Academic literature on the topic 'Source code quality'
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Journal articles on the topic "Source code quality"
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HusseinOdeh, Ayman. "SMSCQA: System for Measuring Source Code Quality Assurance." International Journal of Computer Applications 60, no. 8 (December 18, 2012): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/9714-4181.
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Taha, Ismail, and Kamel Elhadad. "SOFTWARE SOURCE CODE: A QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM." International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 10, ASAT CONFERENCE (May 1, 2003): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.2013.24704.
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Stamelos, Ioannis, Lefteris Angelis, Apostolos Oikonomou, and Georgios L. Bleris. "Code quality analysis in open source software development." Information Systems Journal 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00117.x.
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Antoniol, G., M. Di Penta, G. Masone, and U. Villano. "Compiler Hacking for Source Code Analysis." Software Quality Journal 12, no. 4 (December 2004): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:sqjo.0000039794.29432.7e.
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Horváth, Ferenc, Tamás Gergely, Árpád Beszédes, Dávid Tengeri, Gergő Balogh, and Tibor Gyimóthy. "Code coverage differences of Java bytecode and source code instrumentation tools." Software Quality Journal 27, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 79–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11219-017-9389-z.
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Sokol, I., and O. Volkovskyi. "Program source codes conversion system." System technologies 6, no. 137 (December 10, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1562-9945-6-137-2021-12.
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The growing volume of technologies, the end of actively used development tools support, outdated API etc., entails the need of program codes conversion. In IT companies and not only, often begged the question of deprecated software support, which customers continue to use, or translation of current software to actual technologies. It is more rational for programmers to use the conversion and save most of code base, than rewriting all software by hand, even if manual adjustment is needed. At this moment, there are few high-quality code conversion systems. Largely, conversion systems work well only with similar programming languages. The task of program codes conversion is a deep and complex topic. Programmers are trying to improve translation technologies and facing with many challenges. This article discusses the basic principles of building a system for program codes conversion and some features of its practical implementation.
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Tyler, Neil. "Machine Learning to Improve Software Quality." New Electronics 53, no. 10 (May 26, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0047-9624(22)61253-7.
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Ruiz, Claudia, and William N. Robinson. "Measuring Open Source Quality." International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes 3, no. 3 (July 2011): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jossp.2011070104.
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There is an ample debate over the quality of Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) with mixed research results. The authors show that a reason for these mixed results is that quality is being defined, measured, and evaluated differently. They report the most popular approaches including software structure measures, process measures, and maturity assessment models. The way researchers have built their samples has also contributed to the mixed results with different project properties being considered and ignored. Because FLOSS projects evolve with each release, their quality does too, and it must be measured using metrics that take into account their communities’ commitment to quality rather than just the structure of the resulting code. Challenges exist in defining what constitutes a defect or bug, and the role of modularity in affecting FLOSS quality. The authors suggest three considerations for future research on FLOSS quality models: (1) defect resolution rate, (2) kind of software product, and (3) modularity—both technical and organizational.
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Odeh, Ayman. "Software Source Code: Theoretical Analyzing and Practical Reviewing Model." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 1554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2694.
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The high-quality software product is one of the most important goals of software engineering in general, source coding or implementation phase is one of the main steps of the software development process; when this phase is going in a good way and according to the source code quality standards and rules, the final product will be a high-quality product. This research focuses on the issues that can affect source code quality, such as errors, faults, defects, and failures; a practical system model will be provided (proposed) to predict some possible types of errors and defects and suggests some guidance and recommendations on source code error detection and analysis.
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Hanandeh, Feras, Ahmad A. Saifan, Mohammed Akour, Noor Khamis Al-Hussein, and Khadijah Zayed Shatnawi. "Evaluating Maintainability of Open Source Software." International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijossp.2017010101.
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Maintainability is one of the most important quality attribute that affect the quality of software. There are four factors that affect the maintainability of software which are: analyzability, changeability, stability, and testability. Open source software (OSS) developed by collaborative work done by volunteers through around the world with different management styles. Open source code is updated and modified all the time from the first release. Therefore, there is a need to measure the quality and specifically the maintainability of such code. This paper discusses the maintainability for the three domains of the open source software. The domains are: education, business and game. Moreover, to observe the most effective metrics that directly affects the maintainability of software. Analysis of the results demonstrates that OSS in the education domain is the most maintainable code and cl_stat (number of executable statements) metric has the highest degree of influence on the calculation of maintenance in all three domains.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Source code quality"
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Lee, Young Chang Kai-Hsiung. "Automated source code measurement environment for software quality." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Dissertations/Lee_Young_28.pdf.
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Thummalapenta, Suresh. "Improving Software Productivity and Quality via Mining Source Code." NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, 2011. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3442531.
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Hrynko, Alina. "Source code quality in connection to self-admitted technical debt." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97977.
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The importance of software code quality is increasing rapidly. With more code being written every day, its maintenance and support are becoming harder and more expensive. New automatic code review tools are developed to reach quality goals. One of these tools is SonarQube. However, people keep their leading role in the development process. Sometimes they sacrifice quality in order to speed up the development. This is called Technical Debt. In some particular cases, this process can be admitted by the developer. This is called Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). Code quality can also be measured by such static code analysis tools as SonarQube. On this occasion, different issues can be detected. The purpose of this study is to find a connection between code quality issues, found by SonarQube and those marked as SATD. The research questions include: 1) Is there a connection between the size of the project and the SATD percentage? 2) Which types of issues are the most widespread in the code, marked by SATD? 3) Did the introduction of SATD influence the bug fixing time? As a result of research, a certain percentage of SATD was found. It is between 0%–20.83%. No connection between the size of the project and the percentage of SATD was found. There are certain issues that seem to relate to the SATD, such as “Duplicated code”, “Unused method parameters should be removed”, “Cognitive Complexity of methods should not be too high”, etc. The introduction of SATD has a minor positive effect on bug fixing time. We hope that our findings can help to improve the code quality evaluation approaches and development policies
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Tévar, Hernández Helena. "Evolution of SoftwareDocumentation Over Time : An analysis of the quality of softwaredocumentation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97561.
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Software developers, maintainers, and testers rely on documentation to understandthe code they are working with. However, software documentation is perceivedas a waste of effort because it is usually outdated. How documentation evolvesthrough a set of releases may show whether there is any relationship between timeand quality. The results could help future developers and managers to improvethe quality of their documentation and decrease the time developers use to analyzecode. Previous studies showed that documentation used to be scarce and low inquality, thus, this research has investigated different variables to check if the qualityof the documentation changes over time. Therefore, we have created a tool thatwould extract and calculate the quality of the comments in code blocks, classes,and methods. The results have agreed with the previous studies. The quality of thedocumentation is affected to some extent through the releases, with a tendency todecrease.
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Ribeiro, Athos Coimbra. "Ranking source code static analysis warnings for continuous monitoring of free/libre/open source software repositories." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-20082018-170140/.
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While there is a wide variety of both open source and proprietary source code static analyzers available in the market, each of them usually performs better in a small set of problems, making it hard to choose one single tool to rely on when examining a program. Combining the analysis of different tools may reduce the number of false negatives, but yields a corresponding increase in the number of false positives (which is already high for many tools). An interesting solution, then, is to filter these results to identify the issues least likely to be false positives. This work presents kiskadee, a system to support the usage of static analysis during software development by providing carefully ranked static analysis reports. First, it runs multiple static analyzers on the source code. Then, using a classification model, the potential bugs detected by the static analyzers are ranked based on their importance, with critical flaws ranked first, and potential false positives ranked last. To train kiskadee\'s classification model, we post-analyze the reports generated by three tools on synthetic test cases provided by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. To make our technique as general as possible, we limit our data to the reports themselves, excluding other information such as change histories or code metrics. The features extracted from these reports are used to train a set of decision trees using AdaBoost to create a stronger classifier, achieving 0.8 classification accuracy (the combined false positive rate from the used tools was 0.61). Finally, we use this classifier to rank static analyzer alarms based on the probability of a given alarm being an actual bug. Our experimental results show that, on average, when inspecting warnings ranked by kiskadee, one hits 5.2 times less false positives before each bug than when using a randomly sorted warning list.Embora exista grande variedade de analisadores estáticos de código-fonte disponíveis no mercado, tanto com licenças proprietárias, quanto com licenças livres, cada uma dessas ferramentas mostra melhor desempenho em um pequeno conjunto de problemas distinto, dificultando a escolha de uma única ferramenta de análise estática para analisar um programa. A combinação das análises de diferentes ferramentas pode reduzir o número de falsos negativos, mas gera um aumento no número de falsos positivos (que já é alto para muitas dessas ferramentas). Uma solução interessante é filtrar esses resultados para identificar os problemas com menores probabilidades de serem falsos positivos. Este trabalho apresenta kiskadee, um sistema para promover o uso da análise estática de código fonte durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento de software provendo relatórios de análise estática ranqueados. Primeiramente, kiskadee roda diversos analisadores estáticos no código-fonte. Em seguida, utilizando um modelo de classificação, os potenciais bugs detectados pelos analisadores estáticos são ranqueados conforme sua importância, onde defeitos críticos são colocados no topo de uma lista, e potenciais falsos positivos, ao fim da mesma lista. Para treinar o modelo de classificação do kiskadee, realizamos uma pós-análise nos relatórios gerados por três analisadores estáticos ao analisarem casos de teste sintéticos disponibilizados pelo National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) dos Estados Unidos. Para tornar a técnica apresentada o mais genérica possível, limitamos nossos dados às informações contidas nos relatórios de análise estática das três ferramentas, não utilizando outras informações, como históricos de mudança ou métricas extraídas do código-fonte dos programas inspecionados. As características extraídas desses relatórios foram utilizadas para treinar um conjunto de árvores de decisão utilizando o algoritmo AdaBoost para gerar um classificador mais forte, atingindo uma acurácia de classificação de 0,8 (a taxa de falsos positivos das ferramentas utilizadas foi de 0,61, quando combinadas). Finalmente, utilizamos esse classificador para ranquear os alarmes dos analisadores estáticos nos baseando na probabilidade de um dado alarme ser de fato um bug no código-fonte. Resultados experimentais mostram que, em média, quando inspecionando alarmes ranqueados pelo kiskadee, encontram-se 5,2 vezes menos falsos positivos antes de se encontrar cada bug quando a mesma inspeção é realizada para uma lista ordenada de forma aleatória.
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VETRO', ANTONIO. "EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF USING AUTOMATIC STATIC ANALYSIS ON CODE QUALITY." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2506350.
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Automatic static analysis (ASA) tools analyze the source or compiled code looking for violations of recommended programming practices (called issues) that might cause faults or might degrade some dimensions of software quality.
Antonio Vetro’ has focused his PhD in studying how applying ASA impacts software quality, taking as reference point the different quality dimensions specified by the standard ISO/IEC 25010. The epistemological approach he used is that one of empirical software engineering. During his three years PhD, he’s been conducting experiments and case studies on three main areas: Functionality/Reliability, Performance and Maintainability. He empirically proved that specific ASA issues had impact on these quality characteristics in the contexts under study: thus, removing them from the code resulted in a quality improvement.
Vetro’ has also investigated and proposed new research directions for this field: using ASA to improve software energy efficiency and to detect the problems deriving from the interaction of multiple languages.
The contribution is enriched with the final recommendation of a generalized process for researchers and practitioners with a twofold goal: improve software quality through ASA and create a body of knowledge on the impact of using ASA on specific software quality dimensions, based on empirical evidence.
This thesis represents a first step towards this goal.
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Come, David. "Analyse de la qualité de code via une approche logique et application à la robotique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30008.
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La qualité d'un code informatique passe à la fois par sa correction fonctionnelle mais aussi par des critères de lisibilité, compréhension et maintenabilité. C'est une problématique actuellement importante en robotique où de nombreux frameworks open-source se diffusent mal dans l'industrie en raison d'incertitudes sur la qualité du code. Les outils d'analyse et de recherche de code sont efficaces pour améliorer ces aspects. Il est important qu'ils laissent l'utilisateur spécifier ce qu'il recherche afin pouvoir prendre en compte les spécificités de chaque projet et du domaine. Il existe deux principales représentations du code : son arbre de syntaxe abstraite (Abstract Syntax Tree en anglais, ou AST) et le graphe de flot de contrôle (Control Flow Graph en anglais, ou CFG) des fonctions qui sont définies dans le code. Les mécanismes de spécification existants utilisent exclusivement l'une ou l'autre de ces représentations, ce qui est dommage car elles offrent des informations complémentaires. L'objectif de ce travail est donc de développer une méthode de vérification de la conformité du code avec des règles utilisateurs qui puissent exploiter conjointement l'AST et le CFG. La méthode repose sur une nouvelle logique développée dans le cadre de ces travaux : FO++ , qui une extension temporelle de la logique du premier ordre. Cette logique a plusieurs avantages. Tout d'abord, elle est indépendante de tout langage de programmation et dotée d'une sémantique formelle. Ensuite, elle peut être utilisée comme moyen de formaliser les règles utilisateurs une fois instanciée pour un langage de programmation donné. Enfin, l'étude de son problème de model-checking offre un mécanisme de vérification automatique et correct de la conformité du code. Ces différents concepts ont été implémentés dans Pangolin, un outil pour le langage C++. Étant donné le code à vérifier et une spécification (qui correspond à une formule de FO++ , écrite dans le langage utilisateur de Pangolin), l'outil indique si oui ou non le code respecte la spécification. Il offre de plus un résumé synthétique de l'évaluation pour pouvoir retrouver le potentiel code fautif ainsi qu'un certificat de correction du résultat. Pangolin et FO++ ont trouvé une première application dans le domaine de la robotique via l'analyse de la qualité des paquets ROS et formalisation d'un design-pattern spécifique à ROS. Une seconde application plus générale concerne le développement de programme en C++ avec la formalisation de diverses règles de bonnes pratiques pour ce langage. Enfin, on montre comment il est possible de spécifier et vérifier des règles intimement liées à un projet en vérifiant des propriétés sur Pangolin lui-mêmeThe quality of source code depends not only on its functional correctness but also on its readability, intelligibility and maintainability. This is currently an important problem in robotics where many open-source frameworks do not spread well in the industry because of uncertainty about the quality of the code. Code analysis and search tools are effective in improving these aspects. It is important that they let the user specify what she is looking for in order to be able to take into account the specific features of the project and of the domain. There exist two main representations of the source code : its Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) and the Control Flow Graph (CFG) of its functions. Existing specification mechanisms only use one of these representations, which is unfortunate because they offer complementaty information. The objective of this work is therefore to develop a method for verifying code compliance with user rules that can take benefit from both the AST and the CFG. The method is underpinned by a new logic we developed in this work : FO++ , which is a temporal extension of first-order logic. Relying on this logic has two advantages. First of all, it is independent of any programming language and has a formal semantics. Then, once instantiated for a given programming language, it can be used as a mean to formalize user provided properties. Finally, the study of its model-checking problem provides a mechanism for the automatic and correct verification of code compliance. These different concepts have been implemented in Pangolin, a tool for the C++ language. Given the code to be checked and a specification (which corresponds to an FO++ formula, written using Pangolin language), the tool indicates whether or not the code meets the specification. It also offers a summary of the evaluation in order to be able to find the code that violate the property as well as a certificate of the result correctness. Pangolin and FO++ have been applied to the field of robotics through the analysis of the quality of ROS packages and the formalization of a ROS-specific design-pattern. As a second and more general application to the development of programs in C++, we have formalized various good practice rules for this language. Finally, we have showed how it is possible to specify and verify rules that are closely related to a specific project by checking properties on the source code of Pangolin itself
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Lissy, Alexandre. "Utilisation de méthodes formelles pour garantir des propriétés de logiciels au sein d'une distribution : exemple du noyau Linux." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4019/document.
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Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à intégrer dans la distribution Linux produite par Mandriva une assurance qualité permettant de proposer des garanties de propriétés sur le code exécuté. Le processus de création d’une distribution implique l’utilisation de logiciels de provenances diverses pour proposer un assemblage cohérent et présentant une valeur ajoutée pour l’utilisateur. Ceci engendre une moindre maîtrise potentielle sur le code. Un audit manuel permet de s’assurer que celui-Ci présente de bonnes propriétés, par exemple, en matière de sécurité. Le nombre croissant de composants à intégrer, et la croissance de la quantité de code de chacun amènent à avoir besoin d’outils pour permettre une assurance qualité. Après une étude de la distribution nous choisissons de nous concentrer sur un paquet critique, le noyau Linux : nous proposons un état de l’art des méthodes de vérifications appliquées à ce contexte particulier, et identifions le besoin d’améliorer la compréhension de la structure du code source, la question de l’explosion combinatoire et le manque d’intégration des outils d’analyse de l’état de l’art. Pour répondre à ces besoins nous proposons une représentation du code source sous la forme d’un graphe, et l’utilisons pour aider à la documentation et à la compréhension de l’architecture du code. Des méthodes de détection de communautés sont évaluées sur ce cas pour répondre au besoin de l’explosion combinatoire. Enfin nous proposons une architecture intégrée dans le système de construction de la distribution permettant d’intégrer des outils d’analyse et de vérification de codeIn this thesis we are interested in integrating to the Linux distribution produced by Mandriva quality assurance level that allows ensuring user-Defined properties on the source code used. The core work of a distribution and its producer is to create a meaningful aggregate from software available. Those softwares are free and open source, hence it is possible to adapt it to improve end user’s experience. Hence, there is less control over the source code. Manual audit can of course be used to make sure it has good properties. Examples of such properties are often referring to security, but one could think of others. However, more and more software are getting integrated into distributions and each is showing an increase in source code volume: tools are needed to make quality assurance achievable. We start by providing a study of the distribution itself to document the current status. We use it to select some packages that we consider critical, and for which we can improve things with the condition that packages which are similar enough to the rest of the distribution will be considered first. This leads us to concentrating on the Linux kernel: we provide a state of the art overview of code verification applied to this piece of the distribution. We identify a need for a better understanding of the structure of the source code. To address those needs we propose to use a graph as a representation of the source code and use it to help document and understand its structure. Specifically we study applying some state of the art community detection algorithm to help handle the combinatory explosion. We also propose a distribution’s build system-Integrated architecture for executing, collecting and handling the analysis of data produced by verifications tools
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Pavlíčková, Jarmila. "Model zralosti zdrojového kódu objektových aplikací." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191816.
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The goal of this disertation was to develop a maturity model for source code of object-oriented applications and to use this model to verify the quality of the source code of student's applications. The starting point of the thesis was devoted to the analysis of existing standards, norms, methodologies and summaries of best practice for assessing the quality of software products and analysis of the factors that affect the quality of the source code of object applications. To validate the results of the analysis of these factors, the analysis was complemented with a field research conducted among specialist with programming experience. The model to determine the maturity of source code of object-oriented applications was designed according to the analysis and the questionnaire. The statistical method of cluster analysis was used in the design of the model. The model was designed and the procedure of its use in the evaluation of source code was described. This model was pilot tested in education program at the University of Economics in Prague.
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Lavesson, Alexander, and Christina Luostarinen. "OAuth 2.0 Authentication Plugin for SonarQube." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67526.
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Many web services today give users the opportunity to sign in using an account belonging to a different service. Letting users authenticate themselves using another service eliminates the need of a user having to create a new identity for each service they use. Redpill Linpro uses the open source platform SonarQube for code quality inspection. Since developers in the company are registered users of another open source platform named OpenShift, they would like to authenticate themselves to SonarQube using their OpenShift identity. Our task was to create a plugin that offers users the functionality to authenticate themselves to SonarQube using OpenShift as their identity provider by applying the authentication framework OAuth. Theproject resulted in a plugin of high code quality according to SonarQube’s assessment. RedpillLinpro will use the plugin to easily access SonarQube’s functionality when using theapplication in their developer platform.
Books on the topic "Source code quality"
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Spinellis, Diomidis. Code Quality: The Open Source Perspective. Addison-Wesley Longman, Incorporated, 2006.
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Spinellis, Diomidis. Code Quality: The Open Source Perspective. Pearson Education, Limited, 2006.
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Code Quality: The Open Source Perspective (Effective Software Development Series). Addison-Wesley Professional, 2006.
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Ramirez-Valles, Jesus. The Road of Compañeros. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036446.003.0009.
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This concluding chapter argues that compañerismo is a quality of a type of relationship created through participation in a social-movement organization or a small group that has come together, explicitly or implicitly, for a common cause and against an amorphous yet real enemy. It is a quality that emerges from ties of solidarity among the socially marginalized. This form of relating to others is a cultural code—hence, difficult to decipher to the outsider. In this form of relationship and coexistence rests the possibility for resistance and creative power. Indeed, as a concept, compañeros is more than a source of support and comfort; it can also be a creative force through which one resists assimilation, accommodation, racism, and homophobia. It also enables one to forge alternative ways of being.
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Manne, Kate. Humanizing Hatred. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.003.0006.
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This chapter explores and contests a popular rival approach to “man’s inhumanity to man”—or, in this case, women—as applied to misogyny. On this view, dubbed “humanism,” misogyny would have its source in a failure to recognize women’s full humanity. But that misogyny takes women to be human, all-too-human, is suggested by some of the ways they are resented, blamed, and punished for social norm violations. Dehumanizing attitudes and treatment are explained (away) in terms of insults, defusing the psychic threat posed by certain women, and taking revenge on those who, in failing to provide dominant men with feminine-coded care, make him feel like less of a person. Finally, women’s socially unexpected behavior may lead to disgusted, startled responses, and ascribing to her an “uncanny,” robotic quality. But this, too, involves recognizing her successful participation in characteristically human activities, albeit in ways that effect gendered role reversals.
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Iurlaro, Francesca. The Invention of Custom. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897954.001.0001.
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The concept of customary international law, although differently formulated, was already present in early modern European debates on natural law and the law of nations. However, no scholarly monograph has addressed the relationship between custom and the European natural law and ius gentium tradition. This is a book on this neglected story, and offers a solid conceptual framework to contextualize and understand the ‘problematic of custom’, namely how to identify its normative content. Natural law doctrines, and the different ways in which they help construct human reason, provided custom with such normative content. ‘Normative content’ here means a set of fundamental moral values that foundationally help identify the status of custom as either a fundamental feature or an original source of ius gentium. Thus, the book explores what cultural values and practices facilitated the emergence of custom and rendered it a source of the law of nations, and how they did so. Two crucial issues will be at the core of the book’s analysis: first, it will qualify the nature of the interrelation between natural law and ius gentium and explain why it matters in relation to our understanding of the idea of custom; second, it will claim that the process of custom’s formation as a source of law calls into question the role of the authority of history. The interpretation of the past through this approach can, thus, be described as one of ‘invention’.
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Göritz, Anja S. Using Online Panels in Psychological Research. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0030.
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Online panels (OPs) are an important form of web-based data collection, as illustrated by their widespread use. In the classical sense, a panel is a longitudinal study in which the same information is collected from the same individuals at different points in time. In contrast to that, an OP has come to denote a pool of registered people who have agreed to occasionally take part in web-based studies. Thus with OPs, the traditional understanding of a panel as a longitudinal study is broadened because an OP can be employed as a sampling source for both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. This article gives an overview of the current state of use of OPs. It discusses what OPs are, what type of OPs there are, how OPs work from a technological point of view, and what their advantages and disadvantages are. The article reviews the current body of methodological findings on doing research with OPs. Based on this evidence, recommendations are given as to how the quality of data that are collected in OPs can be augmented.
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Misulis, Karl E., and E. Lee Murray, eds. Essentials of Hospital Neurology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.001.0001.
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Essentials of Hospital Neurology is a practical yet concise guide to diagnosis and management of disorders commonly encountered in hospital practice. The book begins with a discussion of the business of hospital neurology, including strategies for optimizing quality and efficiency of the practice. Next is a problem-oriented approach to diagnosis, starting with chief complaint then discussing differential diagnosis and approach to definitive diagnosis. The subsequent section describes key clinical details of important neurologic conditions seen in hospital practice, including primary neurologic disorders and neurologic complications encountered in medical and surgical patients with a focus on practical management. The text concludes with a reference section which includes important assessment scales, interpretation of neurologic diagnostic tests, guides to management of social and ethical issues in hospital practice, as well as a list of important citations. Details not directly pertinent to practice are left to other texts. This book is an excellent core source for the neurologist with any level of hospital practice. This is also a solid resource for internists and mid-level providers who care for neurologic patients in the hospital setting. Multiple authors have contributed to this book, yet the editors have contributed to and coordinated every chapter, providing a consistent approach in content and depth.
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Connellan, Geoff. Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Turf and Landscape. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643106888.
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Achieving high water use efficiency in maintaining turf, trees and landscape areas is a core responsibility of open space managers. Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Turf and Landscape provides a logical and scientifically sound approach to irrigation in urban areas in Australia. It is based on green space delivering defined outcomes using the principles of water sensitive urban design and irrigation efficiency.
The book covers all stages of the water pathway – from the source to delivery into the plant root zone. Major topics include system planning, estimating water demand, water quality, irrigation systems, soil management and irrigation performance evaluation.
Clearly presented explanations are included, as well as line drawings and worked examples, and a plant water use database covering more than 250 plant species. A Water Management Planning template is included to guide water managers and operators through a process that will deliver a sound plan to achieve sustainable turf, urban trees and landscapes.
Best Management Practice Irrigation principles are outlined and their implementation in open space turf and landscape situations is explained. The benefits and limitations of the various methods of delivering water to plants are covered, together with case studies and guidelines for specific horticultural situations. Methodologies to evaluate irrigated sites are included along with recommended benchmark values.
The book presents the latest irrigation technology, including developments in water application, control technology and environmental sensors such as weather stations, soil moisture sensors and rain sensors.
Book chapters on the topic "Source code quality"
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Isazadeh, Ayaz, Habib Izadkhah, and Islam Elgedawy. "Software Quality Attributes and Modularization." In Source Code Modularization, 217–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63346-6_7.
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Mukherjee, Sudipta. "Code Quality Metrics." In Source Code Analytics With Roslyn and JavaScript Data Visualization, 15–44. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-1925-6_2.
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Ahmed, Iftekhar, Soroush Ghorashi, and Carlos Jensen. "An Exploration of Code Quality in FOSS Projects." In Open Source Software: Mobile Open Source Technologies, 181–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55128-4_26.
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Mukherjee, Sudipta. "Design Quality Metrics." In Source Code Analytics With Roslyn and JavaScript Data Visualization, 45–69. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-1925-6_3.
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Mastretti, Mirella, Maria Laura Busi, Roberto Sarvello, Maurizio Sturlesi, and Sergio Tomasello. "Static Analysis of VHDL Source Code: the SAVE Project." In Achieving Quality in Software, 121–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34869-8_11.
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Patel, Nidhi, Aneri Mehta, Priteshkumar Prajapati, and Jigar Biskitwala. "Code Buddy: A Machine Learning-Based Automatic Source Code Quality Reviewing System." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 453–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6981-8_36.
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Khamis, Ninus, René Witte, and Juergen Rilling. "Automatic Quality Assessment of Source Code Comments: The JavadocMiner." In Natural Language Processing and Information Systems, 68–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13881-2_7.
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Delater, Alexander, and Barbara Paech. "Analyzing the Tracing of Requirements and Source Code during Software Development." In Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality, 308–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37422-7_22.
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Coq, Thierry, and Jean-Pierre Rosen. "The SQALE Quality and Analysis Models for Assessing the Quality of Ada Source Code." In Reliable Software Technologies - Ada-Europe 2011, 61–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21338-0_5.
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Hamer, Sivana, Christian Quesada-López, and Marcelo Jenkins. "Students Projects’ Source Code Changes Impact on Software Quality Through Static Analysis." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 553–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85347-1_39.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Source code quality"
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Steidl, Daniela, Benjamin Hummel, and Elmar Juergens. "Quality analysis of source code comments." In 2013 IEEE 21st International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpc.2013.6613836.
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Iqbal, Tahira, Moniba Iqbal, Muhammad Asad, and Aihab Khan. "A source code quality analysis approach." In 2016 10th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management & Applications (SKIMA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/skima.2016.7916211.
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Garmash, Ekaterina, and Anton Cheshkov. "Exploring the Effect of NULL Usage in Source Code." In 2021 International Conference on Code Quality (ICCQ). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccq51190.2021.9392959.
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Ludwig, Jeremy, and Devin Cline. "Challenges in Explaining Source Code Quality Assessment." In 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero53065.2022.9843840.
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Ludwig, Jeremy, and Devin Cline. "CBR Insight: Measure and Visualize Source Code Quality." In 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techdebt.2019.00017.
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Vytovtov, Petr, and Evgeny Markov. "Source code quality classification based on software metrics." In 2017 20th Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fruct.2017.8071355.
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Vegerina, Natalia, and Alexander Lipanov. "Expert system for software source code quality analysis." In 2010 6th Central and Eastern European Software Engineering Conference in Russia (CEE-SECR 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cee-secr.2010.5783156.
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de Andrade Gomes, Pedro Henrique, Rogerio Eduardo Garcia, Gabriel Spadon, Danilo Medeiros Eler, Celso Olivete, and Ronaldo Celso Messias Correia. "Teaching software quality via source code inspection tool." In 2017 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.2017.8190658.
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Lin, Bin, Csaba Nagy, Gabriele Bavota, Andrian Marcus, and Michele Lanza. "On the Quality of Identifiers in Test Code." In 2019 IEEE 19th International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scam.2019.00031.
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Brink, Huib van den, Rob van der Leek, and Joost Visser. "Quality Assessment for Embedded SQL." In Seventh IEEE International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scam.2007.4362910.
Full textReports on the topic "Source code quality"
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Xie, Tao. Mining Program Source Code for Improving Software Quality. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada581476.
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Vreeland, Heidi, Christina Norris, Lauren Shum, Jaya Pokuri, Emily Shannon, Anmol Raina, Ayushman Tripathi, et al. Collaborative Efforts to Investigate Emissions From Residential and Municipal Trash Burning in India. RTI Press, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.rb.0019.1809.
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Emissions from trash burning represent an important component of regional air quality, especially in countries such as India where the practice of roadside, residential, and municipal trash burning is highly prevalent. However, research on trash emissions is limited due to difficulties associated with measuring a source that varies widely in composition and burning characteristics. To investigate trash burning in India, a collaborative program was formed among RTI, Duke University, and the India Institute of Technology (IIT) in Gandhinagar, involving both senior researchers and students. In addition to researching emission measurement techniques, this program aimed to foster international partnerships and provide students with a hands-on educational experience, culminating in a pilot study in India. Before traveling, students from Duke and IIT met virtually to design experiments. IIT students were able to visit proposed sites and offer specified knowledge on burning practices prior to the pilot study, allowing potential experiments to be iteratively improved. The results demonstrated a proof of concept of using a low-cost sensor attached to a commercial drone to measure emissions from a municipal dump site. In addition, for small-scale residential and roadside trash burning, a combustor was designed to burn trash in a consistent way. Results suggested that thermocouples and low-cost sensors may offer an affordable way for combustor designers to assess particulate emissions during prototype iterations. More experiences like this should be made available so that future research can benefit from the unique insights that come from having veteran researchers work with students and from forming international partnerships.
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Khan, Mahreen. Evaluating External Government Audit. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.140.
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This rapid literature review of primary and grey sources found substantial evidence of the merits of donor support to Public Financial Management (PFM) initiatives but no specific evidence assessing donor support for external government audit, such as Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs). PFM reforms are established as being generally beneficial, assist in reducing or preventing corruption, increasing transparency and accountability, as well as improving service delivery quality, although the exact impacts are difficult to measure. Performance auditing has recently attracted more attention than traditional financial or compliance auditing and is seen by many sources to be conducive to improving accountability, although compliance and financial auditing are still viewed as the core of external audit. There is a substantial body of literature on donor-assisted PFM reforms but a paucity of focused study or discussion of donor support to external audit specifically. This evidence gap may be due to the cost of examining the narrow focus required on donor-assisted external audit specifically. This is compounded by the complexity of gathering a sufficiently large database through surveys combined with the lack of access (for individual academics) to official datasets across countries. Furthermore, measuring the impact of SAIs, for example, is difficult due to the variety of regulatory structures that exist, inhibiting comparative cross-country studies, which has resulted in a preference for in-depth analyses. Only multilateral institutions have conducted comprehensive cross-country surveys. However, the evidence does show that strengthened PFM systems and SAIs,1 if they are independent and fully resourced, increase transparency and accountability, helping to combat corruption, when governments are made answerable to their audit findings. The evidence on the effectiveness of SAIs (against corruption) is mixed and not as strong as for PFM reforms in general. The impact of PFM interventions in preventing or reducing corruption increases when reforms are sector-specific and complemented by societal awareness initiatives, citizen participation, and infomediary advocacy. This finding seems applicable to SAIs as the discourse is increasingly on improving comprehension of audit reports and wider dissemination to relevant stakeholders.
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Appleyard, Bruce, Jonathan Stanton, and Chris Allen. Toward a Guide for Smart Mobility Corridors: Frameworks and Tools for Measuring, Understanding, and Realizing Transportation Land Use Coordination. Mineta Transportation Institue, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1805.
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The coordination of transportation and land use (also known as “smart growth”) has been a long-standing goal for planning and engineering professionals, but to this day it remains an elusive concept to realize. Leaving us with this central question -- how can we best achieve transportation and land use coordination at the corridor level? In response, this report provides a review of literature and practice related to sustainability, livability, and equity (SLE) with a focus on corridor-level planning. Using Caltrans’ Corridor Planning Process Guide and Smart Mobility Framework as guideposts, this report also reviews various principles, performance measures, and place typology frameworks, along with current mapping and planning support tools (PSTs). The aim being to serve as a guidebook that agency staff can use for reference, synergizing planning insights from various data sources that had not previously been brought together in a practical frame. With this knowledge and understanding, a key section provides a discussion of tools and metrics and how they can be used in corridor planning. For illustration purposes, this report uses the Smart Mobility Calculator (https://smartmobilitycalculator. netlify.app/), a novel online tool designed to make key data easily available for all stakeholders to make better decisions. For more information on this tool, see https://transweb.sjsu.edu/research/1899-Smart-Growth-Equity-Framework-Tool. The Smart Mobility Calculator is unique in that it incorporates statewide datasets on urban quality and livability which are then communicated through a straightforward visualization planners can readily use. Core sections of this report cover the framework and concepts upon which the Smart Mobility Calculator is built and provides examples of its functionality and implementation capabilities. The Calculator is designed to complement policies to help a variety of agencies (MPOs, DOTs, and local land use authorities) achieve coordination and balance between transportation and land use at the corridor level.
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Konnyu, Kristin J., Louise M. Thoma, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Wagnan Cao, Gaelen P. Adam, Shivani Mehta, Roy K. Aaron, et al. Prehabilitation and Rehabilitation for Major Joint Replacement. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer248.
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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates the rehabilitation interventions for patients who have undergone (or will undergo) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of osteoarthritis. We addressed four Key Questions (KQs): comparisons of (1) rehabilitation prior (“prehabilitation”) to TKA versus no prehabilitation, (2) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after TKA, (3) prehabilitation prior to THA versus no prehabilitation, (4) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after THA. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials, CINAHL®, Scopus®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from Jan 1, 2005, to May 3, 2021, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and adequately adjusted nonrandomized comparative studies (NRCSs). We evaluated clinical outcomes selected with input from a range of stakeholders. We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. Meta-analysis was not feasible, and evidence was synthesized and reported descriptively. The PROSPERO protocol registration number is CRD42020199102. Results. We found 78 RCTs and 5 adjusted NRCSs. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. • KQ 1: Compared with no prehabilitation, prehabilitation prior to TKA may increase strength and reduce length of hospital stay (low SoE) but may lead to comparable results in pain, range of motion (ROM), and activities of daily living (ADL) (low SoE). There was no evidence of an increased risk of harms due to prehabilitation (low SoE). • KQ 2: Various rehabilitation interventions after TKA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, ROM, and ADL (low SoE). Rehabilitation in the acute phase (initiated within 2 weeks of surgery) may lead to increased strength (low SoE) but result in similar strength when delivered in the post-acute phase (low SoE). No studies reported evidence of risk of harms due to rehabilitation delivered in the acute period following TKA. Compared with various controls, post-acute rehabilitation may not increase the risk of harms (low SoE). • KQ 3: For all assessed outcomes, there is insufficient (or no) evidence addressing the comparison between prehabilitation and no prehabilitation prior to THA. • KQ 4: Various rehabilitation interventions after THA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, strength, ADL, and quality of life. There is some evidence of no increased risk of harms due to the intervention (low SoE). • There is insufficient evidence regarding which patients may benefit from (p)rehabilitation for all KQs and insufficient evidence regarding comparisons of different providers and different settings of (p)rehabilitation for all KQs. There is insufficient evidence on costs of (p)rehabilitation and no evidence on cost effectiveness for all KQs. Conclusion. Despite the large number of studies found, the evidence regarding various prehabilitation programs and comparisons of rehabilitation programs for TKA and THA is ultimately sparse. This is a result of the diversity of interventions studied and outcomes reported across studies. As a result, the evidence is largely insufficient or of low SoE. New high-quality research is needed, using standardized intervention terminology and core outcome sets, especially to allow network meta-analyses to explore the impact of intervention attributes on patient-reported, performance-based, and healthcare-utilization outcomes.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.
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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.
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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report