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1

Harper, Grant A. "Detecting predation of a burrow-nesting seabird by two introduced predators, using stable isotopes, dietary analysis and experimental removals." Wildlife Research 34, no. 6 (2007): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07037.

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Burrowing seabirds are vulnerable to extirpation by introduced predators such as rats, but much evidence of predation is circumstantial. On Taukihepa, an island off southern New Zealand, two possible predators exist with sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus): the weka (Gallirallus australis), a large rail, and the ship rat (Rattus rattus), both introduced to the island. It was expected that chick predation would be principally by weka, the much larger of the two predators. To measure losses of sooty shearwater chicks to weka or rats, nests were monitored with burrow-scopes at six sites in the summers of 2003–04 and 2004–05. In three of the sites rats were removed on 4-ha grids by trapping. In the other three sites rats were not trapped. In addition, weka were removed from all six sites in 2005. Concurrent diet analysis of weka and rat stomachs was undertaken as well as stable isotopic analysis (δ13C, δ15N) of samples from rats and weka. These were compared with possible prey items including sooty shearwaters. Additional stable isotope samples were taken from Pacific rats (Rattus exulans), a small rat species present with weka and sooty shearwaters on nearby Moginui Island. Weka diet comprised ~40% of bird remains by volume and calculations using Isosource, an isotopic source portioning model, estimated sooty shearwaters contributed 59% (range: 15–71%) of weka diet during the sooty shearwater chick-raising period. Ship rats, in contrast, had very depleted δ13C isotope signatures compared with sooty shearwaters and bird remains contributed <9% of diet by volume, with Isosource calculations suggesting that ship rats consumed more passerine birds (mean: 30%; range 5–51%) than sooty shearwaters (mean 24%; range: 0–44%). In both summers, more chicks were lost on sites from which rats had been removed than on control sites. When weka were removed in 2005, fewer chicks were lost than in 2004 and significantly fewer weka-killed chicks were found on weka-removal sites than on non-removal sites. Weka were the principal predator of sooty shearwater chicks, depredating an estimated 9.9% of nests. Combining several techniques quantified the loss and identified the principal predator of a seabird in decline.
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2

RICHDALE, L. E. "BIOLOGY OF THE SOOTY SHEARWATER PUFFINUS GRISEUS." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 141, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 1–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1963.tb01603.x.

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3

Blaber, SJM, and DA Milton. "Distribution of seabirds at sea in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940445.

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The distribution and abundance of seabirds was documented at sea in the Gulf of Carpentaria in December 1990 and November 1991. Of the 17 species recorded, only the crested tern, least frigatebird, brown booby and streaked shearwater were widespread. The first three species were seen mainly in coastal waters; streaked shearwaters were seen only in the central north-western gulf. The common tern, roseate tern, little tern, sooty tern, black-naped tern, common noddy and greater frigatebird were either sparsely distributed or uncommon. The list includes five terrestrial species. The distribution of the seabirds is discussed in relation to proximity to breeding and roosting sites, food availability, the effects of discards from prawn trawling, and water currents.
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4

Richdale, L. E. "DURATION OF PARENTAL ATTENTIVENESS IN THE SOOTY SHEARWATER." Ibis 96, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 586–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1954.tb05479.x.

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5

Cooper, John, Leslie G. Underhill, and Graham Avery. "Primary Molt and Transequatorial Migration of the Sooty Shearwater." Condor 93, no. 3 (August 1991): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368204.

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6

Phillips, J. H. "THE PELAGIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOOTY SHEARWATER PROCELLARIA GRISEA." Ibis 105, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 340–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1963.tb02512.x.

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7

Rees, E. I. S. "THE SOOTY SHEARWATER PROCELLARIA GRISEA ON THE NEWFOUNDLAND BANKS." Ibis 106, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1964.tb03686.x.

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8

Phillips, Elizabeth M., John K. Horne, and Jeannette E. Zamon. "Predator–prey interactions influenced by a dynamic river plume." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 9 (September 2017): 1375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0302.

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Marine predator–prey interactions are often influenced by oceanographic processes that aggregate prey. We examined density distributions of seabirds and prey fish associated with the Columbia River plume to determine whether variation in plume size (i.e., volume or surface area) or location influences predator–prey interactions. Common murre (Uria aalge), sooty shearwater (Ardenna grisea), and forage fish, including northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), occurred disproportionately in plume waters relative to adjacent marine waters. Water clarity, an indicator of plume-influenced waters, was a significant predictor of seabird and prey densities throughout the survey area. Murres occurred within 20 km of the plume center of gravity, whereas shearwaters occurred ∼100 km north of the plume center of gravity, concurrent with the highest densities of prey fish. Global indices of collocation were relatively low between murres and prey compared with the high values between shearwaters and prey. Seabird densities were negatively correlated with plume size, suggesting that seabirds concentrate in the plume to maximize foraging effort. We conclude that variation in Columbia River plume size and location influences predator distributions, which increases predation pressure on prey, including threatened salmonid species.
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9

Jones, Chris, Susan Bettany, Henrik Moller, David Fletcher, and Justine de Cruz. "Burrow occupancy and productivity at coastal sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) breeding colonies, South Island, New Zealand: can mark - recapture be used to estimate burrowscope accuracy?" Wildlife Research 30, no. 4 (2003): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01050.

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Breeding colonies of sooty shearwaters ('muttonbird', tïtï, Puffinus griseus) on mainland New Zealand have declined in recent years. New data on burrow occupancy and colony productivity for seven sooty shearwater breeding colonies on the coast of Otago, New Zealand for the 1996–97 and 1997–98 breeding seasons are presented and analysed as part of a five-year data set. Detection of a burrow's occupants using a fibre-optic burrowscope may underestimate absolute occupancy rates, but is still of value in the analysis of trends. Detection probabilities estimated by the novel use of mark–recapture models corresponded with those of previous studies of the technique's accuracy. Mainland declines are associated with a lack of control of introduced mammalian predators at most mainland colonies superimposed on a global pattern of decline in the species' abundance. Large numbers of recovered carcasses and an absence of burrow activity at two small mainland colonies show the decline to extinction of these colonies over the five years of collecting data. At one mainland colony with intensive predator control, survival rates and parameter variances are comparable with those found on a predator-free offshore island. All other mainland colonies showed negligible breeding success. There was a significant positive relationship between egg survival and an index of relative adult survival, with an apparent threshold below which few eggs hatch. Adult survival during the breeding season is likely to be the most important parameter in maintaining a colony's viability.
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10

Hunter, Christine M., Henrik Moller, and Jane Kitson. "Muttonbirder selectivity of sooty shearwater (titi) chicks harvested in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, no. 4 (January 2000): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9518249.

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11

Lyver, POB, H. Moller, and C. Thompson. "Changes in sooty shearwater Puffinus griseuschick production and harvest precede ENSO events." Marine Ecology Progress Series 188 (1999): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps188237.

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12

Söhle, I. S. "Effects of satellite telemetry on Sooty Shearwater,Puffinus griseus, adults and chicks." Emu - Austral Ornithology 103, no. 4 (December 2003): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu03035.

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13

HUNTER, CHRISTINE M., and HAL CASWELL. "Selective harvest of sooty shearwater chicks: effects on population dynamics and sustainability." Journal of Animal Ecology 74, no. 4 (July 2005): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00929.x.

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14

McKechnie, Sam, Corey Bragg, Jamie Newman, Darren Scott, David Fletcher, and Henrik Moller. "Assessing the monitoring of sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) abundance in southern New Zealand." Wildlife Research 36, no. 6 (2009): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06133.

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Recent declines of many seabird populations have placed increased emphasis on determining the status of potentially threatened species. However, the burrow-nesting habits and inter-annual fluctuation in breeding numbers of some species make trend detection difficult, and so knowledge of their population dynamics often remains coarse. Here we report observed fluctuations, and assess the efficacy of monitoring of sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus), on three islands in southern New Zealand between the breeding seasons of 1996–97 and 2004–05. Apart from a steady increase in burrow-occupant density at one island, few significant trends in abundance measures were detected. Considerable variation among individual sites within islands led to high uncertainty in island-wide trend estimates. Simulations showed that the measurements of occupant density have a limited ability of detecting all but very pronounced trends, whereas changes in burrow-entrance density are more likely to be detected. Annual fluctuations in the proportion of occupied burrows at individual sampling sites were highly synchronous within islands and reasonably synchronous between two of the islands, suggesting that breeding numbers are at least partly determined by broad-scale factors. The large declines in the abundance of sooty shearwaters reported from the late 1980s to mid-1990s appear not to have continued through our monitoring period. Lack of adequate within- and among-island replication, and short time series of data may severely reduce our ability reliably to detect population trends in many studies of burrowing Procellariiformes.
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15

Mckechnie, Sam, David Fletcher, Jamie Newman, Darren Scott, Corey Bragg, and Henrik Moller. "Modeling Harvest Intensity of Sooty Shearwater Chicks by Rakiura Māori in New Zealand." Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no. 4 (May 2010): 828–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-530.

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16

Clucas, Rosemary. "Long-term population trends of Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) revealed by hunt success." Ecological Applications 21, no. 4 (June 2011): 1308–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-0813.1.

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17

Geary, Amelia F., Steve E. Corin, and Nicola J. Nelson. "Breeding parameters of the Sooty Shearwater (Ardenna grisea) on Long Island, New Zealand." Emu - Austral Ornithology 114, no. 1 (March 2014): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu13031.

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18

Moller, H., D. Fletcher, P. N. Johnson, Brian D. Bell, D. Flack, C. Bragg, D. Scott, J. Newman, S. McKechnie, and Philip O'B Lyver. "Changes in sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) abundance and harvesting on the Rakiura Titi Islands." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36, no. 3 (January 2009): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220909510158.

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19

Reyes-Arriagada, Ronnie, Paulo Campos-Ellwanger, Roberto P. Schlatter, and Cheryl Baduini. "Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) on Guafo Island: the largest seabird colony in the world?" Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 4 (November 29, 2006): 913–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9087-9.

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20

Newman, Jamie, Darren Scott, Corey Bragg, Sam McKechnie, Henrik Moller, and David Fletcher. "Estimating regional population size and annual harvest intensity of the sooty shearwater in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36, no. 3 (January 2009): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220909510157.

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21

Uhlmann, Sebastian S., and Jonathan M. Jeschke. "Comparing factors associated with total and dead sooty shearwater bycatch in New Zealand trawl fisheries." Biological Conservation 144, no. 6 (June 2011): 1859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.025.

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22

Jackson, S. "Diets of the White-Chinned Petrel and Sooty Shearwater in the Southern Benguela Region, South Africa." Condor 90, no. 1 (February 1988): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368428.

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23

Clucas, Rosemary J., David J. Fletcher, and Henrik Moller. "Estimates of adult survival rate for three colonies of Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) in New Zealand." Emu - Austral Ornithology 108, no. 3 (September 2008): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu07069.

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24

Humphries, G. R. W., C. Bragg, J. Overton, P. O'B Lyver, and H. Moller. "Pattern recognition in long-term Sooty Shearwater data: applying machine learning to create a harvest index." Ecological Applications 24, no. 8 (December 2014): 2107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-2023.1.

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25

Clark, Tyler J., Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun, Letizia Campioni, Paulo Catry, and Ewan Wakefield. "The depth of Sooty Shearwater Ardenna grisea burrows varies with habitat and increases with competition for space." Ibis 161, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12631.

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26

Hawke, D. J., and J. Newman. "Inventories and elemental accumulation in peat soils of forested seabird breeding islands, southern New Zealand." Soil Research 42, no. 1 (2004): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03107.

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We determined inventories and accumulation of C, N, P, and Cd in 2 profiles from sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) breeding colonies. Inventories (0–70 cm, F horizon) were: 42.9 kg/m2 (C; both profiles), 1.39 and 1.95 kg/m2 (N), 2.52 and 3.99 × 10-2 kg/m2 (P), and 9.89 and 9.69 × 10-5 kg/m2 (Cd). Radiocarbon analysis for accumulation calculations was invalid in one profile due to bioturbation. Accumulation rates (95% confidence interval) for the other profile were: 61–76 g/m2.year (C), 2.0–2.4 g/m2.year (N), 0.036–0.044 g/m2.year (P), and 0.14–0.17 mg/m2.year (Cd). These accumulation data were within the range of other pristine peat systems, but lower than those with high anthropogenic inputs. Applying literature estimates of gross inputs indicated that only 0.6–2.2% of N and 0.1–0.6% of P were retained over the 567–705-year accumulation period.
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27

Gaze, Peter. "The response of a colony of sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) and flesh‐footed shearwater (P.carneipes) to the cessation of harvesting and the eradication of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, no. 4 (January 2000): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9518247.

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28

Minami, H., and H. Ogi. "Determination of migratory dynamics of the sooty shearwater in the Pacific using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis." Marine Ecology Progress Series 158 (1997): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps158249.

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29

Bovy, Kristine M. "Global human impacts or climate change?: explaining the Sooty Shearwater decline at the Minard site, Washington State, USA." Journal of Archaeological Science 34, no. 7 (July 2007): 1087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.001.

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30

Jones, Chris. "Sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) breeding colonies on mainland South Island, New Zealand: Evidence of decline and predictors of persistence." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, no. 4 (January 2000): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9518242.

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31

Newman, Jamie, David Fletcher, Henrik Moller, Corey Bragg, Darren Scott, and Sam McKechnie. "Estimates of productivity and detection probabilities of breeding attempts in the sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus), a burrow-nesting petrel." Wildlife Research 36, no. 2 (2009): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06074.

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Monitoring of breeding success in burrow-nesting seabirds is problematic, owing to the difficulties of detecting occupants in complex burrow systems. We summarise 6 years of monitoring the breeding success of sooty shearwater (tītī, muttonbird, Puffinus griseus) on two southern New Zealand islands, The Snares and Whenua Hou, with a portable infrared camera system. Breeding attempts were monitored three times during the breeding season, i.e. egg laying, hatching and fledging. Overall breeding success was calculated in two stages. First, we estimated breeding success for each island–site–year combination with a model that allowed for imperfect detection of an egg or chick and accounted for the proportion of the breeding season that was covered by monitoring. The resulting estimates for each island were then analysed with a linear model, to provide a single estimate for that island. Breeding success was found to be highly variable and non-synchronous between islands, with the average proportion of eggs successfully fledging on The Snares (0.35, 0.20–0.52; mean and 95% creditable interval) being considerably lower and more variable than that on Whenua Hou (0.76, 0.70–0.82). Probability of detecting a breeding attempt was higher on The Snares whereas correcting for the proportion of the season monitored had a variable effect, reducing The Snares and Whenua Hou estimates by 27% and 7% respectively. The implications of these findings with respect to the demographic modelling of burrow-nesting species are discussed.
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32

Moller, Henrik, Kristin Charleton, Ben Knight, and Phil Lyver. "Traditional Ecological Knowledge and scientific inference of prey availability: Harvests of sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) chicks by Rakiura Maori." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36, no. 3 (January 2009): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220909510154.

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33

Hamilton, Sheryl. "Determining burrow occupancy, fledging success and land‐based threats to mainland and near‐shore island sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) colonies." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 25, no. 4 (January 1998): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1998.9518167.

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34

Clark, Tyler J., Jason Matthiopoulos, Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun, Letizia Campioni, Paulo Catry, Ilaria Marengo, Sally Poncet, and Ewan Wakefield. "Integrating habitat and partial survey data to estimate the regional population of a globally declining seabird species, the sooty shearwater." Global Ecology and Conservation 17 (January 2019): e00554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00554.

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35

LYVER, P. O'B, and H. MOLLER. "Modern technology and customary use of wildlife: the harvest of Sooty Shearwaters by Rakiura Maori as a case study." Environmental Conservation 26, no. 4 (December 1999): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000405.

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Rakiura Maori (a tribe of indigenous people in New Zealand) continue a centuries-old customary use of Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus, titi, muttonbird) chicks from islands adjacent to Rakiura (Stewart Island). Some muttonbirders pluck chicks by hand, while others have recently changed to a plucking machine. We compared traditional and modern processing methods to see if new technology stands to increase the efficiency, size and cost effectiveness of harvest. On average, chicks were plucked 6 seconds quicker with a machine, which could potentially increase the catch by up to 4%. Innovation by using wax rather than water to remove down left after plucking saved muttonbirders 29–97 minutes per day, potentially allowing up to a 15% increase in the number of chicks harvested. Both wax and plucking machines increased costs, which led to a modest financial gain from using wax, but a net loss from using a plucking machine. Modern technologies have been introduced mainly for convenience and to ease labour in this customary use of wildlife. New technology may erode traditional skills, but does not necessarily pose a risk to the sustainability of a resource. Financial investment in harvest technologies might provide an incentive to increase harvest levels, but could equally provide an incentive to manage for sustainable use. Preservation lobbies are not justified in presuming that new technologies will always threaten wildlife traditionally used by indigenous people.
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36

Poulle, Marie-Lazarine, Matthieu Le Corre, Matthieu Bastien, Elsa Gedda, Chris Feare, Audrey Jaeger, Christine Larose, et al. "Exposure of pelagic seabirds to Toxoplasma gondii in the Western Indian Ocean points to an open sea dispersal of this terrestrial parasite." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0255664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255664.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that uses felids as definitive hosts and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. While the dispersal of T. gondii infectious oocysts from land to coastal waters has been well documented, transmission routes to pelagic species remain puzzling. We used the modified agglutination test (MAT titre ≥ 10) to detect antibodies against T. gondii in sera collected from 1014 pelagic seabirds belonging to 10 species. Sampling was carried out on eight islands of the Western Indian Ocean: Reunion and Juan de Nova (colonized by cats), Cousin, Cousine, Aride, Bird, Europa and Tromelin islands (cat-free). Antibodies against T. gondii were found in all islands and all species but the great frigatebird. The overall seroprevalence was 16.8% [95% CI: 14.5%-19.1%] but significantly varied according to species, islands and age-classes. The low antibody levels (MAT titres = 10 or 25) detected in one shearwater and three red-footed booby chicks most likely resulted from maternal antibody transfer. In adults, exposure to soils contaminated by locally deposited oocysts may explain the detection of antibodies in both wedge-tailed shearwaters on Reunion Island and sooty terns on Juan de Nova. However, 144 adults breeding on cat-free islands also tested positive. In the Seychelles, there was a significant decrease in T. gondii prevalence associated with greater distances to cat populations for species that sometimes rest on the shore, i.e. terns and noddies. This suggests that oocysts carried by marine currents could be deposited on shore tens of kilometres from their initial deposition point and that the number of deposited oocysts decreases with distance from the nearest cat population. The consumption of fishes from the families Mullidae, Carangidae, Clupeidae and Engraulidae, previously described as T. gondii oocyst-carriers (i.e. paratenic hosts), could also explain the exposure of terns, noddies, boobies and tropicbirds to T. gondii. Our detection of antibodies against T. gondii in seabirds that fish in the high sea, have no contact with locally contaminated soils but frequent the shores and/or consume paratenic hosts supports the hypothesis of an open-sea dispersal of T. gondii oocysts by oceanic currents and/or fish.
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37

Jones, Chris. "A model for the conservation management of a ‘secondary’ prey: sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) colonies on mainland New Zealand as a case study." Biological Conservation 108, no. 1 (November 2002): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00083-6.

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38

McKechnie, Sam, David Fletcher, Jamie Newman, Corey Bragg, Peter W. Dillingham, Rosemary Clucas, Darren Scott, et al. "Separating the effects of climate, bycatch, predation and harvesting on tītī (Ardenna grisea) population dynamics in New Zealand: A model-based assessment." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): e0243794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243794.

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A suite of factors may have contributed to declines in the tītī (sooty shearwater; Ardenna grisea) population in the New Zealand region since at least the 1960s. Recent estimation of the magnitude of most sources of non-natural mortality has presented the opportunity to quantitatively assess the relative importance of these factors. We fit a range of population dynamics models to a time-series of relative abundance data from 1976 until 2005, with the various sources of mortality being modelled at the appropriate part of the life-cycle. We present estimates of effects obtained from the best-fitting model and using model averaging. The best-fitting models explained much of the variation in the abundance index when survival and fecundity were linked to the Southern Oscillation Index, with strong decreases in adult survival, juvenile survival and fecundity being related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Predation by introduced animals, harvesting by humans, and bycatch in fisheries also appear to have contributed to the population decline. It is envisioned that the best-fitting models will form the basis for quantitative assessments of competing management strategies. Our analysis suggests that sustainability of the New Zealand tītī population will be most influenced by climate, in particular by how climate change will affect the frequency and intensity of ENSO events in the future. Removal of the effects of both depredation by introduced predators and harvesting by humans is likely to have fewer benefits for the population than alleviating climate effects.
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39

Paul Scofield, R., and Ronnie Reyes-Arriagada. "A population estimate of the Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus in the Wollaston and Hermite Island Groups, Cape Horn Archipelago, Chile, and concerns over conservation in the area." Revista de biología marina y oceanografía 48, no. 3 (December 2013): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-19572013000300018.

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40

Phillips, Elizabeth M., John K. Horne, and Jeannette E. Zamon. "Characterizing juvenile salmon predation risk during early marine residence." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247241.

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Predation mortality can influence the distribution and abundance of fish populations. While predation is often assessed using direct observations of prey consumption, potential predation can be predicted from co-occurring predator and prey densities under varying environmental conditions. Juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. (i.e., smolts) from the Columbia River Basin experience elevated mortality during the transition from estuarine to ocean habitat, but a thorough understanding of the role of predation remains incomplete. We used a Holling type II functional response to estimate smolt predation risk based on observations of piscivorous seabirds (sooty shearwater [Ardenna griseus] and common murre [Uria aalge]) and local densities of alternative prey fish including northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in Oregon and Washington coastal waters during May and June 2010–2012. We evaluated predation risk relative to the availability of alternative prey and physical factors including turbidity and Columbia River plume area, and compared risk to returns of adult salmon. Seabirds and smolts consistently co-occurred at sampling stations throughout most of the study area (mean = 0.79 ± 0.41, SD), indicating that juvenile salmon are regularly exposed to avian predators during early marine residence. Predation risk for juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), yearling Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and subyearling Chinook salmon was on average 70% lower when alternative prey were present. Predation risk was greater in turbid waters, and decreased as water clarity increased. Juvenile coho and yearling Chinook salmon predation risk was lower when river plume surface areas were greater than 15,000 km2, while the opposite was estimated for subyearling Chinook salmon. These results suggest that plume area, turbidity, and forage fish abundance near the mouth of the Columbia River, all of which are influenced by river discharge, are useful indicators of potential juvenile salmon mortality that could inform salmonid management.
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41

Bonnet-Lebrun, AS, P. Catry, TJ Clark, L. Campioni, A. Kuepfer, M. Tierny, E. Kilbride, and ED Wakefield. "Habitat preferences, foraging behaviour and bycatch risk among breeding sooty shearwaters Ardenna grisea in the Southwest Atlantic." Marine Ecology Progress Series 651 (October 1, 2020): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13439.

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Pelagic seabirds are important components of many marine ecosystems. The most abundant species are medium/small sized petrels (<1100 g), yet the sub-mesoscale (<10 km) distribution, habitat use and foraging behaviour of this group are not well understood. Sooty shearwaters Ardenna grisea are among the world’s most numerous pelagic seabirds. The majority inhabit the Pacific, where they have declined, partly due to bycatch and other anthropogenic impacts, but they are increasing in the Atlantic. To evaluate the sub-mesoscale habitat preferences (i.e. the disproportionality between habitat use and availability), diving behaviour and bycatch risk of Atlantic breeders, we tracked sooty shearwaters from the Falkland Islands during late incubation and early chick-rearing with GPS loggers (n = 20), geolocators (n = 10) and time-depth recorders (n = 10). These birds foraged exclusively in neritic and shelf-break waters, principally over the Burdwood Bank, ~350 km from their colony. Like New Zealand breeders, they dived mostly during daylight, especially at dawn and dusk, consistent with the exploitation of vertically migrating prey. However, Falkland birds made shorter foraging trips, shallower dives, and did not forage in oceanic waters. Their overlap with fisheries was low, and they foraged at shallower depths than those targeted by trawlers, the most frequent fishing vessels encountered, indicating that bycatch risk was low during late incubation/early chick-rearing. Although our results should be treated with caution, they indicate that Atlantic and Pacific sooty shearwaters may experience markedly differing pressures at sea. Comparative study between these populations, e.g. combining biologging and demography, is therefore warranted.
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42

Kitson, Jane Catherine. "Harvest rate of sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) by Rakiura Māori: a potential tool to monitor population trends?" Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02034.

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Sooty shearwaters (tītī, muttonbird, Puffinus griseus) are highly abundant migratory seabirds, which return to breeding colonies in New Zealand. The Rakiura Māori annual chick harvest on islands adjacent to Rakiura (Stewart Island), is one of the last large-scale customary uses of native wildlife in New Zealand. This study aimed to establish whether the rate at which muttonbirders can extract chicks from their breeding burrows indicates population trends of sooty shearwaters. Harvest rates increased slightly with increasing chick densities on Putauhinu Island. Birders' harvest rates vary in their sensitivities to changing chick density. Therefore a monitoring panel requires careful screening to ensure that harvest rates of the birders selected are sensitive to chick density, and represents a cross-section of different islands. Though harvest rates can provide only a general index of population change, it can provide an inexpensive and feasible way to measure population trends. Detecting trends is the first step to assessing the long-term sustainability of the harvest.
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43

Briggs, Kenneth T., and Ellen W. Chu. "Sooty Shearwaters off California: Distribution, Abundance and Habitat Use." Condor 88, no. 3 (August 1986): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368883.

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44

Spear, Larry B., and David G. Ainley. "Migration Routes of Sooty Shearwaters in the Pacific Ocean." Condor 101, no. 2 (May 1999): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369984.

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45

Shaffer, SA, H. Weimerskirch, D. Scott, D. Pinaud, DR Thompson, PM Sagar, H. Moller, et al. "Spatiotemporal habitat use by breeding sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus." Marine Ecology Progress Series 391 (September 28, 2009): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07932.

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46

Söhle, Ilka S., Henrik Moller, David Fletcher, and Christopher J. R. Robertson. "Telemetry reduces colony attendance by sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, no. 4 (January 2000): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9518245.

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47

Warham, John. "MARKED SOOTY SHEARWATERS PUFFINUS GRISEUS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE." Ibis 106, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1964.tb03719.x.

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48

Oka, Nariko. "Underwater Feeding of Three Shearwaters: Pale-footed (Puffinus carneipes), Sooty (Puffinus griseus) and Streaked (Calonectris leucomelas) Shearwaters." Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 26, no. 1 (1994): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3312/jyio1952.26.81.

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MCKECHNIE, S., D. FLETCHER, H. MOLLER, D. S. SCOTT, J. NEWMAN, and C. BRAGG. "Estimating and Correcting for Bias in Population Assessments of Sooty Shearwaters." Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 4 (June 2007): 1325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-018.

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50

Kitson, J. C., J. B. Cruz, C. Lalas, J. B. Jillett, J. Newman, and P. O'B Lyver. "Interannual variations in the diet of breeding sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, no. 4 (January 2000): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9518244.

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