Books on the topic 'Soret band'

Religion is considered as a social phenomenon, having both good forms and bad forms. The widespread modern nervousness around religion is recognized, but that nervousness itself often misconstrues religion. Religious violence is briefly analysed, and compared with other forms of violence. The variety of meanings of the word ‘God’ is sketched. The main aim is to point out that there is this variety, and to point out that some of them don’t work, and then to consider briefly what sort of religious language can be helpful.

The notion of epistemic responsibility that emerges from Chapters 1–4 is a minimalist one: a subject is responsible in this sense so long as she forms her beliefs in a way that avoids bald incoherence with her background beliefs. In Chapter 5 the author argues that knowledge itself requires a more substantial kind of epistemic responsibility, and goes on to account for that sort of responsibility. It pursues the idea that epistemic responsibility in this more robust sense is a matter of satisfying the general expectations others are entitled to have of one as an epistemic subject. The author argues that these expectations derive from our social practices, and their legitimacy reflects the legitimacy of those practices.

Chapter 8 (‘Earning People’s Trust’) tackles head on how banks must balance a number of issues and sort out challenges in the roll-out of new technology. This idea is developed by exploring different ways in which self-service through ATMs has been marketed to consumers. ATM networks in the 1990s were still error prone and this gave rise to a growing number of withdrawal transactions (aka ‘phantom withdrawals’) for which neither client nor bank wanted to take responsibility. The issue of ‘phantom withdrawals’ enables the discussion to explore some of the legal hurdles yet to be sorted out in the delivery of high-volume transactions at the dawn of the digital age.

A great deal of attention has been directed at the question of what exactly is required for an utterance to count as a lie. At the center of recent discussion stand bald-faced lies, which have proven to be remarkably resistant to philosophical analysis. This chapter focuses on a related, yet curiously under-explored, set of cases: lies that we construct together, as friends, families, colleagues, and communities. This sort of lie exhibits a degree of moral and linguistic complexity not found in more standard examples of lying. That moral complexity will ultimately put pressure on the enduring thesis that the distinctive wrong of lying is that it threatens to undermine the potential for communication. The linguistic complexity, in contrast, will stand as a challenge to standard theories of conversational dynamics.

This chapter provides a systematic discussion of the essential attributes of the tyrant in ancient Greece, whence both the term and the concept spread throughout the West. Seen against the background of Greek cultural and moral values, the tyrant emerges as a radically marginal character, a violator of the accepted norms of sociability, a monstrous aberration. Thus, tyranny was perceived and depicted not as a bad political alternative but as a primordial sort of evil: a taboo that cannot be rationalized. Yet, the discourse of tyranny, this chapter argues, underpinned the whole concept of monarchy in Greek culture, to the point that the typical virtues of the ideal ruler were nothing more than a reversal of the negative traits of the tyrant.

In the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, increasingly sophisticated ethical thought made its way out of the theology texts and into pastoral guides and sermons, making it possible for a greater number of ethically informed lay people to share pastoral responsibility. One exercise of this responsibility was fraternal correction, through which a person, motivated by charity, rebukes a neighbor for his or her wrongdoing. This essay argues that the practice of fraternal correction is in fact a sort of blaming, since it includes a judgment of blameworthiness and opprobrium for the offender’s bad choice, moral address directed to the offender, the demand for a response, and holding the offender accountable. However, in contrast to other forms of blame, the source of the offender’s accountability to the corrector in fraternal correction is the social system created by the exercise of mercy.

We are familiar with the charge that commercial society reduces exchange (social and economic) to a sort of play-acting characterized by bad faith, false consciousness, and estrangement. Rousseau famously insists that the phenomenon of not appearing as who or what one really is, of living “outside” as opposed to “within” oneself, constitutes a pervasive defect of modern society especially. Remarkably, Smith’s review of the Second Discourse included translations of relevant passages. This chapter explores what Rousseau means by I will call “self-falsification.” Passages from Smith are deployed as a way of fleshing out both the strongest version of Rousseau’s claims and the tenability of Smith’s response. The debate turns in part on how one understands freedom or agency and their connection to spectatorship, role-playing, and delusion. With the help of work by Langton and others, I reflect on Smith’s notion of agential freedom in view of Rousseau’s claims.

What is moral philosophy? That is the question with which this important volume grapples. Its starting point is the famous critique made in 1958 by Elizabeth Anscombe, who argued that moral philosophy begins from a mistake: that it is fundamentally wrong about the sort of concept that the word 'moral' represents. Anscombe rejected moral philosophy as it was then (and mostly now still is) practised. She offered instead a blueprint for the task moral philosophers must embrace if they are to speak intelligibly to society about good and bad, right and wrong, duty and obligation. The chapters in this book are inspired by Anscombe's classic text. One of the most powerful voices here, among many authoritative voices, is that of Philippa Foot – Anscombe's lifelong friend – who asserts that 'any account of practical reason evacuated of an understanding of what human beings need to flourish is inadequate and must be rejected.'

Public political debate about migration has become increasingly important and increasingly heated; substantive engagement with the morality of migration, however, is more uncommon. This book defends a moderate account of the right to exclude, on which the state may exclude some unwanted would-be migrants—but on which there are significant constraints on how and when that right can be exercised. The book grounds this in a particular vision of how exclusion might be justified, on which states are possessed of a presumptive right to avoid unwanted forms of political relationship. This account of the right to exclude is then applied in more specific questions of justice in migration, such as the permissibility of travel bans and carrier sanctions. The book also offers a particular vision about how to go beyond questions of right and liberal justice, toward a declaration of the sort of community we wish to be. The book identifies the moral notion of mercy as a central one for the moral analysis of migration; we ought to show mercy and justice in the construction of migration policy, and each of these moral norms has a role to play in public discourse.

According to orthodoxy the study of vagueness belongs to the domain of the philosophy of language. On that view, to solve the paradoxes of vagueness we need to investigate the nature of words like ‘heap’ and ‘bald’. This book criticizes linguistic explanations of the state of ignorance we find ourselves in when confronted with borderline cases and develops, within the framework of classical logic, a theory of propositional vagueness in its stead. The view places the study of vagueness squarely in epistemological terms, situating it within a theory of rational propositional attitudes. Once one has accepted vague propositions, a number of questions about their role in thought become conspicuous. Can one’s total evidence be vague? What sort of support does vague evidence lend to precise matters and conversely? Can rational people agree about the precise whilst disagreeing about the vague? Is it rational to care intrinsically about vague matters? Can one’s attitudes towards vague propositions be relevant in decision making? The book develops a set of positions on these matters, and exploits them in expounding a novel theory of vagueness in which vagueness is defined in terms of its role in thought. The resulting view is applied to a number of problems in the philosophy of vagueness.

Der Ratgeber für neue und amtierende Gemeinderäte und Stadträte In dem handlichen Nachschlagewerk vermitteln die Verfasser das unverzichtbare Fachwissen für die kommunalen Mandatsträgerinnen und Mandatsträger in Bayern. Das Taschenbuch ist für den Gebrauch in der Gemeinderatssitzung konzipiert und behandelt in fünf Kapiteln eingehend und praxisorientiert die Bereiche: Gemeinde und ihre Organe, Gemeindefinanzen und Gemeindehaushalt, Planen und Bauen in der Gemeinde, Personal in den Gemeinden sowie Haftungsfragen im kommunalen Bereich. Aktuelle Fragen im Fokus Dabei stehen die Themen des Kapitels Planen und Bauen seit den mehrmaligen Baurechtsnovellen, der Energiewende und der voranzutreibenden Digitalisierung im Fokus der Gemeinden und werden eingehend und praxisnah erläutert. Mit Schaubildern und Schemata … Wesentliche Begriffe aus dem Haushalts- sowie aus dem Bau- und Planungsrecht sind in alphabetischer Auflistung erklärt. Außerdem erleichtern Schaubilder und Schemata die praktische Handhabung, z.B. zu Prüfung der Beschlussfähigkeit im Gemeinderat, Gesamteinnahmen und Gesamtausgaben, Steuereinnahmen der bayerischen Gemeinden, kommunalem Finanzausgleich, Aufstellung und Beanstandung eines Bebauungsplans, Prüfung der Umweltbelange und Umweltauswirkungen, Unterschieden zwischen Beamtinnen und Beamten sowie Tarifbeschäftigten etc. … und praktischem Stichwortverzeichnis Nicht zuletzt sorgt das überarbeitete Stichwortverzeichnis dafür, dass die Leserinnen und Leser sich rasch und sicher zurechtfinden. Inklusive Geschäftsordnungsmustern etc. Die Geschäftsordnungsmuster für kleinere und für größere Gemeinden sowie neue Muster zur Zugangseröffnung für die elektronische Kommunikation und zur Datenschutzbelehrung "Ratsinformationssystem" runden den Band ab. Wichtiges Grundwissen für erfolgreiche Kommunalpolitiker Die Herausgeber thematisieren nicht nur das Grundwissen für Mandatsträgerinnen und -träger, sondern auch spezielle Fragen aus ihren Erfahrungen aus der täglichen Beratungspraxis des Bayerischen Gemeindetags und aktuelle kommunalpolitische Entwicklungen. Wichtige Entscheidungen aus der Rechtsprechung sind angeführt. Renommiertes Herausgeber- und Autorenteam Herausgeber sind das ehemalige Geschäftsführende Präsidialmitglied des Bayerischen Gemeindetags Dr. Jürgen Busse und das Geschäftsführende Präsidialmitglied des Bayerischen Landkreistags Dr. Johann Keller. Mitgewirkt haben außerdem der Finanzreferent Hans-Peter Mayer, der Kommunalrechtsexperte Dr. Andreas Gaß und Frau Barbara Gradl, die für das Vergabewesen zuständige Referentin des Bayerischen Gemeindetags. Zielgruppe: Gemeinderätinnen und Gemeinderäte Stadträtinnen und Gemeinderäte

With a new look at the 1880s financial reforms in Japan, this book overturns widely held views of the program carried out by Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi. The book shows, rather than constituting an orthodox financial-stabilization program—a sort of precursor of the “neoliberal” reforms promoted by the IMF in the 1980s and 1990s—Matsukata's policies differed in significant ways from both classical economic liberalism and neoliberal orthodoxy. The Matsukata financial reform has become famous largely for the wrong reasons, and the book sets the record straight. It shows that Matsukata intended to pursue fiscal retrenchment and budget-balancing when he became finance minister in late 1881. Various exigencies, including foreign military crises and a worsening domestic depression, compelled him instead to increase spending by running deficits and floating public bonds. Though he drastically reduced the money supply, he combined the positive and contractionary policies of his immediate predecessors to pull off a program of “expansionary austerity” paralleling state responses to financial crisis elsewhere in the world both then and now. Through a new and much-needed recalibration of this pivotal financial reform, the book demonstrates that, in several ways, ranging from state-led export promotion to the creation of a government-controlled central bank, Matsukata advanced policies that were more in line with a nationalist, developmentalist approach than with a liberal economic one. It shows that Matsukata Masayoshi was far from a rigid adherent of classical economic liberalism.

Approaches towards the formal learning of piano playing with respect to musicianship is one that demands the understanding of musical concepts and their applications. Consequently, it requires the boldness to immerse oneself in performance situations while trusting one’s instincts. One needs only to cultivate an amazing ear and a good understanding of music theory to break down progressions “quickly”. Like an alchemist, one would have to pick their creative impulses from their musical toolbox, simultaneously compelling their fingers to coordinate with the brain and the music present to generate “pleasant sounds”. My exploration leading to what will be considered Keyboard Musicianship did not begin in a formal setting. Rather it was the consolidation of my involvement in playing the organ at home, Sunday school, boarding school at Presec-Legon, and playing at weekly gospel band performances off-campus and other social settings that crystalized approaches that can be formally structured. In fact, I did not then consider this lifestyle of musical interpretation worthy of academic inclusivity until I graduated from the national academy of music and was taken on the staff as an instructor in September, 1986. Apparently, what I did that seemed effortless was a special area that was integral to holistic music development. The late Dr. Robert Manford, the then director of the Academy, assigned me to teach Rudiments and Theory of Music to first year students, Keyboard Musicianship to final year students, and to continue giving Piano Accompaniment to students – just as I have been voluntarily doing to help students. The challenge was simply this; there was no official textbook or guide to use in teaching keyboard musicianship then and I was to help guide especially non-piano majors for practical exams in musicianship. What an enterprise! The good news though was that exemplifying functionalism in keyboard, organ, piano, etc. has been my survival activity off campus particularly in church and social settings.Having reflected thoroughly and prayerfully, it dawned on me that piano literacy repertoires were crafted differently than my assignments in Musicianship. Piano literacy repertoires of western music were abundant on campus but applied musicianship demanded a different approach. Playing a sonata, sonatina, mazurka, and waltzes at different proficiency levels was different from punching chords in R&B, Ballard style, Reggae, Highlife or even Hymn playing. However, there are approaches that can link them and also interpretations that can categorize them in other applicable dimensions. A “Retrospective Introspection” demanded that I confront myself constructively with two questions: 1. WHAT MUSICAL ACTIVITIES have I already enjoyed myself in that WARRANT or deserve this challenging assignment? 2. WHAT MUSICAL NOURISHMENT do l believe enriched my artistry that was so observable and Measurable? The answers were shocking! They were: 1. My weekend sojourn from Winneba to Accra to play for churches, brass bands, gospel bands and teaching of Choirs – which often left me penniless. 2. Volunteering to render piano accompaniment to any Voice Major student on campus since my very first year. 3. Applying a principle, I learnt from my father – TRANSFER OF LEARNING – I exported the functionalism of my off-campus musical activities to compliment my formal/academic work. 4. The improvisational influences of Rev. Stevenson Alfred Williams (gospel jazz pianist), Bessa Simmons (band director & keyboardist) and at Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, Mr. Ray Ellis “Afro Piano Jazz Fusion Highlife” The trust and support from lecturers and students in the academy injected an overwhelming and high sense of responsibility in me which nevertheless, guided me to observe structures of other established course outlines and apply myself with respect to approaches that were deemed relevant. Thus, it is in this light that I selected specific concepts worth exploring to validate the functionalism of what my assignment required. Initially, hymn structures, chords I, IV, V and short highlife chordal progressions inverted here and there were considered. Basic reading of notes and intense audiation were injected even as I developed technical exercises to help with the dexterity of stiff fingers. I conclude this preface by stating that, this “Instructional guide/manual” is actually a developmental workbook. I have deliberately juxtaposed simple original piano pieces with musicianship approaches. The blend is to equip learners to develop music literacy and performance proficiencies. The process is expected to compel the learner to immerse/initiate themselves into basic keyboard musicianship. While it is a basic book, I expect it to be a solid foundation for those who commit to it. Many of my former and present students have been requesting for a sort of guide to aid their teaching or refresh their memories. Though not exhaustive, the selections presented here are a response to a long-awaited workbook. I have used most of them not only in Winneba, but also at the Callanwolde Fine Arts Center (Atlanta) and the Piano Lab (Accra). I found myself teaching the same course in the 2009 – 2013 academic year in the Music Department of the University of Education, Winneba when Prof C.W.K Merekeu was Head of Department. My observation is that we still have a lot of work to do in bridging academia and industry. This implies that musicianship must be considered as the bloodline of musicality not only in theory but in practice. I have added simplified versions of my old course outlines as a guide for anyone interested in learning. Finally, I contend that Keyboard Musicianship is a craft and will require of the learner a consistent discipline and respect for: 1. The art of listening 2. Skill acquisition/proficient dexterity 3. Ability to interpret via extemporization and delivery/showmanship. For learners who desire to challenge themselves in intermediate and advanced piano, I recommend my book, “African Pianism. (A contribution to Africology)”

Muir Gray, Anne Mackie and Angela Raffle have been at the forefront of achieving improvements in UK screening over recent years, and they bring a wealth of experience to this non-technical introductory guide covering all aspects of screening. As USA expert Gilbert Welch describes it, this book is “A readable yet encyclopaedic guide to screening: its history, its key design elements, its implementation and policy challenges… A must read for clinicians, managers, and policy makers who would like to assist Raffle Mackie and Gray in achieving their goal: ‘to sort out the mess’.” The first four chapters deal with concepts, methods and evidence, explaining what screening is and how it is evaluated. Chapters five to eight describe practical aspects, for example how to make policy, and how to deliver screening to a high standard. The book includes numerous examples and real-life case histories, giving important reminders of the need to be vigilant for the hidden influence of commercial incentives and ‘bad science’ if we are to achieve best value health and healthcare. A comprehensive glossary makes medical terms accessible to all, and each chapter concludes with a summary and self-test questions. Reference is made to the UK National Health Service, a leader in screening, but the book is internationally relevant because the principles of good screening apply in any setting. The controversies, paradoxes, uncertainties, and ethical dilemmas of screening are explained in a balanced way.

Rationality is a central concept for epistemology, ethics, and the study of practical reason. But what sort of concept is it? It is argued here that—contrary to objections that have recently been raised—rationality is a normative concept. In general, normative concepts cannot be explained in terms of the concepts expressed by ‘reasons’ or ‘ought’. Instead, normative concepts are best understood in terms of values. Thus, for a mental state or a process of reasoning to be rational is for it to be in a certain way good. Specifically, rationality is a virtue, while irrationality is a vice. What rationality requires of you at a time is whatever is necessary for your thinking at that time to be as rational as possible; this makes ‘rationally required’ equivalent to a kind of ‘ought’. Moreover, rationality is an “internalist” normative concept: what it is rational for you to think at a time depends purely on what is in your mind at that time. Nonetheless, rationality has an external goal—namely, getting things right in your thinking, or thinking correctly. The connection between rationality and correctness is probabilistic: if your thinking is irrational, that is bad news about your thinking’s degree of correctness; and the more irrational your thinking is, the worse the news is about your thinking’s degree of correctness. This account of the concept of rationality indicates how we should set about giving a substantive theory of what it is for beliefs and choices to be rational.

Since Muhammad Bouazizi set himself on fire in Tunisia on December 17, 2010, galvanizing the Arab uprisings that continue today, the entire Middle East landscape has changed in ways that were unimaginable years before. In spite of the early hype about a so-called "Arab Spring" and the prominence observers gave to calls for the downfall of regimes and an end to their abuses, most of the protests and uprisings born of Bouazizi's self-immolation have had disastrous results across the whole Middle East. While the old powers reasserted their control with violence in Egypt and Bahrain, Libya, Yemen, and Syria have virtually ceased to exist as states, torn apart by civil wars. In other states, namely Morocco and Algeria, the forces of reaction were able to maintain their hold on power, while in the "hybrid democracies" of Lebanon, Palestine, and Iraq, protests against government inefficiency, corruption, and arrogance have done little to bring about the sort of changes protesters have demanded. Simultaneously, ISIS, along with other jihadi groups (al-Qaeda, al-Qaeda affiliates, Ansar al-Shariahs, etc.) has thrived in an environment marked by state breakdown. This book explains these changes, outlining the social, political, and economic contours of what some have termed "the new Middle East." One of the leading scholars of modern Middle Eastern history, James L. Gelvin lucidly distills the political and economic reasons behind the dramatic news arriving each day from Syria and the rest of the Middle East. He shows how and why bad governance, stagnant economies, poor healthcare, climate change, population growth, refugee crises, food and water insecurity, and war increasingly threaten human security in the region.

This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.