Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sources hydrothermales peu profondes'
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Tilliette, Chloé. "Influence du fer et autres éléments traces issus des sources hydrothermales peu profondes sur la biogéochimie marine dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS046.
Full textThe Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean has been identified as a hotspot for dinitrogen (N2) fixation by diazotrophic organisms, with some of the highest rates recorded in the global ocean. The success of these species relies on non-limiting concentrations of dissolved iron (DFe) in the photic layer of the region, whose origin remains unclear. In this thesis work, the distribution of DFe was studied along a 6100-km transect from Noumea to the gyre waters, crossing the Lau Basin and the Tonga Arc (175°E to 166°W, along 19-21°S). Combined with an optimal multiparametric water mass analysis, DFe anomalies were determined over the transect area, the most notable being present along the Tonga Arc. The results demonstrated that water masses of remote origin entering the Lau Basin could not explain the concentrations observed at the surface in this region, leading to the confident conclusion that DFe originates from shallow hydrothermal sources present along the arc. Although a non-negligeable portion of this DFe input is transported over long distances, a large majority is rapidly removed near the sources through a variety of processes highlighted by a box model. Besides iron, hydrothermal fluids are enriched in numerous other metals that may be toxic to organisms. These fluids, introduced directly into the photic layer, could have an impact on phytoplankton. Their effect was evaluated in an innovative experiment during which natural plankton communities were subjected to an enrichment gradient of hydrothermal fluids. Despite an initial toxic effect of a few days, hydrothermal inputs ultimately induced N2 fixation, productivity and organic matter export rates two to three times higher than those of the non-enriched control. This fertilizing effect probably results from the detoxification of the environment, rich in numerous potentially toxic elements, by resistant ecotypes able to produce strong ligands, such as thiols, limiting the bioavailability of certain metals. The additional supply of fertilizing elements by the fluids, in particular DFe, thus allowed the subsequent growth of the most sensitive species. These experimental results, faithfully reproducing the in-situ observations, confirm the involvement of shallow hydrothermal fluids in the high productivity observed in the region. Hydrothermal sources could be traced at different spatial and temporal scales through the deployment of drifting (for a few days, along the Tonga Arc) and fixed (for a year, along the Lau Ridge) sediment traps and through the coring of seafloor sediments at the trap deployment sites (geological time scale). Al-Fe-Mn tracing revealed that the lithogenic material exported at small and large spatial scales in the region originated from shallow and/or deep hydrothermal sources located along the Tonga Arc. This hydrothermal signature has also been detected in the seafloor sediments, particularly in the vicinity of the Lau Ridge where the presence of a major active source is strongly suspected. Finally, the similar patterns observed for the export of biological and hydrothermal particles suggest that surface production is closely linked to hydrothermal inputs into the photic layer. In conclusion, this thesis work has demonstrated the influence of shallow hydrothermal sources on the fate of trace elements, particularly iron, in the water column and seafloor sediments, and their link to biological productivity in the Western Tropical South Pacific region
Pillot, Guillaume. "Biodiversités électroactives issues de sources hydrothermales profondes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0503/document.
Full textDeep hydrothermal vents are geologic structures formed by the infiltration of seawater into the oceanic crust, forming a hot metal-rich fluid (> 400 ° C) that precipitates to form chimneys in which an electric current flows. The purpose of the research presented here was to reveal the presence of microorganisms capable of participating in the production of this electric current or of using this electricity to live within these electrically conductive chimneys. We focused on microorganisms able to survive at high temperatures (between 60 and 95 ° C). Different interacting and electroactive microbial communities have been cultivated, allowing the building of credible hypotheses about the primary colonization of these extreme environments. These hypotheses could also be applied to theories of origin of life in a hydrothermal context
Pillot, Guillaume. "Biodiversités électroactives issues de sources hydrothermales profondes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0503.
Full textDeep hydrothermal vents are geologic structures formed by the infiltration of seawater into the oceanic crust, forming a hot metal-rich fluid (> 400 ° C) that precipitates to form chimneys in which an electric current flows. The purpose of the research presented here was to reveal the presence of microorganisms capable of participating in the production of this electric current or of using this electricity to live within these electrically conductive chimneys. We focused on microorganisms able to survive at high temperatures (between 60 and 95 ° C). Different interacting and electroactive microbial communities have been cultivated, allowing the building of credible hypotheses about the primary colonization of these extreme environments. These hypotheses could also be applied to theories of origin of life in a hydrothermal context
Mercier, Coraline. "De nouveaux systèmes hôtes-virus associés aux sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0125/document.
Full textOur knowledge of the viral diversity associated to microorganisms inhabiting the deep-sea hydrothermal vents is still limited. Only a few studies have focused on viral abundance and impact on microbial mortality within these ecosystems. A limited number of viruses (6 bacterioviruses and 2 archaeoviruses) were isolated from these environments and characterized. Two viruses associated to hyperthermophilic anaerobic Archaea, from the Thermococcales order, have been described in our laboratory. In order to deepen our knowledge on the viral diversity of these extreme environments, we have extended our investigation to the bacterial order of Thermotogales. This order is composed of anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria that are, for the most part, hyper/thermophilic. Numerous lateral gene transfers have contributed to the evolutionary history of the Thermotogales, implying the potential involvement of viruses. Here, we will report the characterization of two new siphoviruses MCV1 and MCV2 that infect two strains of Marinitoga camini. Those bacterial strains were isolated from two deep-sea hydrothermal vents sites (Menez Gwen and Lucky strike) in the Mid Atlantic Ridge. These viruses are temperate with a high basal production of virions (>107 virions/mL). Comparative genomics with MPV1, a virus isolated from M. piezophila, was performed and show that those bacterioviruses share numerous similarities. A set of “core genes” shared by all these three viruses was identified and includes proteins involved in DNA metabolism, head and tail assembly and lysogenic cycle. Shared hypothetical proteins were also identified, suggesting that these unknown proteins probably provide important functions for these viruses. Interestingly, for genes with blastp matches in Genbank, over 60% have their top matches, outside the Thermotoga, to genes from Firmicutes and bacterioviruses associated to Firmicutes. We also analyzed the genome of Thermosipho sp. 1244 and studied his CRISPR-cas system. Our results indicated that thisThermosipho strain, with a complete and functional CRISPR-cas system, had already been infected by MCV1, MCV2 or a similar virus. The analyses presented here extend our knowledges about these newly discovered viruses in the deeply branching bacterial phylum Thermotogae. This bacterial order and associated mobile genetic elements are significant for addressing long-term evolutionary adaptation to fluctuant and extreme physicochemical conditions
Gorlas, Aurore. "Caractérisation de nouveaux systèmes hôtes-virus associés aux sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2053.
Full textRecent studies have revealed that viruses represent a large part of the biodiversity in natural environments suggesting that they participate to the diversity within organisms. Viruses infecting prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) constitute the largest & ail viral groups. However, our knowledge of viruses of Archaea is rather limited with less than 60 archaeal viruses well described to date. Viruses of Archaea are classified in 8 new viral familles. To date, only one virus like-particle was isolated from a hyperthermophilic marine euryarchaeote: PAV1 isolated from Pyrococcus abyssi. During my PhD work, I have screened and characterized new viruses from the Thermococcales order. We found a new virus in a strain of Thermococcus sp, isolated from a hydrothermal chimney sample collected from the East pacific Rise at 2700 m depth. The first study led to the characterization of Thermococcus prieurii sp. Nov which is hyperthermophile, strictly anaerobe, and chemoorganotroph. The virus isolated from Thermococcus prieurii, named TPV1, is lemon-shaped (140 nm x 80 nm) and resembles to members of the Fuselloviridae family. The infectious character of TPV1 was proved by using an original method derived from the spot tests, and its host range was established. TPVI particles contain a double-stranded circular DNA of 21. 5 kb which is present in a free form in the host cytoplasm, at approximately 20 copies per chromosome. This genome was totally sequenced and 26 ORFs were identified. 12 ORFs were annotated. This virus s not yet classified and should be attached to a novel viral family
Hamraoui, Lahcen. "Collagènes et matrices extracellulaires d'annélides et de vestimentifères des sources hydrothermales profondes." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077120.
Full textChamoy, Luc. "Caractérisation de protéines du tube d'un vestimentaire des sources hydrothermales profondes : Riftia pachyptila." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS001.
Full textJeanthon, Christian. "Bactéries hétérotrophes associées aux Alvinellidae inféodés aux sources hydrothermales profondes (13oN) : comportement vis-à-vis des métaux lourds." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2002.
Full textMoussard, Hélène. "Analyses moléculaires de la diversité et des fonctions de micro-organismes incultivés des sources hydrothermales profondes." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2029.
Full textOur knowledge of the diversity of marine microbial communities has long been restricted to the precious but incomplete information generated by the culture-based methods. In this study, molecular techniques (PCR, cloning, sequencing, hybridization, metagenomics library construction and genetic markers [16S rRNA, genes coding for enzymes specific to the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (acIB, oorA)] were used to circumvent the limits inherent to cultivation methods, and to obtain a more realistic view of the specific and functional diversity of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent microbial communities. This research allowed (i) to confirm the ecological significance of free-living epsilon-Proteobacteria at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, especially during in-situ colonization experiments (this study provides the first example of the prevalence and ecological significance of free-living Arcobacter-like at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, which are supposed to be sulfo-oxidizing bacteria involved in filamentous sulphur formation, (ii) to design and validate a 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe targeting most of the epsilon-Proteobacteria found in hydrothermal systems, (iii) to obtain the physiology of yet uncultured groups of archea from deep-sea hydrothermal vents using metagenomics. By the combined use of variety of molecular approaches this work enlarges our view of the diversity of microbial communities in deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Lossouarn, Julien. "Découverte et caractérisation des premiers virus de Thermotogales (bactéries thermophiles et anaérobies) issus de sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0058/document.
Full textOur knowledge of the viral diversity associated to procaryotic microorganisms inhabiting the deep sea hydrothermal vents is still limited. Only few studies have focused on viral abundance and impact on microbial mortality within these ecosystems. A limited number of viruses from these environments were isolated and characterized. Two viruses, PAV1 and TPV1, associated to hyperthermophilic anaerobic Archaea, Thermococcales order, have ever been described in our laboratory. The topic of this phD thesis was to extend our investigation to other deep sea vent microorganisms in order to deepen our knowledge on the marine hydrothermal virosphere. We decided to focus more precisely on the bacterial order of Thermotogales. This order is composed of anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria that are, for almost, hyper/thermophilic. They share the same ecological niche as the Thermococcales and are metabolically close. Numerous lateral gene transfers have contributed to the evolutionary history of the Thermotogales, implying the potential involvement of viruses. The presence of CRISPRs has also been reported in many genomes, suggesting that Thermotogales certainly are or have been exposed to viral infections. However, up till now, only 3 miniplasmids have been described within Thermotogales and no viruses. Fifty strains of Thermotogales, mostly from the LM2E culture collection (Ifremer and “UBOCC”), were screened for the presence of potential bacteriovirus. Extrachromosomal DNA elements, including 2 plasmids and 7 bacterioviruses (siphovirus-like), were discovered amongst strains belonging to both Thermosipho and Marinitoga genera. Preliminary studies were performed on these elements and one of the new virus-host systems was characterized in details. MPV1 (Marinitoga piezophila virus 1) is a temperate siphovirus-like isolated from a piezophilic bacterium, it is the first bacteriovirus associated to the Thermotogales order. This host strain is piezophilic but easily cultivable at atmospheric pressure after several subcultures. Whether most experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure, the viral production appeared to be effective at hydrostatic pressure. We reported the analyses of the complete sequence of the MPV1 genome (43.7 kb, extracted from purified virions) and its comparison to the provirus present in the sequenced genome of Marinitoga piezophila KA3. Analyses of the viral genome suggested a close evolutionary relationship of MPV1 to Firmicutes bacterioviruses .We also reported that this bacteriovirus shares its host with a circular extrachromosomal genetic element of 13.3 kb (pMP1). This ‘ménage à trois’ is surprising in the sense where the 13.3kb element, that contains 13 ORFs of mostly unknown function, uses the viral capsid to propagate. Therefore, it would likely correspond to a new example of molecular piracy
Corre, Erwan. "Approches moléculaires de la diversité microbienne de deux environnements extrêmes : les sources hydrothermales profondes et les réservoirs pétroliers." Brest, 2000. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115381.
Full textJolivet, Edmond. "Etudes physiologiques et moléculaires de la résistance aux rayonnements ionisants d'archaea hyperthermophiles isolées de sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10137.
Full textAudusse, Emmanuel. "Modelisation hyperbolique et analyse numerique pour les ecoulements en eaux peu profondes." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008047.
Full textNous nous consacrons d'abord a l'analyse numerique du systeme de Saint-Venant avec termes sources. Nous presentons un schema volumes finis bidimensionnel d'ordre 2, conservatif et consistant, qui s'appuie sur une interpretation cinetique du systeme et une methode de reconstruction hydrostatique des variables aux interfaces. Ce schema preserve la positivite de la hauteur d'eau et l'etat stationnaire associe au lac au repos.
Nous etendons ensuite l'interpretation cinetique au couplage du systeme avec une equation de transport. Nous construisons un schema volumes finis a deux pas de temps, qui permet de prendre en compte les differentes vitesses de propagation de l'information presentes dans le probleme. Cette approche preserve les proprietes de stabilite du systeme et reduit sensiblement la diffusion numerique et les temps de calcul.
Nous proposons egalement un nouveau modele de Saint-Venant multicouche, qui permet de retrouver des profils de vitesse non constants, tout en preservant le caractere invariant et bidimensionnel du domaine de definition. Nous presentons sa derivation a partir des equations de Navier-Stokes et une etude de stabilite - energie, hyperbolicite. Nous etudions egalement ses relations avec d'autres modeles fluides et sa mise en oeuvre numerique, la encore basee sur l'utilisation des schemas cinetiques.
Enfin nous etablissons un theoreme d'unicite pour les lois de conservation scalaires avec flux discontinus. La preuve est basee sur l'utilisation d'une nouvelle famille d'entropies, qui constituent une adaptation naturelle des entropies de Kruzkov classiques au cas discontinu. Cette methode permet de lever certaines hypotheses classiques sur le flux - convexite, existence de bornes BV, nombre fini de discontinuites - et ne necessite pas l'introduction d'une condition d'interface.
Gaillard, Mélusine. "Etude moléculaire de PAV1, le premier virus hyperthermophile marin : Recherche et caractérisation préliminaire de particules de type virale chez les archées de l'ordre de Thermococcales inféodées aux sources hydrothermales marines profondes." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2007.
Full textPAV1, discovered in our lab, is the first hyperthermophilic virus isolated from a deep-sea vent. It is lemon-shaped and infects the archea Pyroccoccus abyssi. Its genome is a double stranded DNA of 18. 1 kbp. Here we report the molecular analysis of this virus. First, we studied PAV1 genome. We proved it is high copy number (about 70 copies per chromosome) and slightly negatively supercoiled in its host. As the archeal chromosome, viral DNA is not dam or dcm methylated. All 25 predicted genes are transcribed in six mRNAs in majority polycistronic and the larger one covers 75 % of genome. Then, we tried to show that protein 899 could be involved in viral DNA metabolism and we identified protein 121 as one of the majority protein. The last part of this study aimed to discover new viruses infecting archaea from the order Thermococcales in deep-sea environment. Observations realized with transmission electronic microscope on enrichment cultures revealed an unexpected viral diversity. Then, a screening was realized one about 120 Thermococcales strains and we discovered a piezophilic strain named KAZA from specie Thermococcus barophilus which produces “piezo-dependanr” virus-like particles
Nercessian, Olivier. "Etude de la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle des communautes microbiennes associées à des sources hydrothermales marines profondes par des approches moléculaires." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2005.
Full textOur knowledge of the diversity of marine microbial communities has long been restricted to the precious but incomplete informations generated by the culture-based methods. In this study, molecular techniques (PCR, RT-PCR, cloning, sequencing, hybridization) and genetic markers [16S rRNA, genes coding for enzymes specific of diverse metabolic pathways (mcr A, pmo A, dsrAB)] were used to circumvent the limits inherent to cultivation methods ant to get a more realistic view of the specific and functional diversity of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent microbial communities. This research allowed (i) to reveal a wide diversity af archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA, and to show the existence of variations in the archaeal coomunity composition at the hydrothermal site and hydrothermal field scales, (ii) to discover new microbial lineages whatever the genetic markers used, and to study the phylogenetic diversity and geopgraphic distribution of one of them (iii) to develop and validate 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes targeting Archaea frequently found in hydrothermal systems, and (iv) to identify the most active Archaea of a microbial community associated with an hydrothermal sample. By the combined use of diverse molecular approaches, this work enlarges our view of the diversity of microbial communities in deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Jollivet, Didier. "Distribution et évolution de la faune associée aux sources hydrothermales profondes à 13°N sur la dorsale du Pacifique oriental : le cas particulier des polychètes alvinellidae." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2023.
Full textLadrat, Christine. "Mise en évidence et étude de deux enzymes thermostables de micro-organismes thermophiles isolés d'écosystèmes hydrothermaux sous-marins." Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMPD586.
Full textBirien, Tiphaine. "Génétique et génomique des microorganismes piézophiles des sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes : adaptation aux hautes pressions hydrostatiques chez l'archée piézo-hyperthermophile : Thermococcus barophilus, apport de la génétique et impact des hydrogénases." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0018.
Full textThe deep sea representing a significant portion of the terrestrial biosphere but still very little studied and many questions remain about organisms that live in this ecosystems including their diversity and adaptibility. At this depth Hydrostatic pressure is the major physical parameter. In this study, physiological adaptations to HHP were investigated after genetic deletion of hydrogenase clusters in T.barophilus. This archea piezo-hyperthermophilic was isolated at 3550m from a hydrothermal vent site; indeed, previous transcriptomic experimented have highlighted the over-expression of genes encoding hydrogenases under sub and supra-optimal HHP using the recent genetic system available for this archaeon. This gene disruption system is based on single and double crossover events to obtain makerless deletion mutants and used simvastatin and 6-MP for selection and counterselection respectively. In this study we developped firstly a new way of selection for the genetic disruption system using 6-methylpurine for negative selection. This method was then used to delete two cytoplasmic sulfhydrogenases (SHI and SHII) and membrane bound hydrogenases (Mbh, Mbh-Codh, Mbx). Using 6-methylpurine for negative selection to inverted the rate of false positives pop-out clones from 80% obtained with 5-FOA to 10% and the first phenotypic studies of mutants strains under HHP show the impact of hydrogenase on culture growth and hydrogen production
Lattuati-Derieux, Agnès. "Caracterisation par des methodes chimiques et spectroscopiques des lipides de micro-organismes marins : _ thermococcus hydrothermalis et pyrococcus abyssi, archaea hyperthermophiles de sources hydrothermales marines profondes _ marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, bacterie marine halotolerante extreme." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066201.
Full textLlanos, Villarreal Jenny A. "Comportement vis-à-vis des métaux lourds de micro-organismes thermophiles isoles d'un site hydrothermal profond." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2021.
Full textHernández, Ávila Iván. "Dispersion larvaire et cycle de vie dans les environnements hydrothermaux profonds : le cas de Rimicaris exoculata et d'espèces proches." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0086/document.
Full textDeep-water hydrothermal vent host high-biomass communities based on chemoautotrophy supported by the metabolic activity of free-living and symbiotic bacteria associated to invertebrates, especially megafauna. Knowledge on the mechanisms of dispersal and the life cycle of vent species is essential to our understanding of the vent communities in terms of distribution, structure and temporal variation. In this study, I present some advances regarding the dispersal and life cycle of a dominant species of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) vent ecosystems, the alvinocaridid shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, and other related species. The methodological approaches applied include morphological descriptions of larvae, analysis of population biology and reproduction, and molecular genetics for species identification, phylogenetic reconstructions, population genetics and bacterial diversity. Most observations and studies presented here were conducted on samples collected in January-February 2014, during the BICOSE cruise on the MAR.Based on the analysis of Zoea I larvae of four species (R. exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae andAlvinocaris muricola), we conclude that the alvinocaridid first larval stage is lecitotrophic with extended development, allowing large dispersal without external food requirement. A bathypelagical larval dispersal and a shift to a planktotrophic stage during the larval period is proposed. In terms of population biology, collections performed at the TAG and Snake Pit vent fields show variations in the population structure among habitats, according to sex and life stage. Large aggregations of shrimps found close of the vent emission comprise mostly females and young individuals, whereas scattered adults found at the vent periphery were mostly males. Multiple cohorts were found in both vents fields, denoting a discontinuous recruitment. Brooding females were observed in significant numbers close to the vent emission, which contrasts with their constant lack in previous field studies and suggests a seasonal reproduction with a brooding period the winter season. In addition, differences in the reproductive effort were detected between vent fields, including egg number, egg size and proportion of aborted females. The egg surface of R. exoculata is colonized by episymbiotic bacteria. Cloning approaches show that the bacterial assemblages on eggs seem to be specific, suggesting their symbiotic role, and evolve according to the egg development. The bacterial assemblages on eggs and their variation during the embryonic development remind the episymbiotic communities found in the branchial chamber of adults, suggesting similar detoxification or nutrition role. In other Rimicaris species, questions about life cycle, vent connectivity and speciation have been raised recently. Genetic studies suggest that two species with contrasting distribution, morphology and ecology, R. hybisae and R. chacei, are the same species. This question is related also with the source of a massive recruitment of R. chacei found at TAG vent field, despite the low density of adults. Analysis of population genetics and phylogenetic reconstructions with multiple genes show that R. chacei and R. hybisae are separate lineages with recent or undergoing speciation. These species, as R. exoculata and other alvinocaridids, show a genetic population model associated with a migration pool. An extended larval period could contribute to the wide dispersal and high genetic flow between populations. Implications of these findings and perspectives of future research are discussed in terms of additional experiments and field sampling required to characterize the larval period of alvinocaridids, the variations of symbiosis of the different life stages and sexes inhabiting different habitats, the quantitative and functional characterization of the episymbiosis on eggs, and the evolutionary processes associated with the speciation in Rimicaris
Las emisiones hidrotermales profundas albergan comunidades de elevada biomasa basadas en quimioautotrofía, soportadas por la actividad metabólica de bacterias de vida libre y bacterias simbiontes asociadas a invertebrados marinos, especialmente megafauna. El conocimiento de los mecanismos de dispersión y el ciclo de vida de las especies de ambientes hidrotermales es escencial para comprender los procesos ecológicos de ambientes hidrotermales asociados a la distribución, la estructura comunitaria y la variación temporal. En este estudio, presento algunos avances relacionados a la dispersión y el ciclo de vida de una especie dominante de los sistemas de emision hidrotermal de la dorsal medioatlántica. La aproximaciones metodológicas aplicadas en este estudio incluyen el estudio de la morfología larvaria, el análisis de la biologia poblacional y de la reproducciôn, así como genética molecular con fines de identificación, reconstructión filogenética, genética de poblaciones y análisis de diversidad de bacterias. La mayoría de las observaciones y análisis presentados en el presente estudio fueron realizados con muestras colectadas en enero y febrero de 2014 durante el crucero oceanográfico BICOSE en la dorsal medioatlántica (campos TAG y Snake Pit). El análisis morfológico de la larva Zoea I de cuatro especies (R. exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae y Alvinocaris muricola) permite concluir que el primer estadio larvario de la familia Alvinocarididae es lecitotrôfico con una duración del desarrollo extendida, permitiendo la dispersión a grandes distancias sin requerimiento de una fuente externa de nutrición. Se propone para estas especies una dispersión batipelágica y un cambio a un estadio planctotrófico durante el periodo larvario. En relación a la biología poblacional, fue observada una variación en la estructura poblacional entre hábitats en relación al sexo y el estado de desarrollo.Las agregaciones densas de camarones encontradas cerca de las emisiones hidrotermales están compuestas principales de hembras y juveniles, mientras la mayoría de adultos dispersos encontrados en la periferia de las chimeneas fueron machos. Varias cohortes de tallas fueron identificadas en ambas poblaciones, lo cual denota un reclutamiento discontinuo. Una gran cantidad de hembras ovígeras fueron observadas cerca de la emisión hidrotermal, lo cual contrasta con la casi completa ausencia de hembras ovígeras en muestreos previos y sugiere una reproducción estacional con incubación y desove durante el invierno. La superficie de los huevos de R.exoculata está colonizada por bacterias episimbiontes. Los análisis de clonación muestran que los ensambles bacterianos parecen ser específicos, lo cual sugiere una relación simbiótica. Además estos ensambles cambian en relación al desarrollo embrionario. Los ensambles de bacterias observados en los huevos son similares a las comunidades episimbiontes encontradas en la cámara branquial de los adultos, sugiriendo la ocurrencia de procesos de detoxificación o nutrición similares. En otras especies del género Rimicaris, interrogantes en relación al ciclo de vida, la conectividad entre sistemas hidrotermales y la especiación han surgido recientemente. Estudios genéticos sugieren que dos especies alopátricas y con diferencias en morfología y ecología, R. hybisae y R. chacei representan una especie única. Esta hipótesis se encuentra relacionada además con el origen de un reclutamiento masivo de R. chacei encontrado en el campo TAG, a pesar de la baja densidad de adultos. Análisis de genética poblacional y reconstrucciones filogenéticas utilizando varios genes muestran que R. chacei y R. hybisae son linajes separados producto de una especiación reciente o en proceso. Estas especies, al igual que R. exoculata y otros alvinocarídidos, muestran patrones de conectividad asociados al modelo de migración colectiva (migration pool). Implicaciones de estos hallazgos y perspectivas de futuras […]
Simeoni, Chiara. "Méthodes numériques pour des équations hyperboliques de type Saint-Venant." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922706.
Full textElmiloud, Chaabelasri. "Contribution à la modélisation des écoulements en eaux peu profondes, avec transport de polluant. (Application à la baie de Tanger)." Phd thesis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575138.
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