Academic literature on the topic 'Sought-after system'

The Trump administration sought to erode confidence in the international system, which it regarded as an affront to national sovereignty. The COVID-19 pandemic, by raising collective awareness of the need for global cooperation, may help to restore that confidence and encourage renewed commitment to multilateralism. Public opinion polls show that people around the world have greater confidence in global institutions like the World Health Organization than in national leaders like Donald Trump or Xi Jinping. The United States will continue to be an indispensable partner after Trump, but the international order will rest on a stronger footing if Washington is no longer expected to be the prime mover and contributes instead as one among equals.

Cuba was a charter signatory of the GATT, transitioning to WTO membership in 1995. After its 1959 revolution, it sought to achieve economic independence from the US, and traded mainly outside GATT rules, in barter arrangements with the Soviet Union and later with Venezuela. This article investigates why Cuba chose to remain in the GATT and WTO as a centrally planned economy. GATT and WTO documents reveal that Cuba sought to gain influence among developing countries as a critic of existing trade rules and negotiations, while attempting to retain or seek new rules-based multilateral channels of market access. Yet Cuba has not been able to avoid dependence on major trading partners and a limited range of exports, as the collapse of the Soviet system, and the political deterioration in Venezuela led to major declines in Cuban exports and economic crisis. However, Cuba has begun to diversify its exports and expand its trade partnerships, and its trade interests now align more closely with WTO rules and negotiating agendas. Cuba will, however, need to implement domestic reforms and increased openness to global markets in order to realize the economic benefits of WTO membership.

In article are stated author´s offers design and accounting-theoretical nature on improvement of the sought-after part of caterpillar machine, mainly special purpose, for usage on soil with low carrying ability (transport-technological complex for moving on snow and boggy ground). Change is offered put into designs of the caterpillar and mechanism of its pull. The World-level of novelty and invention level of the development are confirmed by patent for invention.

Addition of arylboronic acids to directing group tethered acetylenes in a regio and stereoselective manner using an inexpensive catalytic system is achieved for the first time to access highly sought after allyl/homoallyl alcohol/amine units.

After nearly two decades of freedom from evaluation, teachers in Greece became the focus of a new evaluation system. In 1998, reformers sought to raise the level of student performance by the regulation of teacher performance through a top-down evaluation system administered by the Greek Ministry of Education and Religous Affairs. The probable effects of this evaluation system on teachers' professional roles and development are analyzed.

The years immediately after the Second World War witnessed over-full employment in the Australian economy. The workforce, backed by public opinion, sought to reap gains in employment conditions after years of restraint. High on the unions' official agenda was reform of the federal arbitration system, which dominated the wage-fixing process. In 1947 the ALP government amended the Conciliation and Arbitration Act. Although endowed with unprecedented constitutional and political authority, the Chifley government failed to meet the main expectations of its union constituents. The system remained centralized and dominated by a small bench of judges. Chifley's appointments to the bench failed to depart from the conservative norm. The Labor government's overwhelming motivation was to hold down wage costs and cushion the economy from the shock of industrial labour's newfound bargaining power.

Combination of logic-based artificial intelligence with virtual reality in intelligent agent systems is an approach not extensively sought after to date. It is our belief that significant gain is to be expected if the technical challenges involved are overcome. In this paper, we describe the mVlTAL intelligent agent system, which is our latest effort towards this direction. The system is a contemporary intelligent agent system with applications in numerous areas, including intelligent virtual environments and formal artificial intelligence research. The system focuses largely on logic-based approaches, which are present in almost every aspect of it, including modeling, knowledge representation, definition of agent behaviors and inter-agent communication. In addition, virtual manifestation of the world and agents is also an inherent characteristic of the system. The system, even if still in a development and evaluation stage, has already been employed in experimental and educational applications, demonstrating the potential benefits of such an approach.

AbstractHistorical accounts of colonial science and medicine have failed to engage with the Colonial Office’s shift in focus towards the support of research after 1940. A large new fund was created in 1940 to expand activities in the colonies described as fundamental research. With this new funding came a qualitative shift in the type of personnel and activity sought for colonial development and, as a result, a diverse group of medical and technical officers existed in Britain’s colonies by the 1950s. The fact that such variety existed amongst British officers in terms of their qualifications, institutional locations and also their relationships with colonial and metropolitan governments makes the use of the term ‘expert’ in much existing historical scholarship on scientific and medical aspects of empire problematic. This article will consider how the Colonial Office achieved this expansion of research activities and personnel after 1940. Specifically, it will focus on the reasons officials sought to engage individuals drawn from the British research councils to administer this work and the consequences of their involvement for the new apparatus established for colonial research after 1940. An understanding of the implications of the application of the research council system to the Colonial Empire requires engagement with the ideology promoted by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) which placed emphasis on the distinct and higher status of fundamental research and which privileged freedom for researchers.

While children both understand the concept of, and have died by, suicide, little research has been conducted on children's experiences of healthcare systems during and after a suicidal crisis. This article focuses on three case studies of mothers with suicidal daughters and aims to describe the health service experiences of parents whose children have attempted suicide. The case studies were selected as exemplars of three different healthcare experiences of mothers with suicidal daughters younger than 16 years of age. Interviews were conducted with the mothers, focusing on their experiences when trying to find care for their daughters after a suicide attempt. A ‘dirty text’ analysis was undertaken on the transcripts, which aimed to find potential redemption within stories of trauma. Narratives were analysed to see how their stories were told, but also how experiences could be shared or be dissimilar. Significant gaps currently exist in the care and support provided to suicidal children, particularly in the critical post-discharge phase. Adults were not always able to recognise when a child was suicidal, or sometimes take that suicidality seriously. Support must often be proactively sought, and even organisations that are meant to target children and adolescents may not always provide appropriate care.

Natriuresis in direct response to a gastric sodium stimulus (upper-gut sodium monitor) has paradoxically only been demonstrated in humans and animals on a low-sodium diet preceding each study. It is possible that the low-sodium diet itself induces or suppresses systems that mediate or oppose the ensuing natriuresis. In this study, we sought to determine whether a system activated by this diet, the renin-angiotensin system, mediates the natriuretic response. Specifically, we sought to show whether changes in the circulating concentration of angiotensin II (ANG II) may mediate the renal response to stimulation of the gastric sodium monitor. Male New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to low- (0.008%) or normal (2.2%) sodium diets. After 1 wk on the experimental diet, they received a sodium load intragastrically or intravenously, and plasma ANG II was measured at 0, 5, 10, 30, 60, and 120 min. Urine was collected for 4 h after the sodium load, and plasma sodium was measured at 0, 2, and 4 h. Urinary sodium excretion was greater in the 4 h after gastric than after intravenous sodium administration (P < 0.025) in the rabbits on the low-sodium diet. No significant difference was noted in the rabbits on the normal sodium. In rabbits on the low-sodium diet, there was an immediate and significant decline in plasma ANG II after sodium was administered both intragastrically (P < 0.025) and intravenously (P < 0.05). This decrease was greater after intragastric than intravenous sodium (P < 0.0025), and the difference was still evident at 120 min (P < 0.05). No significant difference in plasma ANG II was found in the normal diet group. We conclude, therefore, that a prolonged decrease in ANG II concentration may play a role in mediating the natriuretic response to the gastric sodium monitor.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.22.02 – автомобілі та трактори. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019 р. Дисертація присвячена поліпшенню експлуатаційних властивостей колісного трактора в агрегаті з напівпричепом при русі на транспортних режимах за рахунок обладнання переднього моста комбінованою пневморесорною підвіскою та визначення її раціональних параметрів. Для вирішення поставленої задачі в роботі проаналізовані сучасні тенденції використання колісних тракторів під час перевезення вантажів, котрі є основною сільськогосподарською продукцією, а також продукцією призначеною для забезпечення виробничих процесів сільськогосподарських підприємств. Визначено основні вимоги, які висуваються до конструкції тракторів, які застосовуються в якості транспорту в сільськогосподарській галузі. Розглянуто тенденції розвитку конструкцій систем підресорювання колісних тракторів з урахуванням виконання вантажоперевезень із підвищеними транспортними швидкостями. Виконано аналіз методів і конструктивних засобів поліпшення плавності ходу й зниження динамічної навантаженості ходових систем. Визначено експлуатаційні вимоги, які висуваються до підвісок колісних тракторів. А також встановлені шляхи поліпшення показників плавності ходу на основі вдосконалення систем підресорювання. У рамках дослідження складена узагальнена математична модель поздовжньо-кутових, вертикальних і поздовжніх коливань машино-тракторного агрегату на базі колісного трактора з напівпричепом, яка дозволяє досліджувати плавність ходу й динамічну навантаженість ходової системи. Складена математична модель доповнена математичними моделями пневматичної шини, пневматичного гумово-кордового пружного елемента й тяглово-зчіпного пристрою. Це дозволяє врахувати наявність демпфірування в пневматичній системі комбінованої пневморесорної підвіски, найбільш повно оцінити вплив нелінійності пружних і дисипативних характеристик шини та пневмобалона, а так само наявність зазору в тяглово-зчіпному пристрої на показники плавності ходу й динамічну навантаженість ходової системи колісного трактора. Для найбільш повної оцінки плавності ходу й динамічної навантаженості ходової системи колісного трактора обладнаного різними типами систем підресорювання математична модель реалізована в детермінованій постановці з мікропрофілем, який відповідає різним дорожнім покриттям. Для зниження динамічної навантаженості ходової системи й поліпшення параметрів плавності ходу машино-тракторного агрегату на базі колісного трактора та напівпричепа, була розроблена комбінована пневморесорна підвіска, яка встановлена на передній міст трактора. При розробці регульованої пневморесорної підвіски використовувалися серійні вузли та деталі підвіски з листовими металевими ресорами. Пневморесорна підвіска розміщена в габаритних розмірах серійної підвіски, та складається з листових металевих ресор й двохсекційних пневмобалонів з додатковими повітряними резервуарами. Для збільшення демпфування в підвісці, в трубопроводі на вході до додаткових резервуарів було встановлено дроселі. При зростанні статичного навантаження на передній міст регулятор положення рами за допомогою клапану автоматично забезпечує надходження стисненого повітря до пневмобалонів по трубопроводах, а при її зменшені – випуск повітря до атмосфери. Таким чином забезпечується підтримання постійного зазору між пружним упором стискання та переднім мостом. З метою найбільш повної оцінки властивості конструкції розробленої пневморесорної підвіски та її досконалості при використанні трактора проведено експериментальні дослідження машино-тракторного агрегату в різних експлуатаційних умовах. Результати отримані під час проведення натурного експерименту дали можливість підтвердити достовірність теоретичних досліджень, та оцінити адекватність математичної моделі використовуваної для вивчення взаємозв’язків між параметрами конструкції підвіски та її експлуатаційними показниками. Також була запропонована методика проведення експериментальних досліджень по визначенню демпфування в пневматичній системі комбінованої пневморесорної підвіски, методика визначення параметрів плавності ходу та динамічної навантаженості ходової системи машино-тракторного агрегату при виконанні транспортних робіт. Під час проведення натурного експерименту визначено ступень дисипації в пневморесорній підвісці при різних прохідних перетинах дроселя, а також при різних об’ємах додаткових резервуарів, та визначено раціональний діаметр перехідного перетину дроселя. Проведена оцінка плавності ходу та динамічної навантаженості ходової системи машино-тракторного агрегату обладнаного серійною ресорною підвіскою, комбінованою пневморесорною підвіскою з гідравлічними амортизаторами та без гідравлічних амортизаторів, при русі трактора по дорозі з асфальтним і ґрунтовим покриттям, а саме проведена порівняльна оцінка пневматичного й гідравлічного демпфірування, порівняльна оцінка плавності ходу трактора із серійною та пневморесорними підвісками, шляхом визначення параметрів низькочастотних коливань у характерних точках трактора. Також визначена динамічна навантаженість ходової системи трактора оснащеного різними системами підресорювання. Для вимірів результатів експерименту, а саме для реєстрації параметрів низькочастотних коливань використовувався вимірювальний комплекс, що складається з вібровимірювальної апаратури. Для реєстрації динамічного навантаження передніх й задніх коліс трактора використовувалися тензодатчики, наклеєні на рукавах мостів, при цьому тензометричні датчики збиралися в тензометричні мости сигнал з котрих надходив до фіксуючої апаратури. На підставі аналізу отриманих даних встановлено, що застосування комбінованої пневморесорної підвіски з гідравлічними амортизаторами в порівнянні із серійною ресорною підвіскою дозволяє знизити величини середньоквадратичних прискорень у характерних точках трактора й знизити динамічне навантаження, що діє на колеса машино-тракторного агрегату. Проведено теоретичні дослідження, які дозволили дати об'єктивну оцінку впливу типу підвіски та її конструктивних параметрів на плавність ходу й динамічну навантаженість ходової системи колісного трактора. Визначено шляхи вдосконалення системи підресорювання й розроблені рекомендації з вибору раціональних параметрів підвіски. На підставі аналізу проведених експериментальних досліджень динамічних процесів, які виникають під час руху колісного трактора в агрегаті з напівпричепом, встановлено, що результати теоретичних розрахунків якісно й кількісно відображають характер зміни та рівень показників плавності ходу й динамічної навантаженості ходової системи машино-тракторного агрегату. Також підтверджені рекомендації щодо обраних раціональних параметрів системи підресорювання переднього мосту колісного трактора. Згідно рекомендацій найкращі показники плавності ходу та динамічної навантаженості ходової системи колісного трактора з шарнірно-зчленованою рамою на транспортних роботах досягаються при наступних обґрунтованих основних конструктивних параметрах комбінованої пневморесорної підвіски: діаметр прохідного перетину дроселя 9 мм, що забезпечує максимальне повітряне демпфірування в пневматичній системі та коефіцієнт загасання ψ=0,21; об’єм додаткових резервуарів Vd =40·10ˉ³ м³ на сторону; тиск у пневматичній системі 0,27 МПа; величина коефіцієнта загасання гідравлічного амортизатора ψа=0,21.
The dissertation for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Science (Technology) on the specialty 05.22.02 – automobiles and tractors. –National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to improving the operational properties of a wheeled tractor in an aggregate with a semi-trailer during the driving in transport modes, due to the equipment of the front axle with a combined air spring suspension and determining its rational parameters. To solve this problem we have analyzed the current tendencies in the application of wheeled tractors in the transportation of the main agricultural products, as well as products intended to support the production processes of agricultural enterprises. The basic requirements for the construction of tractors used as a transport in the agricultural sector have been defined. The tendencies of development of designs of suspension systems of wheel tractors with consideration of performance of cargo transportation with the increased transport speeds have been considered. The analysis of methods and constructive approaches of improving the smoothness of the course and reducing the dynamic load of the running systems have been performed. The operational requirements for suspension wheeled tractors have been defined. There are also ways to improve the smoothness of the course based on the improvement of the suspension systems. In the framework of the study a generalized mathematical model of longitudinal-angular, vertical and longitudinal oscillations of a machine-tractor unit based on a wheeled tractor with a semi-trailer, which allows to investigate the smooth running and the dynamic load of the running system, is drawn up. The mathematical model is completed with mathematical models of pneumatic tire, pneumatic rubber-cord elastic element and traction coupling. This allows to take into account the presence of damping in the pneumatic system of the combined pneumatic spring suspension, to fully assess the influence of nonlinearity of the elastic and dissipative characteristics of the tire and the pneumatic cylinder, as well as the presence of a gap in the traction-coupling device on the trajectory of smooth running and dynamic load. For the most completed evaluation of the smooth running and dynamic loading of the running system of a wheeled tractor equipped with different types of suspension systems, a mathematical model is implemented in a deterministic formulation with micro-profiles corresponding to different road surfaces. To reduce the dynamic load of the running system and improve the parameters of the smooth running of the machine-tractor unit based on the wheeled tractor and semi-trailer, a combined pneumatic spring suspension have been developed, which was mounted on the front axle of the tractor. Developing the adjustable pneumatic spring suspension we used serial units and suspension parts with sheet metal springs. The pneumatic spring suspension is housed in the overall dimensions of the serial suspension, and consists of sheet metal springs and two-section pneumatic cylinders with additional air tanks. In order to increase the damping in the suspension, throttles were installed in the pipeline at the inlet to the additional tanks. As the static load on the front axle increases, the regulator of the frame position by means of a valve automatically ensures the supply of compressed air to the air cylinders through the pipelines, and with its reduction – the release of air to the atmosphere. This ensures that there is a constant gap between the elastic compression stop and the front axle. With the purpose of the most complete evaluation of the design properties of the developed pneumatic spring suspension and its perfection when using the tractor, experimental studies of the machine-tractor unit under different operating conditions have been performed. The results obtained during the full-scale experiment made it possible to confirm the validity of theoretical studies and to evaluate the adequacy of the mathematical model used to study the relationship between the suspension structure parameters and its performance. Also, a method of conducting experimental studies to determine the damping in the pneumatic system of the combined pneumatic spring suspension, the method of determining the parameters of smooth running and the dynamic load of the running system of the machine-tractor unit in the performance of transport works was also proposed. During the full-scale experiment, the degree of dissipation in the pneumatic spring suspension was determined at different throttle cross-sections, as well as at different volumes of additional tanks, and the rational diameter of the throttle cross-section was determined. The estimation of the smoothness of the course and the dynamic loading of the running system of the machine-tractor unit equipped with a serial spring suspension, combined pneumatic spring suspension with hydraulic shock absorbers and without hydraulic shock absorbers, when driving the tractor on the road with asphalt comparative estimation of the smooth running of the tractor with serial and pneumatic spring suspensions, by determining the parameters of low-frequency oscillations at the characteristic points of the tractor. The dynamic loading of the running gear of the tractor equipped with various suspension systems is also determined. To estimate the results of the experiment, namely to record the parameters of low-frequency oscillations, a measuring complex consisting of vibration measuring equipment was used. To register the dynamic load of the front and rear wheels of the tractor were used strain gauges glued to the sleeves of the bridges, while the strain gauge sensors were collected in the strain gauge bridges signal from which came to the fixing equipment. Being based on the analysis of the obtained data, it has been found out that the application of a combined pneumatic spring suspension with hydraulic shock absorbers in comparison with the serial spring suspension allows to reduce the magnitude of the rms acceleration at the characteristic points of the tractor and to reduce the dynamic load acting on the wheels of the machine-tractor. Theoretical researches allowed to give an objective estimation of influence of a type of a suspension bracket and its design parameters on smoothness of a course and dynamic loading of a running system of a wheel tractor are carried out. Ways to improve the suspension system were identified and recommendations were made for choosing rational suspension parameters. Based on the analysis of the experimental studies of the dynamic processes that occur during the movement of a wheeled tractor in a semi-trailer unit, it is established that the results of theoretical calculations qualitatively and quantitatively reflect the nature of the change and the level of smoothness and dynamic load of the running gear of the machine-tractor system. Recommendations for the selected rational parameters of the front axle suspension system of the wheeled tractor have been also confirmed. According to the recommendations, the best performance of smooth running and dynamic loading of the running system of the wheeled tractor with the articulated frame on the transport works are achieved with the following substantiated basic design parameters of the combined pneumatic spring suspension: diameter of the throttle cross-section 9 mm, which provides the maximum air damping in the pneumatic system and attenuation coefficient ψ=0,21; volume of additional tanks Vd =40·10ˉ³ m³ per side; pressure in the pneumatic system 0,27 MPa; the value of the damping coefficient of the hydraulic shock absorber ψа=0,21.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.22.02 – автомобілі та трактори. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019 р. Дисертація присвячена поліпшенню експлуатаційних властивостей колісного трактора в агрегаті з напівпричепом при русі на транспортних режимах за рахунок обладнання переднього моста комбінованою пневморесорною підвіскою та визначення її раціональних параметрів. Складено узагальнену математичну модель поздовжньо-кутових, вертикальних та поздовжніх коливань машино-тракторного агрегату на базі колісного трактора в агрегаті з напівпричепом, яка дає змогу дослідити плавність ходу та динамічну навантаженість ходової системи з урахуванням нелінійності пружних та дисипативних характеристик підвіски, а також конструктивних характеристик тягово-зчіпного пристрою. Виконано теоретичні дослідження, котрі дозволили дати об'єктивну оцінку впливу типу підвіски та її конструктивних параметрів на плавність ходу й динамічну навантаженість ходової системи колісного трактора. Визначено шляхи вдосконалювання системи підресорювання та її раціональні параметри. На основі експериментальних досліджень підтверджено достовірність математичної моделі руху машино-тракторного агрегату на транспортних швидкостях, та підтверджено рекомендації щодо вибраних раціональних параметрів системи підресорювання переднього моста колісного трактора.
The dissertation for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Science (Technology) on the specialty 05.22.02 – automobiles and tractors. –National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to improving the operational properties of a wheeled tractor in an aggregate with a semi-trailer when driving in transport modes, due to the equipment of the front axle with a combined air spring suspension and determining its rational parameters. A generalized mathematical model of the longitudinal-angular, vertical and longitudinal oscillations of a machine-tractor unit based on a wheeled tractor in an aggregate with a semi-trailer has been compiled, which allows us to study the smoothness and dynamic loading of the running system with taking into account the nonlinearity of the elastic and dissipative characteristics of the suspension, as well as the structural characteristics of the towing device. Theoretical studies have been carried out, which made it possible to give an objective assessment of the influence of the type of suspension and its design parameters on the smoothness and dynamic loading of the wheeled tractor running system. Ways to improve the suspension system are identified and recommendations for the selection of rational suspension parameters are developed. Based on experimental studies, the reliability of the mathematical model of the movement of a ma-chine-tractor unit at transport speeds is confirmed. The recommendations regarding the selected rational parameters of the suspension system of the front axle of the wheeled tractor are also confirmed.

A considerable number of the books published in the course of the eighteenth century were printed with false details of the place of publication, authorised by the censorship offices themselves. This phenomenon, which was common throughout Europe, was particularly marked in Venice where over 800 titles, among the most sought-after of the time, were licensed exploiting this expedient to get around the bottleneck of the official publishing rules. The volume publishes the registers of the related Venetian documentation, complete with notes and indices that sketch a fairly complete picture of this aspect of the censorship system of the Ancien Régime.

This chapter offers a cross-jurisdictional analysis of the design and implementation of mandatory emissions trading schemes. It traces the beginning of emissions trading schemes from the sulfur dioxide emissions trading scheme in the United States, which was implemented through the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. After initial experiments at a local and regional level, the United States launched the first large-scale, countrywide trading system. This program sought to address the acid rain problem by creating a trading regime for sulfur dioxide emissions. This was the birthplace of large-scale emissions trading systems and from this point onwards, emissions trading schemes began to spread across jurisdictions. The chapter describes how the EU’s speedy adoption of an emissions trading directive in 2003 could be seen as an instance of horizontal borrowing from the United States, spurred by the simple need to keep the costs of reducing emissions down.

Chapter 6 places the African American race film industry into the context of southern history as well as the studio system. Hollywood’s combination of derivative typecasting of African American characters and strict segregation in institutional practices evidenced a broad neglect of black topics, themes, and audiences, and well before the studio system’s consolidation, African American filmmakers showed an interest in the possibilities of the medium. In the years after World War I especially, a tradition of African American filmmaking sought to redress the commercial, aesthetic, and political deficiencies of the mainstream film industry. Through figures such as Oscar Micheaux, Spencer Williams, and others, race film played a number of key roles in a black culture within and beyond the South, even as civil rights figures like the NAACP’s Walter F. White attempted, with modest success, to bring about reform within Hollywood.

Through the 1530s sanctuary remained an option for fleeing felons, but by about 1545 it had ceased. The conclusion to the book looks back on how various strands interwove to create conditions for sanctuary’s growth between 1400 and the late 1530s—mercy, mitigation, jurisdiction, aristocratic honour—and considers how that cloth rather suddenly unravelled between 1535 and 1545. A 1540 statute attempted to save the sanctuary system after the closure of the religious houses in whose precincts sanctuary seekers had sought refuge; although this legislation was not designed to fail, it was poorly thought-out and never became fully operational. An important means of mitigating harsh capital penalties died with it; for the elite, other paths around the hangman could be found, and for the poor, execution rates climbed.

During the half century after 1650 that saw the gradual imposition of a slave society in England’s North American colonies, poor white settlers in the Chesapeake sought a republic of equals. Demanding a say in their own destinies, rebels moved around the region looking for a place to build a democratic political system. This book crosses colonial boundaries to show how Ingle's Rebellion, Fendall's Rebellion, Bacon's Rebellion, Culpeper's Rebellion, Parson Waugh's Tumult, and the colonial Glorious Revolution were episodes in a single struggle because they were organized by one connected group of people. Adding land records and genealogical research to traditional sources, Noeleen McIlvenna challenges standard narratives that disdain poor whites or leave them out of the history of the colonial South. She makes the case that the women of these families played significant roles in every attempt to establish a more representative political system before 1700. McIlvenna integrates landless immigrants and small farmers into the history of the Chesapeake region and argues that these rebellious anti-authoritarians should be included in the pantheon of the nation’s Founders.

Chapter 12 traces the changes to the Hindu law of inheritance (dāyavibhāga) that occurred from the time of the ancient smṛtis to the present. Hindu inheritance was originally intestate and linked to the duty and capability to perform mortuary rites (śrāddhas). Issues of primogeniture and the ranking of heirs in the absence of sons and grandsons showed variations across the smṛtis, which later commentaries and topical digests (nibandhas) sought to resolve, with differing results. In the British period, variations became organized under regional patterns, with different leading texts governing separate areas of the country. At first relying on pandits’ interpretation of law texts, Anglo-Indian courts progressively turned to a British style of case law, relying on precedent. After Independence, the Indian government broke with the past, abrogating traditional law and promulgating a new, uniform system of inheritance law for all Hindus with the Hindu Succession Act of 1956.

Whereas many European states sought to dominate corporate associations in order to exploit their resources, the Russian monarchy had to create them in the late eighteenth century in order to transmit its own authority. Both before and after that, however, the Tsars mediated authority downwards through persons rather than institutions. This chapter highlights the paradoxes of a system which compensated for under-institutionalization through the workings of competing elite patron-client networks and small-scale popular communities of joint responsibility which survived long beyond 1917. Communists may have transformed and modernized society in appearance, but in reality that modernization perpetuated or even restored some of the archaic practices of pre-revolutionary society. The Soviet state, like the Tsarist one, depended on archaic social arrangements which lubricated its everyday functioning, but frustrated its ultimate purposes. Even at the start of the twenty-first century Russian politics were still in thrall to personalized power factions.

In the interwar period, Florence Sillers Ogden, Mary Dawson Cain, and Cornelia Dabney Tucker, segregationists in the Deep South, capitalized on their enfranchisement to mobilize voters to shape the system of Jim Crow at the polls. They encouraged women to uphold segregation through political parties, but their politics were as varied as the Jim Crow order they sought to serve. Ogden supported President Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal for helping out Mississippians and for following the dictates of racial segregation. Cain opposed the Roosevelt’s expansion of social services and worked against the national party as a Jeffersonian Democrat. After Roosevelt’s proposal to re-organize the Supreme Court, Tucker organized a national anti–court-packing campaign, became a Republican, and lobbied for a secret ballot in South Carolina. These women criticized state-level officials for sacrificing conservative political principles for political gain and nourished the seeds of partisan dissent in the Solid South.

Decades after the publication of his key works, Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of education remains the object of persistent misunderstanding. A coherent account of this work must distinguish, at minimum, two phases to Bourdieu’s thoughts on education. During the early period, Bourdieu asserted the salience of both self-selection and institutional selection in shunting students into class destinations that echoed their class origins. However, these works were uniformly devoted to identifying the peculiarities of the (then) contemporary French system, considered to be an exemplar of a distinct (“traditionalistic”) institutional form. In contrast, Bourdieu’s later work sought to develop a model of the relation between education and social inequality that had significant cross-national scope. This work de-emphasized the role of self-selection, and developed a substantially more nuanced account of the relation between education and social mobility. What Bourdieu terms the “scholastic mode of reproduction” in this period denotes a system in which children from the upper reaches of the class structure are systematically advantaged in the pursuit of social rewards by virtue of their inherited cultural capital, yet nevertheless face a real risk of downward mobility. For this reason, we term it a theory of “imperfect social reproduction.”

“Arminianism” was the subject of important theological controversies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and it maintains an important position within Protestant thought. What became known as “Arminian” theology was held by people across a swath of geographical and ecclesial positions; it developed in European, British, and American contexts, and it engaged with a wide range of intellectual challenges. While standing together in their common rejection of several key planks of Reformed theology, proponents of Arminianism took various positions on other matters. Some were broadly committed to catholic and creedal theology; others were more open to theological revision. Some were concerned primarily with practical concerns; others were engaged in system building as they sought to articulate and defend an overarching vision of God and the world. The story of this development is both complex and important for a proper understanding of the history of Protestant theology. However, this historical development of Arminian theology is not well known. In this book, Thomas H. McCall and Keith D. Stanglin offer a historical introduction to Arminian theology as it developed in modern thought, providing an account that is based upon important primary sources and recent secondary research that will be helpful to scholars of ecclesial history and modern thought as well as comprehensible and relevant for students.

Efficient approaches to computationally intensive image processing tasks are currently highly sought after. In this chapter, the authors show how a blackboard paradigm, originally developed for collaborative problem solving, can be used as an efficient and effective vehicle for distributed computation. Through the design of dedicated intelligent agents, typical image processing algorithms can be applied in parallel on multiple loosely coupled machines leading to a significant overall speedup as is verified in a series of experiments.

In this chapter the Labour government’s focus turned to long-term plans for constitutional and security policy. The period up to March 1976 marked a phase in which the great uncertainties that had dominated since the collapse of Sunningdale were replaced with clearer plans for the future. Some Labour ministers sought to discuss radical changes to Northern Ireland’s relationship with Great Britain. Rees was dismissive and, after the Convention concluded, these debates ended with the affirmation of indefinite direct rule. Sectarian violence led Wilson to announce the deployment of the Special Air Service (SAS) to County Armagh but longer-term plans were also made more publicly clear. Rees’s commitment to what became known as criminalisation was announced with the ending of detention without trial, a declaration that special category status for prisoners would be phased out and an emphasis on operating through the court system.

This paper defends the claim that the contemporary canon of human rights forms an indivisible and interdependent system of norms against both "Western" and "Asian" critics who have asserted exceptionalist or selectivist counterclaims. After providing a formal definition of human rights, I argue that the set of particular human rights that comprises the contemporary canon represents an ethical-legal paradigm which functions as an implicit theory of human oppression. On this view, human rights originate as normative responses to particular historical experiences of oppression. Since historically known experiences of oppression have resulted from practices that function as parts of systems of domination, normative responses to these practices have sought to disarm and dismantle such systems by depriving potential oppressors of the techniques which enable them to maintain their domination. Therefore, human rights norms form a systematic and interdependent whole because only as parts of a system can they function as effective means for combatting oppression and domination.

Following the ever-growing sizes of image databases, effective methods for visualising such databases and navigating through them are much sought after. These methods should provide an “overview” of a complete database together with the possibility to zoom into certain areas during a specific search. It is crucial that the user interacts in an intuitive way with such a system in order to effectively arrive at images of interest. In this chapter, we look at several techniques that have been presented in the literature and allow for browsing and navigation of large image databases.

A 76-year-old woman sought care for unintentional weight loss, hematuria, and fatigue. She was diagnosed with plurimetastatic renal cell carcinoma. After resection of the primary tumor and metastases, she was treated with pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor. The patient experienced involuntary tongue and face movements with dysphagia and weight loss. She was also described as “restless.” At that point, the patient was in cancer remission with ongoing immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Blood testing was unremarkable. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed basal ganglia T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities without gadolinium enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid testing showed slightly increased protein concentration and 8 cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal bands. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid testing for neural autoantibodies showed immunoglobulin G immunoreactivity in a mouse tissue indirect immunofluorescence assay, predominantly staining the basal ganglia. The immunoglobulin G was subsequently identified to bind to phosphodiesterase 10A. The patient was diagnosed with paraneoplastic phosphodiesterase 10A-immunoglobulin G autoimmunity manifesting as hyperkinetic movement disorder triggered by immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Given the patient’s cancer remission, the immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment was discontinued. She was treated with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids, with improvement of her hyperkinetic movement disorder but persistence of some dystonic movements. Further treatment with oral prednisone did not produce further improvement. The patient was treated symptomatically with onabotulinumtoxinA injections and tetrabenazine, which ameliorated her dystonic movements. Three years after her cancer diagnosis, she was alive and in cancer remission with minimal residual movements. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies targeting “stop signs” of the immune response, which lead to enhanced endogenous responses, including those against cancer. Autoimmune complications are consequences of the enhanced immunity and can affect all organs, including the nervous system.

A 47-year-old woman with a history of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving natalizumab therapy sought a second opinion regarding a recent diagnosis of secondary progressive disease. She was first diagnosed with multiple sclerosis 8 years earlier. While taking natalizumab, she was monitored for the development of antibodies to JC polyoma virus. Nine months before our evaluation, anti-JC polyoma virus antibodies became positive, with an increased index of 1.1. Given sustained remission, she was continued on natalizumab with increased surveillance and a plan to switch to a different disease-modifying therapy after 24 months. Five months later she noted subacute onset of slurred speech and right upper extremity incoordination. Over the next 4 months she continued to have clinical decline. On examination she had moderate ataxic dysarthria and right greater than left appendicular ataxia. She relied on a wheelchair for transportation and required 1-person assist to stand. Reflexes were brisk with bilateral Babinski sign. This patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis on natalizumab had a new subacute progressive cerebellar syndrome without radiographic evidence of disease activity. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging showed worsening cerebellar atrophy, right sided greater than left sided, and evolving T2 hyperintensity in the brainstem without enhancement or mass effect. JC polyoma virus polymerase chain reaction was positive. The patient was diagnosed with JC polyoma virus granule cell neuronopathy. Natalizumab was discontinued, and she was treated with 4 of 5 planned cycles of plasma exchange. After her 4th cycle, worsening symptoms developed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed gadolinium enhancement in the brainstem supportive of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. She received high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone followed by a prednisone taper. Her disability progression stabilized. JC polyoma virus central nervous system infection, 1 of several infections reported among treated patients with multiple sclerosis, occurs almost exclusively in immunosuppressed patients, including those receiving disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis.

After the Allied liberation of Algeria in late 1942, de Gaulle’s provisional government sought, as did Britain, to cling onto empire through a developmental policy. A 1943 reform commission focused in particular on the problem of a peasant ‘Malthusian’ crisis in which demographic growth outran basic food supplies, an agenda that became even more pressing after the 1945 famine and bloody revolt in the Sétif region. A young technocrat, Lucien Paye, appointed Director of Reform, formed plans to tackle the peasant problem through a programme, the Plan d’action communale (PACs), of economic modernization, closely tied to a communal reform. A case study of the PACs in the Chelif shows how the initiative was hamstrung by lack of investment, but conservative politicians brought the programme to an abrupt halt in February 1948, and unleashed a phase of mass electoral fraud. This gave a further lease of life to the moribund caid-CM system, and strengthened the nationalist currents that favoured preparation of an armed revolt.

This chapter examines how far village officials were involved in the handling of crimes in the first three centuries of Roman rule in Egypt (AD I–III). Village officials played a primary role in the early enquiries, as they represented the main point of contact for any villager who sought guidance and support in case of offence. They were assigned well-defined tasks in the police system and were able, within fixed limits, to act independently from higher authorities. The evidence shows that the interaction between villagers and local officials after crime was reported often determined the adoption of a specific legal procedure by the offended party: frequently, the prompt submission of written complaints to higher officials. This study suggests that, contrary to some previous views, the work of village officials in dealing with crime was fundamental for the functioning of the broader police and legal system.

Friendly or green compositions are being sought in many kinds of applications, such as fertilization, building materials, energy generation, and so on. Thus, this classification (green) can be established after the subjection of the compound to a thorough toxicity study. The research for low toxicity and no damage to the environment has stimulated the development of specific investigation lines in many areas. Inevitably, the criteria for safe handling, sensitivity and, mainly, specific impulse (efficiencies) of propellant compositions is still superior compared to ecological appeals. Nowadays, however, the solid or liquid propulsion, as aerospace as military, has already compounds to efficiency and eco-friendly characteristics. Thus, the chapter proposed will show a review in the energetic materials area, aiming at the most promising materials to be used as oxidizers and combustibles in a green propulsion system.

Introduction: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a subtype of uncommon nonHodgkin lymphoma. The involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is uncommon in the course of the disease. Objective: To report a case of recurrence of MCL in the CNS as the first manifestation, after chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Case report: Male patient, 49 years old, with no previous comorbidities diagnosed with stage IV MCL (bone marrow), submitted to chemotherapy and autologous transplantation. After two years, he sought out the neurology clinic with a complaint of blurred vision. Neurological examination: without motor deficit; bilateral partial ptosis, bilateral divergent strabismus, tongue shift to the right. CSF with 230 leukocytes/mm³, 70% of lymphocytes, glucose of 71 mg /dl and protein of 85 mg /dl; Skull MRI demonstrated bilateral and symmetrical enhancement of segments of the cisterns of the optic and oculomotor nerves; Trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear and glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves more exuberant on the left. CSF immunophenotyping showed CD19, CD5 and Kappa positive monoclonal, compatible with MCL recurrence. Intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy with methotrexate were initiated. Discussion: Risk of recurrence of MCL and infiltration of the CNS is uncommon (3.9 - 5%). The patient did not show any signs of systemic involvement, only the neurological findings, which is atypical since the neurological presentation is more associated with recurrence of MCL with a course of systemic findings. Conclusion:The authors point out that in patients with treated MCL who have neurological manifestations without systemic findings, tumor recurrence should be considered.

Abstract The ability to quantify the mechanical/material properties of the arterial system has been a highly sought after asset in the study of arterial atherosclerosis; however, conventional methods that take into account the dynamic viscoelastic nature of the artery are either destructive or lack high local spatial resolution[ 1,2]. A novel computed tomographic (CT) technique has been utilized to obtain the instantaneous measurement of the dynamic elastic modulus of intact excised porcine aortic vessels undergoing physiological pressure waveforms.

A microturbine of 12-pound thrust was developed for the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications. Recent tests of the microturbines reveal problems associated with rear ball bearing integrity after extended run times. The microturbine rotor design originally calls for a critical speed margin of at least 15∼20% to prevent excessive vibrations. However, the microturbine was using an existing turbocharger rotor component with unknown margins. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to perform both theoretical and experimental analyses of the dynamic characteristics of the 12-pound thrust microturbine rotor-bearing system. This rotor-bearing system analyses will start with a finite element (FEM) rotor-bearing system dynamic model, then using modal testing and dynamic engine test to verify the analysis results including critical speed map and bearing stiffness. In this paper, the rotor-bearing system dynamic model will be established under an inertia coordinate system. Through finite element method, this model can be used to predict natural frequencies, critical speed map, and bearing stiffness. Also, under free-free condition, a modal testing will be performed, and its results are used to compare with the FEM model. Then the gyroscopic moment effects are included in the FEM model to calculate the critical speed map. Finally the critical speed map is used to compare with the results of the dynamic experiments of the 12-pound thrust microturbine engine and the bearing stiffness is estimated through an optimization approach. Examination of the microturbine engine and recent product developments indicate that thrust performance and engine life goals can be improved to upgrade the present design. With the rotor-bearing system analysis, the goal of increasing the current engine life and improved performance is sought as a practical goal for the microturbine design.

A novel hybrid-electric transmission concept was sought that yields higher acceleration and smoother gear-shifts compared to existing dual-clutch systems while improving the energy efficiency of the vehicle. After evaluating a range of strategies, the elimination of the clutch was identified as a viable method for reducing the vehicle’s effective inertia and viscous losses. The proposed architecture implements a single electric motor, and two separate shafts for odd and even gears, to replace the functions of a clutch. High acceleration rates can be achieved using the electric motor when launching the vehicle. Furthermore, the torque from the electric motor (EM) and internal combustion engine (ICE) can be simultaneously delivered through the two shafts to sustain this high acceleration. A 0 to 100 km/hr time of 3.18 s was simulated for a 1600 kg vehicle using a 180 kW EM and 425 kW ICE. In addition, the EM can be used to match the speeds of consecutive gears on the two shafts to reduce jerk while shifting. Shift durations were found to vary between 0.2 and 0.9 s using this strategy. Other benefits include regenerative braking and the removal of the reverse gear since the EM can rotate in either direction. It was also found that the vehicle can be operated on only electric power in urban settings — represented by the NEDC driving cycle — if the battery is recharged through regenerative braking, and by the ICE the vehicle is stopped.

Vibration suppression of elastically supported beams subjected to moving loads is investigated in this work. For a Timoshenko beam with an arbitrary number of elastic supports, subjected to a constant axial compressive force, and having a tuned mass damper (TMD) installed at the mid-span, the equations of motion are derived and using the Galerkin approach the solution is sought. The optimum values of the frequency and damping ratio are determined both analytically and numerically and presented as some design curves directly applicable in the TMD design for bridge structures. To show the efficiency of the designed TMD, computer simulation for two real bridges, subjected to a S.K.S Japanese high-speed train, is carried out and the results obtained are compared for before and after the installation of the TMD system.

Effective continuously variable transmission (CVT) designs have been sought after for many years as their integration into many different mechanical systems can give many advantages over a discrete transmission system. Currently, CVTs are becoming popular for applications from automotive power transmission to wind power generation. Most CVT technologies, however, are friction- or hydraulic-based designs limited by both performance and system characteristics. This paper will evaluate a new, patented form of purely mechanical, intrinsically automatic CVT which is not based on belts, pulleys, gears or hydraulics. This new transmission is based on a deformable four-bar design incorporating a one-way clutch for positive displacement of the output. As torque demand on the system output is varied, the output’s displacement varies inversely to maintain a constant peak torque on the input shaft. The end result of this behavior is a possible instantaneous variation of speed ratio over an extreme range with a lightweight, simple mechanical design. This paper provides an analysis of the mechanism and its performance, as well as simulation results incorporating real-world measurement of system output into several different mechanical applications: a human-powered vehicle, an automobile and a centrifugal pump.

To prevent rotor/stator contact in a rotor/magnetic bearing system, auxiliary bearings may be located along the shaft and at the magnetic bearings. Rotor responses after a contact event may include periodic trapped modes where repeated contact may lead to highly localized thermal stresses. This paper considers an active auxiliary bearing system with a control strategy designed to limit the trapped contact modes in a rotor/magnetic bearing system that are induced by rotor unbalance. The controller is evaluated from a system model and its responses to short duration contact events. An active auxiliary bearing model is introduced to the system where the dynamic response of the bearing is dependent on the controller. From a harmonic decomposition of rotor/bearing contact, dynamic controllers are sought which limit the numbers of possible periodic solutions for a given rotor unbalance and operating speed. A case study is performed considering a simple two degree of freedom system with passive and active auxiliary bearings. Recovery of a rotor trapped in an asynchronous contact mode is shown with variation of the auxiliary bearing controller parameters.

This paper presents an observational study that sought to explore the question of what type of evidence, if any, would be visible on a belt system after a crash at a low severity, or after a crash in which some aspect of the belt system was disabled. Such evidence could be added to the practical knowledge available to the investigator tasked with making a determination of whether a belt system has been used, misused, or has malfunctioned in some way. The study entailed frontal impacts into a barrier angled 30 degrees counter-clockwise. However, to reflect the larger angularity often seen in field accidents, compared to standard laboratory angled-barrier tests, the vehicle was also rotated 30 degrees counter-clockwise, similar to the impactor orientation in the FMVSS 214D test procedure. As with the 214D test, such a configuration re-creates the structural engagement and angularity of the striking vehicle involved in a typical perpendicular intersection collision with both vehicles moving. This common impact mode produces simultaneous lateral and longitudinal loading of the front structure, and much more angular occupant motions as compared to typical laboratory crash tests. A series of three repeated impact crash tests was run, in which the same test vehicle was used for all three tests, rather than using three separate vehicles. Each test included a 50th male dummy in the left front seat and a 5th female dummy in the left rear seat, for a total of six occupant exposures. Each dummy was restrained with a new replacement belt system for each test. In the first test, at 13 mph, both dummies were restrained with a normally functioning seat belt system, with the objective of documenting any marks generated at this lower crash severity. In the second test, at 23 mph, both dummies were fitted with belt systems with defeated buckles. In the third test, at 29 mph, both dummies were fitted with belt systems with disabled retractors. The tests illustrate the effects of crash severity, air bag deployments and belt malfunctions. The resulting physical evidence was documented for each crash test. Occupant kinematics are discussed. When either the buckle or the retractor was disabled, both occupant kinematics and occupant/belt interactions were fundamentally different from what occur under normally restrained conditions. Of course, the specifics of the resulting physical evidence will depend on the nature of the crash, the vehicle (a used 2002 Chevrolet Cavalier in this instance), the occupants, and the belt systems. However, the basic mechanics of the belt/occupant interaction, and the resulting markings documented herein, will help investigators determine whether a hypothesis about belt use, misuse, or malfunction is supported by the physical evidence being examined.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of robots for motor therapy. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is appealing for user intent detection as the signal relates the individual’s desired muscle contractile force. A drawback to sEMG interfaces is subject- and session-dependent calibration. We sought to investigate the effect of a simple sEMG assistive controller on user performance in the MAHI Exo-II, therapeutic exoskeleton. Agonist-antagonist muscles were related after normalization based on sub-maximal isometric contraction. Six subjects performed a target tracking task with four levels of assistance in wrist flexion-extension. Performance metrics were mean absolute position error and estimated muscular activity. In low levels of assistance, subject performance was not significantly affected, while increasing the assistance resulted in higher position errors. In characterizing the performance assistance trade-off, we better understand the capabilities of this simple controller. This investigation validates the feasibility of using a proportional control scheme for a therapeutic wrist exoskeleton system and motivates further testing with impaired subjects to optimize the system for use in a clinical setting.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 at the end of 2019, the pandemic has brought both social and economic impacts to global communities, although to varying degrees. Since the onset of the pandemic, different regions have responded in various ways by taking different measures to fight the pandemic and its effects. In Tanzania, the first case was recorded on 16 March 2020 and, to contain the spread of the virus, on 17 March 2020, the Prime Minister announced measures including the closure of all education institutions, the suspension of public gatherings and international passenger flights, and mandatory quarantine for individuals entering Tanzania. However, in June 2020, the government announced the easing of the restrictions after observing a significant decrease in the COVID-19 infection rate and, despite a subsequent ‘second wave’ of the virus, the government declined to re-institute movement restrictions. This decision led to the implementation of non-tariff trade barriers which were imposed on cargo carrying grain and other exports to neighbouring countries, especially Kenya. The situation became so bad that diplomatic intervention had to be sought. In order to understand the resulting socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis in Tanzania, data were collected in three waves during mid-July2020, October 2020 and February 2021. This paper presents a synthesis of the results of these three survey rounds.

Potyviruses form one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant viruses. Individual potyviruses and their isolates vary in symptom expression, host range, and ability to overcome host resistance genes. Understanding factors influencing these biological characteristics is of agricultural importance for epidemiology and deployment of resistance strategies. Cucurbit crops are subject to severe losses by several potyviruses including the highly aggressive and variable zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In this project we sought to investigate protein domains in ZYMV that influence systemic infection and host range. Particular emphasis was on coat protein (CP), because of known functions in both cell to cell and long distance movement, and helper component-protease (HC-Pro), which has been implicated to play a role in symptom development and long distance movement. These two genes are also essential for aphid mediated transmission, and domains that influence disease development may also influence transmissibility. The objectives of the approved BARD project were to test roles of specific domains in the CP and HC-Pro by making sequence alterations or switches between different isolates and viruses, and testing for infectivity, host range, and aphid transmissibility. These objectives were largely achieved as described below. Finally, we also initiated new research to identify host factors interacting with potyviral proteins and demonstrated interaction between the ZYMV RNA dependent RNA polymerase and host poly-(A)-binding protein (Wang et al., in press). The focus of the CP studies (MSU) was to investigate the role of the highly variable amino terminus (NT) in host range determination and systemic infection. Hybrid ZYMV infectious clones were produced by substituting the CP-NT of ZYMV with either the CP-NT from watermelon mosaic virus (overlapping, but broader host range) or tobacco etch virus (TEV) (non- overlapping host range) (Grumet et al., 2000; Ullah ct al., in prep). Although both hybrid viruses initially established systemic infection, indicating that even the non-cucurbit adapted TEV CP-NT could facilitate long distance transport in cucurbits, after approximately 4-6, the plants inoculated with the TEV-CPNT hybrid exhibited a distinct recovery of reduced symptoms, virus titer, and virus specific protection against secondary infection. These results suggest that the plant recognizes the presence of the TEV CP-NT, which has not been adapted to infection of cucurbits, and initiates defense responses. The CP-NT also appears to play a role in naturally occurring resistance conferred by the zym locus in the cucumber line 'Dina-1'. Patterns of virus accumulation indicated that expression of resistance is developmentally controlled and is due to a block in virus movement. Switches between the core and NT domains of ZYMV-NAA (does not cause veinal chlorosis on 'Dina-1'), and ZYMV-Ct (causes veinal chlorosis), indicated that the resistance response likely involves interaction with the CP-NT (Ullah and Grumet, submitted). At the Volcani Center the main thrust was to identify domains in the HC-Pro that affect symptom expression or aphid transmissibility. From the data reported in the first and second year report and in the attached publications (Peng et al. 1998; Kadouri et al. 1998; Raccah et al. 2000: it was shown that: 1. The mutation from PTK to PAK resulted in milder symptoms of the virus on squash, 2. Two mutations, PAK and ATK, resulted in total loss of helper activity, 3. It was established for the first time that the PTK domain is involved in binding of the HC-Pro to the potyvirus particle, and 4. Some of these experiments required greater amount of HC-Pro, therefore a simpler and more efficient purification method was developed based on Ni2+ resin.