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Herde, Damian. "Inheritance and mechanisms of resistance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to Sorghum ergot (caused by Claviceps africana) /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19680.pdf.
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Maulana, Frank. "Analysis of cold tolerance in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9184.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
Tesfaye Tesso
Cold temperature stress is an important abiotic constraint to grain sorghum production in temperate regions. In the United States, low temperature in late spring and early fall has limited sorghum production to a narrow growing period. Deployment of cold tolerance traits may widen this window and hence contribute to increased production. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effect of early and mid-season cold temperature stress on growth, phenology and yield components of sorghum, and identify key traits that are most sensitive to cold stress at seedling and flowering stages, and (2) to identify new sources of cold tolerance for use in breeding programs. Series of controlled environment (greenhouse/growth chamber) and field experiments were carried out. Three sorghum genotypes of variable response, Shan Qui Red (tolerant), SRN39 (susceptible) and Pioneer 84G62 (unknown) were subjected to cold (15/13ºC day/night) and normal (25/23ºC day/night) temperature at seedling (Experiment I) and flowering (Experiment II) stages. The genotypes were planted in a greenhouse using a 5L polytainer pots. Each pot consisted of a single plant and each plot was represented by three pots. A split-plot design with three replications was used in both experiments with temperature regimes as main plots and genotypes as sub-plots. Three days after emergence, experiment I plants were moved to the growth chamber and subjected to the designated temperature treatments. For experiment II, the treatments were assigned at heading stage immediately before anthesis had begun. The treatments lasted 10 d in both experiments. Data were collected on seedling characteristics and leaf chlorophyll content in experiment I, days to flowering, maturity, and yield components in both experiments, and anthesis duration in experiment II. For the field experiment, 150 sorghum germplasm collections of potential cold tolerance along with tolerant and susceptible checks were evaluated for emergence and seedling traits under early planting (April 13) at soil temperature of 20.1/13.4 ºC max/min. The normal temperature treatment was applied by planting at regular season (May 26) at soil temperature of 30.0/20.4ºC max/min. Twenty-four genotypes selected based on field emergence and seedling vigor were further screened under controlled environment. Early-season stress significantly reduced leaf chlorophyll content, all seedling traits (height, vigor and dry weight), and also delayed flowering and maturity. But it had no effect on final leaf number, plant height and yield components. Genotypic response to early stress was significant for all traits with the susceptible checks having the lowest score for all seedling traits. Mid-season cold stress prolonged anthesis duration, delayed maturity and highly reduced all yield components. Several genotypes among the 150 had higher seedling vigor and emergence than the tolerant check, Shan Qui Red. In conclusion, reduced seedling vigor as a result of early stress had no effect on final yield provided that stand establishment was not compromised while mid season stress is damaging to yield. The wide genetic variation for the traits indicates the potential for improvement of cold tolerance in sorghum.
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Sant, Rajnesh R. Prasad. "Development of a transformation system for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50977/1/Rajnesh_Sant_Thesis.pdf.
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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is the world’s fifth major cereal crop and holds importance as a construction material, food and fodder source. More recently, the potential of this plant as a biofuel source has been noted. Despite its agronomic importance, the use of sorghum production is being constrained by both biotic and abiotic factors. These challenges could be addressed by the use of genetic engineering strategies to complement conventional breeding techniques. However, sorghum is one of the most recalcitrant crops for genetic modification with the lack of an efficient tissue culture system being amongst the chief reasons. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an efficient tissue culture system for establishing regenerable embryogenic cell lines, micropropagation and acclimatisation for Sorghum bicolor and use this to optimise parameters for genetic transformation via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and microprojectile bombardment.
Using five different sorghum cultivars, SA281, 296B, SC49, Wray and Rio, numerous parameters were investigated in an attempt to establish an efficient and reproducible tissue culture and transformation system. Using immature embryos (IEs) as explants, regenerable embryogenic cell lines (ECLs) could only be established from cultivars SA281 and 296B. Large amounts of phenolics were produced from IEs of cultivars, SC49, Wary and Rio, and these compounds severely hindered callus formation and development. Cultivar SA281 also produced phenolics during regeneration. Attempts to suppress the production of these compounds in cultivars SA281 and SC49 using activated charcoal, PVP, ascorbic acid, citric acid and liquid filter paper bridge methods were either ineffective or had a detrimental effect on embryogenic callus formation, development and regeneration. Immature embryos sourced during summer were found to be far more responsive in vitro than those sourced during winter. In an attempt to overcome this problem, IEs were sourced from sorghum grown under summer conditions in either a temperature controlled glasshouse or a growth chamber. However, the
performance of these explants was still inferior to that of natural summer-sourced explants.
Leaf whorls, mature embryos, shoot tips and leaf primordia were found to be unsuitable as explants for establishing ECLs in sorghum cultivars SA281 and 296B. Using the florets of immature inflorescences (IFs) as explants, however, ECLs were established and regenerated for these cultivars, as well as for cultivar Tx430, using callus induction media, SCIM, and regeneration media, VWRM. The best in vitro responses, from the largest possible sized IFs, were obtained using plants at the FL-2 stage (where the last fully opened leaf was two leaves away from the flag leaf). Immature inflorescences could be stored at 25oC for up to three days without affecting their in vitro responses. Compared to IEs, the IFs were more robust in tissue culture and showed responses which were season and growth condition independent.
A micropropagation protocol for sorghum was developed in this study. The optimum plant growth regulator (PGR) combination for the micropropagation of in vitro regenerated plantlets was found to be 1.0 mg/L BAP in combination with 0.5 mg/L NAA. With this protocol, cultivars 296B and SA281 produced an average of 57 and 13 off-shoots per plantlet, respectively. The plantlets were successfully acclimatised and developed into phenotypically normal plants that set seeds. A simplified acclimatisation protocol for in vitro regenerated plantlets was also developed. This protocol involved deflasking in vitro plantlets with at least 2 fully-opened healthy leaves and at least 3 roots longer than 1.5 cm, washing the media from the roots with running tap water, planting in 100 mm pots and placing in plastic trays covered with a clear plastic bag in a plant growth chamber. After seven days, the corners of the plastic cover were opened and the bags were completely removed after 10 days. All plantlets were successfully acclimatised regardless of whether 1:1 perlite:potting mix, potting mix, UC mix or vermiculite were used as potting substrates.
Parameters were optimised for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) of cultivars SA281, 296B and Tx430. The optimal conditions were the use of
Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 at an inoculum density of 0.5 OD600nm, heat shock at 43oC for 3 min, use of the surfactant Pluronic F-68 (0.02% w/v) in the inoculation media with a pH of 5.2 and a 3 day co-cultivation period in dark at 22oC. Using these parameters, high frequencies of transient GFP expression was observed in IEs precultured on callus initiation media for 1-7 days as well as in four weeks old IE- and IF-derived callus. Cultivar SA281 appeared very sensitive to Agrobacterium since all tissue turned necrotic within two weeks post-exposure. For cultivar 296B, GFP expression was observed up to 20 days post co-cultivation but no stably transformed plants were regenerated. Using cultivar Tx430, GFP was expressed for up to 50 days post co-cultivation. Although no stably transformed plants of this cultivar were regenerated, this was most likely due to the use of unsuitable regeneration media.
Parameters were optimised for transformation by particle bombardment (PB) of cultivars SA281, 296B and Tx430. The optimal conditions were use of 3-7 days old IEs and 4 weeks old IF callus, 4 hour pre- and post-bombardment osmoticum treatment, use of 0.6 µm gold microparticles, helium pressure of 1500 kPa and target distance of 15 cm. Using these parameters for PB, transient GFP expression was observed for up to 14, 30 and 50 days for cultivars SA281, 296B and Tx430, respectively. Further, the use of PB resulted in less tissue necrosis compared to AMT for the respective cultivars. Despite the presence of transient GFP expression, no stably transformed plants were regenerated.
The establishment of regenerable ECLs and the optimization of AMT and PB parameters in this study provides a platform for future efforts to develop an efficient transformation protocol for sorghum. The development of GM sorghum will be an important step towards improving its agronomic properties as well as its exploitation for biofuel production.
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Yüksel, Osman Balabanlı Cahit. "Sorgum x Sudanotu (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x Sorghum sudanense (Piper)Stapf) Melezinde farklı azot dozu uygulamalarının verim ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkileri /." Isparta: SDÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TF00978.pdf.
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Franzmann, Bernard Anthony. "Resistance to sorghum midge and management of panicle pests in sorghum /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18293.pdf.
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Emendack, Yves Yatou. "Drought performance of millet (Panicum miliaceum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)." Berlin dissertation.de, 2007. http://www.dissertation.de/buch.php3?buch=5025.
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Fernholz, Mary C. "Evaluation of four sorghum hybrids through the development of sorghum flour tortillas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/729.
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Al-Soqeer, Abdulrahman A. "The potential of seed soaking in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408443.
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AGBARY, ABDUL WALLY. "HERITABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187991.
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Physiological responses of 12 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes previously classified as drought resistant and susceptible upon grain yield basis were evaluated under dry and wet moisture treatments at Tucson, Arizona in 1983. In addition, the relationship of these physiological responses and their heritability estimates were also determined. Apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, diffusive resistance, temperature differentials, and leaf temperature were measured under field conditions at three intervals from planting date: 48, 62, and 77 days, respectively. Stomatal density and epicuticular wax content were determined toward the end of the season when full canopy development was reached. Stress significantly affected all characteristics measured for each genotype by a reduction in apparent photosynthesis rates, transpiration, and temperature differentials, and an increase in diffusive resistance, leaf temperature and stomatal density. The wax content response varied among genotypes irrespective of the dry and wet moisture treatments. Except for the wax content and stomatal density, all the other parameters demonstrated a high significant correlation with photosynthesis at .001 level; nevertheless, greater values were observed in the stress treatment. Analysis of variance failed to detect significant differences among the 12 germplasm sources, except for the stomatal density. Multiple regression analysis showed that leaf diffusive resistance was the first variable incorporated for photosynthesis prediction in both the dry and wet treatments. The offspring and mid-parent regression for each characteristic under both treatments provided heritability estimates (h('2) (+OR-) SE), indicating higher heritability values under the dry treatment.
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Ayyaru, Thevar Prasanna. "Determining transpiration efficiency of eight grain sorghum lines [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1094.
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Kebakile, Martin Mosinyi. "Sorghum dry-miling processes and their influence on meal and porridge quality." Pretoria [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01152009-165345.
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Frederickson, Debra E. "Ergot disease of sorghum." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46301.
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McGinley, Susan. "Sweet Sorghum into Ethanol." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622107.
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Rahman, Maksudur. "Response of uncut and multicut forage sorghum to nitrogen fertilizer under different environmental conditions and water availability /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18441.pdf.
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Odra, J. G. "Physiological investigations of drought and heat resistance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370627.
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Khalif, Ahmed Sheikh Hassan. "GERMINATION RESPONSES OF SORGHUM VARIETIES (SORGHUM BICOLOR L. MOENCH) TO FUNGICIDE SEED TREATMENTS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275262.
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Mahaman, Sabiou 1957. "Nitrogen requirements of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) under soil moisture stress." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277251.
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Water and fertilizers are the two major agricultural inputs limiting yields in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Proper knowledge of their influence on crops should be obtained for appreciable returns. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four nitrogen (N) treatments (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N/ha), two water (M) levels (39 and 58 cm), and two varieties (V) (Funks G-522DR and Conlee Rusler) on dry matter production, total N concentration, and yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Total N concentration, dry matter, and grain yield were increased by N treatments. Generally, the highest N rate gave the most significant effects; the other rates had statistically the same responses. Varieties were different in their dry matter and grain yields, but had the same total nitrogen contents, as was suggested by the ANOVA and means analysis. There were no detectable interactions among the factors. Moisture had minimal effect on dry matter and grain yields, but influenced total N concentration significantly. Nitrogen contents increased with the higher moisture level.
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Siart, Sonja. "Strengthening local seed systems : options for enhancing diffusion of varietal diversity of sorghum in Southern Mali /." Weikersheim : Margraf, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988693143/04.
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Bock, Clive. "Studies of the epidemiology, variability and control of sorghum downy mildew [Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) C.G. Shaw] on sorghum and maize in Africa." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262109.
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Ahmad, Muhammad Rashid. "Effect of sulphur fertilization on growth and chemical composition of sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) and on utilization of sorghum silage fed to wethers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39958.
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Sulphur (S) is an essential element for plant and animal nutrition, but widespread deficiencies of S occur world wide. Current recommendations for nitrogen (N):S ratios are 15 to 18:1 and 10 to 12:1 for plant and animal nutrition, respectively; but recent information suggests these may not predict animal response. Sorghum is an important crop, particularly in drier climatic regions but little is known concerning S-nutrition for sorghum growth or utilization of S-fertilized forages. Sorghum "Pioneer 947" was grown on a Lucy loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Kandiudult) in King William County, VA, with and without S fertilization (0 vs. 138 kg S ha⁻¹ as ammonium sulphate) in a randomized block design with four replications. Sulphur fertilization decreased (P < 0.05) soil pH and increased soil S in the 0 to 25 cm (P < 0.08) and 25 to 50 cm (P < 0.05) soil layers. An increase in Mehlich-I extractable soil P, Mn (P < 0.05) and soil N0₃-N (P < 0.06) at surface 25 cm layer occurred with S-fertilization. At harvest, S-fertilization increased (P < 0.05) S and water soluble carbohydrates and decreased (P < 0.05) N:S ratio and P concentration in whole plants. Sorghum leaves were higher (P < 0.05) in N, S, Ca, Mn and Cu in S fertilized compared to non-S fertilized sorghum. Sulphur fertilization decreased (P < 0.05) concentration of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the upper three leaves. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the Lucy soil and 'Pioneer 947' sorghum to further investigate effects of fertilization (0, 70, and 140 kg S ha ⁻¹) as ammonium sulphate in a completely randomized design with five replications. Sulphur application decreased soil pH, and extractable soil K linearly (P < 0.01), and increased extractable soil S linearly (P < 0.01).Ph. D.
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Aydin, Selahattin. "The relationship between grain yield and waxy endosperm in Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2256.
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In sorghum, a single recessive gene Wx conditions waxy endosperm type. While parental inbred lines and hybrids with waxy endosperm have been developed, there has been little to no adoption of these hybrids by producers, primarily because waxy hybrids consistently yield 5-10% less than non-waxy hybrids and end-use buyers will not pay for the utilization benefits. While current waxy germplasm does not yield competitively at this time, there is a question as to whether the yield reduction is due to a negative relationship between waxy per se or due to the lack of effort to develop high yielding waxy germplasm. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the waxy endosperm phenotype and grain yield in sorghum. From each of two F2 breeding populations segregating for waxy endosperm, 50 inbred lines were derived, selected only for homozygosity of endosperm type. No selection for yield was practiced during the development of these lines. Approximately 25 waxy and 25 non-waxy lines were selected for further evaluation from each population. These lines and a set of testcross hybrids were evaluated in four environments. When combined across environments and populations, waxy inbred lines and hybrids yielded 17% less than non-waxy inbred lines and hybrids. However, analysis of the individual inbred lines and hybrids indicated that several waxy inbred lines were competitive in yield with the best non-waxy genotypes. The results indicate that it should be possible to develop waxy hybrids that are competitive in yield, but that this will require additional breeding efforts to identify the correct inbred lines and hybrids.
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Zougmoré, Robert B. "Integrated water and nutrient management for sorghum production in semi-arid Burkina Faso /." Wageningen : Wageningen University and Research Centre, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0702/2006432558.html.
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Kokwe, Misael 1960. "Growth and yield of two sorghum hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) under a limited supply of soil moisture imposed at different stages of growth." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276797.
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This study evaluated relative responses of two grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrids to moisture stress treatments imposed during the seedling, early boot, flowering and grain-filling stages. The two hybrids, T.E. Y77 and FUNK HW6125, are high and low yielding respectively, having similar maturity periods. Twelve phenological characters were measured. The height to upper leaf collar, peduncle exsertion, panicle length, total plant height and total leaf area showed significant differences between the hybrids. Early boot stage stress was most sensitive to vegetative characters. T.E. Y77 produced more heads/m², grains, panicle, 500 grain weight (seed size), and grain yield/ha than FUNK HW 6125 across all treatments. Seed size was the most important determinant of grain yield in both hybrids. Moisture stress during the seedling and early boot stages enhanced grain yield, whereas during the grain-filling stage it was detrimental to grain yield in both hybrids.
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Chamba, Emmanuel Boache. "Biochemical analysis and molecular cloning of methionine-rich proteins of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) seed." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437276.
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Maulana, Frank. "Agronomic, genetic and genomic approaches for predicting heterosis in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32810.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agronomy
Tesfaye Tesso
The approach used to identify inbred lines that can produce superior hybrids is costly and time-consuming. It requires creation of all possible crosses and evaluation of the crosses to estimate combining abilities for the desired traits. Predicting heterosis or hybrid performance in any way possible may help to reduce the number of crosses to be made and evaluated. In this study, four sets of experiments were conducted to determine whether heterosis can be predicted based on inbred line performance, genetic distance between parents and genomic prediction model. The first experiment was aimed at assessing the levels of genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in 279 public sorghum inbred lines, based on 66,265 SNPs generated using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) platform. The inbred lines were developed at different times over the last two decades and harbor robust diversity in pedigree and agronomic characteristics. Some of the inbreds are resistant to Acetolactate synthase (ALS) and Acetyl co-enzyme-A carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor herbicides. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) and gene diversity across the entire inbreds were 0.35 and 0.46, respectively with non-herbicide resistant inbreds harboring more diversity than the herbicide resistant ones. The population structure analysis clustered the inbred lines into three major subgroups according to pedigree and fertility-reaction with the maintainer lines (B-lines) distinctly forming a separate cluster. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed more variation within subgroups than among subgroups. Substantial linkage disequilibrium (LD) was detected between the markers in the population with marked variation between chromosomes. This information may facilitate the use of the inbreds in sorghum breeding programs and provide perspectives for optimizing marker density for gene mapping and marker-assisted breeding. The second experiment, based on 102 F1 hybrids developed by intercrossing closely and distantly related inbreds, was conducted to investigate the relationship of genetic distance between parents with hybrid vigor or heterosis. The F1 hybrids alongside their parents were evaluated at two environments in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results show that correlations of genetic distance between parents with hybrid performance and heterosis were variable and dependent on the trait. Though most were statistically non-significant and not strong to be used as predictor for heterosis, the results tend to show that certain level of genetic distance between parents is needed to capture maximum heterosis and hybrid performance. The objective of the third research study was to determine whether traits measured on parents can be used to predict hybrid performance in sorghum and to assess the combining ability of selected inbreds. Forty-six parental inbred lines and 75 F1 hybrids generated from intercrossing the inbreds were evaluated in four environments in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The average performance of the parents (mid-parent) was significantly correlated with hybrid performance for thousand kernel weight, days to flowering and plant height. Significant general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities were observed for most traits, with highly significant GCA effects observed for most traits as compared to SCA indicating that additive genetic effects are more important in affecting the inheritance of the traits measured. Results show that studying parental inbred line performance could generate important information for predicting hybrid performance in sorghum. The fourth experiment was aimed at assessing the efficacy of genomic prediction of hybrid performance in sorghum. Genomic prediction was performed with five-fold cross-validation procedure on 204 F1 hybrids developed using 102 inbred lines. A total of 66,265 SNP markers generated using genotyping-by-sequencing were used in this study. Results showed that increasing training population size increased prediction accuracies for all traits with the effect being different for different traits. Also, considering additive effects alone versus additive and dominance effects in the model showed similar trend of prediction accuracy but the full model (considering both additive and dominance effects of the markers) provided better prediction at least for some of the traits. The results suggest that genomic prediction could become an effective tool for predicting the performance of untested sorghum hybrids thus adding efficiency to hybrid selection.
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Oliveira, Viviane Pinho de. "Caracteres fisiolÃgicos e bioquÃmicos de Sorghum bicolor E Sorghum sudanense sob condiÃÃes de salinidade." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8865.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEste trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar algumas variÃveis fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas de duas espÃcies de sorgo forrageiro submetidas a diferentes condiÃÃes de cultivo e de salinidade. Para isso, foram montados dois experimentos. No primeiro deles estudou-se tais variÃveis em Sorghum bicolor e Sorghum sudanense, em funÃÃo de diferentes nÃveis de estresse salino, enquanto no segundo, as variÃveis foram estudadas em duas fases distintas de desenvolvimento das duas espÃcies de sorgo, visando determinar em qual delas essas espÃcies sÃo mais resistentes aos efeitos deletÃrios da salinidade. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 à 5, composto por duas espÃcies (S. bicolor e S. sudanense) e cinco tratamentos (NaCl a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mM). Nesse experimento, os parÃmetros de trocas gasosas foram pouco afetados pela salinidade, em ambas as espÃcies. O crescimento das plantas de ambas as espÃcies reduziu à medida que a salinidade aumentou. O potencial osmÃtico (s) foliar foi fortemente reduzido pela salinidade nessas plantas, a qual aumentou significativamente a concentraÃÃo de solutos orgÃnicos nas duas espÃcies de sorgo. As concentraÃÃes de Na+ e Cl- aumentaram com a salinidade em ambas as espÃcies. S. bicolor e S. sudanense mantiveram o teor relativo de Ãgua sob condiÃÃes salinas igual ao do controle. Nas espÃcies de sorgo estudadas, os carboidratos solÃveis e os Ãons K+ e Cl- foram os que mais contribuÃram para o ajustamento osmÃtico das plantas. Nas folhas de S. bicolor, houve um aumento na atividade das peroxidases do ascorbato (APX) e do guaiacol (GPX) e uma reduÃÃo na atividade da catalase (CAT), enquanto a dismutase do superÃxido (SOD) nÃo foi afetada. Em S. sudanense, à medida que foram elevadas as doses de NaCl, observou-se um aumento na atividade da GPX e da SOD. Nas raÃzes, apenas a SOD apresentou aumento em atividade no S. bicolor. A atividade ribonucleÃsica nas folhas de ambas as espÃcies aumentou com as doses crescentes de NaCl, enquanto que nas raÃzes, ela foi reduzida à medida que o estresse salino intensificou-se. No segundo experimento, os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 à 3 à 2, composto por duas espÃcies (S. bicolor e S. sudanense), trÃs concentraÃÃes de sais na Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo (condutividades elÃtricas de 0,0; 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) e dois perÃodos de aplicaÃÃo do estresse salino Ãs plantas [desde a semeadura atà 25 dias depois (Fase I) e do 25 ao 50 dia apÃs a semeadura (Fase II)], com cinco repetiÃÃes. As principais alteraÃÃes nas trocas gasosas ocorreram na Fase II do desenvolvimento. O estresse salino reduziu o crescimento das plantas de sorgo em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento, porÃm essa reduÃÃo foi mais acentuada na Fase I. Os teores dos solutos orgÃnicos variaram em funÃÃo das fases de desenvolvimento, da espÃcie e da salinidade. Na Fase I, em ambas as espÃcies de sorgo, houve acrÃscimos nos teores de Na+ e K+ e reduÃÃo nos de Cl- pela salinidade, enquanto que, na Fase II do desenvolvimento, os teores de Na+ e K+ foram reduzidos e os de Cl-, aumentados, tanto em S. bicolor como em S. sudanense. Na Fase I do desenvolvimento, apenas a SOD, em S. bicolor, e a CAT, em S. sudanense, mostraram incrementos de atividade em resposta ao estresse salino. Jà na Fase II, nenhum aumento na atividade do sistema enzimÃtico antioxidativo foi observado em funÃÃo da salinidade, nas duas espÃcies estudadas. Na Fase I, a atividade da RNase, em ambas as espÃcies, foi reduzida com a salinidade, enquanto na Fase II do desenvolvimento, ela foi aumentada. O crescimento das plantas de S. sudanense foi ligeiramente mais afetado que o de S. bicolor. As espÃcies de sorgo forrageiro estudadas neste trabalho foram capazes de reduzir o s foliar em concentraÃÃes elevadas de NaCl, o que pode ter contribuÃdo para um melhor ajustamento osmÃtico. AlÃm disso, nas condiÃÃes empregadas no primeiro experimento, S. bicolor pareceu ter um sistema antioxidante mais eficaz contra os efeitos da salinidade do que S. sudanense. Em relaÃÃo ao segundo experimento, o crescimento das plantas de sorgo forrageiro foi mais afetado quando o estresse salino foi aplicado em estÃdios iniciais do desenvolvimento. O estresse oxidativo causado pela salinidade parece nÃo ter sido suficiente para estimular o sistema de defesa enzimÃtico antioxidativo na Fase II do desenvolvimento, em ambas as espÃcies. AlÃm disso, o aumento na atividade RNÃsica pode indicar o papel desta enzima na proteÃÃo contra os efeitos deletÃrios da salinidade nessas espÃcies de sorgo. De modo geral, nÃo houve diferenÃas marcantes na tolerÃncia das plantas de S. bicolor e S. sudanense à salinidade.
This study aimed to evaluate some physiological and biochemical variables of two species of sorghum subjected to different growing conditions and salinity. For this, two experiments were set up. In the first study, the variables in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum sudanense were evaluated according different levels of salinity stress. In the second, the variables were studied in two distinct phases of development of two species of sorghum, to determine which one of these species are more resistant to the deleterious effects of salinity. In the first experiment, treatments were arranged in a 5 Ã 2 factorial, consisting of two species (S. bicolor and S. sudanense) and five treatments (NaCl at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM). In this experiment, the gas exchange parameters were little affected by salinity in both species. Plant growth of both species decreased as salinity increased. The osmotic potential (ψs) leaves was strongly reduced by salinity in these plants, which significantly increased the concentration of organic solutes in the two species of sorghum. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl- increased with salinity in both species. S. bicolor and S. sudanense maintained relative water content under saline conditions the same as the control. In sorghum species studied, the soluble carbohydrates and the ions K+ and Cl- were the main contributors to the osmotic adjustment of plants. In leaves of S. bicolor, there was an increase in activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol (GPX) and a reduction in activity of catalase (CAT), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not affected. In S. sudanense, the activity of GPX and SOD increased with increasing salinity. In roots, just SOD activity in S. bicolor were increased with salt stress. Ribonuclease activity in the leaves of both species increased with increasing doses of NaCl, whereas in roots it was reduced as the salt stress intensified. In the second experiment, treatments were arranged in a factorial 2 Ã 3 Ã 2, composed of two species (S. bicolor and S. sudanense), three concentrations of salts in irrigation water (electrical conductivities of 0.0, 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and two periods of application of salt stress to plants [from sowing until 25 days later (Phase I) and from 25th to 50th day after sowing (Phase II)], with five repetitions. The main changes in gas exchange occurred in Phase II development. The salt stress reduced plant growth of sorghum in both phases of development, but this reduction was more pronounced in Phase I. The levels of organic solutes varied according to the phases of development, species and salinity. In Phase I, in both species of sorghum, there were increases in levels of Na+ and K+ and reduced Cl- by salinity, whereas in Phase II development, the levels of Na+ and K+ were reduced and Cl- extended, both in S. bicolor as in S. sudanense. In Phase I of development, only SOD in S. bicolor, and CAT in S. sudanense showed activity increases in response to salt stress. In the Phase II, no increase in the activity of antioxidant enzyme system was observed as a function of salinity in both species. In Phase I, the activity of RNase in both species was reduced by salinity, while in Phase II development, it was expanded. Plant growth of S. sudanense was slightly more affected than the S. bicolor. Sorghum species studied in this work were able to reduce the leaf ψs high concentrations of NaCl, which may have contributed to a better osmotic adjustment. In addition, under the conditions employed in the first experiment, S. bicolor appeared to have a more effective antioxidant system against the effects of salinity than S. sudanense. For the second experiment, the growth of sorghum plants was more affected when the salt stress was applied in the early stage of development. The oxidative stress caused by salinity seems to have been sufficient to stimulate the enzymatic antioxidant defense system in Phase II development in both species. Furthermore, increased activity RNase may indicate the role of this enzyme in protecting against the deleterious effects of salinity in these species of sorghum. Overall, there were no marked differences in plant tolerance between S. bicolor and S. sudanense under salinity.
27
Pang, Bairen. "Effect of irrigation on grain sorghum ethanol yield and sorghum mutants on biomass composition." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38194.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Donghai Wang
Bioprocessing is widely involved in our daily life and significantly relative to the general public because bio-products are widely used in eating, clothing, and living as well as transportation. Due to the public concern of the environmental deterioration, limited fossil fuel resources, and energy price volatility, biofuel as a clean, safe and sustainable energy needs to be developed in response to this growing concern. Sorghum, an important dryland crop, represents a renewable resource currently grown on 8 million acres throughout the United States. Due to climate variability and the continuous decline of water resources, utilization of dryland to grow sorghum and forage sorghum is critically important in order to ensure available energy resources and sustainable economic development. The objectives of this research were 1) to study the impact of deficit irrigation strategies on sorghum grain attributes and bioethanol production, and 2) to evaluate the potential fermentable sugar yield of pedigreed sorghum mutants. Results showed that average kernel weight and test weight of grain sorghum increased as irrigation capacity increased, whereas kernel hardness index decreased as irrigation capacity increased. Starch content increased as irrigation level increased and protein contents decreased as irrigation level increased. Irrigation also had a significant effect on starch properties and bioethanol yield. Sorghum mutants had a significant effect on chemical composition and physical properties such as glucan content, glucan mass yield, ash content, and high heating value, and also had a significant effect on fermentable sugars yield and enzymatic conversion efficiency.
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Hlophe, Hanson Boy. "Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) response to supplemental irrigation in different growth stages." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43352.
Full textAbstract:
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a high biomass and sugar-yielding crop. There
is recently an interest in sweet sorghum as feedstock for ethanol production, since it is rich in
sugars, and reportedly has low nutrition and water requirements. A field experiment was
conducted at Hatfield Experiment farm of the University of Pretoria, South Africa in 2010/11.
The aim of the study was to evaluate sweet sorghum performance under different water regimes
and determine their effect on biomass and sugar yields. Four water treatments (Control,
Supplemental irrigation at early vegetative stage (EVS), Supplemental irrigation at late
vegetative stage (LVS) and Dry land. One sweet sorghum variety (Sugar graze) was used in the
experiment. Plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation were measured
periodically through growth analysis. This data was used to calibrate the Soil Water Balance
(SWB) crop model for sweet sorghum. Brix and quality analysis were carried out by the ACCI
laboratory at the University of KwaZulu Natal at final harvest. Total fresh biomass production (t
ha-1) of sweet sorghum was significantly improved by full irrigation (Control) and supplemental
irrigation at either the early vegetative stage (EVS) or late vegetative stage (LVS), compared to
the Dry land treatment. This shows that with supplemental irrigation higher fresh biomass
production can be attained. The Control and Supplemental irrigation at early vegetative stage
(EVS) treatments gave the highest fresh stalk yield (16.6 ton ha-1 and 17.1ton ha-1 respectively) at
harvest, followed by the Dry land and Supplemental irrigation at late vegetative stage (LVS)
treatments. However, the three irrigated treatments did not differ significantly from each other
with regard to total biomass production. It should be noted that the experiment was conducted
during a wet season (total rainfall of 757mm during the growing period), which may have
contributed to the limited response of the crop to applied water treatments. Water treatments had no significant effect on total dry matter yield. Although the differences among the water
treatments were not significant, a slightly higher dry matter yield was obtained for EVS.
Similarly, total sugar yield (t ha-1) and theoretical ethanol yield (L ha-1) were not significantly
influenced by water treatments. Sugar yields ranged between 1.64 and 2.77 t ha-1 and ethanol
yields between 1763 and 2984 L ha-1. The results also showed that treatments that were irrigated
until late in the season (Control and LVS) had lower stalk dry matter contents (% DM) than both
EVS and Dry land treatments. This probably resulted in lower sugar (t ha-1) and ethanol yields (L
ha-1) for these treatments, although high fresh stalk yields were obtained. Brix (t/ha) was greatly
influenced by irrigation as there were significant differences between all the water treatments.
Based on these results, the main objective was achieved since it was clear that irrigating during
the early stages of plant growth ensured optimum results in terms of biomass yield, sugar and
ethanol yield. Model simulation results for top and harvestable dry matter and leaf area index of
all the irrigation treatments were within reasonable accuracy and statistical parameters were
generally acceptable. Soil water deficits were not so well simulated, especially during dry
periods when simulated deficits were much higher than measured values. Nonetheless, it can be
concluded that the SWB model should be a useful tool for scenario modelling in order to
estimate sweet sorghum production and water use under a wide range of conditions.Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lk2014
Plant Production and Soil Science
MScAgric
Unrestricted
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Oliveira, Viviane Pinho de. "Caracteres fisiológicos e bioquímicos de Sorghum bicolor E Sorghum sudanense sob condições de salinidade." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18811.
Full textAbstract:
OLIVEIRA, Viviane Pinho de. Caracteres fisiológicos e bioquímicos de Sorghum bicolor E Sorghum sudanense sob condições de salinidade. 2011. 143 f. Tese (Doutorado em bioquímica)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2011.Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-28T14:27:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_vpoliveira.pdf: 1375579 bytes, checksum: 0f56113f4c4ae98e3935348044793fbf (MD5)
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This study aimed to evaluate some physiological and biochemical variables of two species of sorghum subjected to different growing conditions and salinity. For this, two experiments were set up. In the first study, the variables in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum sudanense were evaluated according different levels of salinity stress. In the second, the variables were studied in two distinct phases of development of two species of sorghum, to determine which one of these species are more resistant to the deleterious effects of salinity. In the first experiment, treatments were arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial, consisting of two species (S. bicolor and S. sudanense) and five treatments (NaCl at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM). In this experiment, the gas exchange parameters were little affected by salinity in both species. Plant growth of both species decreased as salinity increased. The osmotic potential (ψs) leaves was strongly reduced by salinity in these plants, which significantly increased the concentration of organic solutes in the two species of sorghum. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl- increased with salinity in both species. S. bicolor and S. sudanense maintained relative water content under saline conditions the same as the control. In sorghum species studied, the soluble carbohydrates and the ions K+ and Cl- were the main contributors to the osmotic adjustment of plants. In leaves of S. bicolor, there was an increase in activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol (GPX) and a reduction in activity of catalase (CAT), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not affected. In S. sudanense, the activity of GPX and SOD increased with increasing salinity. In roots, just SOD activity in S. bicolor were increased with salt stress. Ribonuclease activity in the leaves of both species increased with increasing doses of NaCl, whereas in roots it was reduced as the salt stress intensified. In the second experiment, treatments were arranged in a factorial 2 × 3 × 2, composed of two species (S. bicolor and S. sudanense), three concentrations of salts in irrigation water (electrical conductivities of 0.0, 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and two periods of application of salt stress to plants [from sowing until 25 days later (Phase I) and from 25th to 50th day after sowing (Phase II)], with five repetitions. The main changes in gas exchange occurred in Phase II development. The salt stress reduced plant growth of sorghum in both phases of development, but this reduction was more pronounced in Phase I. The levels of organic solutes varied according to the phases of development, species and salinity. In Phase I, in both species of sorghum, there were increases in levels of Na+ and K+ and reduced Cl- by salinity, whereas in Phase II development, the levels of Na+ and K+ were reduced and Cl- extended, both in S. bicolor as in S. sudanense. In Phase I of development, only SOD in S. bicolor, and CAT in S. sudanense showed activity increases in response to salt stress. In the Phase II, no increase in the activity of antioxidant enzyme system was observed as a function of salinity in both species. In Phase I, the activity of RNase in both species was reduced by salinity, while in Phase II development, it was expanded. Plant growth of S. sudanense was slightly more affected than the S. bicolor. Sorghum species studied in this work were able to reduce the leaf ψs high concentrations of NaCl, which may have contributed to a better osmotic adjustment. In addition, under the conditions employed in the first experiment, S. bicolor appeared to have a more effective antioxidant system against the effects of salinity than S. sudanense. For the second experiment, the growth of sorghum plants was more affected when the salt stress was applied in the early stage of development. The oxidative stress caused by salinity seems to have been sufficient to stimulate the enzymatic antioxidant defense system in Phase II development in both species. Furthermore, increased activity RNase may indicate the role of this enzyme in protecting against the deleterious effects of salinity in these species of sorghum. Overall, there were no marked differences in plant tolerance between S. bicolor and S. sudanense under salinity.
Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar algumas variáveis fisiológicas e bioquímicas de duas espécies de sorgo forrageiro submetidas a diferentes condições de cultivo e de salinidade. Para isso, foram montados dois experimentos. No primeiro deles estudou-se tais variáveis em Sorghum bicolor e Sorghum sudanense, em função de diferentes níveis de estresse salino, enquanto no segundo, as variáveis foram estudadas em duas fases distintas de desenvolvimento das duas espécies de sorgo, visando determinar em qual delas essas espécies são mais resistentes aos efeitos deletérios da salinidade. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 × 5, composto por duas espécies (S. bicolor e S. sudanense) e cinco tratamentos (NaCl a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mM). Nesse experimento, os parâmetros de trocas gasosas foram pouco afetados pela salinidade, em ambas as espécies. O crescimento das plantas de ambas as espécies reduziu à medida que a salinidade aumentou. O potencial osmótico (s) foliar foi fortemente reduzido pela salinidade nessas plantas, a qual aumentou significativamente a concentração de solutos orgânicos nas duas espécies de sorgo. As concentrações de Na+ e Cl- aumentaram com a salinidade em ambas as espécies. S. bicolor e S. sudanense mantiveram o teor relativo de água sob condições salinas igual ao do controle. Nas espécies de sorgo estudadas, os carboidratos solúveis e os íons K+ e Cl- foram os que mais contribuíram para o ajustamento osmótico das plantas. Nas folhas de S. bicolor, houve um aumento na atividade das peroxidases do ascorbato (APX) e do guaiacol (GPX) e uma redução na atividade da catalase (CAT), enquanto a dismutase do superóxido (SOD) não foi afetada. Em S. sudanense, à medida que foram elevadas as doses de NaCl, observou-se um aumento na atividade da GPX e da SOD. Nas raízes, apenas a SOD apresentou aumento em atividade no S. bicolor. A atividade ribonucleásica nas folhas de ambas as espécies aumentou com as doses crescentes de NaCl, enquanto que nas raízes, ela foi reduzida à medida que o estresse salino intensificou-se. No segundo experimento, os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 × 3 × 2, composto por duas espécies (S. bicolor e S. sudanense), três concentrações de sais na água de irrigação (condutividades elétricas de 0,0; 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) e dois períodos de aplicação do estresse salino às plantas [desde a semeadura até 25 dias depois (Fase I) e do 25º ao 50º dia após a semeadura (Fase II)], com cinco repetições. As principais alterações nas trocas gasosas ocorreram na Fase II do desenvolvimento. O estresse salino reduziu o crescimento das plantas de sorgo em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento, porém essa redução foi mais acentuada na Fase I. Os teores dos solutos orgânicos variaram em função das fases de desenvolvimento, da espécie e da salinidade. Na Fase I, em ambas as espécies de sorgo, houve acréscimos nos teores de Na+ e K+ e redução nos de Cl- pela salinidade, enquanto que, na Fase II do desenvolvimento, os teores de Na+ e K+ foram reduzidos e os de Cl-, aumentados, tanto em S. bicolor como em S. sudanense. Na Fase I do desenvolvimento, apenas a SOD, em S. bicolor, e a CAT, em S. sudanense, mostraram incrementos de atividade em resposta ao estresse salino. Já na Fase II, nenhum aumento na atividade do sistema enzimático antioxidativo foi observado em função da salinidade, nas duas espécies estudadas. Na Fase I, a atividade da RNase, em ambas as espécies, foi reduzida com a salinidade, enquanto na Fase II do desenvolvimento, ela foi aumentada. O crescimento das plantas de S. sudanense foi ligeiramente mais afetado que o de S. bicolor. As espécies de sorgo forrageiro estudadas neste trabalho foram capazes de reduzir o s foliar em concentrações elevadas de NaCl, o que pode ter contribuído para um melhor ajustamento osmótico. Além disso, nas condições empregadas no primeiro experimento, S. bicolor pareceu ter um sistema antioxidante mais eficaz contra os efeitos da salinidade do que S. sudanense. Em relação ao segundo experimento, o crescimento das plantas de sorgo forrageiro foi mais afetado quando o estresse salino foi aplicado em estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento. O estresse oxidativo causado pela salinidade parece não ter sido suficiente para estimular o sistema de defesa enzimático antioxidativo na Fase II do desenvolvimento, em ambas as espécies. Além disso, o aumento na atividade RNásica pode indicar o papel desta enzima na proteção contra os efeitos deletérios da salinidade nessas espécies de sorgo. De modo geral, não houve diferenças marcantes na tolerância das plantas de S. bicolor e S. sudanense à salinidade.
30
Holmes, Calum P. "An optimised sorghum brewing process." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30603/.
Full textAbstract:
Whilst there is a tradition of indigenous opaque sorghum beer production in Africa, the manufacture of Western-style clarified lager beers from sorghum is a relatively recent development, originating in late 1980’s Nigeria. There remains substantial scope to optimise the process by tailoring the equipment and conditions utilised more specifically to the raw material. This was the context to the main objectives of this PhD project: towards an improved sorghum brewing process. Two principal approaches were employed: 1. The reduction of primary energy usage by developing novel modifications to the mashing and wort boiling unit operations and 2. Characterisation of the material properties of a substantial co-product of sorghum brewing, sorghum spent grains (SSG) as a pre-requisite to assessing its suitability for the production of value-added products and/or biofuel. The gross chemical composition of five SSG samples sourced from commercial breweries in Africa were determined, with the sum of individual components accounting for 97.8 % material on a dry weight basis (d.b.; average value). The SSG samples contained relatively high amounts of protein (>38.0 %) as compared to values quoted for brewers’ spent grains. SSG samples were found to contain considerable amounts of residual starch (>4.55 %; d.b.), which suggested that the practice for milling and mashing with unmalted sorghum, in the breweries from which samples were sourced, could be further optimised. By boiling at reduced temperature, required energy input is reduced as the latent heat of evaporation is not provided. In Chapter 3, the impact of reduced temperature boiling on the formation and stripping of key wort volatile compounds was evaluated at both industrial scale and pilot scales (10 hL). As compared to control boiling (3.5 % evaporation), the stripping efficiency of simmer boiling (0 % evaporation) was reduced for some volatiles, including: hexanal, linalool, and β-myrcene. One key lager flavour volatile, dimethyl sulphide (DMS), displayed similar patterns of stripping when comparing simmer and control boils. In Chapter 4, we report the evaluation of a novel wort boiling technology in production-scale trials at a brewery in Ghana. The ‘PDX’ wort boiler utilises direct steam injection into wort and claims improved efficiency of heat transfer and volatile stripping. The present work demonstrated that steam injection technology could provide an approximate 50 % reduction in energy input during the boil, without significant deleterious effects on final product quality. Finished beverages produced using steam injection technology were determined to be within brand specifications by a trained sensory panel. Chapters 5 and 6 report investigations aimed at reducing the energy input when mashing with unmalted sorghum and developing knowledge of how the structure and composition of different sorghum cultivars interacts with the mashing conditions employed. Designed experimentation was used to investigate the impact of mash conditions on a novel low-temperature mashing system and a high-temperature enzyme mashing system. The reduced energy, low-temperature system was comparable to the high-temperature system in terms of extract and FAN yield, when mashing with unmalted Sorghum bicolor cv. Fara Fara. Furthermore, both enzyme systems were able to produce acceptable wort using agricultural sorghum varieties, providing that the starch properties were similar to brewing cultivars in terms of their pasting characteristics and grain hardness. Poor mashing properties were associated with cultivars displaying increased physical interaction of endosperm protein with starch, resulting in reduced starch swelling during mashing.
31
Bailey-Serres, Julia Nina. "Mitochondrial genome rearrangements in sorghum." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10700.
Full text
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Kershner, Kellan Scott. "Herbicide resistance in grain sorghum." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13069.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agronomy
Kassim Al-Khatib
Mitchell R. Tuinstra
Sorghum acreage is declining throughout the United States because management options and yield have not maintained pace with maize improvements. The most extreme difference has been the absence of herbicide technology development for sorghum over the past twenty years. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the level of resistance, type of inheritance, and causal mutation of wild sorghums that are resistant to either acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides or acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides. ACCase-inhibiting herbicides used in this study were aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) family members fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P along with cyclohexanedione (CHD) family members clethodim and sethoxydim. The level of resistance was very high for APP herbicides but low to nonexistent to CHD herbicides. With genetic resistance to APP herbicides, the resistance factors, the ratio of resistance to susceptible, were greater than 54 to 64 for homozygous individuals and greater than 9 to 20 for heterozygous individuals. Resistance to CHD herbicides was very low with resistance factors ranging from one to about five. Genetic segregation studies indicate a single gene is the cause of resistance to APP herbicides. Sequencing identified a single mutation that results in cysteine replacing tryptophan (Trp-2027-Cys). Trp-2027-Cys has previously been reported to provide resistance to APP but not CHD herbicides. The other wild sorghum evaluated in this study was resistant to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides including imidazolinone (IM) family member, imazapyr, and sulfonylurea (SU) family member, nicosulfuron. Resistance factors in this genotype were very high, greater than 770 for the IM herbicide and greater than 500 for the SU herbicide, for both herbicide chemical families. Genetic segregation studies demonstrate that resistance was controlled by one major locus and two modifier loci. DNA sequencing of the AHAS gene identified two mutations, Val-560-Ile and Trp-574-Leu. Val-560-Ile is of unknown importance, but valine and isoleucine are similar and residue 560 is not conserved. Trp-574 is a conserved residue and Leu-574 is a known mutation that provides strong cross resistance to IM and SU herbicides. The results of these studies suggest that these sources of APP, SU, and IM resistance may provide useful herbicide resistance traits for use in sorghum.
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Ottman, Michael J. "Growing Grain Sorghum in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625542.
Full textAbstract:
3 pp. / Originally published: 2009Production practices for grain sorghum are discussed including hybrid selection, planting date, seeding rate, row configuration, irrigation, fertilization, pest control, and harvesting. Grain sorghum (milo) is a warm season, annual grain crop. It is more resistant to salt, drought, and heat stress than most other crops. Nevertheless, highest yields are obtained when stresses are minimized. Revised 10/2016. Originally published 06/2009.
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Ottman, Michael, and Mary Olsen. "Growing Grain Sorghum in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147023.
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Neri-Luna, Cecilia. "The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on water relations of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv.Tegemeo)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424983.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, the hypothesis was tested that AMF (Glomus mosseae, Scutellospora calospora and Gigaspora margarita), thought to differ functionally, will produce different effects on water relations when inoculated onto sorghum. To overcome inherent differences between nonmycorrhizal (NM) and mycorrhizal (M) plants, a split-root system (SRS) was devised. In this approach, the plant root system was equally divided between two compartments one of which was subsequently inoculated with AMF, allowing NM and M roots on the same plant to be compared. Initially, water loss from NM and M (inoculated with G. mosseae) compartments of the SRS was measured. Roots in the M compartment had 73% of root length colonized (RLC) by G. mosseae. The water holding capacity (WHC) of the substrate was enhanced in the M compartment, and this was maintained through the drought period. G. mosseae increased root length (RL), number of root tips, root surface area and root volume. However, there was no difference in the rate of water loss between the M and NM sides of the SRS. The next experiment examined the possibility that different species of AMF might alter water loss in sorghum plants differently. Above ground, inoculation with S. calospora produced bigger plants than the other two isolates. Below ground, %RLC also differed between isolates. There was no significant difference in total RL (adding both sides) between plants, but there were differences in the number of root tips, root surface area, root volume and root branching degree. When NM and M compartments of the SRS for each AMF isolate were contrasted, roots colonized by S. calospora and G. margarita had greater RL, number of root tips and root surface area, whereas roots colonized by G. mosseae had more root tips and a different degree of branching. Once again, G. mosseae increased the WHC of the substrate, but G. margarita did so only at the last harvest. There was no effect of S. calospora on WHC. However, there were no significant differences in water loss either per LA (with one exception) or per RL between the NM and M sides of the SRS with any AMF isolate. This leads to the conclusion that while AMF affected the WHC of the substrate used in these experiments, they did not affect rates of transpirational water loss from that substrate.
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Mandumbu, Ronald. "The stability of tolerance of Sorghum spp to Striga asiatica L. Kuntze under diverse conditions and existence of pre-attachment resistance." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2788.
Full textAbstract:
Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal in the world and a staple food for humans. It is also a source of food and fodder for animals. In addition to the abiotic stresses such as drought, parasitic weeds of the genus Striga cause losses in sorghum production in sub Saharan Africa. Striga asiatica is a parasitic weed that attacks cereals in low input agricultural systems and is distributed throughout semi- arid regions of Africa. Most sorghum producing farmers rely on tolerance for their harvests in Striga infested fields yet the stability of tolerance in the face of a changing climate (recurrent droughts), new farming systems (mulch based agriculture) and existence of various Striga strains needs further investigation. Reduced strigolactones production was also studied as a resistance mechanism. The first study was focused on the determination of tolerance of Striga asiatica infested sorghum under drought in a pot study. Five sorghum lines were subjected to infestation with Striga and some were not infested while watering was done at 50 percent field capacity (FC) and 100 percent FC. The results showed that the five sorghum lines differed significantly in chlorophyll content and Normalised Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI). Infection did not lower chlorophyll content when it co-occurred with drought across all sorghum lines. Drought and infestation had mutually exclusive effects on chlorophyll content and NDVI. Under infestation, internode length was similar both at 100 percent FC and at 50 percent FC while under uninfested conditions, 100 percent FC gave the longer internode compared to 50 percent FC. Both infestation and irrigation regime reduced the sorghum head weight, illustrating that the two effects have synergistic effects on sorghum head weight. The second study sought to determine the effects of mulching and infestation on sorghum spp tolerance to Striga asiatica. The experiments were carried out in the seasons 2013/14 and 2014/15 summer seasons. The results indicated that mulching increased chlorophyll content in the 2014/15 season which was a drier season compared to 2013/14. In the 2014/15 season, mulching increased chlorophyll content in all varieties except Ruzangwaya, Mukadziusaende and SC Sila. When the same varieties were infested under mulch and infested without mulch, the results showed that mulching overcomes the effects of infestation in some varieties. Mulch also negates the effect of Striga parasitism and results in yield maintenance in sorghum varieties. The third study sought to determine the stability of sorghum lines when exposed to two Striga asiatica lines sourced from two places which are 500 km apart in Zimbabwe. The two strains were termed the Chiundura and Rushinga strains, based on where they were sourced. The experiments were conducted at Henderson Research Station (HRS) at Mazoe and at Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE). The results showed differential virulence for some traits while the two strains were equally virulent for some traits. The two strains were equally virulent on all sorghum lines with respect to chlorophyll content. The different sorghum lines responded differently to the effects of the two strains. The effects of the two strains were generally similar for head index, root index, and leaf index at all sites. Generally the Chiundura strain was more virulent to sorghum lines compared to Rushinga strain, confirming the existence of physiological strains of Striga in Zimbabwe. Therefore physiological speciation of Striga asiatica exists and this adds a further dimension to the complexity of Striga management in the smallholder sector. Quantification of strigolactone production by different sorghum genotypes was conducted in the laboratory using the agar gel assay. The genotype Mukadziusaende produced significantly the least (P<0.01) quantities of strigolactones, as inferred from the maximum germination distance (MGD) from the sorghum root. The MGD was negatively correlated to tiller numbers illustrating that the more the strigolactones the less the tillering capacity. Tiller numbers and MGD can therefore be used to select for reduced strigolactones production.
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Bekele, Wubishet Abebe [Verfasser]. "Genomics of abiotic stress responses and adaptation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) / Wubishet Abebe Bekele." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068921684/34.
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Mahmood, Athar [Verfasser]. "Performance of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as an energy crop for biogas production / Athar Mahmood." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1063953839/34.
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Laidlaw, Hunter Kenneth Charles. "Investigating the sorghum transformation system and transgenic disease resistance /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18574.pdf.
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Raditapole, Moorosi Vernet 1950. "Evaluation of selected grain sorghum hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and their three successive segregating generations in three different environments." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276880.
Full textAbstract:
The introduction of hybrid seed in developing countries may be in conflict with the tradition of saving seed for the next planting. This study evaluates 15 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrids and their three successive generations in three environments. Under optimum conditions for all 15 genotypes segregating generations yielded as well as the F1 generation. Under moisture stress and late planting, the F2 generation showed inbreeding depression for yield and kernels per panicle. Height, panicle length and test weight were reduced and flowering was hastened for all segregating generations. Kernel weight was not affected by segregation. This study indicates that under optimal conditions it is possible to find a line among segregating generations of sorghum that is superior to its F1 hybrid.
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Plews, Ian Kenneth. "Sorghum bioenergy genotypes, genes and pathways." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2432.
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Kuhlman, Leslie Charles. "Sorghum introgression breeding utilizing S. macrospermum." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1598.
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Goff, Ben Michael. "Double-cropping sorghum for biomass production." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1476295.
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Weitzel, T. Timothy. "Optimization of sweet sorghum processing parameters." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80180.
Full textAbstract:
Production of fuel ethanol from renewable biomass sources has gained popularity in recent years. Sweet sorghum is one of the crops identified as an efficient producer of the sugars needed for ethanol production.
The juice in the sweet sorghum pith contains the greatest proportion of nonstructural carbohydrates, the presumed fermentable material. Sugar cane milling procedures have previously been used to extract the juices from the sweet sorghum plant material.
The research reported herein relates to a new method of juice extraction expected to provide higher juice expression efficiencies than previous methods. The sweet sorghum stalks are chopped and the sugar-laden pith fraction is separated from the fibrous rind-leaf. The pith portion only is then fed through a screw press for juice extraction.
Several chopping and separating parameters were evaluated. A statistical linear regression analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of feed rate, cutting interval, chopper knife speed, and percent of whole stalk mass segregated into the pith category on juice yield.
The analysis revealed that the pith category had the most significant positive effect on juice yield calculated as a percent of whole stalk mass. The highest pith categories provided optimization of juice expression. Feed rate has a negative effect on juice yield, meaning that slower feed rates were better, but this was the least significant parameter. The chopping interval had a positive effect, meaning that the largest value used in the analysis provided for optimum juice yield. The cutting speed parameter has no effect on juice yield.Master of Science
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Ari, Akin Pervin. "Chemically leavened gluten free sorghum bread." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35740.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Rebecca A. Regan
Sorghum is unique in terms of its resistance to drought and heat and is grown and consumed around the globe. Moreover, sorghum does not contain gluten and has potential in the gluten-free market. A blend of non-wheat flour, starch and hydrocolloid typically provide the structure of gluten-free products. Most research on sorghum bread uses a yeast leavened process, HPMC gum, rice flour and corn, potato, or tapioca starch. Little is known about the functionality or interactions of different starches and hydrocolloids in sorghum batter. The objectives of this study were to examine starch-hydrocolloid interaction in chemically leavened gluten free sorghum bread; to evaluate the effects of different ingredients on gluten free bread quality made with sorghum flour: starch (tapioca starch, rice flour and potato starch): hydrocolloid (HPMC, locust bean gum and xanthan) and to develop a chemically leavened gluten free sorghum bread method. Bread was baked as pup loaves. Volume index was measured using the AACCI Method 10-91.01 template, crumb grain was evaluated using the C-Cell Imaging System and texture was determined with the TA.XT Plus Texture Analyzer. The base formula was commercial sorghum flour, water, starch, hydrocolloid, sugar, salt, shortening and double acting baking powder. Sorghum flour: starch (tapioca starch, rice flour and potato starch) ratios of 70:30, 80:20 and 90:10 were tested. Loaves containing all levels of rice flour had the same volume index (~165) as 100% sorghum flour (168) while all levels of tapioca starch and potato starch produced significantly smaller loaves (~150). The ratio of 90% sorghum flour and 10% starch (tapioca starch, rice flour and potato starch) was selected. The type and level of hydrocolloid significantly impacted loaf volume, grain and texture. Starch-hydrocolloid combinations which produced the best loaves were tapioca starch + 3% HPMC, rice flour + 3% xanthan and potato starch + 4% xanthan. Following initial optimization experiment, egg ingredients, fat, baking powder and water were added and evaluated individually to develop an optimized formulation. In general, addition of egg ingredients, shortening and oil did not improve the overall quality of sorghum based bread and were not added to the formula. However, emulsified shortening was effective. The best level of emulsified shortening was determined to be 3% for the breads with sorghum flour: tapioca starch or sorghum flour: potato starch and 5% for bread made with sorghum flour: rice flour. The best baking powder (SALP and MCP) levels were 5, 8 and 5% for sorghum flour: tapioca starch bread, sorghum flour: rice flour bread and sorghum flour: potato starch bread, respectively. Optimum levels of water for sorghum flour: tapioca starch bread, sorghum flour: rice flour bread, and sorghum flour: potato starch bread were 120, 110 and 120%, respectively. This research showed that different starch sources have different interactions with other ingredients in chemically leavened sorghum based gluten free bread.
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Puppala, Vamshidhar. "Extruded foods from white grain sorghum /." Search for this dissertation online, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Perez, Gonzalez Alejandro Jose. "Specialty sorghums in direct-expansion extrusion." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4872.
Full textAbstract:
Whole-grain, high-fiber, or decorticated extrudates of excellent properties were
made from white (nonwaxy, heterowaxy, waxy) sorghums or brown tannin-sorghums.
Intact grains or prepared raw materials (cracked, cracked and sifted, decorticated) were
extruded in a high-temperature, short-time (HTST) extruder. Waxy extrudates expanded
less and were softer than those from nonwaxy or heterowaxy sorghums. Waxy
extrudates had bigger air cells and thicker cell walls. Low moisture used in this type of
extrusion and its interaction with the different amylose contents were the causes of the
differences. Whole-grain extrudates from white sorghum had similar sensory
acceptability to those from white decorticated sorghum. They had bland flavor and
appearance and texture characteristic of whole-grain products. Extrudates from tannin
sorghums were reddish brown due to their high levels of phytochemicals. The more
expanded, softer products from whole-grain tannin sorghum were obtained when the
grain was cracked and sifted. Decreased expansion was caused by higher levels of fiber
and greater particle sizes (as in the extruded intact grain), and by reduced particle sizes
(as in the cracked non-sifted grain). Expansion was correlated to smaller air cells with
smooth walls. A simple enzymatic method was developed that isolates the 'gritty'
particles from whole-grain/high-fiber extrudates, which closely correlated with
expansion. Gritty particles were fiber (bran) plus undegraded starchy material. Whole
grain/high fiber extrudates from white and tannin sorghums are an excellent option for
food processors because of their excellent taste, appearance and texture.
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Mpofu, Leo Thokoza. "Evaluation of the heterotic potential of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] adapted to the southern Africa region." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4891.
Full textAbstract:
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production in Africa is widespread with low yields due to low inputs and the lack of sorghum hybrids. This situation has forced most of these farmers to grow maize hybrids since they are readily available in the seed market. Sorghum hybrids could be used if their potential was demonstrated. The objective of this study is to document the level of heterosis in Southern Africa sorghum germplasm. The performance of 52 F1 grain sorghum hybrids and their parental lines was evaluated in four environments. Measurements for grain yield, panicle exsertion, days to mid anthesis and plant height were analyzed to obtain estimates of high parent heterosis. High parent heterosis was observed to be 37.18% for yield, 82.77% for exsertion, -0.02% for days to mid anthesis and 23.7% for height. ICSR-939 and (87EON366*90EON328)-LD30 can be used as testers to develop more female lines for further hybrid seed production in breeding programs because they had the highest general combining ability. Protein content averaged 11.69%. ATx635 had significantly higher protein content than ATx631 (13.49% compared to 9.69%, respectively) and its hybrids had more protein than ATx631 hybrids (11.6% compared to 10.67% for ATx631). Mean heterosis for protein content was negative at -12.5%. This shows that hybrids had lower protein content than their parents since protein content is negatively correlated to grain yield (-0.35**). Starch content averaged 72.13% and ATx631 hybrids had more starch than ATx635 hybrids (73.16 compared to 72.37% respectively). Two hybrids, ATx.631/(87EON366*90EON328)-LD30 and ATx631/ ((TAM428*SV1)*CE151)-LD3 had the highest yields (5.04 t/ha and 4.93 t/ha, respectively). These hybrids also had small grains with good hardness and acceptable whiteness. They had good exsertion, flowered in good time and had acceptable plant heights. These two hybrids were compared to regional check varieties Macia and Tegemeo for all traits and they were either superior or within an acceptable range. These two hybrids are therefore recommended for release in the region. There is need therefore to start working on the various components of seed systems in the region so that seed of these two hybrids is made available to farmers who need the seed.
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Katile, Seriba Ousmane. "Expression of defense genes in sorghum grain mold and tagging and mapping a sorghum anthracnose resistance gene." Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85878.
Full textAbstract:
Sorghum grain mold and anthracnose are two major diseases of sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor) that constrain sorghum production worldwide. Grain mold is caused
by several species of fungi, but the two most common are Curvularia lunata and
Fusarium thapsinum. Isolates of these two species were used to inoculate panicles of
selected sorghum cultivars in green house and field experimentations. Panicles were
sprayed at the time of anthesis with conidial suspensions of the two fungal species
individually or in a mixture and with water to serve as a control. Samples were collected
48 hours after inoculation for RNA extraction. In greenhouse studies, four cultivars
(Tx2911, Sureno, SC170 and RTx430) were used while thirteen cultivars were grown in
the field experiments. Gene expression was measured for the following genes using real
time polymerase chain reactions (rt-PCR): PR10, β-glucanase, chitinase, thaumatin,
sormatin, phenyalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase (Obtus),
antifungal protein (AFP), apoptosis related protein (Apop) and leucine rich repeat
(LRR).
Seed germination tests in field grown cultivars indicated that germination rates
for SC279-14E, SC660 and Sureno were not greatly influenced by grain mold. Covering
the panicles with bags served to protect them against grain mold pathogens. The seed
mycoflora test showed that Fusarium thapsinum was the most frequently recovered
species and there were more species present in non-covered panicles.
The response of sorghum cultivars to grain mold infection involves multiple
defense genes. Real time PCR used to study the expression of sorghum defense in greenhouse grown plants showed that mRNA encoding PR-10, a small 10 kDa protein,
was highly expressed in the glumes and spikelets of resistant cultivars Tx2911 and
Sureno and constitutively in leaves. The expression of some other defense genes like
beta-glucanase, chitinase and AFP was variable. Sormatin was not expressed. Expression
of β-glucanase, chitinase, and PR10 was higher in field than in greenhouse experiments.
A second area of research involved tagging of a resistance gene for sorghum
anthracnose. Three AFLP markers (Xtxa607, Xtxa3181 and Xtxa4327) and three SSRs
(Xtxp3, Xtxp55 and Xtxp72) were identified. These markers were loosely linked to the
resistance genes. The markers are located on linkage group B. The results suggest that
markers located 20-30 cM on one side or the other of those tested should provide useful
tags for the resistance gene.
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Yilmaz, Kutay. "Seeding Date and Genotype Maturity Interactions on Grain Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor –(L.) Moench] Performance In North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/32043.
Full textAbstract:
Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] varieties fail to reach maturity in North Dakota’s short and cool growing season. The study objective was to evaluate seeding date and white grain sorghum genotypes. A randomized complete block design study was conducted at Carrington, Oakes, and Prosper, ND, in 2018 and 2019. Genotypes included two commercial hybrids and four open-pollinated genotypes. Reaching heading and anthesis, hybrids required more heat units (GDDs), compared with the open-pollinated genotypes. Highest grain yield was obtained from the first and second seeding dates. Earlier-maturing open-pollinated genotypes maintained yield across seeding dates, whereas yield was reduced at later dates for the longer maturity hybrids. Hybrids produced the highest number of kernels per panicle at the first seeding date with fewer seeds at each successive seeding date. Although the open-pollinated genotypes out-yielded the hybrids at later seeding dates, the risk of lodging is too great to recommend their commercialization.