Journal articles on the topic 'Soul History 18th century'
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1
Petrovskiy, Michail N. "To the history of mining-factories business in Russian Lapland of the 18th century." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre. Series: Natural Sciences and Humanities 1, no. 1/22 (December 28, 2022): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1185.2022.1.1.010.
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The article is devoted to the history of mining-factories business in Russian Lapland in the first half of the Annian rule. Based on archival and published official documents, it examines the transformations that took place in 1730–1736 in the mining business of the Russian Empire. It tells about the history of the discovery and the beginning of the mining of silver ores in Pomorie on the Medvezhiy Island. The article focuses on the biography and history of the invitation to Russia of the Saxon Ober-Berg-Hauptmann and chamberlain, Baron Kurt Alexander von Schönberg, who in 1736 became General-Berg-Director, head of the entire mining industry of the Russian Empire. The roles of the chief chamberlain and favorite of Anna Ioannovna, Graph Ernst Johann von Biron and the “soul” of the Cabinet of Ministers, Vice-Chancellor Graph Andrei Ivanovich Osterman in the invitation and activities of Schönberg in Russia are outlined.
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López-Muñoz, F., and C. Alamo. "Cartesian theories on the passions, the pineal gland and the pathogenesis of affective disorders: an early forerunner." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 3 (September 14, 2010): 449–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001637.
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The relationship between physical and functional alterations in the pineal gland, the ‘passions’ (emotions or feelings) and psychopathology has been a constant throughout the history of medicine. One of the most influential authors on this subject was René Descartes, who discussed it in his work The Treatise on the Passions of the Soul (1649). Descartes believed that ‘passions’ were sensitive movements that the soul, located in the pineal gland, experienced due to its union with the body, by circulating animal spirits. Descartes described sadness as one of the six primitive passions of the soul, which leads to melancholy if not remedied. Cartesian theories had a great deal of influence on the way that mental pathologies were considered throughout the entire 17th century and during much of the 18th century, but the link between the pineal gland and psychiatric disorders it was definitively highlighted in the 20th century, with the discovery of melatonin in 1958. The recent development of a new pharmacological agent acting through melatonergic receptors (agomelatine) has confirmed the close link between the pineal gland and affective disorders.
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Eriksen, Anne. "History, Exemplarity and Improvements: 18th Century Ideas about Man-Made Climate Change." Culture Unbound 11, no. 3-4 (January 30, 2020): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1909302.
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Can grain crops be increased? The issue was heatedly debated in 18th century Denmark-Norway, both for patriotic and economic reasons. The historian Gerhard Schøning (1722–80) answered affirmatively. Chopping down much of the forests that covered Norway would change the climate radically for the better. As a consequence of the warmer weather, the fertility of the soil would improve. Crops would increase, and new and even more delicate types of plants could be introduced. Schøning’s argument was nearly entirely built on examples from Greek and Roman history, cited to demonstrate that since classical times, this kind of changes had already taken place in other parts of Europe.
Climate interested a number of 18th century writers. It was not only a part of geotheory, but also included in theories about the history of society, law and culture as well as in medical thought. Ideas about a human-made climate change similar to Schøning’s can be found in texts by e.g. Hume and Buffon.
The argument relied on a quantity of examples, as well as on the uncontested exemplarity of classical literature itself. Schøning’s examples represent both series and ideals. The cases he cites are numerous (serial) instantiations of the same general mechanism: The effect of human interventions in nature. Yet at the same time they are models to follow, even if it will take some effort. Norway will never be as warm and fertile as southern countries, but Schøning exhorts his compatriots to “take courage and start!” History consisted of examples to learn from and models to follow.
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Kumari, Renu, Priya Sharma, and Dr Qysar Ayoub Khanday. "Industrial Revolution and Deindustrialization of Indian History – An Overview." International Journal of All Research Education & Scientific Methods 10, no. 05 (2022): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.56025/ijaresm.2022.10502.
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The idea that India suffered deindustrialization during the 19th century has a long pedigree. The image of skilled weavers thrown back on the soil was a powerful metaphor for the economic stagnation Indian nationalists believed was brought on by British rule. However, whether and why deindustrialization actually happened in India remains open to debate. Quantitative evidence on the overall level of economic activity in 18th and 19th century India is scant, let alone evidence on its breakdown between agriculture, industry, and services. Most of the existing assessments of deindustrialization rely on very sparse data on employment and output shares. Data on prices are much more plentiful, and this paper offers a new (price dual) assessment of deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India supported by newly compiled evidence on relative prices. A simple model of deindustrialization links relative prices to employment shares. We think the paper sheds new light on whether and when deindustrialization happened, whether it was more or less dramatic in India than elsewhere, and what its likely causes were. The existing literature primarily attributes India’s deindustrialization to Britain’s productivity gains in textile manufacture and to the world transport revolution. Improved British productivity, first in cottage production and then in factory goods, led to declining world textile prices, making production in India increasingly uneconomic (Roy 2002). These forces were reinforced by declining sea freight rates which served to foster trade and specialization for both Britain and India. As a result, Britain first won over India’s export market and eventually took over its domestic market as well. This explanation for deindustrialization was a potent weapon in the Indian nationalists’ critique of colonial rule (see e.g. Dutt 1906/1960, Nehru 1947). The historical literature suggests a second explanation for deindustrialization in the economic malaise India suffered following the dissolution of Mughal hegemony in the 18th century. We believe the turmoil associated with this political realignment ultimately led to aggregate supply-side problems for Indian manufacturing, even if producers in some regions benefited from the new order. While deindustrialization is easy enough to define, an assessment of its short and long run impact on living standards and GDP growth is more contentious and hinges on the root causes of deindustrialization.
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Kamaluddin, Kamaluddin, and Zainal Eafli. "MESSAGES FOR HUMANITY IN "BULA MALINO" (QUIET MOON) (A POEM BY KAIMUDDIN IDRUS MUHAMMADAL-BUTHUNI IBNU BADARUDDIN)." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.012.015.
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"Bula Malino" (Quiet Moon) is a literary work found in Buton society and packaged in the form of poem. The manuscript is written in Wolio Language (Butonese main native language) using an Arabic-Wolio script modification, commonly called "buri Wolio" (Wolio writing). This article is yielded to report findings of a qualitative study which analyzes the humanity messages revealed in the poem using a content analysis and structuralism genetic approach. This approach follows some gradual procedures such as examining intrinsic elements of poem, reviewing social life of author, and giving a reflection to history and social background of Buton society. The findings show that the poem reveals messages and values for humanity in terms of sobriety or calm mind/heart and soul clarity for being prepared for death. The poem also contains advice addressed to readers. It was noted that the author of the poem was born in the late 18th century AD. At the age of 40, he was inaugurated the 29th sultan of Buton. At this century, Buton social condition was more than enthusiastic in learning science. This was marked by the establishment of a school named "Zaawiah".
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Kamaluddin, Kamaluddin, and Zainal Eafli. "MESSAGES FOR HUMANITY IN "BULA MALINO" (QUIET MOON) (A POEM BY KAIMUDDIN IDRUS MUHAMMADAL-BUTHUNI IBNU BADARUDDIN)." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.012.15.
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"Bula Malino" (Quiet Moon) is a literary work found in Buton society and packaged in the form of poem. The manuscript is written in Wolio Language (Butonese main native language) using an Arabic-Wolio script modification, commonly called "buri Wolio" (Wolio writing). This article is yielded to report findings of a qualitative study which analyzes the humanity messages revealed in the poem using a content analysis and structuralism genetic approach. This approach follows some gradual procedures such as examining intrinsic elements of poem, reviewing social life of author, and giving a reflection to history and social background of Buton society. The findings show that the poem reveals messages and values for humanity in terms of sobriety or calm mind/heart and soul clarity for being prepared for death. The poem also contains advice addressed to readers. It was noted that the author of the poem was born in the late 18th century AD. At the age of 40, he was inaugurated the 29th sultan of Buton. At this century, Buton social condition was more than enthusiastic in learning science. This was marked by the establishment of a school named "Zaawiah".
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Gaune, Rafael, and Maria Montt Strabucchi. "The Missionary in the World: The Invention of the Soul of Saint Francis Xavier in an Anonymous Sermon: The East, Quito and Rome, 18th Century." Mission Studies 38, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341772.
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Abstract The discovery of an anonymous Quito Sermon dating back to 1741 in the Fondo Curia 2223 in the Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University of Rome dealing with the historical and metaphorical transit between Rome and the “Orient” of the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier (1506–52), suggests links between the universalist vocation of the Catholic mission, and the local American missionary experiences which the text omits. This article argues that the sermon has a universal resonance that invokes the East in America (as it is written to be read in public); it is a sensory experience that can be adapted to different realities (the trips, relics, and missions of Francis Xavier), but also noted is the omission of local missionary practices (i.e., the sermon is presented as produced in a place unmentioned in the text). It is above all, a reformulation of the “missionary in the world” of Western philosophical commentaries and texts that look toward the East but are enunciated in America.
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BERNSTEIN, LAWRENCE F. "““Singende Seele”” or ““unsingbar””? Forkel, Ambros, and the Forces behind the Ockeghem Reception during the Late 18th and 19th Centuries." Journal of Musicology 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 3–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2006.23.1.3.
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ABSTRACT In 1868, Wilhelm Ambros lauded a number of compositions by Johannes Ockeghem, including the triple canon Prenez sur moy. Emphasizing the expressive qualities of this music, he suggested that its composer had breathed into it a ““singing soul.”” Some decades earlier, Johann Forkel also focused on Prenez sur moy, dismissing it, however, as ““unsingable.”” The present study examines the cultural and intellectual forces that gave rise to these strikingly contradictory assessments. Enlightenment historians are generally thought to have charted the flow of history according to a progressive paradigm. Late medieval music often fared poorly viewed from this perspective, drawing criticism for its failure to reflect the refinements of modern music. Initially, Forkel toed this line, but his comments about examples of 15th-century music in the Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik also reveal his capacity to strike a relativist pose regarding some of them, and even to offer unqualified praise. The changes in Forkel's position are traced to philosophical writings known to have been part of his library, and to his conviction that the music of Johann Sebastian Bach was superior to that of his own time. Taking that stand surely must have raised questions in his mind about his earlier commitment to the progressive view of history. Forkel's openness to new historiographical approaches suggests that he, of all Enlightenment writers on music, might have found value in Ockeghem's music, all the more so because he was better informed about Ockeghem's preeminent stature in his own day than anyone else at the time, and owing to his awareness of a current German tradition that regarded Ockeghem as ““the Bach of his day.”” Yet Forkel's deprecation of Ockeghem's music is among the strongest in the literature. His negative stand can be traced to his admiration for a 16th-century tract on teaching music, the Compendium musices by Adrian Petit Coclico, who demonizes Ockeghem as an icon of the scholastic approach to music. Forkel's own commitment to a humanistic orientation in music pedagogy surely led him to view Coclico as a kindred spirit.
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Doboş, Cristian Ilie. "Kitsch aspects in film music." Artes. Journal of Musicology 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajm-2022-0016.
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Abstract History has documented the human species’ struggles to understand beauty and communities’ efforts to grow through education. Figures of universal culture, such as Plato, Aristotle, G. W. F. von Leibniz, A. G. Baumgarten, I. Kant, G. W. F. Hegel, etc. tackled matters of aesthetics with great care. In the postmodernist period art, one of the four pillars of a peoples’ culture, together with language, history and religion, goes through a particular phase about which we cannot unequivocally say that is evolutionary. Under the onslaught of common people’s entertainment culture, contemporary art has a hard time maintaining its initial mission, that of elevating man’s soul and generating aesthetic projections of reality on a cognitive plane. The overwhelming significance that art and natural beauty carry in the intellectual life, beginning with the 18th century, is challenged by kitsch, this scourge, which came to prominence within society from the time when bourgeois civilization reached its peak, towards the end of the 19th century. Following a short presentation of various kitsch forms, associations and typologies in music, history, architecture, sculpture, decorative art and interior design, choreography, media, etc., we discuss kitsch aspects in film music, emphasising unjustified, incongruous and unempathetic associations between music and the rest of the filmic units. At the same time, we also present possible solutions for avoiding association errors. The examples are structured in the following subchapters: stylistic incongruities between filmic units vs. characteristics of the epoch augmented by music; using mainly dissonant or atonal sonorities in movies; exploring different cultures: ethnic music between deformation and authenticity; national and international in Romanian movies; representative songs - the more or less commercial exogenous motivation of film music; regarding the quantity of musical events in movies.
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Zuseva-Özkan, Veronika B. "Towards the History of Russian Poetical Narration: Prosaic Autocommentary in the Poems “The Speculations of the Soul” by P. Buslaev and “The Joyous Science’’ by M. Amelin." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 65 (2022): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-65-192-207.
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The paper aims to compare the long poems by Petr Buslaev (“The Speculations of the Soul”, 1734) and Maksim Amelin (“The Joyous Science”, 1999). The author proves the genetic relatedness between two poems and specifically focuses on the phenomenon of the prosaic stanza-by-stanza auto-commentary on the margins of the poetical text, which is extremely rare and unequivocally reveals the association between Amelin’s and Buslaev’s works. The author also dwells on the narrative subject (i. e. the subject of speech and consciousness) — both in the main poetical text and the prosaic auto-commentary of the poems — revealing the similarities and differences between the two literary works belonging to different epochs of poetics: traditionalist (or eidetic) and the non-classical phase of the poetics of the artistic modality. The analysis moves on with less detail onto all structural levels of both poems; the author establishes that Amelin, on the one hand, reproduces poetical principles of the 18th century in general and those of the poetical narration of the period in particular, and, on the other hand, he transforms them in accordance with the spirit of new poetics. While borrowing the most prominent feature of the late-Baroque poem by Buslaev — the auto-commentary on the margins of the poetical text, Amelin copies its outer appearance at the same time reorienting it and turning the device of the “learned poetry” that seek to explain to the reader all the obscure elements of the text and propose the only right interpretation of the poetical text into the literary game creating the meaningful clash of styles, epochs, and worldviews.
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Bjerregaard, Mikael Manøe. "Badstuer i middelalderen." Kuml 57, no. 57 (October 31, 2008): 211–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v57i57.24661.
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Bath-houses in medieval Denmark – a cultural historyThe subject of this article is bath-houses in medieval Denmark. The text is based on all available written sources from Denmark, but in order to obtain a fuller perspective on some aspects of the history of bath-houses it has also been necessary to use German sources as a supplement.Based on the scant historical records dealing with the course of actual bathing activity, it is argued that the most common bath was the sweat bath (similar to a modern sauna) rather than tub baths. A stove covered with granite boulders was heated and the bathers would produce sweat using either the direct heat of the stove or from steam produced by pouring cold water onto the hot stones. Sweating was further stimulated by beating the body with bundles of birch twigs and the bath culminated with rinsing in cold water (figs. 2-4). It is argued that, similar to the situation in both Germany and Sweden, bath-house staff would offer haircuts, bleeding and the treatment of wounds in addition to an actual bath (figs. 5-6). Referring to specific medieval illustrations, some argue that men and women bathed together in the public bath-houses, leading to sexual excesses. However, the relevant illustrations often depict brothels and not public baths (fig. 1).It is evident from historical records that members of all social classes frequented the public bath-houses – even royalty. From the early 14th century onwards we have historical evidence of so-called soul baths i.e. sums of money bequeathed by wealthy people to the poor to enable the latter to take a bath, often accompanied by a meal. Such bequests were common in the late 15th century but disappeared abruptly with the Reformation. According to medieval records, the use of bath-houses was also considered important in order to maintain health.The earliest indications in historical records of the existence of bath-houses in Denmark are found in Saxo’s Chronicles from the end of 12th century. From the 1260s onward specific bath-houses in towns appear in the historical records. Judging from the number of bath-houses mentioned in Danish towns it is argued that public bath-houses were a common feature in the urban landscape of medieval Denmark.The number of public bath-houses in towns declined at the beginning of the 16th century and even though a few existed in the major cities up until the 18th century the popularity of these institutions declined. The reasons for this are epidemics of syphilis occurring from the 1490s onward, the phasing out of soul baths and possibly a change in attitudes towards nudity and personal hygiene that resulted in a decline in general cleanliness in post-medieval times.Mikael Manøe BjerregaardVejle Museum
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Goutiers, Vladimir, and Christopher Carcaillet. "Geochemistry and Sedimentology of a Minerotrophic Peat in a Western Mediterranean Mountain Wilderness Area." Quaternary 5, no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat5040048.
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Sedimentological and biogeochemical measurements were conducted on minerotrophic peat in a wilderness area on a granitic plateau to reconstruct the local ecosystem’s history and clarify the peat’s response to local and global changes. The peat is less than 1900 years old. Its clay and iron (Fe) concentration profiles revealed an increasing atmospheric influx over time, whereas the levels of its nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg) have increased since the 19th century. Additionally, changes in the relative abundance of amorphous aluminium indicated a gradual decrease in soil weathering. The dominant metallic trace elements were cadmium during the Roman epoch and early Middle Ages, then lead and mercury during the modern and the industrial eras. Unexpectedly, the peat proved to be sub-modern and lacks wildfire proxies, probably indicating an absence of nearby woodlands over the last 1900 years. Its concentrations of Ca and Mg indicate that airborne transport of particles released by soil erosion in lowland agricultural plains has strongly affected the peat’s composition since the 18th–19th century. The site has also been heavily influenced by metallic contamination due to regional metallurgy and agriculture, producing a peat that has been modified by social imprints over several centuries.
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Andreiushkina, Tatiana N. "THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEXAMETER IN GERMAN POETRY." Philological Class 26, no. 1 (2021): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51762/1fk-2021-26-01-02.
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The article traces the history of the development of the hexameter on German soil: from the use of the Leonin hexameter in the Middle Ages and the Reformation, the mixed Latin-German hexameter in the period of humanism (in the form of carmina eroica) and the German hexameter in the 18th–19th centuries (mainly in the form of elegy, epigram and idyll) to derivatives and ironic forms of the XX century (memorandum, instructive poem, etc.). Klopstock played a significant role in the spread of the hexameter in German poetry, bringing a fresh stream to German poetry by rejecting the prevailing in the 17th century predominantly alternating Alexandrian verse. Voss also inspired his contemporaries to create distiches with his translations of Homer’s poems. The flowering of the hexameter falls on the period of classicism: Goethe and Schiller created the best and purest examples of this poetic meter. Goethe and Schiller during the Enlightenment, Hölderlin, Novalis and Kleist in romanticism, Rückert, Platen and Mörike in post-romanticism introduced variety and movement into the hexameter by means of different types of caesura in verse. Austrian poets (Saar, Weinheber, Bachmann) appeal to hexameter as a classic form of German verse, Hauptmann uses it to create a large poetic form. The poets of the pre-war and war period (Colmar, Schröder, Holthusen) seek in him an aesthetic support in an era of timelessness. Poets of the former GDR (Brecht, Bobrowski, Müller), poets of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grünbein, Herbst) use it sporadically and in a transformed form, but at the same time take into account the thematic and genre traditions associated with this antique meter. Most foreign researchers, when determining the hexameter, speak of its dactylic component and only from the middle of the 20th century some of them (Kayser, Mönnighof) note, in addition to the spondees, the possibility of using chorees in the initial syllables of a verse.
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Andreiushkina, Tatiana N. "THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEXAMETER IN GERMAN POETRY." Philological Class 26, no. 1 (2021): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51762/1fk-2021-26-01-02.
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The article traces the history of the development of the hexameter on German soil: from the use of the Leonin hexameter in the Middle Ages and the Reformation, the mixed Latin-German hexameter in the period of humanism (in the form of carmina eroica) and the German hexameter in the 18th–19th centuries (mainly in the form of elegy, epigram and idyll) to derivatives and ironic forms of the XX century (memorandum, instructive poem, etc.). Klopstock played a significant role in the spread of the hexameter in German poetry, bringing a fresh stream to German poetry by rejecting the prevailing in the 17th century predominantly alternating Alexandrian verse. Voss also inspired his contemporaries to create distiches with his translations of Homer’s poems. The flowering of the hexameter falls on the period of classicism: Goethe and Schiller created the best and purest examples of this poetic meter. Goethe and Schiller during the Enlightenment, Hölderlin, Novalis and Kleist in romanticism, Rückert, Platen and Mörike in post-romanticism introduced variety and movement into the hexameter by means of different types of caesura in verse. Austrian poets (Saar, Weinheber, Bachmann) appeal to hexameter as a classic form of German verse, Hauptmann uses it to create a large poetic form. The poets of the pre-war and war period (Colmar, Schröder, Holthusen) seek in him an aesthetic support in an era of timelessness. Poets of the former GDR (Brecht, Bobrowski, Müller), poets of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grünbein, Herbst) use it sporadically and in a transformed form, but at the same time take into account the thematic and genre traditions associated with this antique meter. Most foreign researchers, when determining the hexameter, speak of its dactylic component and only from the middle of the 20th century some of them (Kayser, Mönnighof) note, in addition to the spondees, the possibility of using chorees in the initial syllables of a verse.
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Stepanova, L. G. "Economic Data in the Surveyors’ Field Notes on the Crimean Economy at the Turn of the 19th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2020): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-983-994.
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The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the source documents used by land surveyors to compile Economic Notes to the General Land Survey plans. The landmarking on the Crimean Peninsula began in the late 18th century, but by the early 19th century it was judged premature and suspended until development of special rules taking into account the peculiarities of land use in the region. And yet the field notes of land surveyors on the Crimean Peninsula of the turn of the 19th century preserve primary economic information to a greater extent than those on other territories of the Russian Empire. This information is presented in the “Skazki to the Economic Land Survey,” data collected from the local population. Skazki (“tales”) containing initial data for Economic Land Survey remain a poorly studied and rarely encountered source. Their identification in these field notes makes it possible to verify the accuracy of the Economic Land Survey and to restore the information excluded from the Brief Economic Notes and descriptions of specific lands in the lost Full and Cameral Economic Notes. The discovered “Skazki to the Economic Notes” on the Tauride gubernia are a unique source that makes it possible to assess the economy of Crimea at the turn of 19th century. They characterize natural environment, economic activities on the peninsula and occupations of its population, provide information on the soil conditions, available water resources, common species of trees, animals, birds, and fish. In their structure, they coincide with the skazki compiled in other regions of Russia, but have characteristic features that are associated with the identity of the Crimea and its economic condition in the late 18th century. The process of the Crimea development made its own adjustments to the land survey documentation. Unlike other regions, here the authors of the skazki were not only landowners’ attorneys, but also land owners themselves — local beys and murzes. The introduction of the skazki into scientific use opens opportunities for comparing their data with the preserved texts of the Economic Notes and for studying the history of the region at the micro level of individual settlements.
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Sem, Tatyana Yu. "From the History of Shamanism: Images of Shamans and Shamanistic Rituals on the Petroglyphs of the Upper Amur, Olekma, and Aldan Rivers (article one)." Study of Religion, no. 3 (2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2019.3.53-61.
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The article deals with the ancient roots of shamanism according to the materials of the petroglyphs of the Upper Amur, Aldan and Olekma of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age (2000–1000 BC) with the ethnographic parallels. In order to analyze the material, the author uses a set of methods – diachronic archaeological and ethnographic comparative research, iconographic and semantic analysis. According to the petroglyphs of the 11 images of shamans of the specified period, and two of the 18th century, describing the personality of shamans with ritual paraphernalia – a suit, a tambourine, a mallet, a baton, masks and a headdress. Two images in costumes were also dressed in masks of the supreme gods of heaven and thunder. All shaman figures are painted in the process of ritual actions. There are hunting rituals, ritual of receiving the heavenly grace of the calendar type, circular dances associated with the cult of the sun at the new year’s holiday, the ritual of seeing the soul into the world of the dead and the shaman's initial ritual of sacrifice to the spirits to strengthen the shaman's power depicted among the shamanistic rituals on the petroglyphs. The vast majority of the considered images of shamans with attributes and costumes, shamanistic rituals depicted in the petroglyphs of the Upper Amur and Aldan rivers have direct correspondences in the shamanism of the Tungus-Manchu peoples (Evenki, Nanai, Udege), which indicates a possible direction of cultural genesis in the region. In addition, some of the images have parallels with the spiritual culture of the ancient Indo-Europeans and Turkic-Mongols. Some images – radiant headdress, figures of thunderbolts – have analogies among the ancient Indo-European population of Karakol and Pribaikalye. Separate stories are genetically related to the Okunevites. Shamanic tambourines with vertical rungs are typical for the Altai and Tuvinians and were found in the Yakut group of Evenks.
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Lang, Carol, and Daryl Stump. "Geoarchaeological evidence for the construction, irrigation, cultivation, and resilience of 15th--18th century AD terraced landscape at Engaruka, Tanzania." Quaternary Research 88, no. 3 (August 18, 2017): 382–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.54.
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AbstractAgricultural landscapes are human-manipulated landscapes, most obviously in areas modified by terracing and/or irrigation. Examples from temperate, arid, and desert environments worldwide have attracted the attention of many disciplines, from archaeologists, palaeoecologists, and geomorphologists researching landscape histories to economists, agronomists, ecologists, and development planners studying sustainable resource management. This article combines these interdisciplinary interests by exploring the role archaeology can play in assessing sustainability. Our case study is Engaruka, Tanzania, archaeologically famous as the largest abandoned irrigated and terraced landscape in East Africa. The site has been cited as an example of economic and/or ecological collapse, and it has long been assumed to have been irrigated out of necessity because agriculture was presumed to be nearly impossible without irrigation in what is now a semiarid environment. Geoarchaeological research refutes this assumption, however, demonstrating that parts of the site flooded with sufficient regularity to allow the construction of more than 1000 ha of alluvial sediment traps, in places greater than 2 m deep. Soil micromorphology and geochemistry also record changes in irrigation, with some fields inundated to create paddylike soils. Geoarchaeological techniques can be applied to both extant and abandoned agricultural systems, thereby contributing to an understanding of their history, function, and sustainability.
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Sofjin, Dmitriy M., and Marina V. Sofjina. "‘The Noblest Soul’: A Sad Page in the History of the Grand Duchy of Hesse through the Eyes of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich. The Darmstadt Diary, 1892." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2018): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-495-507.
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This is the first publication of a fragment of the diary of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich of Russia for 1892 describing illness, death, and burial of Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse and by Rhine, head of one of the states forming a part of the German Empire. Ever since the 18th century the Russian Imperial Family was bound by close kinship to the Hessian ducal family. The author of the diary was a member of the House of the Romanovs, a younger brother of Russian Emperor Alexander III. Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich held the post of the Moscow Governor-General. In 1884 he married Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, n?e Princess of Hesse, who was a daughter of Grand Duke Ludwig IV. This publication includes diary records from February 26 to March 9, 1892, covering the time when Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and his wife were staying in Darmstadt. The diary describes the daily life of the Royal family in the capital of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine during said period and the participation in the obsequies of the deceased’s family and the representatives of the Russian, British and German ruling dynasties. Among others, the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich’s diary mentions German Dowager Empress Victoria (the mother of Emperor Wilhelm II), Prince Henry of Prussia (the future Grand Admiral of the Imperial German Navy), Prince Louis Battenberg (the future British First Sea Lord), Princess Alice of Hesse, the younger sister of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, future Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The daily entries record family unity of the members of the Russian, the German, and the British Royal dynasties in the face of common tragedy against the backdrop of difficult relations between their empires. The deceased, Grand Duke Ludwig IV, enjoyed universal respect. Diaries of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich are stored in his personal provenance fond in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Moscow).
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Slepchenko, Sergey Mikhailovich, Sergey Vladimirovich Bugmyrin, Andrew Igorevich Kozlov, Galina Grigorievna Vershubskaya, and Dong Hoon Shin. "Comparison of Helminth Infection among the Native Populations of the Arctic and Subarctic Areas in Western Siberia Throughout History: Parasitological Researches on Contemporary and the Archaeological Resources." Korean Journal of Parasitology 57, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.607.
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The aim of this parasitological study is examining contemporary (the late 20th century) specimens of the arctic or subarctic areas in Western Siberia and comparing them with the information acquired from archaeological samples from the same area. In the contemporary specimens, we observed the parasite eggs of 3 different species: <i>Opisthochis</i> <i>felineus</i>, <i>Ascaris</i> <i>lumbricoides</i>, and <i>Enterobius</i> <i>vermicularis</i>. Meanwhile, in archaeoparasitological results of Vesakoyakha, Kikki-Akki, and Nyamboyto I burial grounds, the eggs of <i>Diphyllobothrium</i> and <i>Taenia</i> spp. were found while no nematode (soil-transmitted) eggs were observed in the same samples. In this study, we concluded helminth infection pattern among the arctic and subarctic peoples of Western Siberia throughout history as follows: the raw fish-eating tradition did not undergo radical change in the area at least since the 18th century; and <i>A</i>. <i>lumbricoides</i> or <i>E</i>. <i>vermicularis</i> did not infect the inhabitants of this area before 20th century. With respect to the Western Siberia, we caught glimpse of the parasite infection pattern prevalent therein via investigations on contemporary and archaeoparasitological specimens.
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Redner, Harry. "Dialectics of Classicism: The birth of Nazism from the spirit of Classicism." Thesis Eleven 152, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619850915.
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This article is an attempt to revise and extend two prior conceptions: Adorno and Horkheimer’s dialectic of Enlightenment and Murphy and Robert’s dialectic of Romanticism. It traces a developmental trajectory within German Kultur, starting around the mid-18th century, that goes through three moments or phases: the Grecophilia of Goethe and Schiller, the Grecomania of Hölderlin, Schelling and early Hegel, and the Grecogermania of Wagner, Nietzsche and Heidegger. The latter provided the ideological underpinning of Hitler’s Nazism. Thus the paper aims to show that Nazism had deep roots within the soil of German Kultur, for almost from the very start Classicism and anti-Semitism were integral aspects of the one cultural movement. Furthermore, this movement was the one surrogate form of a Neo-Pagan and anti-Christian trend in German modernity.
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Kovalyshyn, Oksana. "Organizational-pedagogical principles of Ukrainian secret university in Lviv (1921–1925 years)." Scientific visnyk V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Pedagogical Sciences 65, no. 2 (2019): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2518-7813-2019-65-2-144-149.
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Article investigates activities of the Ukrainian Secret University (USU) in Lviv during 1921–1925. The participation of education organizations of Galicia in raising of an illegal educational institution is considered. Functional structure of the USU in Lviv, which was based on the Senate headed by the rector, deans and three distinctions: philosophical, law and medical was discovered. Organizational and pedagogical principles of the activity of the higher school, conditions of its formation and development are analyzed. The participation of Ukrainian student youth as part of the activity of the Ukrainian secret university was determined. Analyzed contribution of the Shevchenko Scientific Society to the development of the pedagogical thought of Galicia. Participation of members of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in the founding of the «Pedagogical Commission» at the organization, which became an incentive for the organization of the pedagogical department at the Ukrainian secret university in Lviv. The role of educators of the department of pedagogy of the UTU of the philosophical section for the development of Ukrainian pedagogical science was determined. In addition, the participation of teachers: M. Makarushka, M. Galushchinsky and V. Kalinovich in the creation of pedagogical courses «Basics of education», «History of pedagogy from the 18th century», «Pedagogical seminar: works of Pestalozzi», «Newest pedagogical jets», «Education at home and at school», «Paidology «in number and» Children’s soul tests», based on their own pedagogical experience, knowledge and practice of scholars. Concluded that the Ukrainian secret university in Lviv, founded under the leadership of the largest scientific center of the Galicia Shevchenko Scientific Society, acted through the scientific, educational and cultural sphere of the society
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de Tena Rey, María Teresa, Agustín Domínguez Álvarez, and Lorenzo García-Moruno. "The Recent Sediment Record as an Indicator of Past Soil-Erosion Dynamics. Study in Dehesa Areas in the Province of Cáceres (Spain)." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 2, 2019): 6102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216102.
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The work presented is a study of the recent sediment deposits in a pilot basin in dehesa areas in the province of Cáceres (Spain) through analysis of the sediment record, radiocarbon dating and correlation with historic data to assess the factors that conditioned the deposit in these areas over time. It is a qualitative study based on the important role of sediments as recorders of history, given that sediment facies and their architecture provide one of the best records of past processes and environmental factors. For the study, sediment profile surveys were used to determine the configuration and characteristics of the infill and its chronology. The sediment model of the facies studied is associated with a context of slope water erosion that led to the infill of the watercourse areas, mainly sand and fine gravel, where alterations in the normal rate were detected due to the insertion of a thicker level of materials (soil stoniness) that was able to be dated. The sediment and chronological results obtained can be used to determine the historical events in the area that could have affected the erosion and deposit processes in the basin for the estimated period, from the late 18th to the early 19th century. During this period, pastureland that maintained the ecological balance of the dehesa, with a balanced, stable displacement of soil particles, was converted to cropland, in most cases resulting in soil with a limited profile, overuse and the consequent loss of structure and texture, making it more vulnerable to erosion. Greater remobilisation would have carried thicker material to the watercourses than the material deposited as a result of limited ploughing. This study provides data for the dehesa areas studied with regard to their hydrogeomorphological dynamics, from which past environmental impacts due to tillage can be inferred.
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O'Brien, Glen. "‘A divine attraction between your soul and mine’: George Whitefield and same-sex affection in 18th-century Methodism." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x17736326.
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This article considers the blurred lines between male friendship and homoeroticism in 18th-century Methodism. It considers possible cases of transgressive male sexual acts among Methodist preachers, evaluates contemporary claims made about the sexual proclivities of leading Methodists, and considers the social location of 18th-century Methodism as a dangerous underworld of deviant religiosity whose centres of activity were often perched on the edge of sites of social exclusion. The ‘effeminacy’ of George Whitefield and the lack of heterosexual passion in his life are offered as a mode of examining the homosociality that existed within the heteronormative world of 18th-century Methodism.
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Carroll, Jerome. "William James and 18th-century anthropology." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (May 9, 2018): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118764060.
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This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.
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Marker, Gary. "The Ambiguities of the 18th Century." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 2 (2001): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0094.
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Rjéoutski, Vladislav. "Key Concepts in 18th-Century Russia." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 21, no. 2 (2020): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0014.
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Speck, W. A. "Will the Real 18th Century stand up?" Historical Journal 34, no. 1 (March 1991): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014011.
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Hewson, John. "An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.04hew.
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Summary Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.
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Gryglewski, Piotr. "Wpływ fundacji papieskich na polską architekturę początku XVI wieku. Watykański kontekst mauzoleum prymasa Jana Łaskiego." Roczniki Humanistyczne 68, no. 4 Zeszyt specjalny (2020): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh20684-8s.
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The analysis is devoted to the St. Stanislaus chapel erected near Gniezno Cathedral on the initiative of Primate Jan Łaski between 1518 and 1523 (pulled down in the late 18th century). Foundation of this central, free-standing mausoleum plays an important role in the history of the beginnings of Renaissance art in Poland. Its realisation took place simultaneously with construction of the chapel: the mausoleum of King Sigismund I the Old at Wawel. Archbishop Jan Łaski was involved in bringing to Poland Bartolommeo Berrecci, a designer of the royal chapel, who perhaps also participated in preparing the Gniezno design. Undoubtedly, the Łaski foundation was influenced by his stay in Rome in 1513-1515, when the Archbishop was permitted to take some soil from the Roman necropolis of Campo Samo and use it to sanctify the cemetery at Gniezno Cathedral. The concept of the mausoleum was also connected with the tombstones ordered in Hungary in Giovanni Fiorentino studio. On the basis of the preserved line of foundations, we can distinguish a number of important features of the building. It had a central layout. The core part took the form of a cylinder, most probably vaulted by the dome. Three semi-circular apses formed a elear triconch. From the south there was an entrance to the chapel. No less important was location of the mausoleum, situated between the cathedral and St George’s a collegiate church. On the same axis was the original location of the tomb of St. Adalbert. The solutions applied in Gniezno may have had their sources in a Roman art centre. They were used in a sedes of projects and concepts appearing around the Julius II foundation, renovation of St. Peter’s Basilica and the concept of the papai mausoleum. They were related to the work of Donato Bramante and Giuliano da Sangallo. The Vatican architectural designs were formulated in the context of unique historical signifi of St. Peter’s burial place. A similar, ancient context appeared in Gniezno, a place associated with the beginnings of Christianity in Poland.
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Krasheninnikova, Olga A. "Travellings Around Western Europe and Russia in A. T. Bolotov’s Memoirs." Two centuries of Russian classics 4, no. 4 (2022): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2022-4-4-6-37.
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Based on the autobiographical notes of A. T. Bolotov, the article traces the main stages of the spiritual development of a Russian nobleman-landowner of the mid‑18th century through his travels in Western Europe and provincial Russia. Western civilization and culture, which the hero met while serving in Koenigsberg, gave a powerful impetus to the spiritual formation of the young memoirist. Returning to his small homeland and subsequent travels around Russia helped him gain a sense of root connection with his native soil through the creation of a family, communication with numerous relatives, through attachment to the family estate as a place of application of the creative forces of the soul. In the course of comparing the two stages of Bolotov’s life, the author of the article concludes that the small homeland is of great importance in the process of forming the personality of the hero of the 18th century during the era of the Russian Enlightenment. The author of the article proves that Bolotov was a type of character of the 18th century, harmoniously combining Western idealism (pietism) and Russian pochvenism. Particular attention is paid to the descriptions of the hero’s travels in provincial Russia, which are assessed as an original and innovative phenomenon in Russian travel literature of the late 18th – early 19th centuries.
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Schalow, Paul, and C. Andrew Gerstle. "18th Century Japan: Culture and Society." Monumenta Nipponica 45, no. 3 (1990): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384912.
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Boyd, Jeffrey H. "A History of the Concept of the Soul during the 20TH Century." Journal of Psychology and Theology 26, no. 1 (March 1998): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719802600106.
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The word soul can have many meanings. In this article it is taken to mean the inner or subjective person. When the body dies and disintegrates, the inner person survives and provides continuity of personal identity between this life and the resurrection life. Sigmund Freud and the mental health movement have been involved in treating the soul, and I argue that the soul is the central focus of all psychotherapy. During the 20th century the Biblical Theology Movement sought to discredit soul-body dualism as an allegedly Greek philosophical idea that contradicted the whole-person view of human nature that was found throughout the Bible. They restricted their use of the word dualism to refer only to Platonic dualism, in which the body was despised or inferior. There are other forms of dualism which say that the human is made of two parts, only one of which is the corpse. The Biblical Theology Movement emphasized this life and the resurrection life, but paid little attention to the intermediate state. The word soul was, to some extent, dropped from contemporary Bible translations. But that anti-soul position is not tenable when one considers the intermediate state (between death and resurrection) when there is a clear dichotomy: the soul (or spirit) is with Christ while the body lies in the grave. I propose that it would be theologically acceptable to bring the soul back from Siberia, so as to make it again a part of theology and the theological object of care and healing.
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Miller, William Cook. "Theodora Wilkin’s Wandering Soul." Church History and Religious Culture 101, no. 2-3 (July 21, 2021): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10029.
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Abstract Sometime in the early eighteenth century, an Anglo-Dutch woman named Theodora Wilkin began translating into English an important Mennonite devotional work, Jan Philipsz Schabaelje’s Wandelende Ziele met Adam, Noach, en Simon Cleophas. Her translation (or, better, adaptation) survives in a manuscript of about one thousand pages. Wilkin’s text sheds considerable light on the state of intellectual history and literary adaptation in the early eighteenth century. Specifically, Theodora Wilkin’s Wandering Soul foregrounds three concerns. 1) It demonstrates the centrality of women to providential history. 2) It reconciles biblical wisdom and natural philosophical knowledge. 3) It closely considers the Ancients, both insofar as they reflected divine truth and promulgated idolatry.
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Vekerdi, József. "An 18th-century Transylvanian Gypsy Vocabulary." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 3 (September 2006): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.59.2006.3.5.
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Simon, Jonathan. "A material perspective on 18th-century chemistry." Metascience 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9355-x.
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Lohff, Brigitte. "Die Rezeption der Werke Johann Georg Zimmermanns in Montpellier." Gesnerus 54, no. 3-4 (November 27, 1997): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0540304003.
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At the end of the 18th century the French physicians discussed Johann Georg Zimmermann's medical concepts (i.e. medical experience, the influence of the soul on health and disease). In contrast to the German scientists, the French, especially those from the School of Montpellier, accepted Zimmermann's medical views as a confirmation of vitalism and neohippocratic medicine. In Germany, Zimmermann's medical works fell into oblivion after his death until the middle of 20th century. This may be a concequence of his intimate contacts to the European high nobility and of his polemic attacks against friends and enemies as well as his contempt for all forms of democracy and the French Revolution.
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Weiller, Kenneth J., and Philip Mirowski. "Rates of interest in 18th century England." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90002-g.
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Perler, Dominik. "Disembodied Cognition and Assimilation: Thirteenth-Century Debates on an Epistemological Puzzle." Vivarium 57, no. 3-4 (August 15, 2019): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341375.
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AbstractMedieval Aristotelians assumed that we cannot assimilate forms unless our soul abstracts them from sensory images. But what about the disembodied soul that has no senses and hence no sensory images? How can it assimilate forms? This article discusses this problem, focusing on two thirteenth-century models. It first looks at Thomas Aquinas’ model, which invokes divine intervention: the separated soul receives forms directly from God. The article examines the problems this explanatory model poses and then turns to a second model, defended by Matthew of Aquasparta: the separated soul actively apprehends forms that are present to it. It will be argued that this model explains assimilation in terms of appropriation, rather than reception, of forms and thereby radically changes the traditional account of cognition. Finally, the article draws some methodological conclusions, arguing that the focus on the ‘limit case’ of separated souls made theoretical change possible.
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Stimson, S. C. "Political and economic theory in the 18th century." History of the Human Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 2008): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526951080210010104.
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Świtalska, Alicja. "IN BRIEF POLICE CITY HISTORY TO THE 18TH CENTURY." space&FORM 2018, no. 33 (March 30, 2018): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2018.33.e-02.
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Pichugin, Pavel V. "History of Theological Seminary Library in Novgorod (18th century)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 12, 2011): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2011-0-6-94-99.
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Ratto, Adrián. "Voltaire, Diderot, and Russian History in the 18th Century." Eidos 36 (August 19, 2021): 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/eidos.36.194.03.
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En las primeras páginas de la Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, publicada entre 1759 y 1763, Voltaire presenta una serie de reflexiones acerca del método que se debería seguir al escribir un trabajo histórico y de las características que debería tener un historiador ideal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar en qué medida el texto se ajusta a la metodología que Voltaire se propone seguir. Se intenta mostrar que el autor se aleja por momentos de la misma, poniendo en riesgo el plan de la obra. Por otra parte, el artículo pone de relieve ciertas diferencias ideológicas y epistemológicas entre Voltaire y Diderot a propósito de la historia rusa, algo que puede resultar llamativo, en la medida en que sus textos son colocados, en general, bajo las mismas categorías historiográficas. En un plano más general, el texto arroja algunas luces acerca de la teoría de la historia en el siècle des Lumières.
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Gerstle, C. Andrew. "The Sense of History in 18th Century Jōruri Drama." Maske und Kothurn 35, no. 2-3 (September 1989): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/muk.1989.35.23.39.
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Burson, Jeffrey D. "Dark Night of the Early Modern Soul." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 45, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450102.
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During the sixteenth century, Jesuit renovations of medieval Aristotelian conceptions of the soul afforded an important discursive field for René Descartes to craft a notion of the soul as a substance distinct from the body and defined by thought. Cartesianism, however, augmented rather than diminished the skeptical crisis over the soul and the mind–body union. This article explores the work of a Jesuit intellectual, René-Joseph Tournemine, whose attempt to navigate between Malebranche’s Cartesianism and the metaphysics of Leibniz proved influential during the eighteenth century in ways that intersect with the development of Enlightenment biological science. Tournemine’s theologically motivated conjectures about the nature of the mind–body union reinforced an important shift away from considering the soul as a metaphysical substance in favor of seeing it as a pervasive motive force or vital principle animating the human organism.
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Helgason, Jon. "Why ABC Matters: Lexicography and Literary History." Culture Unbound 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2010): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.10230515.
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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.
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Lepore, Valentina. "Claude Yvon apologeta nell’Encyclopédie. La mortalità dell’anima e i ritratti di Andrea Cesalpino e Cesare Cremonini in Aristotélisme." Diciottesimo Secolo 7 (November 18, 2022): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ds-13364.
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The paper shows the apologetic intent of Claude Yvon (1714-1789) in his contribution to the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert (1751-1772). The article focuses on his Aristotélisme, which allows us to solve the mid-18th-century debate on whether Yvon was heterodox or orthodox. In particular, the examination concerns what Yvon expressed about the Aristotelian theory of the mortality of the soul, paying attention to the sections on the Italian Aristotelians of the Renaissance and of the modern age Andrea Cesalpino (1524 or 1525-1603) and Cesare Cremonini (1550-1631).
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Shore, Heather. "Print Culture, Crime and Justice in 18th-Century London." Social History 41, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2015.1112987.
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Søvsø, Mette Højmark. "Hjerteformede spænder fra nyere tid." Kuml 62, no. 62 (October 31, 2013): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v62i62.24477.
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Heart-shaped brooches from modern timesDress accessories from modern times are only sparsely described in the Danish literature on the costume practices of the peasant population. The recent widespread use of metal detectors has yielded many finds which demonstrate that these dress accessories were found all across Denmark. Some types stand out as being particularly recognisable, and one of these comprises heart-shaped brooches typically decorated with a crown and birds. This article is based on ten such brooches in the collection of the Museums of Southwest Jutland, nine of which were found in the soil (fig. 1), but these will be comparable with brooches in many other museum collections across Denmark (fig. 7).Despite the fact that these ornaments have not left any particular traces in written or pictorial sources, they were very common. They were widespread across the entire country, even though the extant Danish literature on the subject is linked to particular geographical areas (fig. 6).The ornament type itself has a long history, and the Danish term særkespænde – shift brooch – refers to an original use in fastening the neck slit of a shift, the function originally performed by these brooches in the costumes of the High Middle Ages, (fig. 2).The heart as a motif on ring brooches and other ornaments is rooted in the Middle Ages and the Catholic symbolism, where the heart can symbolise both spiritual and worldly love, is associated with the worship of Christ (fig. 3).It is difficult to find a link between these medieval heart-shaped ring brooches and the heart-shaped brooches of post-Medieval times. The earliest dated Danish example is the silver brooch in the Horsens hoard dating from the middle of the 17th century (fig. 8), but there are no secure written or pictorial sources referring to such early use of these brooches in Denmark. Conversely, there are 17th century parallels in the published material from other countries (fig. 4).The brooches were used as lover’s gifts in Northern Germany, Norway and Sweden and occur in numerous variations and with various kinds of pendants and decoration, but always with the heart as the central motif (figs. 4 and 5). The brooches possibly had an original function innermost in the clothing as shift brooches, but at some time in the 18th – 19th century they began to be worn visibly as ornaments on the chest together with a scarf. Concurrent with this, they developed to become larger and more showy, as they were now worn where they could be seen (figs. 9, 10 and 11).The brooches could perhaps have had other functions and there are great differences in the size and quality of the examples that have been found and/or published. There are some reports that heart-shaped brooches were used in connection with children’s clothing/head attire in Norway.There were brooches for every taste, extravagant or simple, and some examples were intended for practical use, whereas others were exclusively for decoration. There was also something for every purse – some people could afford finer lover’s gifts than others. Mette Højmark SøvsøSydvestjyske Museer
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Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (October 1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.
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Høst-Madsen, Lene. "An 18th-century timber wharf in Copenhagen Harbour." Post-Medieval Archaeology 40, no. 2 (September 2006): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581306x160107.
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