated with lower birth weight, reduced odds of an infant born LGA and increased odds of SGA, whereas among South Asians living in Canada, a plant-based diet is associated with increased birth weight.

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LEAR, SCOTT A., WEI Q. DENG, GUILLAUME PARÉ, DIAN C. SULISTYONINGRUM, RUTH J. F. LOOS, and ANGELA DEVLIN. "Associations of the FTO rs9939609 variant with discrete body fat depots and dietary intake in a multi-ethnic cohort." Genetics Research 93, no. 6 (December 2011): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667231100036x.

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SummaryThe fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene has been implicated with obesity and dietary intake predominantly in European populations. We assessed the association between the FTO rs9939609 variant with body fat distribution and dietary intake in a multi-ethnic population. Aboriginal, Chinese, European and South Asian participants living in Canada (n=706) were assessed for body fat and inner-abdominal fat using imaging techniques, dietary intake and genotyped for the FTO rs9939609 variant. Linear regression was used to study the associations between the minor allele of the variant and measures of adiposity and dietary intake. Minor allele frequencies were: Aboriginals (17%), Chinese (17%), Europeans (39%) and South Asians (31%). The rs9939609 variant was associated with intake of dietary macronutrients in Aboriginals and Europeans only. In the total population, there were positive associations between the rs9939609 minor allele and greater fat mass (0·94±0·56 kg, P=0·045), per cent body fat (0·7±0·4%, P=0·031), relative greater subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (4·9±2·8%, P=0·039) and percent daily calories from fat (0·4±0·2%, P=0·064). Our findings suggest that the FTO rs9939609 minor allele may be associated with dietary intake in adults and is positively associated with regional fat deposition.

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Caperchione, C., W. Mummery, G. Walker, and S. Chau. "Examining the role of acculturation in the physical activity experiences and behaviours of South Asians living in Canada." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (December 2012): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.204.

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Anand, Sonia S., Milan Gupta, Koon K. Teo, Karleen M. Schulze, Dipika Desai, Nora Abdalla, Michael Zulyniak, et al. "Causes and consequences of gestational diabetes in South Asians living in Canada: results from a prospective cohort study." CMAJ Open 5, no. 3 (August 9, 2017): E604—E611. http://dx.doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20170027.

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Burman, Debika, Andrew Mente, Robert A. Hegele, Shofiqul Islam, Salim Yusuf, and Sonia S. Anand. "Relationship of the ApoE polymorphism to plasma lipid traits among South Asians, Chinese, and Europeans living in Canada." Atherosclerosis 203, no. 1 (March 2009): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.007.

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Balakrishnan, T. R., Paul Maxim, and Rozzet Jurdi. "Social class versus cultural identity as factors in the residential segregation of ethnic groups in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver for 2001." Canadian Studies in Population 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6930t.

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This article examines the relevance of the spatial assimilation model in understanding residential segregation of ethnic groups in the three largest gateway cities of Canada. Using data from the census of 2001 it finds that while the model may have worked for the European groups they are less applicable to the visible minorities such as the Chinese, South Asians and Blacks. Residential segregation reduces with generation for the European groups but not for the visible minorities. Canadian patterns seem to be different from that seen in the United States. Many visible minority groups maintain their concentration levels even in the suburbs. The findings seem to indicate that cultural preferences may be just as important as social class in the residential choices of visible minority groups.

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Journal articles on the topic 'South asians – canada'

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