Academic literature on the topic 'Sourds – Au cinéma'

Un aesh doit s’adapter à l’étudiant ou l’enfant qu’il accompagne. Comment faire lorsque l’étudiant accompagné ne parle pas la même langue que ses professeurs et camarades ? Les étudiants sourds sont dans cette situation et nous soulignons ici l’importance de recruter des aesh connaissant la langue des signes et la culture sourde pour accompagner les Sourds. Spécialisée en langue des signes, j’ai accompagné un étudiant sourd en master de cinéma et témoigne de la nécessité de ma présence à ses côtés comme de l’absence de formation pour devenir aesh .

La transition, puisqu’il n’y eut point de coupure, du cinéma muet au parlant nous permet de retracer le parcours d’une parole filmique en quête de voix depuis ses origines. Cette voix, tantôt regrettée dans les films que Chion (1993) nomme « sourds » plutôt que « muets », tantôt rejetée sous le « 100 % parlant », erre encore à la surface de l’écran comme dans un entre-deux, à la recherche de la reconnaissance vis-à-vis de son double, l’image.

La transition, puisqu’il n’y eut point de coupure, du cinéma muet au parlant nous permet de retracer le parcours d’une parole filmique en quête de voix depuis ses origines. Cette voix, tantôt regrettée dans les films que Chion (1993) nomme « sourds » plutôt que « muets », tantôt rejetée sous le « 100 % parlant », erre encore à la surface de l’écran comme dans un entre-deux, à la recherche de la reconnaissance vis-à-vis de son double, l’image.

Color was very frequent in cinema since its beginning and the notion of synesthesia has always been important – not only for abstract films, but for cinema in general. This article discusses synesthetic relations between images and sounds in the cinema, taking as example the film Sunrise (F. W. Murnau, 1927). Then, we examine more specifically the association between colors and sounds and some of its reverberations in the field of moving images, commenting three experiments quite different from each other: the Corning kinetic-therapeutic experiment (1899), the Jenkins Phantascope (1895) and Loyd Jones kaleidoscope (1924) and Sonochrome (1929).

La bande dessinée est un medium pensé en 2D et souvent déployé sur papier (Falardeau, 2008). Comment en créer une en langue des signes québécoise (LSQ), cette langue tridimensionnelle (3D) dont la vidéo s’avère la meilleure forme d’écriture ? Une bande dessinée vidéo… est-ce encore une BD ? C’est tombé dans l’oreille d’une Sourde est une bande dessignée, néologisme créé pour désigner cette bande dessinée bilingue vidéographiée en langue des signes québécoise (LSQ) et en français. Produite à partir d’extraits de rencontres avec des personnes sourdes et des membres de ma famille entendante réalisées dans le cadre de ma thèse de recherche-création, elle propose diverses réflexions sur la sourditude (Ladd, 2005), ce concept qui englobe les diverses manières de vivre comme personnes sourdes et de réfléchir aux enjeux que cela soulève. Chassé-croisé entre écriture créative en français, citations thématiques en LSQ et extraits de ma thèse inédite, cette contribution propose une réflexion, dans une posture de déconstruction, sur la création signée (en langues des signes) et l’intermédialité, en prenant comme site particulier la production d’une BD en LSQ, une création aux confins de la bande dessinée, de la littérature et du cinéma. L’article aborde notamment un survol des systèmes d’écriture en langue des signes, une réflexion sur la déconstruction de la bande dessinée entendante et une exploration de l’intermédialité comme site d’agentivité. Si « l’écriture est la condition de l’epistémè » (Derrida, 1967), la recherche-création à travers les médias numériques favorise cette écriture signée nécessaire à la création de savoirs et de productions culturelles en langues des signes.

<p><strong>Resumo</strong>: Este texto constitui-se de escritos que visam a apresentar uma proposta de pesquisa com as imagens e os sons do cinema, apontando para a criação de geografias oriundas do encontro entre os universos culturais de cada um de nós e as imagens e os sons de cada filme.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>: This text has as its objective to present a research proposal on the images and sounds of cinema, pointing towards the creation of geographies stemming from the encounter between each one's cultural universe and the images and sounds of films.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: cinema; geography; research.</p>

At the core of Deleuze’s theorization of the time-image is the ‘crystal image’ that appears as a direct presentation of time in an indiscernibility of the actual and the present from the virtual in various forms. Lending his ears to cinema after the Second World War, Deleuze coins the term ‘sound-crystal’, but he neither sufficiently engages with it nor thinks about it beyond music. Turning to film sound scholarship or film philosophy is futile in a similar fashion. To address these gaps in Deleuze, film philosophy and sound in cinema, I listen carefully to a number of contemporary films and TV shows in which sound crystallization splits time in an indiscernibility of the perceived actual from the virtual sounds of recollections, dreams, hallucinations, fantasies and worlds. I argue that crystallization of sounds avoids an anthropocentric approach to understanding the relation between a sound and its source which cannot be claimed to ‘voice’ it.

Seuls deux ouvrages abordent la question de la surdité au cinéma. Il ne faudrait cependant pas croire que ce sujet manque d'intérêt. Nous postulons même que ce thème offre une richesse insoupçonnée. Notre thèse s'engage ainsi dans l'exploration de la relation complexe et dynamique entre le cinéma et la surdité, en l’observant sous différents angles. En nous appuyant sur les Deaf et disability Studies, nous examinerons les diverses empreintes que la surdité a pu laisser dans l'art cinématographique, ainsi que celles laissées par le cinéma dans la culture sourde. Pour cela, nous chercherons à comprendre comment le cinéma et la communauté sourde se rencontrent, s’influencent mais également entrent parfois en conflit. Des premières réalisations phonoscopiques de Demenÿ jusqu’aux productions grand public contemporaines, en passant par des créations en langue des signes, nous mettrons en lumière le rôle souvent méconnu des personnes sourdes dans l’histoire du cinéma, en tant que sujets, acteur·rice·s, producteur·rice·s et réalisateur·rice·s. Notre exploration nous amènera à nous demander quelles transformations le cinéma subit, tant dans sa forme que dans son fond, lorsqu’il rentre en contact avec la culture Sourde, et vice et versa. Nous examinerons également les efforts déployés par celleux qui cherchent à faire du cinéma un espace « commun » aux sourd·e·s et aux entendant·e·s
Despite the fact that, to date, only a couple of books treat of deafness in cinema, we should not hastily conclude that this subject lacks interest. We even postulate that this subject offers unsuspected richness. Our thesis thus engages in the exploration of this complex and dynamic relationship which exists between cinema and deafness, by observing it from different angles. We will therefore rely on Deaf and Disability Studies to examine the various marks that deafness has left in cinematographic art, as well as those left by cinema in Deaf culture. To do this, we will look back in history and seek to understand how cinema and the deaf community meet, influence each other or come into conflict. From Demenÿ's first phonoscopic productions to contemporary mainstream productions, including creations in sign language, we will highlight the often overlooked role of deaf people in the history of cinema, as subjects, actors, producers and directors. Our exploration will lead us to ask ourselves what transformations cinema undergoes, both in its form and in its content, when it comes into contact with Deaf culture, and vice versa. We will also examine the efforts made by those who seek to make cinema a “common” space for deaf and hearing people
Https://youtu.be/Evq_Jgd4DBU

Introduit au cinéma quelques dizaines d'années après la naissance de cet art, le son a toujours fait sentir la place qui est la sienne. De nos jours encore, même si beaucoup de progrès comme la synchronisation avec l'image, l'acceptation du son dans la création cinématographique, l'amélioration de la qualité du son, la spatialisation-enveloppement du son sont entre autres des éléments à saluer, ce dernier, surtout dans sa relation avec l'image filmique semble être laissé à la merci des firmes qui se disputent le marché. Les documents qui traitent de ce domaine n'existent presque pas hormis quelques lignes dans certaines revues. Des questions demeurent sans réponse : pourquoi l'emploi du son multicanal au cinéma ? Quelles raisons esthétiques poursuivies aux regards des points de vue aristotélicien et kantien de l'art ?
Introduced to the cinema a few decades after the birth of this art, sound has always felt the place is hers. Even today, although much progress as synchronization with the image, the acceptance of sound in film creation, improved sound quality, the spatial-wrap are among its other elements greet. The latter, specializing and envelope with the audiovisual films seem to be left to thank you for firms that compete in the market. Documents that address this area are hardly except in some few lines reviewed. Questions remains unanswered why the use of multichannel sound in cinema? What could be the reasons for the continued aesthetic according to Aristotelian and Kantian theories of art?

Un Barrage contre le Pacifique, L'Amant and L'Amant de la Chine du Nord, three books written by Marguerite Duras, can be distinguished from the rest of the author's literary production by their will to rewrite the author's love story with a Chinese man. In the first novel of this cycle, cinema occupies such an important place as a theme that it influences the characters' life. In the two other novels, it appears less as a theme than through cinematographical devices that transform the author's literary style.
This thesis attempts to explain in what way cinema influences the novelistic writing of Marguerite Duras. More specifically, this study exposes the three novels' generical, intertextual, thematical and semiotical characteristics in order to establish how they contribute to the creation of a particular writing style influenced by cinema.

La tradition orale est un mode de communication traditionnelle qui a joué un rôle primordial quant à la transmission du savoir et des connaissances dans la culture arabo-musulmane. L'avènement de l'Islam et son expansion a permis à la société arabe de passer d'une culture orale à une culture visuelle, celle de l'écrit et de la représentation malgré l'opposition religieuse aux arts de l'image. Plusieurs formes de représentation sont apparues. On peut citer la calligraphie qui est devenue un moyen de figurer par l'écrit, la miniature, la peinture, le théâtre d'ombres, le théâtre occidental et les arts de l'image fixe et en mouvement. L'adoption de ces nouvelles formes de communication par la société arabe a permis à la tradition orale d'affirmer son pouvoir d'adaptation et d'être une source d'inspiration pour ses artistes créateurs. En revanche, elle a fait perdre à la tradition orale sa place d'autrefois - l'unique gardienne de la mémoire collective-. La création audiovisuelle comme un des supports d'adaptation de la tradition orale, a rencontré plusieurs problèmes car c'est une technique étrangère à la société arabe. Des initiatives de sauvegarde et de revalorisation de ce patrimoine traditionnel ont été faites par des producteurs et des cinéastes arabes. Le cinéma et la télévision peuvent être les meilleurs moyens pour préserver des éléments de la tradition orale. Toutefois, le passage du récit oral au récit cinématographique entrainera nécessairement une modification de la forme du langage, du temps et de l'espace. L'analyse des films inspirés de la tradition orale démontre d'une part, que l'attitude du cinéaste envers son patrimoine varie d'une personne à l'autre car elle suit ses exigences morales et intellectuelles. D'autre part, que le récit oral et le conte peut être producteur de nouvelles formes narratives dans le cinéma arabe et une des sources de son authenticité
The oral tradition is a mode of traditional way of communication that has played a key role as a vehicle of the knowledge transmission in the arabo-islamic culture. The advent of the Islam and its expansion has led to a major change from an "oral type culture" to a "visual type culture" based mainly on written documents, and image figuration, thus, dispite the religion opposition to the image reproduction. Among the many representation modes that had appeared at that time, calligraphy, which became a new artistic way of writing, the miniature, the painting, the shadow theater, the western theater and in general arts of the image ether fixed or in movement, were from the most important artistic changes. Those new communication moves had evolved as major ways of communication, the oral tradition which had been the unique vehicle for the collective memory storage has to adapt effectively itself to remain as a source of inspiration for artists and creators. One of the most obvious new adaptation mode of the oral tradition that had appeared, the audiovisual creation was one from the most significant. But the audiovisual creation faced many problems mainly because it was a technique imported from foreigner countries. Many trials of the safeguard of the oral tradition have been carried out by several producers and film makers from the oral world the cinema and the television indeed way and do represent the best way to preserve the basic elements of the oral tradition. However the transition from an oral tradition to an image representation tradition (i. E. Cinematographic account) will necessarly lead to a change in the langage form. The analysis of some films made directors form the arab culture, and inspired from earther oral traditio, illustrates the different attitude of the arab film directors towards the inherited patrimony which varies from one to another depending on this moral and intellectual standards in life. Nevertheless, and despite the difficulties faced by the arab oral tradition in integrating completly transmission mode (i. E, cinema), the oral account can without doubt generate new narrative forms in the arab cinema and can be one of the most significant source of its authenticity

Des Griffes de la nuit de Wes Craven en 1984 à Pirates des Caraïbes : la fontaine de jouvence de Rob Marshall en 2011, Johnny Depp a bâti une des oeuvres les plus originales et les plus éclectiques de l’histoire du jeu d’acteur américain au cinéma. Dès ses deux premiers grands rôles, il a installé les fondements d’une conduite artistique à laquelle il a peu dérogé. Avec Cry-Baby de John Waters en 1989, il exagère chaque posture et chaque expression, jusqu’à la défiguration. L’année suivante, il a livré l’interprétation dépouillée de la créature mi-homme,mi-machine d’Edward aux mains d’argent de Tim Burton.Depuis, rares sont les personnages deppiens qui échappent au désir de métamorphosede l’acteur, lequel est alimenté par des sources d’inspiration à la présence visuelle singulière et parachevé par le recours aussi bien au sous-jeu qu’au sur-jeu. Depp invente de nouvelles formes expressives en multipliant et en harmonisant les manifestations de ces registres antagonistes
From Wes Craven’s A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) to Rob Marshall’s Pirates of theCarribean: On Stranger Tides (2011), Johnny Depp has built one of the most original andeclectic careers in the history of American film acting. As early as his first two big roles hehas exhibited a strong sense of artistic ethic from which he has rarely departed. In JohnWaters’ Cry-Baby (1989), he exaggerated each gesture, each facial expression. The followingyear, he starkly impersonated Tim Burton’s half machine, half human Edward Scissorhands.Since his debut, the characters played by Depp rarely escaped this transformative urge,which draws inspiration from various aesthetic sources and culminates in the skilful use ofboth underplay and overplay. Depp creates new forms of artistic expression by merging andharmonising these two opposing styles

La sempiternelle recherche de compréhension par le visuel, des émotions générées par la musique, ouvre un horizon de paradoxes au cinéma qui mérite que l'on s'y attarde. L'esthétique du réalisateur-compositeur Tom Tykwer qui réalise ses films comme Wagner compose ses opéras en écrivant partition et livret, et dont l'inflexibilité sur sa double fonction est probablement unique au cinéma, nous sert de modèle pour consolider notre révision de quelques pensées communément admises sur la relation entre musique et images. Nous y revisitons la définition de la musique en tant que matière sonore du film, la question de sa concordance avec l'image, de son indépendance alors qu'elle intègre un tout unifié, ainsi que de son rapport aux sens et à leur transcendance. Les images comme substrat matériel et la musique comme élément de conscience chez ce réalisateur-compositeur, conservent leur autonomie de sens alors même que la partition est intimement liée à la structure du film. Elles s'inscrivent dans un rapport de complémentarité qui remet en cause tout un paradigme basé sur l'idée d'analogie ou de convergence, en somme, de dualité entre images et musique au cinéma
The perennial search of comprehension by the visual, of emotions generated by music, opens an horizon of paradoxes in cinema that merits further consideration. Filmmaker-composer Tom Tykwer's aesthetics that allows him to direct movies as Wagner composes his operas by writing scores and libretto, and whose inflexibility of his double function is probably unique in cinema, serve us as model to strengthen our revision of some commonly admitted thoughts about the relationship between music and images. We reassess the definition of music as sound material of films, the question of its concordance with the image, of its indépendence even though it integrates an unified whole, as well as its connection with the senses and their transcendence. Images as material substrate and music as element of consciousness in this director-composer's work retain their autonomy of sense while the score is closely connected to the film'structure. They are consistent with a complementary relation that questions an entire paradigm based on the idea of analogy or convergence, in short, of a duality between images and music in cinema

This dissertation explores the relationship between horror films and the national contexts in which they are produced by analyzing several Asian horror movies – Ringu (Japan), The Eye (Hong Kong) and Shutter (Thailand). Utilizing these films as case studies, the dissertation examines the degree to which genre cinemas are nationally-specific, and the degree to which it is possible to make genre films that can enter international markets and be comprehensible in various national markets as well. The dissertation also makes the following claims on the national specificity of genre cinema: i) The sources of frightening elements in horror films are nationally-specific. ii) There is a regional "Asian" horror because of the intertwining national histories and shared cultural elements across several Asian countries.

Cette recherche est une étude sur les débuts de l'histoire du cinéma en Corée des premières projections de films dans ce pays jusqu'en 1935, année pendant laquelle les Coréens ont commencé à produire des films parlants. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié l’arrivée du cinéma en Corée, quand et par qui il a été introduit dans ce pays. Puis, quels films ont été vus par le public coréen et quels effets ils ont produits sur ce public.Dès les premiers temps du cinéma, chaque région du monde a essayé de surmonter les manques du film muet. Aussi, la deuxième partie s’intéresse à la particularité de la projection des premiers films muets en Corée. Le mot « spectacle cinématographique » se réfère, d’abord, à la représentation de films dans les premiers temps des débuts du cinéma. Le spectacle cinématographique sous-entend la possibilité d’un accompagnement supplémentaire, surtout sonore. En effet, les premiers films étaient « muets » et le moyen de mettre du son sur la pellicule n’avait pas encore été trouvé. De plus, souvent, il y avait aussi un concert ou un court spectacle secondaire (clown, bonimenteur, etc.) pendant, avant ou même après la projection des films. Cet ensemble autour de la projection de films représentait un véritable « spectacle cinématographique ». Nous avons étudié ce spectacle mixte présenté depuis 1919 à Séoul en Corée, et qui combine concert, projections de films, théâtre occidental moderne et boniment appelé Chosŏn Sinp'a Hwaltong Yŏnswaegŭk ou Chosŏn Kino-drama.Dans la troisième partie, nous avons présenté et analysé les données sur les films muets coréens dont nous avons pu retrouver les traces
This research is a study of the history of cinema in Korea from the first motion pictures screenings until 1935, the year in which Koreans began making their talking films.In the first part, we study the arrival of cinema in Korea, when and by whom was the motion picture introduced in this country. Then, what films were seen by the Korean public and what effects they had on this audience. From the early times of cinema, the diverse regions of the world have tried to overcome the lack of the silent motion picture. The second part is focused on the specificity of the first silent motion pictures screenings in Korea. The Spectacle cinématographique can refer to the form of the representation of the motion pictures in the early days of cinema. The word Spectacle cinématographique implies the possibility of an additional accompaniment, especially the sound. The first films were "silent" and the way of putting sound on films had not been found yet. At that time, there was a concert or a short secondary show (clown, pitch, etc.) during, before or even after the screening of the films. We study the Spectacle cinématographique called Chosŏn Sinp'a Hwaltong Yŏnswaegŭk or Chosŏn Kino-drama which was presented since 1919 in Korea that combines the pitch, the concert, the modern western theater and the motion pictures screenings.In the third part, we report all the data concerning silent Korean films of which we still found the traces

Notre thèse décrit et analyse les conditions esthétiques, matérielles et idéelles qui rendent possibles les agencements sonores du cinéma contemporain. Au cours des 30 dernières années, le raffinement des outils de manipulation du son, l’importance grandissante du concepteur sonore et le nouvel espace de cohabitation des sons (favorisé par le Dolby et la diffusion multicanal) sont des facteurs qui ont transformé la création et l’écoute du son au cinéma. Ces transformations révèlent un nouveau paradigme : le mixage s’est graduellement imposé comme le geste perceptif et créateur qui rend compte de la sensibilité contemporaine. Notre thèse explore les effets de la pensée du mixage (qui procède par résonance, simultanéité, dosage et modulation) sur notre écoute et notre compréhension de l'expérience cinématographique. À l'aide de paroles de concepteurs sonores (Murch, Beaugrand, Thom, Allard…), de textes théoriques sur le son filmique (Cardinal, Chion, Campan), de documentaires sur des musiciens improvisateurs (Lussier, Glennie, Frith), de films de fiction à la dimension sonore affirmée (Denis, Van Sant), de textes philosophiques sur la perception (Leibniz, James, Straus, Szendy…), d'analyses du dispositif sonore cinématographique, notre thèse rend audibles des tensions, des récurrences, de nouveaux agencements, des problèmes actuels et inactuels qui forgent et orientent l'écoute du théoricien, du créateur et de l'auditeur. En interrogeant la dimension sonore de la perception, de l’action, de l’espace et de la pensée, cette thèse a pour objectif de modifier la façon dont on écoute, crée et pense le son au cinéma.
This thesis describes and analyzes the esthetic, material and conceptual conditions that make the acoustic structures of contemporary cinema possible. The refinement of tools used for manipulating sound, the growing importance the sound designer and the emergence of a new space for sounds to coexist in (brought on by Dolby and multichannel sound systems) are factors that, over the past 30 years, have transformed the way we work with and listen to sound in film. These transformations reveal a new paradigm: mixing gradually imposed itself as the creative and perceptual act capable of accounting for our contemporary sensibility. This thesis explores the effects of the “thought process of mixing” (which functions by resonance, simultaneity, dosage and modulation) on the way we hear and understand the cinematographic experience. Working from the accounts of sound designers (Murch, Beaugrand, Thom Allard…), theoretical texts on film sound (Cardinal, Chion, Campam), documentaries on improvisational musicians (Lussier, Glennie, Frith), fiction films with a acute acoustic sensibility (Denis, Van Sant), philosophical texts on perception (Leibniz, James, Straus, Szendy…) and analyses of the cinematographic sound apparatus, this thesis renders audible the tensions, the recurrences, the structural connections and the problems, old and new, that forge and direct the theoretician, the artist and the auditor’s way of listening. By questioning the auditory dimension of perception, action, space and thought, this thesis aims to change the way we hear, create and think cinema.

Orientador: Claudiney Rodrigues Carrasco
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a trilha sonora dos filmes "Orfeu Negro", de Marcel Camus (1959) e "Orfeu", de Cacá Diegues (1999), integrando música instrumental, canção, sound design e edição de som enquanto elementos criativos das obras e sua relação com as outras linguagens que compõem a totalidade dos filmes. Será feita uma decupagem imagética e sonora analisando a trilha musical como recurso articulatório da narrativa fílmica. Serão observadas, também, as estratégias encontradas pelos diretores ao realizar a transcrição do mito Orfeu para a linguagem audiovisual. A dramaturgia dos filmes será analisada a partir de sua referência direta que é a peça "Orfeu da Conceição" de Vinicius de Moraes, que antecipou musicalmente a bossa nova. A análise compreenderá, ainda, o modo pelo qual a música se insere na dramaturgia específica do cinema e a importância do pensamento sonoro cinematográfico. O universo musical de Orfeu é tão vasto que, para se compreender as trilhas musicais dos filmes, será necessário visitá-lo em sua longa história, nas várias manifestações do mito, especialmente as dramático-musicais
Abstract: This reseach deals about the Orfeu's soundtrack including music, songs, sound design and sound edition from the movies "Black Orpheus", directed by Marcel Camus (1959), and "Orfeu", directed by Cacá Diegues (1999), likewise a creative elements and their relationships the sound and film language as a whole. The Orfeu's musical universe is so great that, to understand the soundtracks of the movies it's necessary visit and know the history of musical dramaturgy, in what many manifestations of the myth are found. The objective is to make an image and sound decupage by means of an analysis of the soundtrack as a narrative film resource. There'll be analysed too the director's strategies to make the transcription of the Orpheu's myth using the conventions of the film's language. The start point is the seminal work of Vinicius de Moraes - "Orfeu da Conceição" - that influences bossa nova and the related films. These analysis will include, either, the way music is used to articulate the dramaturgy in those movies, and the importance of the cinematografic's musical thought
Mestrado
Multimeios
Mestre em Multimeios

This collection of essays explores the development of electronic sound recording in Japanese cinema, radio, and popular music to illuminate the interrelationship of aesthetics, technology, and cultural modernity in prewar Japan. Putting the cinema at the center of a ‘culture of the sound image’, it restores complexity to a media transition that is often described simply as slow and reluctant. In that vibrant sound culture, the talkie was introduced on the radio before it could be heard in the cinema, and pop music adaptations substituted for musicals even as cinema musicians and live narrators resisted the introduction of recorded sound. Taken together, the essays show that the development of sound technology shaped the economic structure of the film industry and its labour practices, the intermedial relation between cinema, radio, and popular music, as well as the architecture of cinemas and the visual style of individual Japanese films and filmmakers.

AbstractThis introduction lays out the focus of the book on moments in film when ‘unheard melodies’ become heard and meaningful. These filmic instances where music ‘takes over’ and the surreal often becomes the accepted filmic reality are examined in reference to two recent theoretical approaches: ‘musical moments’ (Amy Herzog) and ‘crystal songs’ (Phil Powrie). Divided up into four parts, the book’s chapters apply these two differing but overlapping theoretical concepts to their case studies and discussions. What the Musical Moment Can Do—Theoretical Approaches covers the books’ theoretical foundation by Herzog and Powrie themselves. Part two, How the Musical Moment was Created—Musical Numbers in Silent and Early Sound Cinema, discusses the history of musical numbers from silent to early sound cinema. Then, Musical Dis/Placements—Musical Moments in Global Cinema focuses on the varied manifestations of musical numbers through case studies of different national cinemas. And finally, From Romance to Dystopia looks at the social and political dimensions of musical moments embedded in contemporary cinema, with the goal of evoking further discussions of this rich and foundational filmic element.

In Europe film industries are regulated through film policies at national and supra-national levels. The biggest attention is paid to film production and distribution, because they are considered as the most crucial sectors regarding financial investment. Film exhibition on the other hand is more about whole commercial life of a film and since theatrical admissions in European Union increased by 5.3 % (in 2019) before covid-19 pandemic it demonstrates that theatrical release is still among one of the most important release windows. Yet Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian film exhibition trends and their role for developing film policy were not examined. The qualitative and quantitative research methods applied: descriptive statistics and its analysis of secondary sources such as cinema attendance, the number of multiplexes and digital screens, premieres of national films and box-office and the analysis of film policy (regulatory) documents in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Economically film exhibition sector during covid-19 pandemic was heavily influenced and challenged by enormous decline in cinema attendance and the competition and rising role of audiovisual video-on-demand platforms. The article provides insights and findings based on the analysis of current role of film exhibition for the development of film policy and its possible model in the Baltic film industries.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.