Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sources de polluants de l’air'
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Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
This study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
This study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Rios, Mora Juan Sebastian. "Optimisation de la gestion de l’impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l’air intérieur." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS035.
Polluted sites and most precisely vapor intrusion represents a potential risk for human health and its environment. Various screening-level and analytical models have been proposed in order to evaluate vapor intrusion and provide assessment tools for exposure risk. However, some in situ investigations show significant differences between predicted and measured indoor concentrations leading eventually to misleading conclusions and inappropriate solution implementations. These uncertainties are mainly associated with a poor characterization of the site, an incomplete modeling of transfer pathways and mechanisms, or by neglecting certain influencing parameters on this transfer. For example, ignoring the lateral source/building separation may serve as possible explanation of the uncertainties presented by the conventional models based on a homogeneous source distribution assumption. The authors agree that lateral migration plays an important role in the attenuation of the indoor concentration. In homogeneous or continuous source scenarios vapors may migrate mainly vertically towards the building. However, lateral source may promote lateral migration to the atmosphere and less into the building generating a greater attenuation of the indoor concentration. In this context, the main objective of this thesis work is to contribute to the improvement of the assessment and management risk tools in order to improve the accuracy of their estimations and increase their range of application. To do this, new vapor intrusion models are developed considering the lateral source/building separation. These models are built on a numerical experimentation and dimensionless analysis based on existing models (semi-empirical models considering a homogeneous source distribution). The combination of these two approaches allows, on the one hand, to maintain the aptitude of the existing models to consider the physical properties of the soil (permeability, diffusion coefficient, …) and the characteristics of the building (type of construction, building depression, volume,…), and on the other hand, to better precise the position of the source in the soil taking into account the influence of the lateral source/building separation in the estimations. From a comparative analysis, the accuracy of these new expressions is verified comparing to the proposed numerical model (CFD), experimental data and existing models in the literature. Finally, the proposed expressions were coupled with a ventilation code (MATHIS-QAI) allowing to better specify indoor characteristics (ventilation system, air permeability of the envelope, volume of the building, …) and estimate indoor air concentration levels as a function of environmental variations (wind speed, outside temperature, …) over time. From a parametric study it was shown that despite the significant impact of the characteristics of the building, the influence of the lateral source/building separation remains predominant on the attenuation of the indoor concentration (attenuation of several orders of magnitude when the source is laterally offset of the building compared to a homogeneous source). However, specifying the characteristics of the building (construction type, ventilation system, air permeability, …) and weather conditions may increase the accuracy of the estimation avoiding the implementation of extreme solutions or insufficient actions
Assy, Eliane. "Study of indoor air quality by multi-sensor systems." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR056.
Exposure to indoor air pollution is a major health hazard for the general population, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and even to premature death. In spite of an increasing number of studies in the last decades, indoor air pollution data are still scarce. This is due in part to the many different environments, public or private, to be investigated, and to the availability of instruments that can be deployed in such environments without disturbing the occupants. For these reasons, the now commercially available low-cost chemical sensors are promising instruments for the study of IAQ, provided they are well characterized.In the present work, sensor nodes developed in a multidisciplinary project within the University of Lille, were tested in laboratory semi-controlled conditions to assess their performances and limitations. They were found adequate to quantify with a high time resolution (30 seconds) the concentrations of CO2, CO, NOx, O3, VOC and PM, in spite of some calibration issues linked to chemical interferences and to the dependence of the sensors response on the relative humidity.These sensors nodes were deployed in various residential and non-residential buildings in the metropolitan area of Lille. These measurements showed that, most of the time, the indoor air pollutants concentrations are below the threshold values recommended by the scientific community. The measurements also allowed, when coupled to space-time-activity logs filled by the occupants, to identify and characterize the events leading to concentrations in excess of the recommended values. Such IAQ determinants include cooking, even on electric stove, combustion processes such as cigarette smoking or burning candles or incense, use of body care and housecleaning products, and even the mere presence of occupants.The sensors data were used to calculate a quasi-real time indoor air quality index, based on the INT’AIR® index. This modified index converges quickly with INT’AIR®, therefore allowing to perform an easy and cheap assessment of IAQ as mandated by regulatory instances. At the same time, the new index also responds immediately to pollution events, which could be used by building managers to take actions to improve IAQ when necessary
Maudhuit, Audrey. "Purification de l’air intérieur – Élimination des micro-polluants par procédé photocatalytique." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2105.
Indoor air quality is of increasing concern in urban societies. Among indoor air pollutants, volatile organic compounds are predominant. These molecules can be degraded by several technologies among which heterogeneous photocatalysis appears to be well-adapted to the. Specificities of indoor pollution. However, the development of photocatalysis for this application will be possible only if two scientific key points are solved: better understanding of reaction mechanisms and possibility to write kinetic laws allowing the scaling up of the process in real condition. With these objectives, the present study deals with the photocatalytic degradation of three model pollutants (acetone, toluene and heptanes) using a fibrous media developed by Saint-Gobain. First of all, this media is characterized in terms of adsorption capacities using a specifically developed model and porosity. Secondly, a dynamic 420L-reactor is implemented to optimize the pollutants degradation according to several parameters (UV Wavelength, light intensity, air velocity at the media inlet, pollutants concentration and molecular structure). To do so, the experimental designs methodology is used. At the same time, a study concerning the formation of reaction intermediates is conducted. Finally, a reaction mechanism is proposed and kinetic laws are deduced. The latter can be integrated in numerical simulations for the design and the efficiency prediction of the process applied to the purification od indoor air
Cheah, Seng Kian. "Compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction des catalyseurs bimétalliques des piles PEMFC avec les polluants de l’hydrogène et de l’air atmosphérique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10005.
The general objective of this work is to develop a deep understanding of the interaction of the CO with anodic catalysts in PEM Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), and to evaluate its impact on the reactivity towards the hydrogen oxidation and their stability. Firstly, a multiscale kinetic model is built up based on Monte Carlo simulation and kinetic modelling of elementary electrochemical/chemical steps as a tool to simulate the performance of PEMFCs fed with H2 containing CO traces. Experiments on CO adsorption and oxidation mimicking O2 bleeding were used to better understand the mechanisms. Monometallic Pt and bimetallic PtxCoy and PtRu catalysts supported on high surface area carbon were studied. CO adsorption and oxidation were investigated by means of DRIFT spectroscopy and QMS analysis. Defect sites (kink, edge), history of interaction with different gases (H2, O2, CO), temperature, Pt loading, particle size, alloying with Co or Ru are key parameters influencing the CO reactivity with O2. The multiscale kinetic model was applied to Pt and PtxCoy. PtxCoy nanocatalysts are shown to be highly CO tolerant but might degrade by Co dissolution in long term operation, depending on the Pt to Co ratio
Tran, Dinh Trinh. "Identification des sources et modélisation du comportement dynamique des particules dans l’air intérieur des écoles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10015/document.
During this thesis, we chemically characterized (metals, EC, OC) then studied the sources and the fate of airborne particles (PM10, PM2,5, PM1) in indoor air. Another part of this work concerns the modelization of their behavior in class-rooms of primary schools in the Nord Pas de Calais region. These PM10 values largely and almost systematically exceed (average value for eight schools: 97 ± 28μg/m3) the daily limit values (50μg/m3) for indoor air (WHO and ANSES recommendations). The only elements Al, Ba, Ca and Fe clearly associated to an indoor source are linked to the use of chalk. Although there is a significant amount of particles of outdoor origins found in class-rooms (such as traffic, industrial or natural sources), pupils’ physical activities represent the major source of airborne PM10 in indoor air. The resuspension phenomenon doesn’t influence significantly the elemental (major and traces elements) distribution of the indoor PM10.The modelization of the evolution of indoor PM10 is clearly influenced by the activities of the pupils in class-rooms, requiring taking into account the resuspension phenomena. In addition, the behavior of particles is associated to their size distribution as well as the intrinsic characteristics of the building envelope which control the indoor-outdoor air exchange.The deterministic model developed in this work will allow easily simulating the evolution of particle concentrations according to their size distribution in class-rooms
Piot, Christine. "Polluants atmosphériques organiques particulaires en Rhône-Alpes : caractérisation chimique et sources d'émissions." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661284.
Winiarek, Victor. "Dispersion atmosphérique et modélisation inverse pour la reconstruction de sources accidentelles de polluants." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004505.
Badol, Caroline Galloo Jean-Claude Locoge Nadine. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils dans une atmosphère urbaine sous influence industrielle de l'identification à la contribution des sources /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/184.
N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3614. Article et communication en anglais reproduits en annexe. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 256-265.
Garnier, Jérémie. "Sources et dynamique du chrome dans les sols ultramafiques de Niquelandia, Brésil." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112334.
Chromium availability and mobility were studied on four soils developed on the complex ultramafic of Niquelândia (Goias state, Brazil), using laboratories and in situ experiments. Total chromium content is particularly high, and its partitioning evolves according to landscape position and depth. Chromium is mainly associated to well crystallized iron oxides, forming the soil matrix. However, extractable chromium is important, and mainly under the toxic form (CrVI). It reached 1,000 mg kg-1 (more than 10 % of total chromium), those contents are ten times higher than those observed in New Caledonia. Results indicate that Cr (VI) in solution is released from the fine fraction composed by iron-oxides, which consequently control the Cr(VI) availability and mobility. Isotopic exchange kinetics of chromate has confirmed the exchange between the bearing phases and solution. They also highlighted a rapid exchange between the Cr-bearing phases and the solution, and the important Cr(VI) buffer capacity of these soils. They also suggest that the chromate is slightly absorbed on iron-oxides. The chromate concentrations in soil solutions are important, higher than the usual hazardous contents. The chromate labibily is very heterogeneous with the locality at a centimetric and metric scale. The soil solution and surface water study on the catchment area has highlighted an important Cr(VI) mobility at soil and complex scale, suggesting an impact on organisms of the complex and surrounding ecosystems. Moreover, the soil solutions analysis show the low nutrients content, the imbalance Ca:Mg and the metals (Cr, Ni) availability, often considered responsible to the low fertility of those soils and the specificity of ultramafic ecosystems. Finally, results suggest that the Cr(VI) availability of those results from their anionic exchange capacity and not from their capacity to oxidize Cr (III)
Allou, Lyassine. "Chimie multiphasique et mesure des concentrations des aldéhydes et des composés aromatiques dans l’air." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/ALLOU_Lyassine_2008.pdf.
VACHON, GAELLE. "Transferts des polluants des sources fixes et mobiles dans la canopee urbaine : evaluation experimentale." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT2068.
Delair, Laurent. "Caractérisation de sources plasmas dédiées à la simulation de rentrées atmosphériques et au traitement de polluants : arc soufflé basse pression et décharge de polluants." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES052.
This work deals with the experimental study of two plasma sources : an original plasma torch (two anodic arc roots) which generates a low pressure nitrogen arcjet, and an atmospheric pressure gliding arc. The thermodynamic characteristics of the nitrogen plasma – densities and temperatures – are deduced from emission spectroscopy analysis, from its creation zone to its expansion zone. Mach number measurements are carried out at the torch exit. The study of the arc(s dynamic behaviour highlights an acoustic resonance frequency inside the arc chamber. The analysis of the gliding arc with emission spectroscopy reveals its non-equilibrium state and some abnormal ionic line broadenings in its creation zone due to plasma turbulence phenomena. Simultaneous high speed acquisitions of electrical signals and light intensity confirm its classical dynamical behaviour : ignition, lengthening, extinction. They also show the impulse behaviour of the arc column as it moves between the electrodes
Van, Metre Peter. "Contamination métallique et organique des sédiments lacustres aux Etats-Unis : Evolution spatio-temporelle, processus de transport, et identification des sources." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES026.
The understanding of water-quality trends contributes to our knowledge of the links between human activities and environmental quality and is necessary for the evaluation of regulatory actions designed to improve water quality. This research evaluated trends in metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) for the United States using sediments cores from 42 lakes. The metals (pb, Cr, Cd) and HOCs (DDT, PCBs) for wich emissions have decreased since the 1970s showed mostly decreasing trends in concentrations. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased rapidly in urban watersheds. In more focused studies, selected sediment cores were evaluated to gain insight into transport processes and fate of contaminants. Urban sources of PAHs were quantified using simulated runoff. The result indicate that parking lot “sealcoat”, a product widely used to coat parking lots, is a major source of PAHs
Cherin, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des sources de polluants atmosphériques et de leurs dépôts sur les bassins versants urbains." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1057/document.
Pas de résumés
Salame, Thérèse. "Sources d’émission du carbone organique gazeux à Beyrouth." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10108/document.
The atmospheric pollution related to the VOC still maintains a great interest since these species contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate and secondary organic aerosols resulting in negative impacts on human health, climate and on the environment. In order to apply efficient control strategies, there is a need to identify the VOC emission sources, to determine their speciation and their contribution to VOC ambient levels. To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the VOC in the Middle East region (MEA) due to a lack of ground-based measurements leading to insufficient evaluation of air pollution in this region. In this work, we report the results of the first study regarding VOC in Lebanon, a developing country in the MEA region. The study is based on two intensive field measurement campaigns within the frame of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean, Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut) project conducted during summer 2011 and winter 2012 at a sub-urban site. Over 70 VOC from C2 to C16 have then been measured. First, we provide insights on the factors controlling VOC distribution. Then, VOC source profiles were determined with field measurements close to the main potential emitters. Finally, we identified the VOC factors, based on the sources profiles established previously, and quantified their relative contribution according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer. The modeled results showed an agreement with the local emission inventory regarding the load of the on-road mobile source
Morisseau, Kevin. "Traitement combiné de polluants atmosphériques par filtration et adsorption pour limiter leur transfert dans l'habitat urbain." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMNA0292/document.
The development of low energy buildings, which are more and more hermetic, leads to the necessity of indoor air renewal with mechanical ventilation system. However, the concentration of pollutants in urban environments increases continually, which promotes the pollutant transfer from the outdoor to the indoor air. This PhD thesis consists in the study of processes for the combined purification of the main urban outdoor air pollutants coming in individual dwellings through the ventilation systems.Out of a state of the art of the air pollutants, the ventilation systems and the treatment processes, filtration with fibrous media and adsorption were the two processes chosen to treat the urban air characterized by PM₁₀, PM₂ ₅, microbialaerosol, BTEX and NOₓ. A methodology was setup to select, through the different studied materials and with some performance criterion, the most suitable treatment solution i.e. a combined-F7 filter with glass fiber and granular activated carbon. A daily heating strategy of the combined-F7 filter at 70°C for 1h30 was proposed to partially regenerate the adsorbent in order to improve its lifetime and to limit the microbial growth on the filter, inparticular by desiccation.An experimental campaign in controlled conditions with multi-pollutant generation permitted to quantify the performances of the combined-F7 filter. The thermal treatment permitted to maintain the adsorption efficiency of the toluene at 40% and to limit the microbial proliferation. Competitions within pollutants were observed, in particular an increase of the filtration efficiency of PM₁₀ with the presence of PM₂ ₅ by promoting the cake filtration stage. Moreover the mix toluene/NO₂ leads to a decrease of the NO₂ adsorption in favor of the toluene.Finally, an experimental campaign in realistic conditions was conducted for 3 months in particular to study the performances of the thermal treatment. Concentration levels of the pollutants in the suburban area of the study were low. The thermal treatment applied to the combined-F7 filter, with the operating conditions studied and after 3month of follow-up, permitted to significantly limit the fungal growth on the filter but it did not permit to improve significantly the VOC and NOₓ adsorption
Zgheib, Sally. "Flux et sources des polluants prioritaires dans les eaux urbaines en lien avec l'usage du territoire." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00554932.
Chu, Yin. "Flux de polluants en crue sur des petits bassins versants côtiers méditerranéens : sources, estimation et modélisation." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20015.
Barros, de Oliveira Diogo Miguel. "Identification of the main sources and geographical origins of PM10 in the northern part of France." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10007/document.
Airborne particles have significant economical, health and environmental impacts at a global scale. Mitigating their emissions to improve ambient air quality demands a deep knowledge on their sources, which can be determined by investigating their chemical composition. The present thesis aims at identifying major PM10 sources and geographical origins at 5 sampling sites (3 urban background, 1 traffic and 1 remote) representative of Northern France, which is frequently submitted to exceedances of limit values as defined by European Directives. The first step of this study included a comprehensive chemical characterization of PM10 filter samples collected every third day at the 5 sites. Organic matter and ammonium nitrate were confirmed as the main PM10 species in the investigated area with some differences according to the site type. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify and quantify the contributions of primary sources as well as secondary processes impacting each sampling site. Large contributions of secondary aerosols (mainly grouped as nitrate-, sulfate- and oxalate-rich aerosols) were obtained at all sites, as well as significant traffic and biomass burning. The use of specific tracers like MSA and polyols also proved to be useful to identify marine and continental biogenic aerosols, respectively. Statistical trajectory-based model was applied to PMF outputs to calculate Concentration Field maps and locate emission sources of marine particles, namely fresh and aged sea salts (primarily from the Atlantic Ocean) and marine biogenic aerosols (mainly from the North Sea), as well as continental contributions of nitrate-and sulfate-rich secondary particles
Deshayes, Steven. "Identification des sources de phtalates et d'alkylphénols (polluants émergents) en milieu urbain et compréhension des processus d’élimination." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1148/document.
Alkylphenols (AP) and phthalates (or Phthalate Acid Esters - PAE) are classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds. Despite a small number of studies, some data suggests that phthalates could have a negative effect on reproduction in human beings (Bocken, 2001). Recently, Bergé et al. (2014) monitored alkylphenol and phthalate concentrations in wastewater at the scale of Paris conurbation: a heavily urbanized but weakly industrialized catchment. Such type of catchment, with 8.5 million inhabitants and less than 2% of wastewater originating from industries, could therefore be used to model the fate of alkylphenols and phthalates for major cities located in industrialized countries. It has been shown that alkylphenols and phthalates are not rejected by the industry but they mainly originate from domestic wastewater. Indeed, it was observed that more than 95% of the load derived from domestic wastewater (Bergé et al., 2014).However, the contribution of the different types of waters constituting domestic wastewater to the pollution of alkylphenols and phthalates has not been addressed so far. Our works have therefore helped to bridge this gap on the origin of four phthalate (DEP DnBP, BBP and DEHP) and two types of alkylphenols (nonylphenol and octylphenol isomers), among the most commonly studied congeners in greywater and blackwater. 165 samples of greywater, distributed into six categories (washing machine, dishwasher, dishes, cleaning floors, sink and shower) and 3 samples of black water (toilets) were collected directly from individuals. For that purpose, a specific sampling protocol for each type of water has been established then a call for volunteers was launched in the Paris region. 79 households (76 for greywater and 3 for wastewater) participated at this work leading to a unique robust database on greywater of the Paris conurbation. Significant disparities emerged between the different types of greywater. Indeed, results showed that wastewater from showers and washing machines account for more than 80% of both the phthalate and alkylphenol loads released to domestic wastewater. Therefore, it was decided to define more precisely the pollution sources of AP and PAE in both types of greywater. To do this, a decomposition of potential sources and a separate analysis of each of them led to different findings. Indeed, we demonstrated that alkyphenols and DnBP mostly originated from products used in showers and washing machines, while the other PAEs came from clothing and / or deposits that accumulated on it during the day.During this work, APs and PAEs were also monitored during the transport of wastewater within the sewer network and in the different stages of wastewater treatment plants. Within the sewer system, almost no change in concentrations of APs and PAEs was observed despite the level of contamination found in deposits from grit chambers (35 µg/g.dw for DEHP). We highlighted a significant evolution between 2010 and 2015 of AP and PAE loads transiting in the main trunks of Seine Aval WWTP, a 5 million population-equivalent WWTP. Indeed, loads observed during this thesis were 3 to 6 times lower than those observed by Bergé (2012) in 2011 for APs and from 2 to 4 times lower for PAEs. However, DnBP differs because the flows for this congener increased by a factor of 10 between 2011 and 2015
Locoge, Nadine Galloo Jean-Claude. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils dans l'air ambiant de la mesure à l'étude des sources /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2009. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/1223.
N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 534. Synthèse des travaux (en français) avec publications (en anglais) reproduites dans le texte. Curriculum vitae. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 319-329. Liste des publications et communications.
Diercxsens, Philippe. "Contribution à la connaissance des sources et de la dynamique de quelques polluants prioritaires organiques dans l'écosystème sol /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=681.
Badol, Caroline. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils dans une atmosphère urbaine sous influence industrielle : de l'identification à la contribution des sources." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Badol.pdf.
Diallo, Thierno Mamadou Oury. "Impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l'air intérieur des bâtiments." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS416/document.
Transfer of soil gas pollutants (Radon, VOC) into buildings can cause significant health risks. However, analytical models used today to estimate health risks associated with these pollutants contain many uncertainties which can lead to poor risk assessment. Initially, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of these models for risk assessment. Secondly, we propose the development of air flow model for passive Sub slab Depressurization Systems (SDS) design used to protect buildings. The improvement of models focused on the inclusion of the main phenomena of convection and diffusion at building/soil interface, taking into account different types of building substructures. The first improvement concerns the assessment of convection phenomenon through the development of analytical models to quantify air flow rates entering through many kinds of building substructures: floating slab, bearing slab, crawl space and basement. Buildings with buried walls and substructures with a sub slab gravel layer are also treated. A methodology taking into account the presence of cracks, holes and singular leakages of the slab is also proposed. The second improvement of the models is the inclusion of coupled transfer of convection and diffusion near foundations. A numerical study allowed a better understanding of the behavior of pollutants at soil / building interface. Based on this understanding, semi-empirical laws for estimating soil gas pollutants entry rate into buildings are proposed. The various models developed have been validated numerically using a CFD model and experimentally with data from the literature when available. The impact of building substructure on pollutant transfer has been highlighted. A first application of the model is illustrated by their integration into a multizone simulation code to study the impact of these transfers on indoor air quality. Finally, the work ends with the development of a model for designing passive sub slab depressurization systems. The design model developed is validated with in situ experimental data. Preliminary applications using this model focused at first on the impact of meteorological conditions (stack effect, wind) on the sub slab system running. At second, the impact of ventilation strategies on sub slab depressurization performance is studied. Thus, we see the potential interest of this model to test the effective running of passive sub slab depressurization systems in given configuration
Lapointe, Jean. "Identification des sources de polluants lors des étapes de fabrication des pâtes chicothermomécaniques de pin gris (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.)." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1994. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5349/1/000606458.pdf.
Salame, Thérèse. "Sources d’émission du carbone organique gazeux à Beyrouth." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10108.
The atmospheric pollution related to the VOC still maintains a great interest since these species contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate and secondary organic aerosols resulting in negative impacts on human health, climate and on the environment. In order to apply efficient control strategies, there is a need to identify the VOC emission sources, to determine their speciation and their contribution to VOC ambient levels. To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the VOC in the Middle East region (MEA) due to a lack of ground-based measurements leading to insufficient evaluation of air pollution in this region. In this work, we report the results of the first study regarding VOC in Lebanon, a developing country in the MEA region. The study is based on two intensive field measurement campaigns within the frame of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean, Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut) project conducted during summer 2011 and winter 2012 at a sub-urban site. Over 70 VOC from C2 to C16 have then been measured. First, we provide insights on the factors controlling VOC distribution. Then, VOC source profiles were determined with field measurements close to the main potential emitters. Finally, we identified the VOC factors, based on the sources profiles established previously, and quantified their relative contribution according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer. The modeled results showed an agreement with the local emission inventory regarding the load of the on-road mobile source
Lamaison, Laure. "Caractérisation des particules atmosphériques et identification de leurs sources dans une atmosphère urbaine sous influence industrielle." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_156.pdf.
Brocard, Delphine. "Emissions atmosphériques des combustions domestiques : étude des processus et détermination des sources à l'échelle régionale et globale en Afrique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30296.
Polo, Rehn Lucie. "Caractérisation et impacts des émissions de polluants du transport routier : Apports méthodologiques et cas d'études en Rhône Alpes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU013/document.
Fine particles (PM10-P2.5) are recognized to be deleterious to human health particularly in the roadway vicinity. In European countries, and in particular in France, the European daily limit value is exceeded in many sites more than 35 times a year. One of the major sources of fine particles in urban and roadside sites is road traffic. Emissions from road traffic involve exhaust and non-exhaust emissions (resuspension of road dusts, from the brakes, tyres and road-surface-wear, from the corrosion of vehicle components…). Numerous studies have been performed in order to account for exhaust emissions, however not in France. Generally, the profiles used in source apportionment models are not adapted (since they are American profiles) to the French or European fleets. In addition, the contribution of the nonexhaust fraction to total particulate matter (PM) mass is generally not accounted for in the source apportionment results. Therefore, PM10 emissions are underestimated. As a result, better knowledge about formation, characterization and quantification of particles from traffic are becoming necessary. The goals of this work are numerous because ambient air and exhaust emission measurements have been involved. The aim is to accurately discriminate exhaust and nonexhaust sources, in order to provide groundbreaking insights into the contribution and chemical composition of traffic sources. Therefore, the analyses of gas and particle tracers represent a big part of this work. The relationships between the measurements of 5 in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet and measurements performed in the vicinity of a suburban highway (southern ring road of Grenoble) have been firstly examined. In the first study, several chemical compounds, organics and inorganics, appeared as tracers of vehicular exhaust (EC, light PAHs, typical alkanes profiles, metals like Fe, Cu etc.). Large differences are noticeable between Diesel vehicles without DPF and petrol vehicles/diesel vehicle retrofitted with a DPF. In the second study, comparison with results from an urban background site (Grenoble-Les Frênes) and from the traffic site (Grenoble-Echirolles) highlighted several specific chemical compounds of exhaust and non-exhaust sources (EC, Cu, Fe, Sn, Mn…). Large increments due to the local traffic have been observed (EC (+78%), Cu (82%), Fe (88%), etc.). The 4-hour temporal resolution allowed for the detailed characterization of chemical species during rush hours and less busy periods. An additional field campaign was performed in another roadside site (Grenoble-Le Rondeau) but in winter during salting conditions. Supplementary information was obtained concerning non-exhaust sources. Finally, thanks to the results from the first part of this work, a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to roadside data (Echirolles and Le Rondeau) in order to discriminate non-exhaust and exhaust traffic sources and to estimate their contribution to PM10. Major contributions for traffic sources (exhaust and non-exhaust) were 34% (Echirolles) and 53% (Le Rondeau). Uncertainties linked to these results are discussed with the results of the first part (detailed chemical study) of this work
Bardet, Gaëlle. "Modèles in vitro adaptés à l’étude de la relation entre la pollution de l’air intérieur et la santé respiratoire, application aux Composés Organiques Volatils (COV)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB140/document.
Increase of respiratory diseases since the second half of the 20th century and emergence of specific symptoms related to closed environments contributed to suspect indoor air pollution, in particular volatile organic compounds (VOC), as a risk factor in the onset of these diseases. Epidemiological and experimental approaches are useful to determine its sources, determinants and effects on the human respiratory tract. Current experimental policies favor replacing animal experiments by alternative methods like in vitro methodologies, for economic and ethical reasons. Until now, in vitro models have been poorly developed to study environmental pollutants on respiratory cells. The objective of our work was to propose an experimental approach adapted to the study of the impact of environmental pollutants, particularly VOC, on human nasal epithelial cells. The strength of this work is to set up a methodology close to actual conditions of exposure, and apply them to indoor environment atmospheres. The methodology developed aimed to study reconstituted epithelium coming from primary culture of nasal cells, composed of several cell types, close to human respiratory epithelium; generate atmosphere charged with mono (formaldehyde) or multi-pollutant (VOC paint), and especially its analytical control (an essential step to validate our experimental approach); and repeated exposure (3 per week, until to two hours, over a total period of one month) at air-liquid interface without loss of cellular integrity, in dynamic conditions (under airflow) for gaseous pollutants, or static (without airflow) for particles. The setup of a morphological and histological approach allowed to complete biological effect (inflammatory response). Gaseous formaldehyde exposure at low concentration had no effect on inflammatory markers. VOC exposures on selected reconstituted epithelium (MucilAirTM, Epithelix Company) showed a decreased release of IL-8 depending on the dose and the number of exposure, without tissue damage. The mechanism of this effect needs to be further investigated. Responsiveness of the model, in terms of inflammation and structural changes of the epithelium was validated by assessing complex environmental mixture (tobacco smoke particles). Our innovative in vitro approach can be extended to the study of other multi-pollutant atmospheres (chemical, physical and biological) in order to get close to the actual conditions of exposure, but also by using other target organs
Troussier, Fabien Galloo Jean-Claude Locoge Nadine. "Évolution spatio-temporelle des teneurs en composés organiques volatils en atmosphère urbaine et périurbaine et contribution de leurs sources." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/1043.
N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3927. Une publication en anglais reproduite en annexe. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 267-280.
Roda, Célina. "Exposition domestique à des polluants chimiques de l’air intérieur : modélisation et évaluation de l’impact sur la santé respiratoire chez le jeune enfant : Bilan au terme d’une année de suivi de la cohorte de nouveau-nés PARIS." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05S009/document.
There is a growing public health concern about indoor air quality due to the time spent indoors and the presence of numerous biological and chemical pollutants. Aims: To assess indoor chemical pollutant levels, to model domestic exposure and to examine the impact of indoor chemical pollutants on the respiratory health of infants from the PARIS birth cohort, during their first year of life. Methods: Multiple self-administered questionnaires were used to gather information from parents about respiratory infections and asthma-like symptoms (wheezing, nocturnal dry cough. . . ) in their infants at ages 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Details about home characteristics and family living conditions were also collected by phone interview when the child was 1 month old, and mailed questionnaires captured changes at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Pollutant air sampling (aldehyde, volatile organic compound, nitrogendioxide and nicotine) were conducted at 1, 6, 9 and 12 months in the bedrooms of a subset of randomly selected 196infants. Repeated pollutant measurements were joined with interview and questionnaire information to construct annual pollutant exposure models for all infants. Furthermore, an environmental investigation was performed in Parisian child day care centers to document chemical exposure levels. Results: Formaldehyde, toluene, nitrogen dioxide and perchlororethylene level determinants: continuous sources (particleboard, varnished parquet floor, wall coating), discontinuous sources (combustion, dry cleaning facilities) and aeration parameters were identified. At one year, around half of babies experienced at least one lower respiratory infection, and nearly half of those infections included wheezing, 14,8 % of babies suffered from a nocturnal dry cough. After known risk factors were considered, lower respiratory infections were associated with estimated formaldehyde levels, and formaldehyde exposure is also related to nocturnal dry cough, especially in infants without parental history of allergy. Conclusion: This study shows that formaldehyde exposure in early life is associated with respiratory health in infants, promoting public actions regarding emissions from materials
Charron, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques acides en zones rurales : étude des relations sources-récepteur et des moyens de mesure adaptés." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1244.
Works presented in this thesis deal with acid deposition in rural areas and are a part of the MERA (MEsure des Retombées Atmospheriques) program. Two aims have been developed, study of samplers for S02 and particulate S042 and source-receptor relationship analyses. A field intercomparison has been conducted including four S02 and particulate S042- samplers: a bubbling method (AbSO2), two denuder/filter pack systems, a filter pack. Their detection limits and absorption efficiency for SO 2 have also been evaluated. Good agreement within 10 % was found between the two denuder/ filter pack systems. The AbSO2 have underestimated S02 and particulate S042- in comparison with the other methods. Source-receptor relationship influencing acidifying compounds have been studied at a rural site, Morvan. Three receptor-oriented models, the Ashbaugh et al. One, the Seibert et al. One and the Stohl one, have been compared through S042 N03-, NH4' ions measured in raie. Each has been revealed as efficient tool. The Seibert et al. Model was selected and applied to W ions measured in precipitation, SO2 and particulate S042-. The influence of the long range transport in atmosphere has been shown. Areas of high anthropogenic emissions (Polish-Czech-. German border area and the region from north of France to north of Germany) have been identified responsible for high concentration events. Quantitative relationship have been established. Database have been studied for the « warm » (March to August) and « cold » (September to February) seasons separatly. Atrnospheric chemistry and meteorology have been revealed influencing source-receptor relationship
Blondel, Alodie. "Identification des sources intérieures de composés organiques volatils et estimation de leur contribution aux teneurs observées dans les logements français." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10171/document.
Indoor atmospheres appear very rich in volatile organic compounds (VOC). These substances form a “dangerous mix” whose composition and effects on health remain still unknown. This complexity makes difficult the identification and the quantification of indoor sources on the indoor air quality. The purpose of this thesis is to establish qualitative and quantitative relationship between VOC indoor sources and the concentrations observed in French dwellings. The first axis of this work deals with the development of passive measurement to determine the formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde emission rates of materials. This sampler was validated in laboratory, then used in-situ, in a batch of measurements carried out in student rooms. This diagnosis on site shows that the furniture and the building materials contribute equally to the indoor concentration in FA. The increase of the emissions is clearly influenced by the rise in the temperature. A balance mass model based on the measured emission rates led to a satisfying prediction of the FA concentrations in the 24 sampled rooms. The second axis deals with the analysis of the chemical profiles of 60 residences. From a “screening” of the VOC; homogeneous classes of chemical profiles associated with the dwellings could be established. Assumptions on the potential sources of these compounds were formulated and examined on the basis of the bibliography, the descriptive questionnaires of the dwellings and the emissions of materials and products present in indoor environment
Golly, Benjamin. "Etude des sources et de la dynamique atmosphérique de polluants organiques particulaires en vallées alpines : apport de nouveaux traceurs organiques aux modèles récepteurs." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENA019/document.
Recently, Air quality has become a sensitive topic for Rhône-Alpes region due to the formal notice which was addressed by the European Commission for non-compliance with legislation in force. Indeed, certain geographic areas in the region present a lot of overruns in PM10, especially in Alpine valleys during winter. These overruns particles are also accompanied by high concentrations of organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which constitute these PMs. An increase in khowledge about the sources of particulate air pollution and their dynamics in Alpine valleys is necessary, in order to improve the implementation of policies to reduce emissions through better knowledge of the influence of different sources at regional level. This thesis is focused around emissions from industrial sources still poorly known and particularly of the carbon industry highly present in these industrial areas of the valley bottoms. Traditional approaches by metallic elements being not specific, exploration of the organic fraction allowed to propose a complete organic chemical profile. In addition they led us to evidence the benzo(b)naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene (BNT(2,1)), the most abundant particulate compound of the family of sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PASHs), as a tracer of this source. This compound was detected and quantified on multiple sites in near industrial activities confirming its potential source. In addition the industrial profile was introduced as profile “source” in order to assess its robustness in methodologies of receptor model like the “Chemical Mass Balance “(CMB) and the “Positive Matrix Factorization” (PMF). The results confirmed the interest of the addition of organic compounds to these methodologies. Thus, the industrial profile and the PASHs compounds have allowed to better trace the source usually called “carbon industry” (coal, coke and graphite materials combustions) in the Alpine valleys but also in different French urban sites. In parallel, a non linear regression model (NLRM) was developed to PAH source apportionment, based on the use of specific molecular markers (levoglucosan, hopanes…) and of meteorological data (altitudinal temperature lapse rate). Its implementation has been validated on a set of sites of the Alpine valleys of Arve and Tarentaise. Coupling between this model and the optical measurements of black carbon (BC) by aethalometer, allowed to propose a solution to the poor performance of correlation between PAHs measured and modeled by NLRM model on this site of the Maurienne valley. These low correlations may be related to poor representativeness of organic compounds used to correctly trace the emission sources at some sites. Finally, the inter-comparison of these methodologies for the determination of PAH sources and especially of industrial source allows to validate this methodology in an operational perspective of monitoring of PAH levels on these sites. The work performed during this thesis highlights the interest of the characterizatin of the organic fraction of PM and the biases that may exist on the use of organic compounds for the study of the emission sources. Some alternatives are suggested to clarify ambiguities and improve the source apportionment of PAHs by receptor models
Gallou, Guillaume. "Etude et optimisation de la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) pour le suivi en continu des polluants émis par les sources fixes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10153.
In the context of the prevention of atmospheric pollution and air quality improvement, measurement of the stationary sources emission appears as a key component to evaluate the concentration of one or many pollutants and also to estimate the annual flows. Analytical techniques of atmospheric pollutants must on principle permit to control the safety concentration limits fixed by order. To that end, laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a good technique. Indeed, this multielementary analysis technique requires no sample preparation, is quantitative, fast (< 1 min), and can be performed at remote distance. The objective of this work, supported by ADEME and run by CEA and INERIS, is to develop and optimise LIBS technique to measure in-situ and in real time metallic pollutants in particulate forms emitted by stationary sources. During this study, two experimental approaches were carried out simultaneously: the first one, realized in CEA, consists to collect micrometric metallic particles generated by ultrasonic nebulizer on filter and then to analyse those filters with adapted LIBS device. In parallel, the second device is realised in INERIS to analyse the same particles by focusing the laser directly (direct analysis) on the flowing aerosol inside an analysis cell. To evaluate correctly the analysis LIBS devices as well as the acquisition and data treatment protocols adapted to aerosols analysis, specific experimental setup of generating and characterising metallic aerosol is designed and implemented. Then, experimental results are optimized and compared. After those developments and tests in laboratory, in-situ measurements are realized in the "Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (CTIF)" in Sèvres. Measurements were performed on melting process to analyse in-situ and in real time concentration of metallic particles emitted during copper melt
Pretot, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Air quality improvement in closed or semi-closed areas with a minimal energy consumption." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0023.
Air quality is a key factor regardinghuman health. Indoor air pollutants are numerousand have different characteristics and behavior.Solutions to treat these pollutants already existbut energy consumption or maintenance are keypoints and optimization for each case is required.In this PhD thesis, simulation methods areproposed for this with real time simulation astarget.Based on literature review, particles linked withtrain activity are the main problematic insidesubterranean train stations. Due to its specificity,they are treated separately from other indoorvolumes and a 1D approach is used here. Basedon a differential equations set using physicalparameters like air and train velocities, the dailyparticles concentrations for different particlessize classes are well reproduced for two studycases. The 1D discretization allow then toimplement depollution solutions along theplatforms for evaluation. The method givespretty good results compared to measurementsand each configuration is evaluated in less thana minute.An FFD method allowing transient simulations isthen evaluated for other indoor environments.The main objective here is to evaluate theairflow modelling accuracy for a real timesimulation. Indeed, pollutant behavior highlydepends on airflow. After a first evaluation, theFFD method using coarse mesh grid seems tobe accurate enough based on comparison withstandard Computational Fluid Dynamics to beused as tool for optimization of depollutionsolution but deeper analysis is needed
Zhang, Yunjiang. "Estimation multi-annuelle des sources d’aérosols organiques et de leurs propriétés d’absorption de la lumière en région Parisienne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV013.
Carbonaceous aerosols, including organic aerosols (OA) and black carbon (BC), are playing important roles on air quality and climate change. Therefore, quantifying contribution of their emission sources, as well as the sources of their gaseous precursors, is needed to implement efficient mitigation measures. Investigating trends in atmospheric composition is also essential to a better knowledge of present and future impacts of airborne particles on global warming. This work aimed at investigating on-line and in situ carbonaceous aerosol measurements performed for more than 6 years at the SIRTA facility (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique). This observatory platform is part of the ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, Trace gases Research InfraStructure). It is located 25 km southwest of Paris city center and is representative of background air quality in the Ile de France region. The main sources of submicron OA were discriminated through Positive Matrix Factorization applied to Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) data. Light absorption properties of BC and brown carbon (BrC) were obtained from multi-wavelength Aethalometer measurements. Converging results illustrated well-marked seasonal, weekly, and diel cycles of the various primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosol fractions. Primary OA (POA), mainly from wood burning and traffic emissions, were confirmed to dominate submicron OA concentrations during the coldest months (November to February), while Oxygenated OA (OOA) were shown as the major contributors during the rest of the year. Less Oxidized OOA (LO-OOA), possibly with predominant biogenic origins, were found to contribute up to about 60% of total submicron OA on average in summer. Trend analyses indicated slight decreasing features (in the range of 0.05-0.20 µg m-3 yr-1) for every OA fractions over the 6+-year investigated period, except for this LO-OOA factor which showed no significant trend. Regarding absorption properties, BrC - with overwhelming biomass burning origin - was found to have equivalent light absorption impact than BC at near-ultraviolet wavelengths during the winter season. In summer, a mean value of 1.6 was obtained for BC absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to secondary aerosol lensing effect, supporting possible higher BC-related radiative impact than currently expected. Last but not least, More Oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) were shown as the main agent for this Eabs and then appeared as one of the most critical aerosol fraction to be considered within near-future climate models
Kafi-benyahia, Mounira. "Variabilité spatiale des caractéristiques et des origines des polluants de temps de pluie dans le réseau d'assainissement unitaire parisien." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002000.
Scelo, Anne-Laure. "Etude de perturbations physiologiques induites par des polluants d’origine agricole ou industrielle chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Onchorynchus mykiss) en mésocosmes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13980.
In the aquatic ecosystems, anthropic activity, but also natural environment induce several kind of stress in aquatic organisms. Among the potential sources of stress, three chemicals were studied here: a metal, a bipyridylium herbicide, a mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and an oil product exposure. This study enters within the framework of the European directive REACh (Registration Evaluation Authorization of CHemicals) but also of the Directive Cadre Eau, DCE (directive 2000/60/CE) of the European Parliament. The aim is to evaluate the relevance of an early pollution indicator pool (biomarkers) in order to predict chemical substance effects during chronic exposure or after specific contaminations of the aquatic compartment. An integrated approach of the substance effects on the genetic, proteinic, cellular, histological and individual answers in the rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, were undertaken in open and dynamic mesocosms and also laboratory. In vivo, a multibiomarker study on female juvenile trout was done at each exposure, over 21 or 28 days, followed by a period of “recovery». The mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and the gasoline used for the exposures thus show effects which perdurent until the end of this period of “recovery. The mesocosms used in this study offer favorable conditions for juvenile survival and growth. (...) In addition to the assessment of the measurement robustness and the biomarker relevance, we compared the data obtained in this study with the in vivo tests and those obtained using in vitro tests. This approach made possible to highlight coherent answers between in vitro the tests and in vivo markers. But in vitro tests are only one preliminary approach to quickly seek a specific toxic action. The modulation monitoring of key genes in the fish reproduction function, during a gasoline exposure, offers complementary informationabout the pollutant mode of action. We noted that the effects of the contamination on the hormonal rates were differed in time compared to the modulation of the gene transcription. In order to bring new tools for the monitoring, in a model species, of the aquatic environment,transposing this work in male and female fish at different developmental stages would enableisolating still most relevant parameters
Rehn, Lucie. "Caractérisation et impacts des émissions de polluants du transport routier : Apports méthodologiques et cas d'études en Rhône Alpes." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876623.
Surchamp, Alexia. "Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010/document.
The objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
Surchamp, Alexia. "Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010.
The objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
Valdés, Ana. "Minéralogie et géochimie du matériel particulaire respirable (PM10 et PM2. 5) présent dans l'air de Santiago, Chili : contribution à sa caractérisation et l'identification de ses sources." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1421/.
This thesis is a geochemical characterization of breathable particulate matter (PM10 et PM2. 5) in Santiago, Chile. The principal objective is the identification sources through of determination of tracers elements origins and genesis process. Major and traces elements has been analyzed in terms of the variation concentrations between different sites, seasonality and years. The chemical characterization of some elements is necessary in order to understand the impact on the human health and improve the quality of air according with public politics. Therefore, this works also allows to quantified concentrations level of some potential toxic elements that could be impact on the mortality range of cardiac and respiratory illness
Troussier, Fabien. "Évolution spatio-temporelle des teneurs en composés organiques volatils en atmosphère urbaine et périurbaine et contribution de leurs sources." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Troussier.pdf.
Zhang, Yunjiang. "Estimation multi-annuelle des sources d’aérosols organiques et de leurs propriétés d’absorption de la lumière en région Parisienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV013.
Carbonaceous aerosols, including organic aerosols (OA) and black carbon (BC), are playing important roles on air quality and climate change. Therefore, quantifying contribution of their emission sources, as well as the sources of their gaseous precursors, is needed to implement efficient mitigation measures. Investigating trends in atmospheric composition is also essential to a better knowledge of present and future impacts of airborne particles on global warming. This work aimed at investigating on-line and in situ carbonaceous aerosol measurements performed for more than 6 years at the SIRTA facility (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique). This observatory platform is part of the ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, Trace gases Research InfraStructure). It is located 25 km southwest of Paris city center and is representative of background air quality in the Ile de France region. The main sources of submicron OA were discriminated through Positive Matrix Factorization applied to Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) data. Light absorption properties of BC and brown carbon (BrC) were obtained from multi-wavelength Aethalometer measurements. Converging results illustrated well-marked seasonal, weekly, and diel cycles of the various primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosol fractions. Primary OA (POA), mainly from wood burning and traffic emissions, were confirmed to dominate submicron OA concentrations during the coldest months (November to February), while Oxygenated OA (OOA) were shown as the major contributors during the rest of the year. Less Oxidized OOA (LO-OOA), possibly with predominant biogenic origins, were found to contribute up to about 60% of total submicron OA on average in summer. Trend analyses indicated slight decreasing features (in the range of 0.05-0.20 µg m-3 yr-1) for every OA fractions over the 6+-year investigated period, except for this LO-OOA factor which showed no significant trend. Regarding absorption properties, BrC - with overwhelming biomass burning origin - was found to have equivalent light absorption impact than BC at near-ultraviolet wavelengths during the winter season. In summer, a mean value of 1.6 was obtained for BC absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to secondary aerosol lensing effect, supporting possible higher BC-related radiative impact than currently expected. Last but not least, More Oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) were shown as the main agent for this Eabs and then appeared as one of the most critical aerosol fraction to be considered within near-future climate models
Vignau-Laulhere, Jane. "Développement du préleveur passif pour la mesure du formaldehyde dans l'air en vue d'améliorer le diagnostic dans les environnements intérieurs." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3006/document.
Since 2001 and the creation of a French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), indoor air quality has become a major public health issue. It is the subject of a regulatory framework that continues to evolve in recent years. Two recent decrees, in France, foresee the implementation of the labeling of building materials according to their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (decree n°2011-321, 23/03/2011) and the survey of air concentration of two pollutants (benzene and formaldehyde) with guide values in public buildings (n°2011-1728, 2/12/2012). Today, the analytical method used to measure formaldehyde concentration in air consists in a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) sampling cartridge which is analyzed by liquid chromatography after solvent extraction. This method is time consuming, expensive and complicated to perform. The company Ethera develops and markets specific, sensitive sensors for detection and measurement of formaldehyde with passive or active samplers. This sensor is based on a nanoporous matrix containing Fluoral-P (4-amino-3-penten-2-one), which selectively reacts with formaldehyde to produce a colored compound the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL). DDL is detected at 420nm by optical reading and the difference of the optical density measured before and after exposition of the sensor is directly proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde in air. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance of passive samplers. The different phases of the development of passive samplers are studied (design, evaluation in environmental chamber) with different approaches and methodologies. In fact, two axis of study are considered: a theoretical approach and laboratory tests. Theoretical approach will be implemented to optimize a passive sampler or for sizing a new one based on the study of theoretical sampling rates. Laboratory tests will allow to assess metrological parameters of passive samplers (detection limit, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity…) and to estimate effects of exposure factors (temperature, relative humidity, concentration levels …)
Srivastava, Deepchandra. "Improving the discrimination of primary and secondary sources of organic aerosol : use of molecular markers and different approaches." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0055/document.
Organic aerosols (OAs), originating from a wide variety of sources and atmospheric processes, have strong impacts on air quality and climate change. The present PhD thesis aimed to get a better understanding of OA origins using specific organic molecular markers together with their input into source-receptor model such as positive matrix factorization (PMF). This experimental work was based on two field campaigns, conducted in Grenoble (urban site) over the 2013 year and in the Paris region (suburban site of SIRTA, 25 km southwest of Paris) during an intense PM pollution event in March 2015. Following an extended chemical characterization (from 139 to 216 species quantified), the use of key primary and secondary organic molecular markers within the standard filter-based PMF model allowed to deconvolve 9 and 11 PM10 sources (Grenoble and SIRTA, respectively). These included common ones (biomass burning, traffic, dust, sea salt, secondary inorganics and nitrate), as well as uncommon resolved sources such as primary biogenic OA (fungal spores and plant debris), biogenic secondary AO (SOA) (marine, isoprene oxidation) and anthropogenic SOA (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and/or phenolic compounds oxidation). In addition, high time-resolution filter dataset (4h-timebase) available for the Paris region also illustrated a better understanding of the diurnal profiles and the involved chemical processes. These results could be compared to outputs from other measurement techniques (online ACSM (aerosol chemical speciation monitor), offline AMS (aerosol mass spectrometer) analyses), and/or to other data treatment methodologies (EC (elemental carbon) tracer method and SOA tracer method). A good agreement was obtained between all the methods in terms of separation between primary and secondary OA fractions. Nevertheless, and whatever the method used, still about half of the SOA mass was not fully described. Therefore, a novel OA source apportionment approach has finally been developed by combining online (ACSM) and offline (organic molecular markers) measurements and using a time synchronization script. This combined PMF analysis was performed on the unified matrix. It revealed 10 OA factors, including 4 different biomass burning-related chemical profiles. Compared to conventional approaches, this new methodology provided a more comprehensive description of the atmospheric processes related to the different OA sources