Journal articles: 'Source separated organics (SSO)'

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Lin, Long, Ehssan Hosseini Koupaie, Armineh Azizi, Amir Abbas Bazyar Lakeh, Bipro R. Dhar, Hisham Hafez, and Elsayed Elbeshbishy. "Comparison of Two Process Schemes Combining Hydrothermal Treatment and Acidogenic Fermentation of Source-Separated Organics." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081466.

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This study compares the effects of pre- and post-hydrothermal treatment of source- separated organics (SSO) on solubilization of particulate organics and acidogenic fermentation for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production. The overall COD solubilization and solids removal efficiencies from both schemes were comparable. However, the pre-hydrolysis of SSO followed by acidogenic fermentation resulted in a relatively higher VFA yield of 433 mg/g VSS, which was 18% higher than that of a process scheme with a post-hydrolysis of dewatered solids from the fermentation process. Regarding the composition of VFA, the dominance of acetate and butyrate was comparable in both process schemes, while propionate concentration considerably increased in the process with pre-hydrolysis of SSO. The microbial community results showed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased substantially in the fermentation of pretreated SSO, indicating that there might be different metabolic pathways for production of VFAs in fermentation process operated with pre-treated SSO. The possible reason might be that the abundance of soluble organic matters due to pre-hydrolysis might stimulate the growth of more kinetically efficient fermentative bacteria as indicated by the increase in Firmicutes percentage.

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Kakar, Farokh laqa, Ehssan Hosseini Koupaie, Hisham Hafez, and Elsayed Elbeshbishy. "Effect of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on Volatile Fatty Acids Production from Source-Separated Organics." Processes 7, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090576.

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The current study investigates the effect of hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) on acidification of source-separated organics (SSO) in terms of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and solubilization. Temperature and retention time for HTP of SSO ranged from 150 to 240 °C and 5 to 30 min, respectively. The soluble substance after hydrothermal pretreatment initially increased, reaching its peak at 210 °C and then declined gradually. The highest overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) solubilization of 63% was observed at “210 °C-20 min” compared to 17% for raw SSO. The highest VFAs yield of 1536 mg VFAs/g VSS added was observed at “210 °C-20 min” compared to 768 mg VFAs/g VSS for raw SSO. Intensification of hydrothermal pretreatment temperature beyond 210 °C resulted in the mineralization of the organics and adversely affected the process.

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Seib, M. D., A. J. Booton, M. J. Scarborough, and D. R. Noguera. "Evaluation of acid-phase digestion as a pretreatment to enhance co-digestion of source separated organics and municipal sewage sludges." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 7 (October 1, 2019): 1257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.374.

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Abstract This work assessed if acid-phase digestion could improve volatile solids (VS) destruction and methane yield when co-digesting municipal sewage sludges (primary and waste activated sludge) and source separated organics (SSO). The SSO was made up of food waste and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Two laboratory-scale acid-phase digesters and three laboratory-scale methane-phase digesters were employed in order to determine the impacts of SSO co-digestion with municipal sludges both with and without acid-phase digestion as a pretreatment step. Reactors were operated at 35 °C using volatile solids loading rates of 34.2–44.1 g VS/LR-day for acid-phase digesters and 1.2–2.4 1 g VS/LR-day for methane-phase digesters. Solids retention times ranging from 1.2 to 1.5 day and 20.7 to 23.2 days were employed for acid-phase and methane-phase digesters, respectively. VS destruction ranged from 62% to 67%, with reactors receiving SSO achieving higher VS destruction. Results also show that reactors receiving SSO were able to handle organic loading increases of at least 39% without showing signs of overloading. Microbial community analysis revealed that SSO had a noticeable impact on acid-phase digestion with Megasphaera emerging as the most abundant genus.

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Urbain, J. Y., A. Smale, and B. Stinson. "Experiences with Source-Separated Organics Processing and Anaerobic Digestion at the City of Toronto Disco Road SSO Facility." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, no. 12 (January 1, 2017): 1893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864717822152220.

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Leverenz, Harold, Russel Adams, Jessica Hazard, and George Tchobanoglous. "Continuous Thermal Stripping Process for Ammonium Removal from Digestate and Centrate." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042185.

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The state of California has passed legislation to divert organic materials from landfills to reduce the emission of methane to the atmosphere. A large amount of this source separated organic (SSO) material is expected to be used as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion processes. Based on a review of properties for likely SSO feedstocks, it is clear that while SSO are high in volatile solids, they are also concentrated sources of nutrients (principally, ammonium). When SSO feedstocks are digested, these nutrients are released into the digestate, where ammonium can cause problems both within the digester and in downstream treatment processes. The focus of this paper is on the performance of two pilot studies designed to remove ammonia from a digester effluent. The process used in the study is a thermal stripping column with tray configuration, operating under a vacuum. In the first study, food waste digestate was treated as a slurry in the stripping column with and without NaOH addition. At process temperatures near 90 °C, the performance with and without caustic was similar. In the second study, centrate from a co-digestion facility, that blends food processing waste with wastewater process solids, was treated in the same thermal stripping column under the same conditions and without chemical addition. The results from both studies, which can be described using the same performance curves, are presented and discussed in this paper.

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Fung, Leonard, Pedro E. Urriola, Lawrence Baker, and Gerald C. Shurson. "Estimated energy and nutrient composition of different sources of food waste and their potential for use in sustainable swine feeding programs." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy099.

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Abstract About 40% of the total food produced in the United States is wasted throughout the supply chain. The objective of this study was to determine the energy and nutrient content and variability of food waste sources generated at different stages within the food supply chain in the Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN, metropolitan area, and their potential for use in swine diets. A total of four waste sources were selected: supermarket (SM; retail to consumer), university residential dining hall (RH; consumer to postconsumer), a city waste transfer station (TS; postconsumer to municipal waste disposal), and household source-separated organic recycling program (SSO; postconsumer to municipal waste). Samples were collected (SM: n = 22; RH: n = 60; TS: n = 27; SSO: n =12) and analyzed for GE, proximate analyses, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acid concentrations along with lipid peroxidation indicators including peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). Data were analyzed using a general linear model that included food waste source as the main factor, and least squared means with adjustment were used for multiple comparisons. Samples of SM food waste contained the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of GE (5,909 kcal/kg) compared with RH, TS, and SSO sources. Calculated NE of SM (3,740 kcal/kg) was also the greatest compared with the three other food waste sources. Food waste from SM, RH, and SSO, but not TS, had greater (P < 0.05) calculated NE than published values for corn and soybean meal. Concentrations of Lys (1.82%), Met (0.53%), Thr (1.07%), and Trp (0.27) content were greater in SM than in RH, TS, and SSO, but these concentrations were less than published values for soybean meal. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the phosphorus content of samples among food waste sources (0.30% to 0.64%). PV and TBARS were greatest (P < 0.05) in the SSO samples (PV = 82.4 meq/kg oil; TBARS = 2.44 mg malondialdehyde (MDA) eq/g oil) compared with the other three food waste sources. Although the concentrations of nutrients and calculated energy values of the food waste sources were moderately high compared with corn and soybean meal, their composition was more variable (i.e., greater SD of means). Food waste generated upstream (SM) in the food supply chain appears to have greater nutritional value than postconsumer food waste (RH, TS, and SSO), but all sources appear suitable for use in commercial swine diets provided that ME, NE, and nutrient digestibility values are well characterized.

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Razavi, A. S., E. Hosseini Koupaie, A. Azizi, H. Hafez, and E. Elbeshbishy. "Hydrothermal pretreatment of source separated organics for enhanced solubilization and biomethane recovery." Bioresource Technology 274 (February 2019): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.024.

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Whitlock, Drury D., David W. Green, Leswin Dcunha, Jamie Allen, Mathew Krupp, and Phil Bobel. "Palo Alto, Ca'S Integrated Source-Separated Organics Management Solution to Achieve Zero Waste Goals." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2014, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864714816197168.

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Azizi, A., E. Hosseini Koupaie, H. Hafez, and E. Elbeshbishy. "Improving single- and two-stage anaerobic digestion of source separated organics by hydrothermal pretreatment." Biochemical Engineering Journal 148 (August 2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2019.05.001.

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Bazyar Lakeh, A. A., A. Azizi, E. Hosseini Koupaie, V. Bekmuradov, H. Hafez, and E. Elbeshbishy. "A comprehensive study for characteristics, acidogenic fermentation, and anaerobic digestion of source separated organics." Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (August 2019): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.223.

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De Baere, L. "Partial stream digestion of residual municipal solid waste." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 7 (April 1, 2008): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.078.

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Anaerobic digestion of residual municipal solid waste (MSW) has become more important than the digestion of source separated biowaste. More than 52% of the capacity available in Europe was designed for digestion of residual municipal waste by the end of 2006, while this was only 13% in 1998. Partial digestion of residual waste organics, by which only a part of the organics is digested, has been implemented to reduce the need for dewatering and subsequent wastewater treatment. The digestate coming from part of the organics is immediately mixed with the non-digested organic fraction. This organic fraction is drier and still contains a lot of energy which can be used to dry the digestate during the aerobic composting of the mixture of digested and undigested organics. Such a MBT-plant has been operating for over a year whereby 2/3 of the organics (including sludge cake) are digested (25,000 t/year) and mixed after digestion with the remaining 1/3 of the organics. Biogas production averages 125.7 Nm2 per ton fed and contained 56.2% of methane. The mixture of digestate and non-digested organics is aerated in tunnels during 4 to 6 weeks. The stabilized endproduct is landfilled, meeting the stringent German standards for inert landfills. By using a dry fermentation able to produce a digestate at 35% solids, there is no need for dewatering the digestate so that no wastewater is produced.

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Moerland, Marinus J., Alicia Borneman, Paraschos Chatzopoulos, Adrian Gonzalez Fraile, Miriam H. A. van Eekert, Grietje Zeeman, and Cees J. N. Buisman. "Increased (Antibiotic-Resistant) Pathogen Indicator Organism Removal during (Hyper-)Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Concentrated Black Water for Safe Nutrient Recovery." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229336.

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Source separated toilet water is a valuable resource for energy and fertilizers as it has a high concentration of organics and nutrients, which can be reused in agriculture. Recovery of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) decreases the dependency on energy-intensive processes or processes that rely on depleting natural resources. In new sanitation systems, concentrated black water (BW) is obtained by source-separated collection of toilet water. BW-derived products are often associated with safety issues, amongst which pathogens and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study presents results showing that thermophilic (55–60 °C) and hyperthermophilic (70 °C) anaerobic treatments had higher (antibiotic-resistant) culturable pathogen indicators removal than mesophilic anaerobic treatment. Hyperthermophilic and thermophilic anaerobic treatment successfully removed Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing E. coli from source-separated vacuum collected BW at retention times of 6–11 days and reached significantly higher removal rates than mesophilic (35 °C) anaerobic treatment (p < 0.05). The difference between thermophilic and hyperthermophilic treatment was insignificant, which justifies operation at 55 °C rather than 70 °C. This study is the first to quantify (antibiotic-resistant) E. coli in concentrated BW (10–40 gCOD/L) and to show that both thermophilic and hyperthermophilic anaerobic treatment can adequately remove these pathogen indicators.

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Beck-Friis, B., S. Smårs, H. Jönsson, Y. Eklind, and H. Kirchmann. "Composting of Source-Separated Household Organics At Different Oxygen Levels: Gaining an Understanding of the Emission Dynamics." Compost Science & Utilization 11, no. 1 (January 2003): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2003.10702108.

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Morris, Jeffrey, H. Scott Matthews, and Clarissa Morawski. "Review and meta-analysis of 82 studies on end-of-life management methods for source separated organics." Waste Management 33, no. 3 (March 2013): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.08.004.

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Dhadwal, Mayank, Yang Liu, and Bipro Ranjan Dhar. "Coupling Microbial Electrolysis Cell and Activated Carbon Biofilter for Source-Separated Greywater Treatment." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020281.

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Reclamation and reuse of wastewater are increasingly viewed as a pragmatic tool for water conservation. Greywater, which includes water from baths, washing machines, dishwashers, and kitchen sinks, is a dilute wastewater stream, making it an attractive stream for extraction of non-potable water. However, most previous studies primarily focused on passively aerated biological and physicochemical treatment processes for greywater treatment. Here, we investigated an integrated process of a microbial electrochemical cell (MEC) followed by granular activated carbon (GAC) biofilter for greywater treatment. The integrated system could achieve 99.3% removal of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and 98.7% removal of the anionic surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulphonates) from synthetic greywater at a total hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 25 h (1 day for MEC and 1 h for GAC biofilter). For one-day HRT, the maximum peak volumetric current density from MEC was 0.65 A/m3, which was comparable to that achieved at four-day HRT (0.66 A/m3). The adsorption by GAC was identified as a key mechanism for the removal of organics and surfactants. In addition, recirculation of liquid within the GAC biofilter was identified as a critical factor in achieving high-rate treatment. Although results indicated that GAC biofilter could be a standalone process for greywater, MEC can provide an opportunity for potential energy recovery from greywater. However, further studies should focus on developing high-rate MECs with higher energy recovery potential for practical operation.

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Hosseini Koupaie, E., A. Azizi, A. A. Bazyar Lakeh, H. Hafez, and E. Elbeshbishy. "A comprehensive dataset on anaerobic digestion of cattle manure, source separated organics, and municipal sludge using different inoculum sources." Data in Brief 24 (June 2019): 103913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.103913.

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Jiang, Feng, Zhen-Sheng Liang, Guo-Liang Peng, Jin Qian, and Guang-Hao Chen. "Nitrogen removal capacity of simultaneously autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification in a sewer receiving nitrified source-separated urine." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.005.

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Discharging source-separated and nitrified urine into sewer helps to save cost and space in biological nitrogen treatment as in-sewer denitrification is induced. This unique denitrification process may become complicated in sewers with sulfide contamination as simultaneously autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification possibly occur but may compete each other for nitrate in oxidation of sulfide and organics. The objective of this study is to estimate the mixed denitrification rate in a sulfide-contaminated sewer when nitrified urine (mainly nitrite and nitrate) is discharged. In this study two investigations were conducted: (1) determination of the autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixed denitrification rates via lab batch tests and (2) determination of the total nitrogen removal rate in a 6.5-km long force main sewer via field study with calcium nitrate dosed at an average influent rate of 15.6 mg N/L. The lab tests determined the rates of autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixed denitrification at 0.36 ± 0.06, 6.54 ± 0.04 and 1.99 ± 0.1 mg N/L/h, respectively, while the field study estimated the total in-sewer denitrification rate at 2.32 mg N/L/h in the sewer when sulfide was present. Simultaneously autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification was found when sewage was contaminated with sulfide. However, nitrogen removal rate of heterotrophic denitrification was 3.3 times higher that of the mixed denitrification process. The results indicate that discharging source-separated and nitrified urine into sewer is meaningful to decentralized sewage treatment, especially when sulfide is absent in the sewer.

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van Leeuwen, J., C. Chow, R. Fabris, N. Withers, D. Page, and M. Drikas. "Application of a fractionation technique for better understanding of the removal of natural organic matter by alum coagulation." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0200.

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To gain an improved understanding of the types of organic compounds that are recalcitrant to water treatment, natural organic matter (NOM) isolates from two drinking water sources (Mt. Zero and Moorabool reservoirs, Victoria, Australia) were separated into fractions of distinct chemical behaviour using resins. Four fractions were obtained from each water source and were organics absorbed to: (1) XAD-8 (very hydrophobic acids, VHA); (2) DAX-4 (slightly hydrophobic acids, SHA); (3) bound to an anion exchange resin (charged organics, CHAR); and (4) not absorbed or bound to resins (neutrals, NEUT). These fractions were then tested to determine the capacity of alum to remove them from water and to correlate this with the character of each isolate. The fractions were characterised by the application of high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), bacterial regrowth potential (BRP), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and thermochemolysis. The highest removals of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by alum treatment were in waters spiked with the CHAR fractions while the NEUT fractions were the most recalcitrant. The number average molecular weights (Mn) of DOC of the CHAR fractions before treatment were the highest, whilst those of the NEUT fractions were the lowest. After alum treatment, the Mn of the NEUT fractions were only slightly reduced. Results from Py-GC-MS and thermochemolysis indicate that the NEUT fractions had the highest relative proportion of saccharide derived organic material. Nonetheless, the BRP of waters spiked with the NEUT fractions differed markedly, indicating that organics recalcitrant to alum treatment can vary substantially in their chemical composition and capacity to support microbial growth.

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Chang, R. Y. W., C. Leck, M. Graus, M. Müller, J. Paatero, J. F. Burkhart, A. Stohl, et al. "Aerosol composition and sources in the central Arctic Ocean during ASCOS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 20 (October 27, 2011): 10619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10619-2011.

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Abstract. Measurements of submicron aerosol chemical composition were made over the central Arctic Ocean from 5 August to 8 September 2008 as a part of the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The median levels of sulphate and organics for the entire study were 0.051 and 0.055 μ g m−3, respectively. Positive matrix factorisation was performed on the entire mass spectral time series and this enabled marine biogenic and continental sources of particles to be separated. These factors accounted for 33% and 36% of the sampled ambient aerosol mass, respectively, and they were both predominantly composed of sulphate, with 47% of the sulphate apportioned to marine biogenic sources and 48% to continental sources, by mass. Within the marine biogenic factor, the ratio of methane sulphonate to sulphate was 0.25 ± 0.02, consistent with values reported in the literature. The organic component of the continental factor was more oxidised than that of the marine biogenic factor, suggesting that it had a longer photochemical lifetime than the organics in the marine biogenic factor. The remaining ambient aerosol mass was apportioned to an organic-rich factor that could have arisen from a combination of marine and continental sources. In particular, given that the factor does not correlate with common tracers of continental influence, we cannot rule out that the organic factor arises from a primary marine source.

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Chan, K. Y., C. Dorahy, T. Wells, D. Fahey, N. Donovan, F. Saleh, and I. Barchia. "Use of garden organic compost in vegetable production under contrasting soil P status." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07255.

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Little research has been carried out on the agronomic value of compost produced from garden organics for vegetable production. A field experiment was established in Camden, near Sydney, Australia, to (i) evaluate the effect of the compost on vegetable production and soil quality relative to conventional practice, (ii) compare vegetable production under high and low soil P status, and (iii) monitor the changes in soil P concentration under two compost treatments relative to conventional farmers’ practice. After three successive crops (broccoli, eggplant and cabbage), results indicate that compost (120 dry t/ha) and half-compost (60 dry t/ha supplemented by inorganic fertilisers) treatments can produce similar yield to the conventional practice of using a mixture of poultry manure and inorganic fertiliser. Furthermore, similar yields were achieved for three different crops grown under high and low P soil conditions, clearly demonstrating that the high extractable soil P concentrations currently found in the vegetable farms of Sydney are not necessary for maintaining productivity. The compost treatments also significantly increased soil organic carbon and soil quality including soil structural stability, exchangeable cations, and soil biological properties. Importantly, the compost treatment was effective in reducing the rate of accumulation of extractable soil P compared with the conventional vegetable farming practice. Our results highlight the potential for using compost produced from source separated garden organics in reversing the trend of soil degradation observed under current vegetable production, without sacrificing yield.

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Jen, Coty N., Lindsay E. Hatch, Vanessa Selimovic, Robert J. Yokelson, Robert Weber, Arantza E. Fernandez, Nathan M. Kreisberg, Kelley C. Barsanti, and Allen H. Goldstein. "Speciated and total emission factors of particulate organics from burning western US wildland fuels and their dependence on combustion efficiency." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 1013–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1013-2019.

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Abstract. Western US wildlands experience frequent and large-scale wildfires which are predicted to increase in the future. As a result, wildfire smoke emissions are expected to play an increasing role in atmospheric chemistry while negatively impacting regional air quality and human health. Understanding the impacts of smoke on the environment is informed by identifying and quantifying the chemical compounds that are emitted during wildfires and by providing empirical relationships that describe how the amount and composition of the emissions change based upon different fire conditions and fuels. This study examined particulate organic compounds emitted from burning common western US wildland fuels at the US Forest Service Fire Science Laboratory. Thousands of intermediate and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) were separated and quantified into fire-integrated emission factors (EFs) using a thermal desorption, two-dimensional gas chromatograph with online derivatization coupled to an electron ionization/vacuum ultraviolet high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TD-GC × GC-EI/VUV-HRToFMS). Mass spectra, EFs as a function of modified combustion efficiency (MCE), fuel source, and other defining characteristics for the separated compounds are provided in the accompanying mass spectral library. Results show that EFs for total organic carbon (OC), chemical families of I/SVOCs, and most individual I/SVOCs span 2–5 orders of magnitude, with higher EFs at smoldering conditions (low MCE) than flaming. Logarithmic fits applied to the observations showed that log (EFs) for particulate organic compounds were inversely proportional to MCE. These measurements and relationships provide useful estimates of EFs for OC, elemental carbon (EC), organic chemical families, and individual I/SVOCs as a function of fire conditions.

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Treadwell, Jillian L., Elena M. Bennett, and O. Grant Clark. "The role of management instruments in the diversion of organic municipal solid waste and phosphorus recycling." FACETS 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 896–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0005.

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Organic waste, which contains essential plant nutrients such as phosphorus, constitutes 30%–50% of municipal solid waste in developed countries. Unfortunately, much of this resource is buried in landfills or incinerated. Many jurisdictions have, therefore, adopted the diversion of organic waste and the recycling of nutrients as policy goals. We used data sets from Europe and Ontario, Canada, to explore the impact of socio-economic and management factors on the rates of organic waste diversion and examined the effect of this diversion on phosphorus recycling. Organic diversion rates were highly correlated with income in Europe and with infrastructure, such as source-separated organic waste collection, in Ontario. Significant correlations were also observed between diversion rates and the use of policy instruments such as economic incentives, legislative organic waste bans, and curbside bag limits. We estimated that 39%–63% of the phosphorus in diverted organics is returned to arable land. Ultimately, we found that although socio-economic factors influence the success of organic waste diversion, policies, accessible infrastructure, economic incentives, and legislative requirements can be leveraged to improve the recycling rate of organic waste and the nutrients they contain.

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Bergland, Wenche, Carlos Dinamarca, and Rune Bakke. "Effects of Psychrophilic Storage on Manures as Substrate for Anaerobic Digestion." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/712197.

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The idea that storage can enhance manure quality as substrate for anaerobic digestion (AD) to recover more methane is evaluated by studying storage time and temperature effects on manure composition. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total dissolved organics (CODs) were measured in full scale pig manure storage for a year and in multiple flasks at fixed temperatures, mainly relevant for colder climates. The CODs generation, influenced by the source of the pig manure, was highest initially (0.3 g COD L−1d−1) gradually dropping for 3 months towards a level of COD loss by methane production at 15°C. Methane emission was low (<0.01 g COD L−1d−1) after a brief initial peak. Significant CODs generation was obtained during the warmer season (T > 10°C) in the full scale storage and almost no generation at lower temperatures (4–6°C). CODs consisted mainly of VFA, especially acetate. All VFAs were present at almost constant ratios. The naturally separated manure middle layer without sediment and coarser particles is suitable for sludge bed AD and improved further during an optimal storage time of 1–3 month(s). This implies that high rate AD can be integrated with regular manure slurry handling systems to obtain efficient biogas generation.

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Chan, K. Y., C. Dorahy, and S. Tyler. "Determining the agronomic value of composts produced from garden organics from metropolitan areas of New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 11 (2007): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06128.

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About 0.3 million t/year of composted garden organics (CGO) including mulches and soil conditioners are produced annually in New South Wales, Australia, although only a small proportion of this material (<4%) is used in agriculture. A lack of information on product characteristics and agronomic performance has limited the development of agricultural markets for CGO products. These CGO products are the coarse and fine fractions separated by screening after composting. This paper presents the results of a survey of CGO mulches and soil conditioners (unblended or blended with a mixture of other organic materials including biosolids, animal manures and paper), which are commercially produced in the metropolitan areas of New South Wales and assesses their agronomic and soil amendment values in terms of chemical and biological properties. It also evaluates the short-term effects of applying increasing rates (0, 25, 50 and 100 t/ha) of selected composted soil conditioners on radish growth in a pot experiment. The mulch products had low nutrient concentrations but had high carbon (C) contents (mean C = 45%) and C/Nitrogen (N) ratios (mean C/N = 72) and are most suitable for use as surface mulch. The unblended soil conditioners were low in nutrients, particularly N (average total N = 1.0%, range 0.9–12%), and had lower and variable C contents. The pot trial results indicated lack of growth response of radish at application rates up to 100 t/ha of unblended soil conditioners from garden organics. The blended soil conditioners were more variable in quality and as confirmed by pot trial results produced highly variable plant responses. The high variability in product quality and performance of the soil conditioners, particularly the blended products might be related to the source and type of blending material as well as the composting conditions used in the manufacturing process. These results highlight the need to improve compost quality and consistency and the need for further research to advance understanding of the benefits using CGO in terms of improving soil quality, crop productivity and net economic returns to growers.

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Amato, F., A. Alastuey, A. Karanasiou, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, G. Calzolai, M. Severi, et al. "AIRUSE-LIFE+: a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in 5 Southern European cities." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 17 (September 4, 2015): 23989–4039. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-23989-2015.

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Abstract. The AIRUSE-LIFE+ project aims at characterising similarities and heterogeneities in PM sources and contributions in urban areas from the Southern Europe. Once the main PMx sources are identified, AIRUSE aims at developing and testing the efficiency of specific and non-specific measures to improve urban air quality. This article reports the results of the source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 conducted at three urban background sites (Barcelona, Florence and Milan, BCN-UB, FI-UB, MLN-UB) one sub-urban background site (Athens, ATH-SUB) and one traffic site (Porto, POR-TR). After collecting 1047 PM10 and 1116 PM2.5 24 h samples from January 2013 to February 2014 simultaneously at the 5 cities, these were analysed for the contents of OC, EC, anions, cations, major and trace elements and levoglucosan. The USEPA PMF5 receptor model was applied to these datasets in a harmonised way for each city. The sum of vehicle exhaust and non-exhaust contributes within 3.9–10.8 μg m−3 (16–32 %) to PM10 and 2.3–9.4 μg m−3 (15–36 %) to PM2.5, although a fraction of secondary nitrate is also traffic-related but could not be estimated. Important contributions arise from secondary particles (nitrate, sulphate and organics) in PM2.5 (37–82 %) but also in PM10 (40–71 %) mostly at background sites, revealing the importance of abating gaseous precursors in designing air quality plans. Biomass burning (BB) contributions vary widely, from 14–24 % of PM10 in POR-TR, MLN-UB and FI-UB, 7 % in ATH-SUB to < 2 % in BCN-UB. In PM2.5, BB is the second most important source in MLN-UB (21 %) and in POR-TR (18 %), the third one in FI-UB (21 %) and ATH-SUB (11 %), but again negligible (< 2 %) in BCN-UB. This large variability among cities is mostly due to the degree of penetration of biomass for residential heating. In Barcelona natural gas is very well supplied across the city and used as fuel in 96 % of homes, while, in other cities, PM levels increase on an annual basis by 1–9 μg m−3 due to this source. Other significant sources are: - Local dust, 7–12 % of PM10 at SUB and UB sites and 19 % at the TR site, revealing a contribution from road dust resuspension. In PM2.5 percentages decrease to 2–7 % at SUB-UB sites and 15 % at the TR site. - Industries, mainly metallurgy, contributing 4–11 % of PM10 (5–12 % in PM2.5), but only at BCN-UB, POR-TR and MLN-UB. No clear impact of industrial emissions was found in FI-UB and ATH-SUB. - Natural contributions from sea salt (13 % of PM10 in POR-TR but only 2–7 % in the other cities) and Saharan dust (14 % in ATH-SUB), but less than 4 % in the other cities. During high pollution days, the largest specific source (i.e. excluding SSO and SNI) of PM10 and PM2.5 are: VEX+NEX in BCN-UB (27–22 %) and POR-TR (31–33 %), BB in FI-UB (30–33 %) and MLN-UB (35–26 %) and Saharan dust in ATH-SUB (52–45 %) During those days, there are also quite important Industrial contributions in BCN-UB (17–18 %) and Local dust in POR-TR (28–20 %).

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Tobler, Anna K., Alicja Skiba, Francesco Canonaco, Griša Močnik, Pragati Rai, Gang Chen, Jakub Bartyzel, et al. "Characterization of non-refractory (NR) PM<sub>1</sub> and source apportionment of organic aerosol in Kraków, Poland." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 14893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021.

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Abstract. Kraków is routinely affected by very high air pollution levels, especially during the winter months. Although a lot of effort has been made to characterize ambient aerosol, there is a lack of online and long-term measurements of non-refractory aerosol. Our measurements at the AGH University of Science and Technology provide the online long-term chemical composition of ambient submicron particulate matter (PM1) between January 2018 and April 2019. Here we report the chemical characterization of non-refractory submicron aerosol and source apportionment of the organic fraction by positive matrix factorization (PMF). In contrast to other long-term source apportionment studies, we let a small PMF window roll over the dataset instead of performing PMF over the full dataset or on separate seasons. In this way, the seasonal variation in the source profiles can be captured. The uncertainties in the PMF solutions are addressed by the bootstrap resampling strategy and the random a-value approach for constrained factors. We observe clear seasonal patterns in the concentration and composition of PM1, with high concentrations during the winter months and lower concentrations during the summer months. Organics are the dominant species throughout the campaign. Five organic aerosol (OA) factors are resolved, of which three are of a primary nature (hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and coal combustion OA (CCOA)) and two are of a secondary nature (more oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) and less oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA)). While HOA contributes on average 8.6 % ± 2.3 % throughout the campaign, the solid-fuel-combustion-related BBOA and CCOA show a clear seasonal trend with average contributions of 10.4 % ± 2.7 % and 14.1 %, ±2.1 %, respectively. Not only BBOA but also CCOA is associated with residential heating because of the pronounced yearly cycle where the highest contributions are observed during wintertime. Throughout the campaign, the OOA can be separated into MO-OOA and LO-OOA with average contributions of 38.4 % ± 8.4 % and 28.5 % ± 11.2 %, respectively.

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Hao, L. Q., A. Kortelainen, S. Romakkaniemi, H. Portin, A. Jaatinen, A. Leskinen, M. Komppula, et al. "Atmospheric submicron aerosol composition and particulate organic nitrate formation in a boreal forestland–urban mixed region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 11 (June 27, 2014): 17263–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-17263-2014.

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Abstract. The Puijo aerosol-cloud observation station is a~unique measurement site for its location in the mixed region between the boreal forestland and the municipality of Kuopio, Finland. A measurement campaign was carried out at the station during fall 2010. An Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-Tof-AMS) was deployed to characterize the atmospheric submicron aerosols. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to the unified high resolution mass spectra organic species with NO+ and NO2+ ions to discover the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species and their daily cycles. On average, the submicron aerosols in this study were dominated by organic and sulfate species, making 76.9% of total observed aerosol mass, with smaller contributions from ammonium (9.3%), nitrate (4.9%), chloride (0.8%) and BC (8.1%). The sources of these species included the primary emissions originating from the city area, secondary formation from both natural and anthropogenic emissions and regional transport. The PMF analysis succeeded in separating the mixed organic and inorganic spectra into three distinct organic and one inorganic factors. For organic factors, the semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SVOOA) and low-volatile oxygenated OA (LVOOA) accounted for 89.6% of total organic masses, while the hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) consisted of 10.4% of total organics with its main source from urban emissions. The inorganic factor is identified as NH4NO3, comprising 7.5% of the fitted aerosol mass by PMF. Based on the PMF results, the nitrate species were separated into organic and inorganic components, with the organic nitrates contributing 1 / 3 of the total nitrate mass. The results highlight both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions as important atmospheric aerosol sources in a~forest-urban mixed region.

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Hao, L. Q., A. Kortelainen, S. Romakkaniemi, H. Portin, A. Jaatinen, A. Leskinen, M. Komppula, et al. "Atmospheric submicron aerosol composition and particulate organic nitrate formation in a boreal forestland–urban mixed region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 24 (December 18, 2014): 13483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13483-2014.

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Abstract. The Puijo aerosol–cloud observation station is a unique measurement site for its location in the mixed region between the boreal forestland and the municipality of Kuopio, Finland. A measurement campaign was carried out at the station during fall 2010. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-Tof-AMS) was deployed to characterize the atmospheric submicron aerosols. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the unified high-resolution mass spectra organic species with NO+ and NO2+ ions to discover the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species and their daily cycles. On average, the submicron aerosols in this study were dominated by organic and sulfate species, composing 48.2 and 28.7% of total observed aerosol mass, respectively, with smaller contributions from ammonium (9.3%), nitrate (4.9%), chloride (0.8%) and BC (8.1%). The sources of these species included the primary emissions originating from the city area, secondary formation from both natural and anthropogenic emissions and regional transport. The PMF analysis succeeded in separating the mixed organic and inorganic spectra into three distinct organic and one inorganic factors. For organic factors, the semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SVOOA) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LVOOA) accounted for 54.8 and 36.3% of total organic masses, respectively, while the hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) accounted for 8.9% of total organics, with its main source from urban emissions. The inorganic factor is identified as NH4NO3, comprising 6.9% of the fitted aerosol mass by PMF. Based on the PMF results, the nitrate species were separated into organic and inorganic components, with the organic nitrates contributing one-third of the total nitrate mass. The results highlight both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions as important atmospheric aerosol sources in a forest–urban mixed region.

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Hettiarachchi, Hiroshan, Jay Meegoda, and Sohyeon Ryu. "Organic Waste Buyback as a Viable Method to Enhance Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112483.

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Many developing countries have inadequate Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management systems due to lack of not only the awareness, technologies, finances, but also a proper governance that is able to enforce and monitor the regulations. Not all the solutions practiced by and in developed countries fit to the developing country contexts. The local conditions and limitations must always be taken into account when proposing waste management options for developing countries. The excessively high organic waste fraction in MSW and relatively inexpensive labor markets available in developing countries are two of the strengths that have not yet been utilized fully. This manuscript is an attempt to point out the benefits we receive from the above two strengths if we establish organic waste buyback programs. This can only become successful if we find solutions to: (1) collect source-separated organic waste, and then (2) find stable markets for the products made from organic waste. Compost or biogas could be the best bet developing countries can consider as products. However, there must be some policy interventions to support buyback programs at the waste collection stage as well as at the product marketing stage. Implementation of such organic waste buyback centers that can offer some incentives can indirectly motivate residents to do source separation. This will in turn also help promote more recycling, as any waste bin that has no organics in it is much easier for anyone (e.g., waste pickers) to look for other recyclables. Developing country settings such as the Green Container composting program in Cajicá, Colombia, and buyback centers in South Africa that are presented later in the manuscript are thought to be the places where the concept can be implemented with little effort. The environment, economy, and society are considered to be the three dimensions (or pillars) of sustainability. Interestingly, the organic waste buyback centers solution has positive implications on all three aspects of sustainability. Thus, it also supports the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations (UN), by making specific contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as zero hunger (SDG 2), affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), climate action (SDG 13), clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), and sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Source separated organics (SSO)'

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