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Ihsan, Aqeel. "‘Paki go home’: The story of racism in the Gerrard India Bazaar." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 10, no. 1 (March 13, 2023): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v10i1.556.
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For South Asian Canadians who migrated to Toronto in the 1970s, the only place for them to purchase and consume South Asian foodstuffs would have been in the area referred to as ‘Little India’, which later developed into what is referred to today as the Gerrard India Bazaar (GIB). Little India is located on Gerrard Street, encompassing the nine blocks from Greenwood Avenue to Coxwell Avenue. The very first South Asian entrepreneur in Gerrard Street was Gian Naaz, who rented the defunct Eastwood Theatre in 1972 and began showing films in Hindi and other South Asian languages. Naaz’s success inspired and attracted other South Asian entrepreneurs, some of whom opened restaurants and grocery stores. These early South Asian businesses on Gerrard Street combatted racism and racial stereotyping and the GIB was a microcosm of the violences South Asians experienced all across Toronto in the 1970s and 80s. As such, this paper tells the story of how South Asians, both them and their businesses, persevered and helped develop the GIB as an ethnic enclave because it allowed South Asians to affirm notions of home and belonging in Canada, all without ever having a distinct residential identity.
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M. Pon Ganthimathi and Dr. S. Veeralakshmi. "Ethnic Identity and Cultural Assimilation in M. G. Vassanji’s No New Land." Creative Launcher 7, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2022.7.4.12.
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Colonialism makes a large set of people from South Asia migrate to Africa. People from India are used as a man power for railway line construction in Africa. After the end of colonialism, these migrated people became competitors to Africans in employment. Africans start treating them harshly. So, they are forced to migrate once again to America or to Canada. M. G. Vassanji’s No New Land starts with the second migration of people from South Asia to Canada. Because of this second migration, these people want to make sure their connection to their culture and to their ethnicity. Their apartment in Canada looks like a mini version of Dar es Salaam. They try to stick to their Indianness in the midst of a completely strange culture. However, their kids who do not have any immediate connection with their culture start assimilating the new culture and way of living. This paper aims at projecting the plight of South Asian immigrants in Canada.
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Chapman, Julia. "Canadian-Trinidadian Activism: Navigating Intersectional Identity in Queer Care." Caribbean Quilt 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cq.v7i1.40211.
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For Trinidadian-Candian Queer activists, identity must be navigated through queer identity, ethnic community, and cultural background. This paper seeks to explore what Trinidadian Canadian QTBIPOC and allied activism and care can look like in Canada and how this activism is informed by this complex intersectional identity. This research was conducted under the supervision of Professor Tara Goldstein and postdoctoral fellow Jenny Salisbury as part of a Research Opportunity Program (ROP) towards a larger project focused on 60 Years of Queer, Trans, BIPOC (QTBIPOC) Activism and Care. This paper focuses on research into three activists via the ArQuives: Richard Fung, Anthony Mohammed, and Deb Singh. Richard Fung informs complex art-based activism through his complex identities as Trini, Chinese, Canadian, and a gay man. Fung presents an example of complex identity informing complex activism, for Fung, this is film-based art that spans and explores the many topics surrounding his identity. Anthony Mohammad and Deb Singh present similar experiences of complex identity as Trinidadians within a South Asian diaspora and identity within Queer communities. For Mohammad navigating his sexuality as a gay man through Caribbean and South Asian communities presents contradicting yet synchronous experiences of inclusion and exclusion. Mohammed exhibits complex activism through his work in varied queer groups intended for Caribbean and South Asians separately. Singh similarly identifies the acceptability of a particular identity; navigating fluid sexuality, binary gender, and monogamy presents a similar thread of contradicting inclusion and exclusion. Her activism presents through her work in bathhouses for women and nonbinary folx and her work in the Toronto Rape Crisis Centre and Ontario Coalition of Rape Crisis Centres. For Trinidadian-Candian Queer activists, their complex navigation of intersectional identities informs their community work and artistic expression as activists.
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Balakrishnan, T. R., Paul Maxim, and Rozzet Jurdi. "Social class versus cultural identity as factors in the residential segregation of ethnic groups in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver for 2001." Canadian Studies in Population 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6930t.
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This article examines the relevance of the spatial assimilation model in understanding residential segregation of ethnic groups in the three largest gateway cities of Canada. Using data from the census of 2001 it finds that while the model may have worked for the European groups they are less applicable to the visible minorities such as the Chinese, South Asians and Blacks. Residential segregation reduces with generation for the European groups but not for the visible minorities. Canadian patterns seem to be different from that seen in the United States. Many visible minority groups maintain their concentration levels even in the suburbs. The findings seem to indicate that cultural preferences may be just as important as social class in the residential choices of visible minority groups.
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Ng, Cheuk Fan, and Herbert C. Northcott. "The Ethnic and National Identity of South Asian Immigrant Seniors Living in Edmonton, Canada." Canadian Ethnic Studies 41, no. 3 (2010): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ces.2010.0049.
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Fazli, Ghazal S., Rahim Moineddin, Arlene S. Bierman, and Gillian L. Booth. "Ethnic variation in the conversion of prediabetes to diabetes among immigrant populations relative to Canadian-born residents: a population-based cohort study." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, no. 1 (February 2020): e000907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000907.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare absolute and relative rates of conversion from prediabetes to diabetes among non-European immigrants to Europeans and Canadian-born residents, overall, and by age and level of glycemia.Research design and methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort population-based study using administrative health databases from Ontario, Canada, to identify immigrants (n=23 465) and Canadian born (n=1 11 085) aged ≥20 years with prediabetes based on laboratory tests conducted between 2002 and 2011. Individuals were followed until 31 December 2013 for the development of diabetes using a validated algorithm. Immigration data was used to assign ethnicity based on country of origin, mother tongue, and surname. Fine and Gray’s survival models were used to compare diabetes incidence across ethnic groups overall and by age and glucose category.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 5.2 years, 8186 immigrants and 39 722 Canadian-born residents developed diabetes (7.1 vs 6.1 per 100 person-years, respectively). High-risk immigrant populations such as South Asians (HR: 1.72, 95% CI 1.55 to 1.99) and Southeast Asians (HR: 1.65, 95% CI 1.46 to 1.86) had highest risk of converting to diabetes compared with Western Europeans (referent). Among immigrants aged 20–34 years, the adjusted cumulative incidence ranged from 18.4% among Eastern Europeans to 52.3% among Southeast Asians. Conversion rates increased with age in all groups but were consistently high among South Asians, Southeast Asians and Sub-Saharan African/Caribbeans after the age of 35 years. On average, South Asians converted to diabetes 3.1–4.6 years earlier than Western Europeans and at an equivalent rate of conversion to Western Europeans who had a 0.5 mmol/L higher baseline fasting glucose value.ConclusionsHigh-risk ethnic groups converted to diabetes more rapidly, at younger ages, and at lower fasting glucose values than European populations, leading to a shorter window for diabetes prevention.
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Zaidi, Arshia U., Amanda Couture-Carron, Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, and Mehek Arif. "Ethnic Identity, Religion, and Gender: An Exploration of Intersecting Identities Creating Diverse Perceptions and Experiences with Intimate Cross-Gender Relationships Amongst South Asian Youth in Canada." Canadian Ethnic Studies 46, no. 2 (2014): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ces.2014.0019.
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Parry, Monica, Ron Beleno, Rinat Nissim, Deborah Baiden, Pamela Baxter, Raquel Betini, Ann Kristin Bjørnnes, et al. "Mental health and well-being of unpaid caregivers: a cross-sectional survey protocol." BMJ Open 13, no. 1 (January 2023): e070374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070374.
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IntroductionUnpaid caregiving, care provided by family/friends, is a public health issue of increasing importance. COVID-19 worsened the mental health conditions of unpaid caregivers, increasing substance/drug use and early development of chronic disease. The impact of the intersections of race and ethnicity, sex, age and gender along with unpaid care work and caregivers’ health and well-being is unknown. The aim of this study is to describe the inequities of caregiver well-being across the intersections of race and ethnicity, sex, age and gender using a cross-sectional survey design.Methods and analysisWe are collaborating with unpaid caregivers and community organisations to recruit a non-probability sample of unpaid caregivers over 18 years of age (n=525). Recruitment will focus on a target sample of 305 South Asian, Chinese and Black people living in Canada, who represent 60% of the Canadian racial and ethnic populations. The following surveys will be combined into one survey: Participant Demographic Form, Caregiver Well-Being Index, interRAI Self-report of Carer Needs and the GENESIS (GENdEr and Sex DetermInantS of Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Beyond-Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome) PRAXY Questionnaire. Sample characteristics will be summarised using descriptive statistics. The scores from the Caregiver Well-Being Index will be dichotomised into fair/poor and good/excellent. A two-stage analytical strategy will be undertaken using logistic regression to model fair/poor well-being and good/excellent well-being according to the following axes of difference set a priori: sex, race and ethnicity, gender identity, age, gender relations, gender roles and institutionalised gender. The first stage of analysis will model the main effects of each factor and in the second stage of analysis, interaction terms will be added to each model.Ethics and disseminationThe University of Toronto’s Health Sciences Research Ethics Board granted approval on 9 August 2022 (protocol number: 42609). Knowledge will be disseminated in pamphlets/infographics/email listservs/newsletters and journal articles, conference presentation and public forums, social media and through the study website.Trial registration numberThis is registered in the Open Sciences Framework with a Registration DOI as follows:https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/PB9TD
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Ashutosh, Ishan. "From the Census to the City: Representing South Asians in Canada and Toronto." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17, no. 2 (June 2014): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.17.2.130.
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Since the 2006 Canadian Census, “South Asians” have constituted both Canada’s and Toronto’s most populous “visible minority group.” This article investigates the term “South Asian” along two lines of enquiry. First, through an examination of the Canadian Census, this article sheds light on how the state produced the term “South Asian.” The second aspect focuses on how this state classification has been used as the basis for antiracist activism and is inhabited and transformed as a critical transnational identity. I begin by tracing the emergence of the category “South Asian” in light of previous categories used in the Canadian Census since the migration of South Asians to Canada began in the early twentieth century. I then turn to narratives based on interviews with South Asians in Toronto to examine contemporary representations of this category. As a state category, I argue that the category “South Asian” homogenizes the diversity of South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, and yet, as a diasporic identity, the term challenges the national divides of postcolonial South Asia and the South Asian diaspora. I conclude by suggesting that South Asian identities represent complex and multiple identities that should not be reduced to a simple and artificial category of the state.
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Bukhari, Syeda Nayab. "Ethnic media as alternative media for South Asians in Metro Vancouver, Canada: Creating knowledge, engagement, civic and political awareness." Journal of Alternative & Community Media 4, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/joacm_00060_1.
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South Asians, making 11% of the total population of Metro Vancouver, have established a large number of ethnic media sources including exclusive 24/7 radio stations, several newspapers, magazines, and online media in different South Asian languages for their audience. This qualitative research study of ethnic media of South Asian communities living in Metro Vancouver, reveals that ethnic media, specifically radio, provided active media space for discussion and dialogue on crucial issues concerning their everyday life challenges as immigrant communities. According to the participants, ethnic media triggered political activism and awareness through their content, especially due to mainstream medias failure of coverage or negative coverage of ethnic minorities. This qualitative study uses in-depth interviews with thirteen South Asian ethnic media practitioners including media owners, journalists, and anchorpersons, as well as focus group discussions with South Asian audiences in Metro Vancouver. The article discusses the role of South Asian ethnic media, as alternative media, in creating knowledge, engagement, civic and political awareness, and giving a participatory platform to raise the voices of their audiences.
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Kalbach, Madeline A., Kelly H. Hardwick, Renata D. Vintila, and Warren E. Kalbach. "Ethnic-connectedness and economic inequality: a persisting relationship." Canadian Studies in Population 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p60w33.
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This paper focuses on the relationship between the retention of ethnic or cultural distinctiveness and economic inequality for Ukrainians, Germans, Italians, Chinese, and south East Asians. It uses Canadian census data to test predictions arising from assimilation theory by examining the possible varying effects of religion on economic inequality for the five ethnic groups in order to determine whether assimilation theory and the multidimensional effect of ethnicity can predict within group variations. This analysis lends emphasis to the fact that retention of ethnic-connectedness and distinctiveness may create obstacles for the immigrant attempting to achieve economic success in Canada.
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Jaspal, Rusi, and Adrian Coyle. "‘My language, my people’: language and ethnic identity among British‐born South Asians." South Asian Diaspora 2, no. 2 (September 2010): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2010.491299.
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Chiu, Maria, Abigail Amartey, Xuesong Wang, and Paul Kurdyak. "Ethnic Differences in Mental Health Status and Service Utilization: A Population-Based Study in Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63, no. 7 (March 7, 2018): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743717741061.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of self-reported mental health factors, mental health service use, and unmet needs across the 4 largest ethnic groups in Ontario, Canada: white, South Asian, Chinese, and black groups. Methods: The study population was derived from the Canadian Community Health Survey, using a cross-sectional sample of 254,951 white, South Asian, Chinese, and black residents living in Ontario, Canada, between 2001 and 2014. Age- and sex-standardized prevalence estimates for mental health factors, mental health service use, and unmet needs were calculated for each of the 4 ethnic groups overall and by sociodemographic characteristics. Results: We found that self-reported physician-diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders and mental health service use were generally lower among South Asian, Chinese, and black respondents compared to white respondents. Chinese individuals reported the weakest sense of belonging to their local community and the poorest self-rated mental health and were nearly as likely to report suicidal thoughts in the past year as white respondents. Among those self-reporting fair or poor mental health, less than half sought help from a mental health professional, ranging from only 19.8% in the Chinese group to 50.8% in the white group. Conclusions: The prevalence of mental health factors and mental health service use varied widely across ethnic groups. Efforts are needed to better understand and address cultural and system-level barriers surrounding high unmet needs and to identify ethnically tailored and culturally appropriate clinical supports and practices to ensure equitable and timely mental health care.
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Zapata, Sarah. "Contesting identities : Representing British South Asians in Damien O'Donnell's "East is East"." Journal of English Studies 8 (May 29, 2010): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.150.
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The presence of Asian in Great Britain has added a new perspective to debates about notions such as ‘identity’, ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘Englishness’. East is East (Damien O’Donnell, 1999) explores the culture clash that occurs in the context of a half Pakistani and half British family living in early 1970’s Salford. Through its representation of an atypical family the film’s emphasis lies most conspicuously on its portrayal of the beginnings of contemporary multi-ethnic and multicultural British society. This way, the film highlights issues of cultural diversity, difference and hybridity while also raising questions about identity, belonging and the concept of Englishness. The aim of this essay will therefore be to examine how Daniel O’Donnell’s film East is East explores the paradoxical nature of “identities” inevitably swaying in between two cultures by looking at the diverse discourses on identity and how they have been constructed.
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Sharma, Tanmay, Baanu Manoharan, Christine Langlois, Rita E. Morassut, and David Meyre. "The effect of race/ethnicity on obesity traits in first year university students from Canada: The GENEiUS study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e0242714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242714.
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Background Little is known about the impact of race/ethnicity on weight change at university. The objective of this study is to determine if ethnicity has an impact on obesity traits in a multiethnic cohort of first-year students at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Methods 183 first year students from the three most represented ethnic groups (South Asian, East Asian, and white-Caucasian) in our study sample were followed longitudinally with data collected early in the academic year and towards the end of the year. Obesity parameters including body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, and waist hip ratio (WHR) were analyzed. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for pairwise comparison of traits from the beginning to the end of the year in the absence of adjustments. Linear regression was used with covariate adjustments to investigate the effect of ethnicity on obesity traits. Results A significant increase in weight by 1.49 kg (95%CI: 1.13–1.85) was observed over the academic year in the overall analyzed sample. This was accompanied by significant gains in BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and WHR. Ethnicity stratified analysis indicated significant increase in all investigated obesity traits in East Asians and all traits, but WHR, in South Asians. White-Caucasians only displayed significant increases in weight and BMI. Body weight and hip circumference were significantly lower in East Asians compared to white-Caucasians at baseline. However, East Asians displayed a significantly larger increase in mean BMI and weight compared to white-Caucasians after first-year. South Asians displayed larger waist circumference at baseline compared to East Asians and larger WHR compared to white-Caucasians. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that ethnicity has an impact on obesity traits in first-year university students. Universities should take ethnicity into account while implementing effective obesity prevention programs to promote healthy and active lifestyles for students.
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Thobani, Tijhiana Rose, and Zahid Ahmad Butt. "The Increasing Vulnerability of South Asians in Canada during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052786.
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Canadian South Asians are being economically, socially, politically, and culturally impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is currently a gap in the literature on the unique challenges faced by this specific group of individuals. People of color and ethnic minorities are being homogenized in the media and throughout the literature when addressing populations disproportionally impacted by the current situation. This commentary aims to add a new perspective to the current literature by specifically exploring factors that may contribute to the high rates of COVID-19 among South Asian communities in Canada. Another goal is to highlight the importance of providing tailored support and attention for this community and the negative consequences if this is not correctly done. Factors such as overrepresentation in essential work and financial instability are discussed. Pre-existing health conditions among South Asians such as diabetes, hypertension, anxiety, and mood disorder are considered, as well as how the history of these conditions within this population elevates the risk of severe health complications. This commentary presents suggestions for addressing this gap in research, as well as directions for future public health initiatives and policies.
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Tran, Don Quang, Andrew G. Ryder, and G. Eric Jarvis. "Reported immigration and medical coercion among immigrants referred to a cultural consultation service." Transcultural Psychiatry 56, no. 5 (June 6, 2019): 807–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461519847811.
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Members of visible minorities are commonly targets of social coercion related to immigration and medical measures. Social coercion is associated with poor mental health outcomes and mistrust of medical services. This study will determine if Afro-Canadian immigrants referred to a Cultural Consultation Service (CCS) in Montreal report more or less medical and immigration coercion compared with other ethnic minorities. We reviewed the charts of 729 referrals to the CCS and gathered data on the 401 patients included in the study. Chi-square statistics examined the relation between minority group and self-reported coercion. Binary logistic regression models controlled for standard sociodemographic variables in addition to ethnicity, language barrier, length of stay in Canada since immigration, refugee claimant status, referral source, presence of psychosis in the main diagnosis, and presence of legal history. Patients were diverse and included 105 Afro-Canadians, 40 Latin Americans, 73 Arab and West Asians, 149 South Asians, and 34 East and Southeast Asians. Being Afro-Canadian was significantly and positively associated with medical coercion (p = .02, 95% CI = 1.15-4.57), while being South Asian was negatively and significantly associated with immigration coercion (p = .03, 95% CI = .29–.93). Members of visible minority communities are not equal in their reported experience of social coercion after arriving to Canada. Future research clarifying pathways to mental health care for immigrants and the experience of new Canadians in immigration and health care settings would give needed context to the findings of this study.
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Ingold, Suzey. "Goin’ Home: The Role of Vowel Raising in Indexing an Ethnic Identity." Lifespans and Styles 3, no. 1 (March 26, 2017): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v3i1.2017.1825.
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Vowel height can be seen as a feature indexing a particular ethnic identity or indicating a style shift between two such identities. This paper focuses on Bradford-born South Asian musician Zayn Malik, an interesting subject given his prominent status as one of the most influential Asians in Britain today (Parveen 2016). I consider the role of vowel raising in the GOAT lexical set (Wells 1982) over the period of 2010 to 2016 and in style-shifting between casual, interview, and performative styles. The results of my study indicate significant differences in F1 and F2 values between particular years, and differences in F1 values between performative and interview speech. I explore these shifts in relation to the hostility Malik has faced and study the causes of his shifting, particularly in terms of speaker agency and audience design (Bell 1984).
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George, Rosemary Marangoly. "“From Expatriate Aristocrat to Immigrant Nobody”: South Asian Racial Strategies in the Southern Californian Context." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.6.1.31.
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In post Proposition 187 and Proposition 209 California, there is immense pressure on all Californians to take positions on issues such as affirmative action, immigration policies and practices, “color-blind” futures, and indeed on race itself. Discussion on such issues among the Indian-American communities in Southern California (of which I am a part) has brought to light a certain reluctance to acknowledge a racial identity for oneself and for the community at large. What is refused by nearly all upper and middle class South Asians is not so much a specific racial identity but the very idea of being raced. The only identity that is acknowledged is the cultural and ethnic one of being no more and no less than “Indian-American”; when pressed, the commonly offered affiliation approaching a racial category that is seen as acceptable is “Aryan.”
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Raza, Kashif. "Integrating Better but Multilingually: Language Practices of South Asian Immigrants for Settlement and Integration in Canada." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 10, no. 2 (May 7, 2023): 166–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1626.
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Canadian Index for Measuring Integration (CIMI) is used by researchers, policy analysts, and government agencies to evaluate newcomer performance against the local-born population across four dimensions: economic, social, political, and health. Despite recognizing integration as a multidimensional and complex phenomenon, the index mainly evaluates the achievement of the four dimensions but without looking at how they are achieved (e.g., the role of different languages) and the type of integration (narrowed or broader) taking place. One underlying assumption can be that since Canada is a bilingual country, one of the official languages must be used for settlement and integration. However, as this study finds, this may not reflect the social reality of the Canadian society where diverse immigrant populations capitalize on official and non-official languages for settlement and integration. Utilizing the four dimensions with language as an additional variable, this quantitative study reports findings from 493 participants from a sub-group of South Asians from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan who are able to settle and integrate better when English and ethnic languages are used for socio-politico-economic and health integration. In addition to reporting micro-level multilingual integration supported by ethnic concentrations, this study calls for further investigation of the type of integration in ethnic concentrations and its long-term implications for the Canadian society.
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Gao, Fang. "Imagined community, identity, and Chinese Language Teaching in Hong Kong." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 22, no. 1 (February 10, 2012): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.1.08gao.
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Second language (L2) teaching and learning is mediated by imagined community involving positioning learners themselves or being positioned by others in possible worlds. This research explores how Chinese language subject teachers in Hong Kong imagine the possible memberships of the communities in which South Asian learners will participate, and how the imagination makes a difference to their pedagogies and classroom practice. Through classroom observations and interviews with 14 secondary school teachers, research findings illustrate that the teachers treat South Asian learners as legitimate ethnic minorities in Hong Kong, while labeling them as illegitimate Chinese language users and second-class citizens in the host society. This imagination, while reflecting the subordinate position South Asians occupy, has an impact upon the teachers’ pedagogies and classroom practice, which are oriented to the instruction of basic language knowledge, albeit being sensible of South Asian culture and customs. The research results suggest that imagining L2 learners as multilingual individuals and legitimate L2 users is a necessary condition to break the structural constraints on L2 acquisition.
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Kandasamy, Sujane, Baanu Manoharan, Zainab Khan, Rosain Stennett, Dipika Desai, Rochelle Nocos, Gita Wahi, et al. "Perceptions of COVID-19 risk, vaccine access and confidence: a qualitative description of South Asians in Canada." BMJ Open 13, no. 4 (April 2023): e070433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070433.
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ObjectivesIn the first full year of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), South Asians living in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) and Greater Vancouver area (GVA) experienced specific barriers to accessing SARS-CoV-2 testing and reliable health information. However, between June 2021 and February 2022, the proportion of people having received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose was higher among this group (96%) than among individuals who were not visible minorities (93%). A better understanding of successful approaches and the challenges experienced by those who remain unvaccinated among this highly vaccinated group may improve public health outreach in subsequent waves of the current pandemic or for future pandemic planning. Using qualitative methods, we sought to explore the perceptions of COVID-19 risk, vaccine access, uptake and confidence among South Asians living in Canada.DesignSemistructured interviews conducted with 25 participants analysed using thematic analysis. Throughout this process, we held frequent discussions with members of the study’s advisory group to guide data collection (community engagement, recruitment and data analysis).SettingCommunities of the GTHA and GVA with interviews conducted virtually over Zoom or telephone.Participants25 participants (15 from Ontario and 10 from British Columbia) were interviewed between July 2021 and January 2022. 10 individuals were community members, 9 were advocacy group leaders and 6 were public health staff.ResultsAccess to and confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine was impacted by individual risk perceptions; sources of trusted information (ethnic and non-ethnic); impact of COVID-19 and the pandemic on individuals, families and society; and experiences with COVID-19 mandates and policies (including temporal and generational differences). Approaches that include community-level awareness and tailored outreach (language and cultural context) were considered successful.ConclusionsUnderstanding factors and developing strategies that build vaccine confidence and improve access can guide approaches that increase vaccine acceptance in the current and future pandemics.Visual abstract can be found athttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1iXdnJj9ssc3hXCllZxP0QA9DhHH-7uwB/view
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Zulyniak, Michael A., Russell J. de Souza, Mateen Shaikh, Dipika Desai, Diana L. Lefebvre, Milan Gupta, Julie Wilson, et al. "Does the impact of a plant-based diet during pregnancy on birth weight differ by ethnicity? A dietary pattern analysis from a prospective Canadian birth cohort alliance." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e017753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017753.
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ObjectiveBirth weight is an indicator of newborn health and a strong predictor of health outcomes in later life. Significant variation in diet during pregnancy between ethnic groups in high-income countries provides an ideal opportunity to investigate the influence of maternal diet on birth weight.SettingFour multiethnic birth cohorts based in Canada (the NutriGen Alliance).Participants3997 full-term mother–infant pairs of diverse ethnic groups who had principal component analysis-derived diet pattern scores—plant-based, Western and health-conscious—and birth weight data.ResultsNo associations were identified between the Western and health-conscious diet patterns and birth weight; however, the plant-based dietary pattern was inversely associated with birth weight (β=−67.6 g per 1-unit increase; P<0.001), and an interaction with non-white ethnicity and birth weight was observed. Ethnically stratified analyses demonstrated that among white Europeans, maternal consumption of a plant-based diet associated with lower birth weight (β=−65.9 g per 1-unit increase; P<0.001), increased risk of small-for-gestational age (SGA; OR=1.46; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.54;P=0.005) and reduced risk of large-for-gestational age (LGA; OR=0.71; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.95;P=0.02). Among South Asians, maternal consumption of a plant-based diet associated with a higher birth weight (β=+40.5 g per 1-unit increase; P=0.01), partially explained by cooked vegetable consumption.ConclusionsMaternal consumption of a plant-based diet during pregnancy is associated with birth weight. Among white Europeans, a plant-based diet is associated with lower birth weight, reduced odds of an infant born LGA and increased odds of SGA, whereas among South Asians living in Canada, a plant-based diet is associated with increased birth weight.
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Ke, Calvin H., Steve Morgan, Kate Smolina, Danijela Gasevic, Hong Qian, and Nadia A. Khan. "Is cardiovascular risk reduction therapy effective in South Asian, Chinese and other patients with diabetes? A population-based cohort study from Canada." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e013808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013808.
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ObjectivesGuidelines recommend ACE inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and diuretics in all patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the effectiveness of these agents in South Asian and Chinese populations is unknown. We sought to determine whether ACEi, ARB, CCB and diuretics are associated with reduced mortality in South Asian, Chinese and other patients with diabetes.DesignPopulation-based cohort study using administrative health databases.SettingProvince of British Columbia, Canada (2006–2013).ParticipantsPatients aged ≥35 years with incident diabetes.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome was all-cause mortality for each medication class compared with untreated patients within each ethnicity. Treatment effect was assessed using inverse probability of treatment weighted Cox proportional hazards models. Medication adherence effect on mortality was also evaluated.Results208 870 patients (13 755 South Asian, 22 871 Chinese, 172 244 other Canadian) were included. ACEi reduced mortality in other patients (HR=0.88, 0.84–0.91), but power was insufficient to evaluate for benefit in Chinese and South Asian patients. ARB and diuretics reduced mortality in Chinese (ARB HR=0.64, 0.50–0.82; diuretics HR=0.77, 0.62–0.96) and other patients (ARB HR=0.69, 0.64–0.74; diuretics HR=0.66, 0.63–0.69) compared with untreated patients. No mortality benefit was observed among South Asians for any drug class or for CCB among all ethnicities. Higher medication adherence was associated with lower mortality for other patients only (HR=0.79, 0.72–0.86).ConclusionsEffectiveness of cardiovascular risk reduction therapy on mortality varies considerably by ethnicity. Further study is needed to evaluate the mortality benefit of antihypertensive agents in South Asians. Inclusion of these ethnic groups in future clinical trials is essential to examine for differential responses.
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Newmark, Kalina, Nacole Walker, and James Stanford. "‘The rez accent knows no borders’: Native American ethnic identity expressed through English prosody." Language in Society 45, no. 5 (September 9, 2016): 633–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404516000592.
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AbstractIn many Native American and Canadian First Nations communities, indigenous languages are important for the linguistic construction of ethnic identity. But because many younger speakers have limited access to their heritage languages, English may have an even more important role in identity construction than Native languages do. Prior literature shows distinctive local English features in particular tribes. Our study builds on this knowledge but takes a wider perspective: We hypothesize that certain features are shared across much larger distances, particularly prosody. Native cultural insiders (the first two co-authors) had a central role in this project. Our recordings of seventy-five speakers in three deliberately diverse locations (Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, North/South Dakota; Northwest Territories, Canada; and diverse tribes represented at Dartmouth College) show that speakers are heteroglossically performing prosodic features to index Native ethnic identity. They have taken a ‘foreign’ language (English) and enregistered these prosodic features, creatively producing and reproducing a shared ethnic identity across great distances. (Native Americans, prosody, ethnicity, ethnic identity, English, dialects)*
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Clarke, D. E., A. Colantonio, A. E. Rhodes, and M. Escobar. "Pathways to suicidality across ethnic groups in Canadian adults: the possible role of social stress." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 3 (November 2, 2007): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707002103.
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BackgroundEthnicity is an important determinant of mental health outcomes including suicidality (i.e. suicidal ideation and suicide attempt). Understanding ethnic differences in the pathways to suicidality is important for suicide prevention efforts in ethnically diverse populations. These pathways can be conceptualized within a social stress framework.MethodThe study examines ethnic differences in the pathways to suicidality in Canada within a social stress framework. Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.1 (CCHS 1.1) and path analysis, we examined the hypotheses that variations in (1) socio-economic status (SES), (2) sense of community belonging (SCB), (3) SES and SCB combined, and (4) SES, SCB and clinical factors combined can explain ethnic differences in suicidality.ResultsFrancophone whites and Aboriginals were more likely to report suicidality compared to Anglophone whites whereas visible minorities and Foreign-born whites were least likely. Disadvantages in income, income and education, income and its combined effect with depression and alcohol dependence/abuse led to high rates even among the low-risk visible minority group. Indirect pathways for Asians differed from that of Blacks and South Asians, specifically through SCB. With the exception of SCB, Aboriginals were most disadvantaged, which exacerbated their risk for suicidality. However, their strong SCB buffered the risk for suicidality across pathways. Disadvantages in education, income and SCB were associated with the high risk for suicidality in Francophone whites.ConclusionsFrancophone whites and Aboriginals had higher odds of suicidality compared to Anglophone whites; however, some pathways differed, indicating the need for targeted program planning and prevention efforts.
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Mitchell, Barbara A., and Sandeep K. Dhillon. "Happily Ever After or Not? Marital Quality among Culturally Diverse Older-Aged Canadian Parents." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 54, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.54.1.050.
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The quality of partnered relationships is integral to individual and family health and well-being over the life span. Significant shifts in ethno-cultural diversity, parental roles, and family life contribute to more complex partnership experiences in North American society. Drawing from a socio-cultural life course lens, we examine parental marital satisfaction/quality in later life in terms of ethnicity, socio-demographic variables (e.g., ethnic identity, gender, age, health status) and family context (e.g., presence of children at home, intergenerational relations, retirement status). Data are drawn from a sample of 454 married/partnered adults aged 50+ with a least one child aged 19–35 who reside in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, from four cultural groups: British, Chinese, Persian/Iranian, and South Asian. Using Ordinary Linear Regression, we model predictors of three dependent variables: global marital satisfaction and two sub-scales, including positive and negative emotional/cognitive appraisals of relationship quality. Several ethnic group contrasts were supported, with Chinese reporting lower global marital satisfaction than the South Asians and Persian/Iranians reporting lower levels of positive marital appraisals than the South Asians. In addition, these associations were nuanced by interactions between ethnicity and gender, revealing distinct relationships with the dependent variables. Results also support associations for several covariates. In particular, greater income satisfaction and those reporting lower conflict with their children had higher marital quality; and males and those reporting better health only had positive associations with the global marital satisfaction scale. Implications for theorizing relationship quality in later life and recommendations for those who work with culturally diverse older adults (e.g., mental health care professionals, community service providers) are discussed.
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Schroder, Theresa H., Graham Sinclair, Andre Mattman, Benjamin Jung, Susan I. Barr, Hilary D. Vallance, and Yvonne Lamers. "Pregnant women of South Asian ethnicity in Canada have substantially lower vitamin B12status compared with pregnant women of European ethnicity." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 6 (September 18, 2017): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002331.
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AbstractMaternal vitamin B12(B12) status has been inversely associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and positively with fetal growth and infant development. South Asians, Canada’s largest ethnic minority, are prone to B12deficiency. Yet, data are lacking on B12status in South Asian pregnant women in North America. We sought to determine B12status, using multiple biomarkers, in 1st and 2nd trimester pregnant women of South Asian and, for comparison, European ethnicity living in Vancouver, Canada. In this retrospective cohort study, total B12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and total homocysteine concentrations were quantified in two routinely collected (mean gestational week: 11·5 (range 8·3–13·9) and 16·5 (range 14·9–20·9)), banked serum samples of 748 healthy pregnant South Asian (n371) and European (n377) women. South Asian pregnant women had significantly lower B12status than European pregnant women at both time points, as indicated by lower serum total B12and holoTC concentrations, and higher MMA concentrations (allP≤0·001). The largest difference, which was substantial (Cohen’sd≥0·5), was observed in mean serum total B12concentrations (1st trimester: 189 (95 % CI 180, 199)v. 246 (95 % CI 236, 257) pmol/l; 2nd trimester: 176 (95 % CI 168, 185)v. 226 (95 % CI 216, 236) pmol/l). Further, South Asian ethnicity was a significant negative predictor of B12status during pregnancy. South Asian women living in Vancouver have substantially lower B12status during early pregnancy. Future research identifying predictors and health consequences of this observed difference is needed to allow for targeted interventions.
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Curtin, Kimberley D., Tanya R. Berry, Kerry S. Courneya, Kerry R. McGannon, Colleen M. Norris, Wendy M. Rodgers, and John C. Spence. "Investigating relationships between ancestry, lifestyle behaviors and perceptions of heart disease and breast cancer among Canadian women with British and with South Asian ancestry." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 17, no. 4 (January 23, 2018): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474515118755729.
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Background: Ethnic minority groups including Asians in Canada have different knowledge and perceptions of heart disease and breast cancer compared with the ethnic majority group. Aim: Examine relationships between perceptions of heart disease and breast cancer, and lifestyle behaviors for Canadian women with British and with South Asian ancestry. Methods: Women with South Asian ( n = 170) and with British ( n = 373) ancestry ( Mage = 33.01, SD = 12.86) reported leisure time physical activity, intended fruit and vegetable consumption, disease perceptions (ability to reduce risk, control over getting the diseases, and influence of family history), and demographic information. Mann–Whitney tests and multiple hierarchical linear regressions were used to examine the relationships between lifestyle behaviors and disease perceptions, with ancestry explored as a possible moderator. Results: Participants with South Asian ancestry believed they had greater ability to reduce their risk and have control over getting breast cancer than participants with British ancestry. Family history influences on getting either disease was perceived as higher for women with British ancestry. Age was positively related to all three perceptions in both diseases. Intended fruit and vegetable consumption was positively related to perceptions of ability to reduce risk and control of both diseases, but was stronger for women with South Asian ancestry regarding perceptions of breast cancer. Leisure time physical activity was positively related to perceptions of control over getting heart disease for women with British ancestry. Conclusions: Women’s disease perceptions can vary by ancestry and lifestyle behaviors. Accurate representation of diseases is essential in promoting effective preventative behaviors.
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Ali Abbas, Hussein, Manimangai Mani, Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya, and Hardev Kaur Jujar Singh. "The Different Types of Ethnic Affiliation in M. G. Vassanji's No New Land." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.60.
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Establishing a sense of affiliation to ethnicity is one of the most controversial issues for people who are displaced in countries that are far away from their motherland. The colonisation of the British over Asia and Africa in the nineteenth century resulted in the mass movement of Indian workers from India to Africa. These workers were brought in to build railways that connected the British colonies in East Africa namely Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. While the arrival of the Indian workers is considered as a kind of colonial practice, but their deportation in the post-independence years is seen as a part of decolonization. These Indians were forced to leave Africa as they were blamed for being non supportive of the Africans who were then engaged in armed struggles against the British colonialists. This study is based on the lives of these deported Indians as depicted in the novel titled No New Land by M.G. Vassanji. M.G. Vassanji is a Canadian novelist whose family was also deported from Dar Esslaam, Tanzania. He also describes how the Indian Shamses were strict in affiliating with the different social and cultural background they found in their new home, Canada. This research examines the theme of affiliation and the experiences of these migrants. This study will show that South Asians in Canada are strict in their affiliation to their ethnic values. Secondly, it will expose the three types of affiliation and finally show how the author deals with affiliation as a part of the community’s ethnic record that must be documented.
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LEAR, SCOTT A., WEI Q. DENG, GUILLAUME PARÉ, DIAN C. SULISTYONINGRUM, RUTH J. F. LOOS, and ANGELA DEVLIN. "Associations of the FTO rs9939609 variant with discrete body fat depots and dietary intake in a multi-ethnic cohort." Genetics Research 93, no. 6 (December 2011): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667231100036x.
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SummaryThe fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene has been implicated with obesity and dietary intake predominantly in European populations. We assessed the association between the FTO rs9939609 variant with body fat distribution and dietary intake in a multi-ethnic population. Aboriginal, Chinese, European and South Asian participants living in Canada (n=706) were assessed for body fat and inner-abdominal fat using imaging techniques, dietary intake and genotyped for the FTO rs9939609 variant. Linear regression was used to study the associations between the minor allele of the variant and measures of adiposity and dietary intake. Minor allele frequencies were: Aboriginals (17%), Chinese (17%), Europeans (39%) and South Asians (31%). The rs9939609 variant was associated with intake of dietary macronutrients in Aboriginals and Europeans only. In the total population, there were positive associations between the rs9939609 minor allele and greater fat mass (0·94±0·56 kg, P=0·045), per cent body fat (0·7±0·4%, P=0·031), relative greater subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (4·9±2·8%, P=0·039) and percent daily calories from fat (0·4±0·2%, P=0·064). Our findings suggest that the FTO rs9939609 minor allele may be associated with dietary intake in adults and is positively associated with regional fat deposition.
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Bueltmann, Tanja, and Donald M. MacRaild. "Globalizing St George: English associations in the Anglo-world to the 1930s." Journal of Global History 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022811000593.
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AbstractWhile English nationalism has recently become a subject of significant scholarly consideration, relatively little detailed research has been conducted on the emigrant and imperial contexts, or on the importance of Englishness within a global British identity. This article demonstrates how the importance of a global English identity can be illuminated through a close reading of ethnic associational culture. Examining organizations such as the St George's societies and the Sons of England, the article discusses the evolving character of English identity across North America, Africa, Southeast Asia and the Antipodes. Beginning in the eighteenth century, when English institutions echoed other ethnic organizations by providing sociability and charity to fellow nationals, the article goes on to map the growth of English associationalism within the context of mass migration. It then shows how nationalist imperialism – a broad-based English defence of empire against internal and external threats – gave these associations new meaning in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The article also explores how competitive ethnicity prompted English immigrants to form such societies and how both Irish Catholic hostility in America and Canada and Boer opposition in South Africa challenged the English to assert a more robust ethnic identity. English associationalism evinced coherence over time and space, and the article shows how the English tapped global reservoirs of strength to form ethnic associations that echoed their Irish and Scottish equivalents by undertaking the same sociable and mutual aspects, and lauded their ethnicity in similar fashion.
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Southern, Neil. "The politics of language in a deeply divided society." Pragmatics and Society 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2013): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.4.2.03sou.
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Language plays an important role in fashioning the identity of ethnic groups. This article explores a minority language – Irish – in Northern Ireland. Given the society’s longstanding ethnic divisions, matters revolving around the Irish language are capable of generating heated debate. However, unlike some other minority languages, Irish is somewhat peculiar in that it is not used as a form of linguistic communication between speakers on a daily basis. Hence it lacks instrumental (but not symbolic) relevance in this sense and supporters of the language can be observed trying to create rather than maintain a community of speakers. This fact sets Irish apart from some other minority languages which have generated emotive political debate, for example, Afrikaans in South Africa and French in Canada. The article considers the language debate that has emerged in Northern Ireland in the light of such factors.
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Sharma, Neha, Deepika Shaligram, and Grace H. Yoon. "Engaging South Asian youth and families: A clinical review." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 66, no. 6 (May 25, 2020): 584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020922881.
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Objective: South Asians (SAs), a rapidly growing minority group in the United States are underrepresented in mental health research. They represent a unique sub-group of Asian immigrants in that their journey to the United States in the last 50 years was driven by the pursuit of academic and career opportunities. Our goal is to provide a topical overview of factors contributing to the mental health challenges of South Asian American (SAA) youth and to describe culturally sensitive approaches that would provide effective treatment for SAA youth and their families. Methods: We conducted a review of published literature in PubMed and PsycInfo search engines using the key words South Asian immigrants, South Asian Americans, psychological, psychiatric, mental health treatment, therapy and interventions. Results: The challenges faced by these highly educated families are distinctive in that there is a struggle to maintain ethnic identity based on collectivism while embracing American ideals of individualism. These opposing values along with model minority expectations put SAs at high risk for mental health concerns and acculturative family distancing. Furthermore, mental health stigma impedes help-seeking. Mental health practitioners must navigate the different value systems of the parent–child dyad without ostracizing either generation and deliver effective care. Hence, culturally adapted family therapy and community-based approaches may be particularly relevant in SA youth. Conclusion: Our article outlines common family attitudes and issues pertinent to mental health in youth and discusses useful clinical approaches to dealing with SAA youth and their families.
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Guruge, Sepali, Souraya Sidani, Atsuko Matsuoka, Guida Man, and Diane Pirner. "Developing a comprehensive understanding of elder abuse prevention in immigrant communities: a comparative mixed methods study protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022736.
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IntroductionOlder adults are the fastest growing age group in Canada. Elder abuse has significant individual and societal implications, so it is critical to address. While interest in this topic is increasing, little is known about the risk factors for elder abuse in immigrant communities in Canada, or about culturally relevant strategies to address these risk factors.Methods and analysisThis mixed-methods study is guided by the intersectionality and ecological frameworks. We will include two long-term (ie, established) and two recent immigrant communities from East Asian and South Asian communities in the Greater Toronto Area: Chinese, Korean, Punjabi and Tamil. Through structured group interviews, we will first identify factors that contribute to elder abuse within and across each of the immigrant communities and then explore culturally relevant strategies to address those risk factors. Group interviews will be conducted separately with five stakeholder groups in each of the four languages: older women, older men, family members, community leaders and service providers. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analysed at the level of the particular interview groups, subgroups and communities, and will be integrated across communities to identify common and unique risk factors and strategies to address elder abuse.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has received ethics approval from the two universities associated with the research team. Given the comprehensive approach to incorporate local knowledge and expert contributions from multi-level stakeholders, the empirical and theoretical findings will facilitate practice change and improve the well-being of older men and women in immigrant communities.
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Dahal, Rudra, Jessica Naidu, Bishnu Bahadur Bajgain, Kalpana Thapa Bajgain, Kamala Adhikari, Nashit Chowdhury, and Tanvir C. Turin. "Patient-Identified Solutions to Primary Care Access Barriers in Canada: The Viewpoints of Nepalese Immigrant Community Members." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192211417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319221141797.
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Background: Accessing healthcare for immigrants in Canada is complicated by many difficulties. With the continued and upward trend of immigration to Canada, it is crucial to identify the solutions to the barriers from the perspectives of different immigrant communities as they encounter them including the relatively smaller and less studied population groups of immigrants. As such, Nepalese immigrants in Canada are a South Asian ethnic group who have their own distinct language, culture, and socio-economic backgrounds, however, their experience with accessing healthcare in Canada is scarce in the literature. Methods: We conducted 12 focus group discussions with first-generation Nepalese immigrants who had experiences with primary care use in Canada. Informed consent and demographic information were obtained before each focus group discussion. The verbatim transcription of the focus groups was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The participants expressed a range of potential solutions to overcome the barriers, which we presented using the socio-ecological framework into 4 different levels. This includes individual-, community-, service provider-, and government/policy-levels. Individual-level actions included improving self-awareness and knowledge of health in general and navigating the healthcare system and proactively improving the language skills and assimilating into the Canadian culture. Examples of community-level actions included community events to share health information with immigrants, health literacy programs, and driving/carpooling to clinics or hospitals. Actions at the service provider level were mainly focused on enhancing communications, cultural competency training for providers, and ensuring to hire primary care workforce representing various ethnocultural backgrounds. Overall, focus group participants believed that the provincial and federal government, as appropriate, should increase support for dental and vision care support and take actions to increase the healthcare capacity, particularly by employing internationally graduated health professionals. Conclusions: Access to primary care is essential for the health of immigrant populations in Canada. Individuals, community organizations, health service providers, and governments need to work both individually and collaboratively to improve immigrants’ primary care access.
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Haukioja, Heather Seija Marguerite. "Exploring the Nature of Elder Abuse in Ethno-Cultural Minority Groups: A community-based participatory research study." Arbutus Review 7, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/tar71201615681.
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<p class="p1">Elder abuse is a significant public health, social justice, and human rights issue in today’s society. Despite the recognition that elder<span class="s1">1 </span>abuse affects older adults across all racial, ethnic, and cultural groups, very little is known about the experiences of elder abuse among people from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds in Canada. The primary objective of this study is to explore the nature of elder abuse within the two largest ethno-cultural minority groups in British Columbia (BC), the Chinese and South Asians (i.e., those who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to South Asia, which includes nations such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal). Using a community-based participatory research approach,this study is a collaboration between three academics at the University of Victoria and four front-line workers from the Inter-Cultural Association of Greater Victoria (ICA), a not-for-profit, multicultural services organization for immigrants and refugees. The qualitative findings from this interview-based study reveal that cultural context, immigration status, and ethnicity are significant factors influencing experiences of elder abuse. Further, the findings provide insights into what resources — awareness and prevention — need to be developed in order to address the issue of elder abuse in these communities.</p>
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Bacchus, Nazreen S. "Resisting Islamophobia: Muslims Seeking American Integration Through Spiritual Growth, Community Organizing and Political Activism." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 36, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v36i4.548.
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Since 9/11, second-generation Muslims have experienced an increase in religious discrimination that has presented several challenges to their American integration. Scholars have noted that Muslims are often marginalized and “othered” because of their religious beliefs, attire choices and non-Western ethnic origins. In New York, Arabs, South Asians and Africans are the predominant ethnic groups practicing Islam. Although Muslim communities are ethnically and racially diverse, they are categorized in ways that have transformed their religious identity into a racialized group. This new form of racial amalgamation is not constructed on underlying skin color similarities but on their religious adherence to Islam. The War on Terror has complicated the image of Muslims by circulating Islamophobia, or the fear of Muslims and Islam, onto American society. Political rhetoric targeting Muslim communities has also incited new ways of misinterpreting Qur’anic text to further marginalize them. Second-generation Muslim Americans are responding to Islamophobia by reframing the negative depictions about their identities through community-based activism. This paper takes an intersectionality approach to understanding how Muslims across the New York metro area are managing their religious identities as they seek to develop a sense of belonging in American society. This ethnographic case study addresses how second-generation Muslims are resisting Islamophobia through community building, civic engagement, and college student associations. Countering Islamophobia has become part of the everyday life experience for Muslims in New York and is currently their main trajectory for integration into American society.
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Bacchus, Nazreen. "Resisting Islamophobia." American Journal of Islam and Society 36, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v36i4.548.
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Since 9/11, second-generation Muslims have experienced an increase in religious discrimination that has presented several challenges to their American integration. Scholars have noted that Muslims are often marginalized and “othered” because of their religious beliefs, attire choices and non-Western ethnic origins. In New York, Arabs, South Asians and Africans are the predominant ethnic groups practicing Islam. Although Muslim communities are ethnically and racially diverse, they are categorized in ways that have transformed their religious identity into a racialized group. This new form of racial amalgamation is not constructed on underlying skin color similarities but on their religious adherence to Islam. The War on Terror has complicated the image of Muslims by circulating Islamophobia, or the fear of Muslims and Islam, onto American society. Political rhetoric targeting Muslim communities has also incited new ways of misinterpreting Qur’anic text to further marginalize them. Second-generation Muslim Americans are responding to Islamophobia by reframing the negative depictions about their identities through community-based activism. This paper takes an intersectionality approach to understanding how Muslims across the New York metro area are managing their religious identities as they seek to develop a sense of belonging in American society. This ethnographic case study addresses how second-generation Muslims are resisting Islamophobia through community building, civic engagement, and college student associations. Countering Islamophobia has become part of the everyday life experience for Muslims in New York and is currently their main trajectory for integration into American society.
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GRUNDLINGH, ALBERT. "THE KING'S AFRIKANERS? ENLISTMENT AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA'S DEFENCE FORCE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–45." Journal of African History 40, no. 3 (November 1999): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799007537.
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In contrast to the situation in Commonwealth countries such as Canada and Australia, South Africa's participation in the Second World War has not been accorded a particularly significant place in the country's historiography. In part at least, this is the result of historiographical traditions which, although divergent in many ways, have a common denominator in that their various compelling imperatives have despatched the Second World War to the periphery of their respective scholarly discourses.Afrikaner historians have concentrated on wars on their ‘own’ soil – the South African War of 1899–1902 in particular – and beyond that through detailed analyses of white politics have been at pains to demonstrate the inexorable march of Afrikanerdom to power. The Second World War only featured insofar as it related to internal Afrikaner political developments. Neither was the war per se of much concern to English-speaking academic historians, either of the so-called liberal or radical persuasion. For more than two decades, the interests of English-speaking professional historians have been dominated by issues of race and class, social structure, consciousness and the social effects of capitalism. While the South African War did receive some attention in terms of capitalist imperialist expansion, the Second World War was left mostly to historians of the ‘drum-and-trumpet’ variety. In general, the First and Second World Wars did not appear a likely context in which to investigate wider societal issues in South Africa.
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Cantir, Cristian. "Kin States in Sub-state Diplomacy Conflict Dynamics." Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isafpa/ory018.
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Abstract How and why do diplomatic activities by sub-state units produce conflict with the central government? To answer this question, scholars have focused on multinational states in which at least one administrative unit—Catalonia, for instance—has an identity that is different from the rest of the country. Such noncentral governments (NCGs), the argument goes, are more likely to engage in uncoordinated bypassing activities and in the international projection of their specific identity in a manner that antagonizes central decision makers. That is especially the case if local elites are dissatisfied with the amount of local autonomy and the institutional tools available for identity protection. This article uses insights from the ethnic conflict and nationalism literature to advance sub-state diplomacy scholarship by adding a transnational dimension to the analysis. Three illustrative case studies—France-Canada-Quebec, Austria-Italy–South Tyrol, and Sweden-Finland–the Åland Islands—reveal that kin states can play a variety of roles in the triangular relationship with the kin NCG and the host state and can either exacerbate or dampen conflictual paradiplomacy. More broadly, the article is an effort to conceptualize the role of sovereign states in sub-state diplomacy.
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Bansal, Rishi. "The Letting Die of the South Asian Body: a Foucauldian Analysis of White Hegemony in Western Cardiovascular Medicine." Journal of Integrative Research & Reflection 3 (June 9, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/jirr.v3.1684.
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Cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada and disproportionately affects those of South Asian ancestry. Anecdotally, stories of missed signs and emergency bypass surgeries are abound; empirically, medical research has identified a series of distinct risk factors for South Asian individuals. However, these factors are typically unrecognized by healthcare workers who are typically trained to use recommendations that are founded research done using Caucasian participants. The consequence of this omission is the normalization of the Caucasian body as 'the body' in medicine through disciplinary and regulatory mechanisms, and the 'letting die' of the South Asian body as a result. In taking a Foucauldian approach to this issue, this essay first maps the empirical evidence for the heightened CVD risk in South Asians, namely their predisposition to developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia, among other factors. Disciplinary mechanisms to enforce social cohesion discount these differences as exceptions, and attempt to rehabilitate the South Asian body towards the Caucasian norm. These actions are often subconscious, but result in real actions like spending less time with South Asian patients, misuse of assessment metrics, and lower cardiac rehabilitation referral rates. On a population level, research funding is rarely given to studies investigating disease in particular ethnic groups. Hence, clinical practice guidelines must rely on incomplete data to create population-level recommendations. These guidelines act as if they apply to all individuals, but are in fact partisan; thus, the biopolitical control of populations is made apparent through the racist undertones that thrum beneath the veneer of an equal society. Ultimately, this essay serves a counterhistorical function, and demands recognition of the South Asian body in the medical literature. The current medical regime routinely discounts populations who exist outside the norm. Future research and acknowledgement of these groups is necessary to ensure equitable treatment of all patients, regardless of their background.
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Mahboubi, Kiana, Steven C. Nakoneshny, Khara Sauro, Samuel Roberts, Rob Hart, T. Wayne Matthews, Joseph Dort, and Shamir P. Chandarana. "The Association of Ethnicity and Oncologic Outcomes for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)." Cancers 16, no. 11 (May 31, 2024): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112117.
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(1) Background: To compare oncologic outcomes of South Asian (SA) patients treated for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to the general population. (2) Methods: Adult patients who underwent surgical resection of OSCC +/− adjuvant treatment between 2009 and 2022 (N = 697) at a regional cancer centre in Canada were included. SA patients, identified using a validated method, were compared to non-SA patients. Kaplan–Meier methods were used to compare the primary outcomes, disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) across baseline univariate characteristics, including betel nut consumption. Median follow-up time was 36.4 months. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify independent predictors of survival with significance set at p < 0.05. (3) Results: SA patients (9% of cohort, N = 64) were significantly younger and had lower rates of smoking and alcohol consumption compared to non-SA patients (p < 0.05). SA patients had a two-fold higher risk of recurrence and significantly worse disease-specific survival, even after adjusting for stage and high-risk features [RFS: HR 2.01 (1.28–3.14), DSS: HR 1.79 (1.12–2.88)]. The consumption of betel nut was not associated with outcomes. (4) Conclusions: SA patients had significantly worse oncologic outcomes, even after controlling for known predictors of poor prognosis. These findings are novel and can inform personalized treatment decisions and influence public health policies when managing patients with different ethnic backgrounds.
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Nautiyal, Dr Durgesh. "Diasporic Consciousness in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i12.10869.
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The term Diaspora has multiple layers of meaning in academic circles today. The term primarily used to refer to Jewish dispersion, came to be used to refer to contemporary situations that involve the experiences of migration, expatriate workers, refugees, exiles, immigrants and ethnic communities. The Indian Diaspora can probably be traced to ancient times when Buddhist monks travelled to remote corners of Asia. During the ancient times a large number of Indians migrated to Far East and South East Asia to spread Buddhism. The issues of colonialism and slavery, insider- outsider have posed the most difficult problems in the production of identity particularly for the black and third world people. In this way, the many diasporic–literary energies work today. For example, India, Africa, Canada and the West Indies have distinct diasporic backgrounds through which the respective writers’ works echo a variety of issues.
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Manley, Susan Elisabeth, Andreas Karwath, John Williams, Peter Nightingale, Jonathan Webber, Rajeev Raghavan, Alison Barratt, et al. "use of HbA1c for new diagnosis of diabetes in those with hyperglycaemia on admission to or attendance at hospital urgently requires research." British Journal of Diabetes 22, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15277/bjd.2022.386.
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The prevalence of diabetes in Birmingham is 11% but it is 22% in hospital inpatients. Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham (QEHB) serves a multi-ethnic population with 6% Afro-Caribbean, 19% South Asian and 70% White European. A clinical audit of 18,965 emergency admissions to QEHB showed that 5% were undiagnosed but had admission glucose in the ‘diabetes’ range and 16% were in the ‘at risk’ range. The proportion of Afro-Caribbeans (7%) and South Asians (8%) in the ‘diabetes’ range was higher than White Europeans (5%). Given the magnitude of the problem, this paper explores the issues concerning the use of reflex HbA1c testing in the UK for diagnosis of diabetes in hospital admissions. HbA1c testing is suitable for most patients but conditions affecting red blood cell turnover invalidate the results in a small number of people. However, there are pertinent questions relating to the introduction of such testing in the NHS on a routine basis. Literature searches on a topical question ‘Is hyperglycaemia identified during emergency admission/attendance acted upon?’, were performed from 2016 to 2021 and 2016 to 2022. They identified 21 different, relevant, research papers - 5 from Australia, 9 from Europe including 4 from the UK, 5 from America and 1 each from Canada and Africa. These papers revealed an absence of established procedures for the management and follow-up of routinely detected hyperglycaemia using HbA1c when no previous diabetes diagnosis was recorded. Further work is required to determine the role of reflex HbA1c testing for diagnosis of diabetes in admissions with hyperglycaemia, and the cost-effectiveness and role of point-of-care HbA1c testing.
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Cadinot, Dominique. "Becoming Part of Mainstream America or Asserting a New Muslim-Americanness: How American Muslims Negotiate their Identity in a post 9/11 Environment." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5695.
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In 2005, historian David R. Roediger published the now-classic Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White in which he recounts how immigrant minorities in the early 20th century secured their place in the “white race” in order to qualify as fully American and be treated with fairness and respect. Muslim immigrants from the Middle-East were no exception to the process described. However, becoming white was a particularly long and arduous journey which eventually led to the 1978 Office of Management Budget directive officially categorizing Middle-Eastern immigrants as white. But the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 sparked new alliances between the various ethnic groups that make up the US Muslim community: Arabs, African-Americans or South-East Asians from all walks of life have joined forces in resisting discrimination and bigotry. Thus, the question arises whether common cultural heritage or faith should be the main force shaping a new collective and visible identity. Also, such process entails a questioning of hierarchies based on socioeconomic status; compared to their African-American coreligionists, American citizens of Arab descent fare much better in terms of education and wealth. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of 9/11 on the way Arab-American Muslims and their community leaders re-define the boundaries of their collective identity and how they forge bonds of solidarity with indigenous Muslims. It seeks to address two related questions: How do Arab-American Muslims relate to the black-white dualist model or racial binary? What role does class identification play in structuring social relations between Arab and African-American Muslims? While I do not negate the fact that in the US race continues to play a fundamental role in structuring social relations, I argue that it is important to pay close attention to how socioeconomic status may condition the formulation of a group identity.
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Pottinger, David Lewis, Regan Gaskin, Amitkumar Mehta, Mona N. Fouad, Soumya J. Niranjan, and Aakash Desai. "Breaking barriers: Effective interventions amplifying minority participation in cancer clinical trials." JCO Oncology Practice 19, no. 11_suppl (November 2023): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/op.2023.19.11_suppl.201.
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201 Background: Cancer-related mortality is disproportionately higher in marginalized populations, necessitating adequate representation in cancer clinical trials. Historically, this goal has been challenging, despite recognition of the importance for clinical practice. Moreover, minority recruitment has decreased in oncology clinical trials published from 2003-2016, indicating an urgent need for effective interventions for this issue. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of interventions focused on increasing minority recruitment/retention in cancer clinical trials between 2012-2023, or on improving attitudes of minority groups towards enrollment. We queried Embase and Scopus databases for articles/abstracts that focused on underrepresented ethnic minority enrollment in cancer clinical trials, in English language, were conducted in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or Western Europe, and were investigating effectiveness of interventions to improve minority enrollment in adult populations. Results: 261 unique articles/abstracts met our search criteria, with an additional 55 duplicates. 117 were removed for being irrelevant or too old, 31 for being reviews, 85 due to not containing an intervention, 5 for not reporting minority data, and 6 for not adequately comparing the strength of interventions. 17 met all inclusion criteria. Several interventions were identified, including targeted patient education (n=7), assigning patient navigators (n=6), community organization engagement (n=3), nested family/community approaches (n=2), and financial assistance (n=1). Targeted education involved video, audio, or interactive mediums. Most studies involved Black (n=12) and Hispanic (n=5) populations, with a smaller number focusing on Asian/Asian Pacific Islanders (n=2), Arabs (n=1), and Indian/South Asians (n=1). Geographically, these studies were notably concentrated in the American South (n=7). The Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions contributed equally (n=3 each), and fewer studies were from the Northeast and West (n=2 each). Conclusions: Racial minorities continue to be underrepresented in cancer clinical trials, underscoring the need for concerted efforts to promote healthcare equity and enhance these trials’ generalizability. In our systematic review, targeted education, patient navigators, and active community engagement emerged as efficacious strategies, and were the most frequently utilized to bolster minority enrollment. Future studies should prioritize investigating and implementing these interventions, to ensure diverse, representative, and applicable clinical trial participation.
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Dogba, Maman Joyce, Michael H. Brent, Catherine Bach, Sarah Asad, Jeremy Grimshaw, Noah Ivers, France Légaré, et al. "Identifying Barriers and Enablers to Attending Diabetic Retinopathy Screening in Immigrants to Canada From Ethnocultural Minority Groups: Protocol for a Qualitative Descriptive Study." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): e15109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15109.
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Background Immigrants to Canada belonging to ethnocultural minority groups are at increased risk of developing diabetes and complications, including diabetic retinopathy, and they are also less likely to be screened and treated. Improved attendance to retinopathy screening (eye tests) has the potential to reduce permanent complications, including blindness. Objective This study aims to identify the barriers and enablers of attending diabetic retinopathy screening among ethnocultural minority immigrants living with diabetes in Quebec and Ontario, Canada, to inform the development of a behavior change intervention to improve diabetic retinopathy screening attendance. Methods The research question draws on the needs of patients and clinicians. Using an integrated knowledge translation approach, the research team includes clinicians, researchers, and patient partners who will contribute throughout the study to developing and reviewing materials and procedures, helping to recruit participants, and disseminating findings. Using a convenience snowball strategy, we will recruit participants from three target groups: South Asian and Chinese people, and French-speaking people of African descent. To better facilitate reaching these groups and support participant recruitment, we will partner with community organizations and clinics serving our target populations in Ontario and Quebec. Data will be collected using semistructured interviews, using topic guides developed in English and translated into French, Mandarin, Hindi, and Urdu, and conducted in those languages. Data collection and analysis will be structured according to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), which synthesizes predominant theories of behavior change into 14 domains covering key modifiable factors that may operate as barriers or enablers to attending eye screening. We will use directed content analysis to code barriers and enablers to TDF domains, then thematic analysis to define key themes within domains. Results This study was approved for funding in December 2017, and the research ethics board approved the conduct of the study as of January 13, 2018. Data collection then began in April 2018. As of August 28, 2018, we have recruited 22 participants, and analysis is ongoing, with results expected to be published in 2020. Conclusions Findings from this study will inform the codevelopment of theory-informed, culturally- and linguistically-tailored interventions to support patients in attending retinopathy screening. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15109
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Hoesterey, James. "Globalization and Islamic Indigenization in Southeast Asian Muslim Communities." ISLAM NUSANTARA:Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47776/islamnusantara.v3i2.370.
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For centuries, what is now commonly referred to in the Cold War-inflected English parlance as “Southeast Asia” has been connected to various regions of the world -- from the transmission of Islam from diverse places in the Middle East, South Asia, and China, to engagements with European colonialism and, more recently, post-independence foreign relations in various regional, multilateral, and global contexts. From the eighth century Muslim traders were traversing the ports of what is now called Southeast Asia, and by the turn of the fourteenth century there is evidence for indigenous Muslim communities.[1] Such economic, cultural, and religious exchange over the centuries has not, despite the warnings of some globalization theorists, led to a homogenization of Southeast Asia, much less a homogenization of Islamic ideas and practices. Rather than coming as a single homogenous and authoritative source, the spread of Islam – and Muslim leaders -- across mainland and island Southeast Asia came from many directions and influences from Mecca and Medina to the Swahili Coast, Yemen, India, the Persian Gulf, Patani networks, and as far as China. Whereas some transmission of Islamic ideas from the Middle East (often led by Southeast Asians, or Jawi, pilgrims, scholars, and travelers who return home) have led to contentious debates and power struggles in particular moments and places, such as the struggle between “old” and “young” movements among Minangkabau in West Sumatra, more recently Southeast Asia – especially Muslim Southeast Asia – has experienced other forms of cultural influence and exchange with East Asian countries like Japan and Korea as well as Western countries from the United States to former European colonial powers.[2] As a nation-state, Indonesia has also begun to come to terms with Chinese Muslims as part of the long histories of Islam and Muslims in the archipelago. Along the way, Southeast Asia’s ethnic communities have retained a sense of cultural, national, and religious identities that are influenced, yet never entirely determined, by outside forces.
[1] Feener 2019, “Islam in Southeast Asia to c. 1800,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.40
[2] For Malaysia, see Michael G. Peletz, Sharia Transformations: Cultural Politics and the Rebranding of an Islamic Judiciary (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020). For the influence of K-Pop, see Ariel Heryanto, Identity and Pleasure: The Politics of Indonesian Screen Culture (Singapore: NUS Press, 2014).
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Zaretsky, Lisa, and Mitchell Clark. "Me, Myself and Us? The Relationship between Ethnic Identity and Hope, Resilience and Family Relationships among Different Ethnic Groups." Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, October 9, 2019, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2019/v32i230167.
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For ethnic minority populations, ethnic identity is associated with an increase in psychological well-being while also being recognized as a protective factor against discrimination and family distress. The aim of this study is to determine the association between ethnic identity and resilience, hope, social connectedness, experiences of discrimination and family relations in a diverse group of ethnicities. This study is correlational in nature and took place at Mount Royal University, located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, between January and April 2019. We included 326 introductory psychology students ranging in age from 17 to 48 with participants identifying as White, Asian, South Asian, Mixed, Black, Latino, First Nations, Metis, Inuit, and Middle Eastern. Participants were asked to complete six questionnaires measuring ethnic identity, resilience, hope, social connectedness, experiences of discrimination and family relations. Results revealed a significant relationship between ethnic identity and hope (r = .14, p = .01). Additionally, family relationships were a significant moderator of the relationship between ethnic identity and resilience (F(1, 322) = 4.98, p < .05). Finally, White participants had a significantly weaker ethnic identity when compared to the Asian, South Asian and Black participants (Welch’s F(7,41) = 9.39, p = .001,η 2= .22). Ethnic identity is associated with higher levels of hope, while strong family relationships moderate the relationship between ethnic identity and resilience. Furthermore, individuals who identify as White have a weaker ethnic identity compared to individuals who identify as Asian, South Asian and Black. More research is required to understand ethnic identity in the White population to help bring awareness to the power and privilege associated with Whiteness and to find ways in which this awareness can help reduce systemic racism and discrimination.