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Journal articles on the topic 'South African Protest poetry'

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Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

D’Abdon, R. "RESISTANCE POETRY IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE POETIC WORKS AND CULTURAL ACTIVISM OF VANONI BILA." Southern African Journal for Folklore Studies 24, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 98–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1016-8427/1675.

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The article explores selected works of Vonani Bila, one of the most influential wordsmiths of post-apartheid South Africa. It outlines the difference between “protest poetry” and “resistance poetry”, and contextualises the contemporary expression(s) of the latter within today’s South Africa’s poetry scene. Focusing on Bila’s “politically engaged” poems and cultural activism, this article maintains that resistance poetry has re-invented itself in the post-94 cultural scenario, and still represents a valid tool in the hands of poets to creatively expose and criticize the enduring contradictions of South African society

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2

Adelokun, Adetunji. "The Politics of Protest in the Post-Apartheid Poetry of Seitlhamo Motsapi and Mxolisi Nyezwa." International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v3i2.414.

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This paper critically examines the manifestation of protest agitations in post-apartheid South African poetry. The paper considered the insightful reflections of two South African poets on the influence of the apartheid administration and other forms of racial profiling and segregation. It is pertinent to note that the paper does not only record the outburst of these writers against apartheid; the crux of the paper is channeled towards the exposition of the perspectives of the selected poets about the traumatic experience of apartheid and the obnoxious nature of the post-apartheid experience. One collection of poetry from Seitlhamo Motsapi and Mxolisi Nyezwa was selected for critical and literary analysis. The paper considers the expression of disaffection by writers in their portrayal of the struggles for socio-political sanity and socioeconomic equanimity after the dehumanizing apartheid regime. The paper posits that writers should continually engage the thesis of post-apartheid and evoke the consciousness of the masses to the nefarious realities of their circumstances. The paper concludes that Africans need to realize their distinctions and peculiarities by looking inwards and reflecting on new ways to chart a new course for future generations.

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3

Kalu Obasi, Kalu,. "Echo of Poesy in South Africa’s Politics: Form and Resistance in Dennis Brutus’ “Simple Lust” and “Letters to Martha”." English Linguistics Research 6, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n4p25.

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Apartheid in South Africa began in 1948 AD with the introduction of separatist rule that introduced draconian principles in government. This made formation of associations impossible. There was no free movement of the Blacks. Pass laws were imposed to prevent the Blacks from free movement. This approach brought protest among reasonable people of the World. Within the literary circle, protest literature ensued and emerged to join forces with organizations to clamp down on the draconian system operatives in South Africa. From the 1950s through the 60s and 80s witnessed a plethora of protest literature against the system of government in South Africa. This paper entitled “Echo of Poesy in South Africa Politics: Form and Resistance in Dennis Brutus’ Letters to Martha and A Simple Lust examined South Africa’s protest literature with particular reference to Dennis Brutus’s poetry of resistance showing the various circumstances which Dennis Brutus offers his poetry of resistance.

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4

Lombard, Daniël B. "The Manifestation of Religious Pluralism in Christian Izibongo." Religion and Theology 6, no. 2 (1999): 168–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430199x00128.

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AbstractThe article contributes to scholarly inquiry into religious pluralism in South Africa, in particular to how Christian doctrine interacts with the African worldview. Evidence for the intercultural and interreligious discourse is based on an analysis of a eulogy of Christ, created and performed in the traditional style of izibongo, or Zulu praise poetry. The conclusion is drawn that the eulogy is a manifestation of vigorous interreligious dynamics, showing that Christianity and izibongo are both remarkably protean in their potential for creative interaction. Christianity is embraced, but simultaneously transformed by the indigenous genre; praise poetry can assert its traditional style, but itself becomes transmuted by Christian doctrine.

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5

Chidi, Tsosheletso, Nompumelelo Zondi, and Gabi Mkhize. "Comparative analysis of black queer feminist isiXhosa and English poetry." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 61, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v61i1.16060.

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Black queer feminist literature remains under-researched. This reflects the societal marginalisation of black queer authors in South Africa. Our article offers a comparative analysis of the representation of black queer women by black queer and cisgender authors in selected isiXhosa and English poetry. The poems selected are from Unam Wena (2021) by Mthunzikazi Mbungwana and red cotton (2018) by vangile gantsho. Firstly, we explore how queer feminism is captured from a Xhosa perspective. Secondly, we explore how English is used to expose readers to black queerness, and, thirdly, we question how literary scholarship influences or limits black queer feminist literature and the functionality of queer feminist poetry as representations of black women. Discourse theory is used to examine how authors of the selected poetry construct knowledge about black queerness from a feminist perspective and shape how people understand it. In this article we adopt a narrative enquiry within the constructionism paradigm with qualitative textual analysis. Our analysis of the poetry reveals that, although the selected poets use two different languages, the same protest voice is foregrounded, with observable differences being primarily technical—namely how form, sound, and structure are employed to set the tone and mood in the issues addressed.

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6

Zondi, N., and N. Canonici. "Protest against social inequalities in B.W. Vilakazi’s poem 'Ngoba ... sewuthi' ('Because ... you now say')." Literator 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2005): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v26i1.220.

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Long before the National Party institutionalised apartheid in 1948, individuals and organisations tried to highlight the injustices of the colonial capitalist system in South Africa, but, as Lodge (1983:6) puts it, “it all ended in speeches”. This article seeks to demonstrate how Benedict Wallet Vilakazi effectively broke the silence by bringing the plight of the black masses to the attention of the world. He strongly protested against the enslavement of black labourers, especially in the gold and diamond mines, that he depicts as responsible for the human, psychological and physical destruction of the black working classes. As a self-appointed spokesperson of the oppressed, he protested against the injustices through the medium of his poetry. One of his grave concerns was the fact that black workers had been reduced to a class with no name, no rights, practically with no life and no soul. The chosen poem “Ngoba … sewuthi” (Because … you now say) is thus representative of the poems in which B.W Vilakazi externalised his commitment to the well-being of the black workers, and his protest against the insensitivity of white employers.

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7

Sadaf and Dr. Sahar Rahman. "Representing Dissent through Poetry: A Study of Select Poems of Maya Angelou." Creative Launcher 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2023.8.3.10.

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Literature in general and protest poetry in particular have been vocal about human condition and problems. This article examines Maya Angelou’s representation of dissent in selected poems, using the historical and socio-political context of her life as a lens. It analyses how Angelou’s work, including “Still I Rise,” “Caged Bird,” “Phenomenal Woman,” and some others, articulates resistance against racial, gender, and social inequalities. Through her powerful metaphors, repetitive phrases, and vivid imagery, Angelou defied societal norms and called for change. The study concludes by emphasizing Angelou’s enduring impact and legacy, not just in literature, but also in shaping civil rights discourse and inspiring social change. Her poetry exemplifies how art can be a potent instrument of protest. The article employs language for ‘writing back’, questioning norms, resisting atrocities and creating scope for change. Protest poetry, which is deeply embedded in American history, remains a prominent part of English literary corpus, contributing greatly to African American literature. The category of African American protest poetry is large owing to the huge expanse of time during which it has been written and also because of the great number of poets who have contributed to this form of writing. As a result, African American protest poetry is divided into three sub-categories– the first deals with protest during slavery, the second during segregation and Jim Crow Laws and the third after political obstacles to equality were presumably removed. This paper aims to deliberate on the following questions— what are the prominent themes of African American protest poetry? How have the African American poets used this genre of literature variously during different historical epochs? How are the concerns of female poets different from their male counterparts? What role has protest poetry played in political movements against inequality, social injustice, oppression, segregation etc.? The present paper aims to engage with this seemingly broad area of literature from the feminist and racial perspectives. The paper intends to deal with few important African American protest poets from foundational poets to the contemporary ones.

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8

Yakovenko, Iryna. "Women’s voices of protest: Sonia Sanchez and Nikki Giovanni’s poetry." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-130-139.

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The paper explores contemporary African American women’s protest poetry in the light of the liberation movements of the mid-20th century – Black Power, Black Arts Movement, Second Wave Feminism. The research focuses on political, social, cultural and aesthetic aspects of the Black women’s resistance poetry, its spirited dialogue with the feminist struggle, and undertakes its critical interpretation using the methodological tools of Cultural Studies. The poetics and style of protest poetry by Sonia Sanchez and Nikki Giovanni, whose literary works have received little scholarly attention literary studies in Ukraine, are analyzed. Protest poetry is defined as politically and socially engaged verse which is oppositional, contestatory and resistant in its subject matter, as well as in the form of (re)presentation. Focusing on political and societal issues, such as slavery, racism, segregation, gender inequality, African American protest poetry is characterized by discourse of resistance and confrontation, disruption of standard English grammar, as well as conventional spelling and syntax. It is argued that militant poems of Sonia Sanchez are marked by the imitations of black speech rhythms and musical patterns of jazz and blues. Similarly, Nikki Giovanni relies on the oral tradition of African American people while creating poetry which was oriented towards performance. The linguistic content of Sanchez and Giovanni’s verses is lowercase lettering for notions associated with “white america”, obscenities targeted at societal racist practices, and erratic capitalization, nonstandard spacing, onomatopoeic syllables, use of vernacular as markers of Black culture. The works of African American women writers, which are under analysis in the essay, constitute creative poetic responses to traumatic history of African American people. Protest poetry of Sonia Sanchez and Nikki Giovanni explicitly express the rhetoric of Black nationalism and comply with the aesthetic principles of the Black Arts movement. They are perceived as consciousness-raising texts by their creators and the audiences they are addressed to. It is argued that although protest and resistance poetry is time- and context-bound, it can transcend the boundaries of historical contexts and act as timeless texts.

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9

Aadnani, Rachid. "Beyond Raï: North African Protest Music and Poetry." World Literature Today 80, no. 4 (2006): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40159129.

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10

Jungin Jo. "Determinants of South African Protest Participation." Ewha Journal of Social Sciences 33, no. 2 (October 2017): 217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.16935/ejss.2017.33.2.007.

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11

Sidley, Pat. "South African doctors march in protest." BMJ 328, no. 7436 (February 12, 2004): 365.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7436.365-a.

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12

Paret, Marcel, and Carin Runciman. "The 2009+ South African Protest Wave." WorkingUSA 19, no. 3 (September 8, 2016): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wusa.12244.

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13

Ohia, Dr Ben-Fred. "The Protest Tradition in African Literature: Symbolism in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah." Journal of Humanities,Music and Dance, no. 35 (September 21, 2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jhmd.35.34.40.

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critical examination of African literature will show that Africa before the advent of Europeans in Africa had two types of literature namely: oral literature and literature written in the indigenous languages. African literature raises the question of defining African literature geographically, racially or culturally and any impingement on any of these is vehemently opposed by African writers in their works: protest novel, protest drama and protest poetry alike. The main purpose of this paper is to explore and establish the idea of “protest” as aspect of the African fiction (novel) as espoused in Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah. This paper adopts ecocriticism and qualitative method. It looks into elements of protest in the chosen text; in reflection to the African fiction and literature generally. It is the findings of this paper that protest in African literature results from the fight for decolonisation and a struggle against intimidation, dehumanisation, degredation of the environment through colonialism and neocolonialism. This paper concludes that this commitment of African literary writers has made African fiction a protest literature, especially as seen in Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah.

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14

Nzongola-Ntalaja. "Protest of the South African Universities Act." ASA News 21, no. 1 (March 1988): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0278221900595315.

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Nzongola-Ntalaja. "Protest of the South African Universities Act." ASA News 21, no. 1 (March 1988): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000202140001015x.

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16

&NA;. "South African HIV infection policies drawing protest." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1236 (May 2000): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200012360-00006.

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17

Moult, Kelley. "Protest protections, protest problems? Reflections from across the spectrum." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (January 25, 2018): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n62a3459.

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18

Moult, Kelley. "Protest protections, protest problems? Reflections from across the spectrum." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (January 25, 2018): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/i62a4309.

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19

Levey, David. "South African poetry - the inward gaze." Scrutiny2 6, no. 1 (January 2001): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125440108565987.

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20

Conn, Stewart. "South African poetry: a personal view." Scrutiny2 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125441.1998.10877335.

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21

HARESNAPE, GEOFFREY. "SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH POETRY AND JERUSALEM." English Studies in Africa 46, no. 2 (January 2003): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138390308691008.

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22

Pisani, J. A. du, M. Broodryk, and P. W. Coetzer. "Protest Marches in South Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 4 (December 1990): 573–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00054744.

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The year 1989 will in future generations be known as the annus mirabilis, not only as far as developments in Eastern Europe are concerned, but also within the context of South African politics. The September general elections for the tricameral Parliament marked a turning point in the direction of governmental policies. Nowhere has the changing mood been more clearly demonstrated than in the streets of the cities and towns. A countrywide spate of protest marches has occurred since the historic first government-approved peaceful anti-apartheid march in Cape Town on 13 September 1989, and these have become the most visible symptom of the advance to the so-called ‘new South Africa’.

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23

Joffe, Sharon L. "African American and South African Poetry of the Oppressed." Peace Review 13, no. 2 (June 2001): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402650120060382.

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24

Ohia, Ben-Fred. "Revolutionist’s View of African Fiction as a Protest Literature: Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’s A Grain of Wheat." International Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2024): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijlll-fwhtaqik.

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Protest in African literature developed out of the misrule, marginalisation, exploitation, deprivation, forced labour, slavery, and subjugation perpetrated by inept, colonialist and neo-colonialist governments in Africa. In South Africa, it is a protest against apartheid;in East Africa, it is a protest against colonial domination of the land; and in West Africa, the protest is centred on the marginalisation and subjugation of the natives by the British colonialists. Aside from these, there is a general protest that spreads the entire continent against blacks’ inhumanity to fellow blacks at the corridor of power – the neocolonialist forces. Hence, there is the African struggle for decolonisation in African novels as evidenced in A Grain of Wheat. Therefore, this paper explores the elements that constitute protest in the novel. In its findings, it is discovered that characteristics such as environment, socio-political, religious and cultural situations prevalent in Africa are the factors that necessitated protest in the novel and African literature generally. This paper concludes that the protest in A Grain of Wheat is a struggle for decolonisation of an African Nation – Kenya and by extension the African continent. The paper recommends the sustenance of the commitment (which has made African fiction a protest literature) of African writers towards liberating African nations from the shackles of neo-colonialism in the 21st century.

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25

Ally, Nurina. "Failing to respect and fulfill: South African law and the right to protest for children." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n62a3109.

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Despite the historical and ongoing importance of protest as a vehicle for children to express themselves, current laws fail to protect and enable children’s participation in protest. More than two decades after the formal end of apartheid, a child may be subject to criminal processes for convening a peaceful, unarmed protest. This article highlights the importance of the right to protest for children and the obligation on the state to respect, protect and fulfil the right to protest, specifically taking into account children’s interests. Through a description of the Mlungwana & Others vs The State and Others case, the article highlights the manner in which the criminalisation of peaceful protest by the Regulation of Gatherings Act fails to take into account the best interests of children and violates the right to protest.

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26

Ally, Nurina. "Failing to respect and fulfill: South African law and the right to protest for children." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/i62a3109.

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Despite the historical and ongoing importance of protest as a vehicle for children to express themselves, current laws fail to protect and enable children’s participation in protest. More than two decades after the formal end of apartheid, a child may be subject to criminal processes for convening a peaceful, unarmed protest. This article highlights the importance of the right to protest for children and the obligation on the state to respect, protect and fulfil the right to protest, specifically taking into account children’s interests. Through a description of the Mlungwana & Others vs The State and Others case, the article highlights the manner in which the criminalisation of peaceful protest by the Regulation of Gatherings Act fails to take into account the best interests of children and violates the right to protest.

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27

Lockett, Cecily. "South African Women's Poetry: A Gynocritical Perspective." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 11, no. 1 (1992): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463781.

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28

van WYK, JORAN. "Afrikaans Poetry and the South African Intertext." Matatu 15-16, no. 1 (April 26, 1996): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-90000172.

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29

Hunter, T. W. "African-American Women Workers' Protest in the New South." OAH Magazine of History 13, no. 4 (June 1, 1999): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/13.4.52.

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30

Roberts, Benjamin James, Narnia Bohler-Muller, Jare Struwig, Steven Lawrence Gordon, Ngqapheli Mchunu, Samela Mtyingizane, and Carin Runciman. "Protest Blues: Public opinion on the policing of protest in South Africa." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n62a3040.

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The policing response to rising protest action in the country has received increased attention in the last decade. This is particularly owing to concerns over confrontations during which protesters have been arrested, injured and in some instances killed by the police. Despite the criticism voiced by various stakeholders about the manner in which the police manage crowd gatherings, relatively little is known about the views of South African adults on the policing of protest action and the factors that shape such attitudes. To provide some insight, this article draws on data from a specialised module on protest-related attitudes and behaviour that was fielded as part of the 2016 round of the Human Sciences Research Council’s South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) series. This nationally representative survey included specific questions probing the public’s overall evaluation of the performance of the police in dealing with protests, and the justifiability of the use of force in policing protest action. The article will present a national picture of people’s views on the policing of protest, based on these measures, and then determine the extent to which there are distinct underlying socio-demographic cleavages in these data. A combination of bivariate and multivariate analysis is undertaken in order to understand how perceptions of effectiveness, acceptability and reported participation in protest (especially disruptive and violent actions) shape people’s views regarding policing of protest. The article concludes with a discussion that reflects on the implications of the research for the policing of protest action in future, given the appreciable rise in the incidence of protest since the mid-2000s and the mounting tensions between state institutions and communities over the political, moral and constitutional arguments for and against such actions.

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31

Roberts, Benjamin James, Narnia Bohler-Muller, Jare Struwig, Steven Lawrence Gordon, Ngqapheli Mchunu, Samela Mtyingizane, and Carin Runciman. "Protest Blues: Public opinion on the policing of protest in South Africa." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/i62a3040.

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Abstract:

The policing response to rising protest action in the country has received increased attention in the last decade. This is particularly owing to concerns over confrontations during which protesters have been arrested, injured and in some instances killed by the police. Despite the criticism voiced by various stakeholders about the manner in which the police manage crowd gatherings, relatively little is known about the views of South African adults on the policing of protest action and the factors that shape such attitudes. To provide some insight, this article draws on data from a specialised module on protest-related attitudes and behaviour that was fielded as part of the 2016 round of the Human Sciences Research Council’s South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) series. This nationally representative survey included specific questions probing the public’s overall evaluation of the performance of the police in dealing with protests, and the justifiability of the use of force in policing protest action. The article will present a national picture of people’s views on the policing of protest, based on these measures, and then determine the extent to which there are distinct underlying socio-demographic cleavages in these data. A combination of bivariate and multivariate analysis is undertaken in order to understand how perceptions of effectiveness, acceptability and reported participation in protest (especially disruptive and violent actions) shape people’s views regarding policing of protest. The article concludes with a discussion that reflects on the implications of the research for the policing of protest action in future, given the appreciable rise in the incidence of protest since the mid-2000s and the mounting tensions between state institutions and communities over the political, moral and constitutional arguments for and against such actions.

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32

Morve, Roshan K. "Voice of Protest against Choice of Politics: A Study of Selected Texts in South African Literature." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v3i1.304.

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This paper interrogates the nature of protest literature as well as their issues and problems while addressing the discourse on apartheid South Africa underlined the politics. In this paper, I explore the connection of banned books of history with the present time. In South Africa: the numbers of the books banned, and these books never become part of a literary form. As a result, it also claims to the Censorship Act (have an authority to ban the books). This paper relates to examine the relationship between these two major research queries, which underpins as under two contexts as: (i) Protest literature and (ii) Racial discrimination. The racial discrimination needs for understanding the problems and struggle in South African. It also ignites to the fight for human rights of the people, who suffer from inequality and struggling for their identity crisis. South African novels represent the problems and concerns of people who belong to the marginal group. However, this paper focuses on South African protest literature, which demands to the end of racial discrimination, unequal educational system and segregation as divided land policy represents through the discourses. This paper has significant to demand for equality and justice through the protest literature also it demands of non-racial society as well. I come to conclude, it can be inferred in apartheid and the post-apartheid government failed to give equal rights to all.

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33

Bohler-Muller, Narnia, Benjamin James Roberts, Jare Struwig, Steven Lawrence Gordon, Thobeka Radebe, and Peter Alexander. "Minding the Protest: Attitudes towards different forms of protest action in contemporary South Africa." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n62a3041.

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This article focuses on providing new insights into the nature of public opinion about protest action in South Africa. Since the mid-2000s the country has experienced one of the world’s highest levels of popular protest and strike action, combined with the recent resurgence of an active student protest movement. Sociological research into these protests has suggested that they represent distinct phenomena and that local protests have assumed plural forms that cut across simple violent/non-violent and orderly/disorderly binary distinctions. Despite the rapid growth of literature on South African protests, surprisingly little is known about public opinion relating to various forms of protest. Consequently, this article aims to examine differences with regard to the acceptability, perceived effectiveness and participation in respect of three categories of protest action, namely orderly, disruptive and violent protests. The article uses data from a protest module included as part of the 2016 round of the South African Social Attitudes Survey, a nationally representative series conducted annually by the Human Sciences Research Council. Apart from determining the nature and extent of variation in opinion regarding the three types of protest action on aggregate, the article explores patterns of similarity and differentiation across societal groups, based on class, age, race, gender and geography. Finally, we analyse how and for whom perspectives on the three forms of protest have changed over the course of a generation by drawing on functionally equivalent data collected in 1995. The article concludes by reflecting on whether the evidence supports key hypotheses regarding the ‘rebellion of the poor’1 in the country.

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34

Bohler-Muller, Narnia, Benjamin James Roberts, Jare Struwig, Steven Lawrence Gordon, Thobeka Radebe, and Peter Alexander. "Minding the Protest: Attitudes towards different forms of protest action in contemporary South Africa." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/i62a3041.

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Abstract:

This article focuses on providing new insights into the nature of public opinion about protest action in South Africa. Since the mid-2000s the country has experienced one of the world’s highest levels of popular protest and strike action, combined with the recent resurgence of an active student protest movement. Sociological research into these protests has suggested that they represent distinct phenomena and that local protests have assumed plural forms that cut across simple violent/non-violent and orderly/disorderly binary distinctions. Despite the rapid growth of literature on South African protests, surprisingly little is known about public opinion relating to various forms of protest. Consequently, this article aims to examine differences with regard to the acceptability, perceived effectiveness and participation in respect of three categories of protest action, namely orderly, disruptive and violent protests. The article uses data from a protest module included as part of the 2016 round of the South African Social Attitudes Survey, a nationally representative series conducted annually by the Human Sciences Research Council. Apart from determining the nature and extent of variation in opinion regarding the three types of protest action on aggregate, the article explores patterns of similarity and differentiation across societal groups, based on class, age, race, gender and geography. Finally, we analyse how and for whom perspectives on the three forms of protest have changed over the course of a generation by drawing on functionally equivalent data collected in 1995. The article concludes by reflecting on whether the evidence supports key hypotheses regarding the ‘rebellion of the poor’1 in the country.

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35

Woeber, C. "‘Text’ and ‘voice’ in recent South African poetry." Literator 17, no. 2 (April 30, 1996): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v17i2.610.

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This article explores in some depth two volumes of poetry which are indicative of a tension between the poem as ‘text’ and the poem as ‘voice’, or the self-conscious (metaphoric) ‘reading' or ‘rewriting ’ of the world versus the outward (prophetic) ‘speaking' to the world. While neither book is hermetically sealed and, like all rich poetry, delights in transgressing categories, each is distinctive enough to lend itself to exploration in terms of ‘text’ and ‘voice’. The article argues that John Mateer, the self-avowed iconoclast yet to find an individual voice, is postmodern in his reading and rewriting of the fragmented world, while Joan Metelerkamp is closer to the modernists in her speaking to the hallowed world as poet-prophet, eschewing textual pyrotechnics while situating herself within poetic tradition.

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Meihuizen, Nicholas. "‘Shaping lines’: New South African poetry, 1994–1995." English Academy Review 12, no. 1 (December 1995): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10131759585310101.

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37

Plaut, M. "South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in." History Workshop Journal 69, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbp035.

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38

Skelton, Ann, and Martin Nsibirwa. "#Schools on fire: Criminal justice responses to protests that impede the right to basic education." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n62a3090.

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In recent years, schools have borne the brunt of protesters’ frustrations with the lack of access to services in South Africa. A 2016 investigative hearing by the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) explored the causes of the protests and examined the failure to prevent the destruction of school property. It found that no one was held accountable for the protest-related damage. This article explores the competing constitutionally protected rights of protest and education. Although the right to protest is central in a democracy, it must be exercised peacefully with minimal disruptions to the right to education. Protest action that causes destruction should be criminally sanctioned; however, action that impedes access to education through threats and intimidation is difficult to deal with in the criminal justice system. This article questions the applicability of section 3(6) of the South African Schools Act, which makes it an offence to stop children attending school, and considers the proposed amendments to the Act in light of these critiques. The article explores possible prosecution relying on the Intimidation Act, and finds that the Act is under constitutional challenge. The article concludes that the focus on prevention as contained in the SAHRC report is not misplaced, given the challenges in holding protesters accountable under criminal law.

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Skelton, Ann, and Martin Nsibirwa. "#Schools on fire: Criminal justice responses to protests that impede the right to basic education." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 62 (December 13, 2017): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2017/i62a3090.

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Abstract:

In recent years, schools have borne the brunt of protesters’ frustrations with the lack of access to services in South Africa. A 2016 investigative hearing by the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) explored the causes of the protests and examined the failure to prevent the destruction of school property. It found that no one was held accountable for the protest-related damage. This article explores the competing constitutionally protected rights of protest and education. Although the right to protest is central in a democracy, it must be exercised peacefully with minimal disruptions to the right to education. Protest action that causes destruction should be criminally sanctioned; however, action that impedes access to education through threats and intimidation is difficult to deal with in the criminal justice system. This article questions the applicability of section 3(6) of the South African Schools Act, which makes it an offence to stop children attending school, and considers the proposed amendments to the Act in light of these critiques. The article explores possible prosecution relying on the Intimidation Act, and finds that the Act is under constitutional challenge. The article concludes that the focus on prevention as contained in the SAHRC report is not misplaced, given the challenges in holding protesters accountable under criminal law.

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ADHIKARI, MOHAMED. "‘THE PRODUCT OF CIVILIZATION IN ITS MOST REPELLENT MANIFESTATION’: AMBIGUITIES IN THE RACIAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE APO (AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION), 1909–23." Journal of African History 38, no. 2 (July 1997): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796006949.

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Historical writing on the coloured community of South Africa has tended to accept coloured identity as given and to portray it as fixed. The failure to take cognizance of the fluidity of coloured self-definition and the ambiguities inherent to the process has resulted in South African historiography presenting an over-simplified image of the phenomenon. The problem stems partly from an almost exclusive focus on coloured protest politics which has had the effect of exaggerating the resistance of coloureds to white supremacism and largely ignoring their accommodation with the South African racial system. Furthermore, little consideration has been given to the role that coloured people themselves have played in the making of their own identity or to the manner in which this process of self-definition shaped political consciousness. This is particularly true of analyses of the period following the inauguration of the Union of South Africa in 1910, a time when the legitimacy of coloured identity was not in any way questioned within the coloured community and when coloured protest politics was dominated by one body, the African Political Organization (APO).

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Maiwong, Eric Dzeayele. "The Use of Marked English Verbs as a Tool of Protest in African Commonwealth Poetry." Studies in English Language Teaching 12, no. 2 (June 2, 2024): p175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v12n2p175.

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This paper examines the use of marked English verbs as an aspect of the highly technical manipulation of the English Language by some distinguished African Commonwealth poets, in order to achieve their aims. By using data from African Commonwealth Poetry, selected from the writings of Brutus (1973), Nortje (1973), and Mtshali (1972), and basing the analysis on Markedness theories, Semiotics, and Critical Discourse Analysis in order to buttress its analysis. Among its key findings and contributions, the paper establishes that marked English verbs constitute an efficient tool that enables the three poets in focus to protest against the various injustices of apartheid and that Africanization of the English Language is not the only solution available to African Commonwealth writers, as they grapple with the problem of expressing themselves in a foreign language. Furthermore, the paper has made a pertinent contribution in linguistic studies by proving that the linguistic phenomenon of markedness goes beyond existing linguistic terms like hyponymy and polysemy and can thus not be better expressed by them as some scholars claim. It equally proves that a closer study of African Commonwealth Literature necessitates an analytical study of various parts of speech and not only the bigger units of English. Finally, in the analysis of a data of marked English verbs, it has been discovered that markedness as specification for semantic distinction can lead not only to a suggestion of adjectivals and adverbials, but also to that of figures of speech.

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Brooks, Heidi. "Democracy and its discontents: Protest from a police perspective." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 67 (May 15, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2019/v0n67a5711.

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In South Africa, media and scholarly research has increasingly drawn into question the correctness of police responses to post-1994 popular protest. Assessments of democratic policing, moreover, emphasise the critical role of the police in democratic development. Existing accounts of protest, however, seldom draw upon the assessments of individual police members. In an attempt to understand the challenges to democratic policing and the dynamics and complexities of protest, this article examines protest from the perspective of rank and file officers in the South African Police Service (SAPS). It shows, not only the importance of recognising bottom-up perspectives in constructing appropriate responses to protest, but the complexity of SAPS members’ own identities as both officers and citizens. Reports of police action indicate the sometimes unwarranted and disproportional use force. Yet, simultaneously, for many officers, protest seems to straddle their police and private lives, conferring on them a duty to enforce law and order, while experiencing the shortcomings of democracy themselves.

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Brooks, Heidi. "Democracy and its discontents: Protest from a police perspective." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 67 (May 15, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2019/i67a5711.

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Abstract:

In South Africa, media and scholarly research has increasingly drawn into question the correctness of police responses to post-1994 popular protest. Assessments of democratic policing, moreover, emphasise the critical role of the police in democratic development. Existing accounts of protest, however, seldom draw upon the assessments of individual police members. In an attempt to understand the challenges to democratic policing and the dynamics and complexities of protest, this article examines protest from the perspective of rank and file officers in the South African Police Service (SAPS). It shows, not only the importance of recognising bottom-up perspectives in constructing appropriate responses to protest, but the complexity of SAPS members’ own identities as both officers and citizens. Reports of police action indicate the sometimes unwarranted and disproportional use force. Yet, simultaneously, for many officers, protest seems to straddle their police and private lives, conferring on them a duty to enforce law and order, while experiencing the shortcomings of democracy themselves.

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Goluboff, Risa L. "“Won't You Please Help Me Get My Son Home”: Peonage, Patronage, and Protest in the World War II Urban South." Law & Social Inquiry 24, no. 04 (1999): 777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1999.tb00405.x.

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During World War II, young African Americans from southern cities left their homes for what appeared to be patriotic job opportunities harvesting sugar cane in Florida. When returning workers described peonage and slavery instead, parents worried about their children's safety. After attempting to contact their children directly, the parents appealed to the federal government. Their decision to mobilize the federal government and the strategies they used to do so reveal important aspects of wartime African American protest that historians have previously overlooked. This article focuses on families instead of atomized individuals, revealing the importance of families, neighborhoods, and communities to the emergence of rights consciousness. It also complicates the historiographical dichotomy between rights consciousness and patronage relationships. Patrons served as liaisons with law enforcement agencies and provided links to a law-centered rights consciousness. For many historians, until protest exits the realm of patronage ties, it is not really protest, and once interactions with government themselves become bureaucratized they cease to be protest any longer. The efforts of the peons' families challenge both ends of this narrow category of protest; they both used patronage relations to lodge their protests and also forged rights consciousness within the legal process itself.

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Barnard, Rita. "Speaking Places: Prison, Poetry, and the South African Nation." Research in African Literatures 32, no. 3 (September 2001): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ral.2001.32.3.155.

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Lewis, Simon. "Conning the contours of South African poetry, 1970–2010." Journal of the African Literature Association 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2020.1870374.

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Klopper, Dirk. "Ideology and the study of South African English poetry." Journal of Literary Studies 3, no. 4 (December 1987): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564718708529842.

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Foley, Andrew. "Anthologising South African poetry: historical trends and future directions." Scrutiny2 21, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125441.2016.1240150.

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RAMAKUELA, NDAVHE. "STEPPING WITH SEITLHAMO MOTSAPI: DIRECTION FOR SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY." English Studies in Africa 40, no. 2 (January 1997): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138399708691257.

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RETIEF, GLEN. "IMAGISM AND BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY: MONGANE WALLY SEROTE'SYAKHAL'INKOMO." English Studies in Africa 42, no. 2 (January 1999): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138399908691282.

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