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Academic literature on the topic 'Sooty flame'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sooty flame"

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Agrup, Sara, and Marcus Aldén. "Measurements of the Collisionally Quenched Lifetime of CO in Hydrocarbon Flames." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 9 (September 1994): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944029514.

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Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from CO molecules in hydrocarbon flames was studied. Collisional quenching constants were evaluated on the basis of the exponential decays. Effective lifetime in a methane/oxygen flame was observed to vary between 250 and 400 ps depending on the position within the flame, and from 400 to 600 ps in the non-sooty parts of an ethylene/air flame. Fluorescence, constituting simultaneous spatially and temporally resolved decays, was also registered from various sections along a laser beam that probed different parts of the flame. Spectral recordings revealed not only the expected CO peaks but also, in the ethylene flame, laser-induced emission from C2 Swan bands and from polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission that affected the fluorescence time decay in the sooty part of the flame.
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Chung, Joseph D., Xiao Zhang, Carolyn R. Kaplan, and Elaine S. Oran. "The structure of the blue whirl revealed." Science Advances 6, no. 33 (August 2020): eaba0827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0827.

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The blue whirl is a small, stable, spinning blue flame that evolved spontaneously in recent laboratory experiments while studying turbulent, sooty fire whirls. It burns a range of different liquid hydrocarbon fuels cleanly with no soot production, presenting a previously unknown potential way for low-emission combustion. Here, we use numerical simulations to present the flame and flow structure of the blue whirl. These simulations show that the blue whirl is composed of three different flames—a diffusion flame and premixed rich and lean flames—all of which meet in a fourth structure, a triple flame that appears as a whirling blue ring. The results also show that the flow structure emerges as the result of vortex breakdown, a fluid instability that occurs in swirling flows. These simulations are a critical step forward in understanding how to use this previously unknown form of clean combustion.
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Javareshkian, Alireza, Sadegh Tabejamaat, Soroush Sarrafan-Sadeghi, and Mohammadreza Baigmohammadi. "An experimental study on the effects of swirling oxidizer flow and diameter of fuel nozzle on behaviour and light emittance of propane-oxygen non-premixed flame." Thermal Science 21, no. 3 (2017): 1453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140706210j.

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In this study, the stability and the light emittance of non-premixed propane-oxygen flames have been experimentally evaluated with respect to swirling oxidizer flow and variations in fuel nozzle diameter. Hence, three types of the vanes with the swirl angles of 30?, 45?, and 60? have been chosen for producing the desired swirling flows. The main aims of this study are to determine the flame behaviour, light emittance, and also considering the effect of variation in fuel nozzle diameter on combustion phenomena such as flame length, flame shape, and soot free length parameter. The investigation into the flame phenomenology was comprised of variations of the oxidizer and fuel flow velocities (respective Reynolds numbers) and the fuel nozzle diameter. The results showed that the swirl effect could change the flame luminosity and this way could reduce or increase the maximum value of the flame light emittance in the combustion zone. Therefore, investigation into the flame light emittance can give a good clue for studying the mixing quality of reactants, the flame phenomenology (blue flame or sooty flame, localized extinction), and the combustion intensity in non-premixed flames.
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Kröll, S., C. Löfström, and M. Aldén. "Background-Free Species Detection in Sooty Flames Using Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 10 (October 1993): 1620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934334633.

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The background radiation disturbance in luminous environments has been compared for degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for OH radical detection in a sooty propane/oxygen flame. The LIF signal generally was considerably stronger than the DFWM signal, but in strongly sooty environments the LIF signal was accompanied by a significant background signal, while the DFWM signal was background-free under all soot loads tested.
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Dong, Xue, Zhiwei Sun, Dahe Gu, Peter J. Ashman, Zeyad T. Alwahabi, Bassam B. Dally, and Graham J. Nathan. "The influence of high flux broadband irradiation on soot concentration and temperature of a sooty flame." Combustion and Flame 171 (September 2016): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.05.026.

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Tessé, Lionel, Francis Dupoirieux, and Jean Taine. "Monte Carlo modeling of radiative transfer in a turbulent sooty flame." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47, no. 3 (January 2004): 555–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.06.003.

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Sposito, Alberto, Dave Lowe, and Gavin Sutton. "Towards an Ultra-High-Speed Combustion Pyrometer." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp5040031.

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Measuring reliably the correct temperature of a sooty flame in an internal combustion engine is important to optimise its efficiency; however, conventional contact thermometers, such as thermocouples, are not adequate in this context, due to drift, temperature limitation (≤2100 K) and slow response time (~10 ms). In this paper, we report on the progress towards the development of a novel ultra-high-speed combustion pyrometer, based on collection of thermal radiation via an optical fibre, traceably calibrated to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) over the temperature range T = (1073–2873) K, with residuals <1%, and capable of measuring at a sampling rate of 250 kHz.
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Hu, Longhua, Qiang Wang, Michael Delichatsios, Shouxiang Lu, and Fei Tang. "Flame radiation fraction behaviors of sooty buoyant turbulent jet diffusion flames in reduced- and normal atmospheric pressures and a global correlation with Reynolds number." Fuel 116 (January 2014): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.059.

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Sarlak, R., M. Shams, and R. Ebrahimi. "Numerical simulation of soot formation in a turbulent diffusion flame: comparison among three soot formation models." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 5 (October 3, 2011): 1290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211421997.

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Combustion and soot formation in a turbulent diffusion flame are simulated. Chemistry of combustion is treated with a detailed reaction mechanism that employs 49 species and 277 reactions. Turbulence is taken into account via the corrected k–ε model. Radiation heat transfer from flame is modelled by the P-1 model. An empirical model proposed by Khan and Greeves and two semi-empirical models proposed by Tesner and Lindstedt are used to simulate the soot formation in the flame. Khan and Greeves model showed to underpredict the maximum soot volume fraction. Nevertheless, the main shortcoming of Khan and Greeves model which undermines the applicability of this model to prediction of soot formation in turbulent diffusion flames is the inability to locate the highly sooting regions of the flame properly. Tesner model underpredicts the soot formation significantly, although the predicted shapes of the soot profiles are in accordance with the experimental measurements. Lindstedt model performs well in predicting both the maximum soot formation and the soot profile shapes in the chamber. Therefore, Lindstedt model can be considered as the most suitable model for the prediction of soot formation in turbulent diffusion flames.
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Boulet, P., G. Parent, Z. Acem, A. Kaiss, Y. Billaud, B. Porterie, Y. Pizzo, and C. Picard. "Experimental Investigation of Radiation Emitted by Optically Thin to Optically Thick Wildland Flames." Journal of Combustion 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/137437.

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A series of outdoor experiments were conducted in a fire tunnel to measure the emission of infrared radiation from wildland flames, using a FTIR spectrometer combined with a multispectral camera. Flames of different sizes were produced by the combustion of vegetation sets close to wildland fuel beds, using wood shavings and kermes oak shrubs as fuels. The nongray radiation of the gas-soot mixture was clearly observed from the infrared emitted intensities. It was found that the flame resulting from the combustion of the 0.50 m long fuel bed, with a near-zero soot emission, may be considered as optically thin and that the increase in bed length, from 1 to 4 m, led to an increase in flame thickness, and therefore, in flame emission with contributions from both soot and gases. A further analysis of the emission was conducted in order to evaluate effective flame properties (i.e., emissivity, extinction coefficient, and temperature). The observation of emission spectra suggests thermal nonequilibrium between soot particles and gas species that can be attributed to the presence of relatively cold soot and hot gases within the flame.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sooty flame"

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Gohari, Darabkhani Hamid. "Experimental investigations on sooty flames at elevated pressures." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/experimental-investigations-on-sooty-flames-at-elevated-pressures(36655740-7ea3-4a91-a2ce-4357902fd71b).html.

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This study addresses the influence of elevated pressures, fuel type, fuel flow rate and co-flow air on the flame structure and flickering behaviour of laminar oscillating diffusion flames. Photomultipliers, high speed photography and schlieren, accompanied with digital image processing techniques have been used to study the flame dynamics. Furthermore, the effects of pressure on the flame geometry and two-dimensional soot temperature distribution in a laminar stable diffusion flame have been investigated, utilising narrow band photography and two-colour pyrometry technique in the near infra-red region. This study provides a broad dataset on the diffusion (sooty) flame properties under pressures from atmospheric to 16 bar for three gaseous hydrocarbon fuels (methane, ethylene and propane) in a co-flow burner facility.It has been observed that the flame properties are very sensitive to the fuel type and flow rate at elevated pressures. The cross-sectional area of the stable flame shows an average inverse dependence on pressure to the power of n, where n was found to be 0.8±0.2 for ethylene flame, 0.5±0.1 for methane flame and 0.6±0.1 for propane flame. The height of a flame increases firstly with pressure and then decreases with further increase of pressure. It is observed that the region of stable combustion was markedly reduced as pressure was increased. An ethylene flame flickers with at least three dominant modes, each with corresponding harmonics at elevated pressures. In contrast, methane flames flicker with one dominant frequency and as many as six harmonic modes at elevated pressures. The increase in fuel flow rate was observed to increase the magnitude of oscillation. The flickering frequency, however, remains almost constant at each pressure. The dominant flickering frequency of a methane diffusion flame shows a power-law dependence on chamber pressure.It has been observed that the flame dynamics and stability are also strongly affected by the co-flow air velocity. When the co-flow velocity reached a certain value, the buoyancy driven flame oscillation was completely suppressed. The schlieren imaging has revealed that the co-flow of air is able to push the initiation point of outer toroidal vortices beyond the visible flame to create a very stable flame. The oscillation frequency was observed to increase linearly with the air co-flow rate. The soot temperature results obtained by applying the two-colour method in the near infra-red region shows that in diffusion flames the overall temperatures decrease with increasing pressure. It is shown that the rate of temperature drop is greater for a pressure increase at lower pressures in comparison with higher pressures.
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Maugendre, Mathieu. "Etude des particules de suie dans les flammes de kérosène et de diester." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAM0016/document.

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Les suies se présentent sous la forme de fines particules carbonées de diamètres compris entre quelques dizaines de nanomètres à quelques micromètres. Dans l’atmosphère, elles entraînent des enjeux climatiques, de par leurs propriétés radiatives, mais aussi des enjeux sanitaires, du fait de leur faible taille : elles pénètrent facilement dans le système respiratoire et même, pour les plus fines, dans le système sanguin. L’objectif est de parfaire les connaissances sur les propriétés physiques des suies produites par différents systèmes de combustion. C’est dans le but de mieux comprendre l’influence des systèmes de combustion, faisant intervenir des temps de séjours différents, des propriétés de turbulence, d’oxydation et de pression distinctes que nous avons choisi d’étudier trois types de combustion spécifiques : d’une part, des flammes de diffusion laminaires à pression atmosphérique, initiées dans un brûleur développé au cours de ces travaux ; d’autre part, une flamme de diffusion laminaire sous atmosphère pressurisée (3 à 5 bars) ; enfin, une flamme turbulente produite par une chambre tubulaire, elle aussi sous atmosphère pressurisée (1.2 à 3 bar). Un autre enjeu de ce travail était d’approfondir les informations relatives à la combustion de carburants liquides, à savoir le kérosène et le diester. Les travaux effectués visent à déterminer les caractéristiques morphologiques (dimension fractale, diamètre des monomères...) et l’indice complexe m* des suies issues des différents systèmes de combustion. La technique employée pour la mesure de l’indice complexe de réfraction des suies, repose sur l’analyse d’une partie des fumées produites par les flammes. Ces fumées sont acheminées dans un banc d’analyse permettant la mesure de signaux d’extinction et de diffusion, ainsi que de distributions de taille des suies. Par ailleurs, des analyses de clichés obtenus par microscope en transmission d’électrons (TEM) permettent l’obtention d’informations sur la morphologie des agrégats de suies. L’utilisation de la théorie de la diffusion de la lumière pour des agrégats fractals dans la limite de Rayleigh (RDG-FA) permet d’estimer à partir de ces données deux fonctions de l’indice complexe E(m) et F(m), et ainsi de retrouver m*
Soot are carbonaceous fine particles, which diameters are ranged from a few nanometres to a few micrometers. They have an impact on climate, due to their radiative properties, as well as on health, due to their small size. That’s why particulate matter is an important concern. In order to gain a better understanding of the influence of the combustion devices, which implies specific residence time and also specific turbulence, oxidation and pressure properties, we studied three specific kinds of combustion : first, laminar diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure ; then, a laminar diffusion flame a high pressures (3 to 5 bar) ; finally, a turbulent flame produced in a combustor at high pressures (1,2 to 3 bar). Another objective of this work was to improve the knowledge about soot produced by the combustion of liquid fuels, namely kerosene and biofuel. We studied morphological properties (fractal dimension, primary particle size…) and the refractive index m* of soot produced by these combustion systems. The technique employed to characterize the soot refractive index is based on the analysis of a part of smokes produced by flames. These are transported towards two optical cells, so that extinction and scattering coefficients can be measured, in addition to soot size distributions. Furthermore, a morphological characterization of the aggregates is conducted, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photographs. Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates is used to determine two functions of the refractive index E(m) and F(m), so that m* can be deduced
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Lautenberger, Christopher W. "CFD simulation of soot formation and flame radiation." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0115102-002543.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: soot formation; FDS; flame radiation; soot oxidation; field modeling; diffusion flames; soot. Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15).
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Demarco, Rodrigo. "Modelling thermal radiation and soot formation in buoyant diffision flames." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4745/document.

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Le rayonnement joue un rôle fondamental dans les problèmes d'incendie puisque c'est le mode dominant de transfert de chaleur entre la flamme et le milieu environnant. Il contrôle la pyrolyse, et donc la puissance de flamme, et la vitesse de croissance de l'incendie. Étudier les flammes de diffusion contrôlées par les forces de flottabilité est une première étape pour comprendre et de prédire les incendies. Le principal objectif de ce travail est de modéliser le transfert radiatif et les processus de production/destruction de la suie dans ce type de flammes. Premièrement, différents modèles de propriétés radiatives des gaz ont été comparés dans des configurations tests. Il est apparu que le modèle FSCK couplé avec le schéma de mélange de Modest et Riazzi est le meilleur compromis entre précision et temps de calcul, ce modèle étant un bon candidat pour être implémenté dans des codes CFD traitant des problèmes d'incendie. Dans un second temps, un modèle de formation/oxydation des suies semi-détaillé, considérant l'acétylène et le benzène comme précurseurs, a été validé dans des flammes de diffusion laminaires de type coflow sur une large gamme d'hydrocarbures (C1-C3) et pour différentes conditions. Ensuite, le FSCK et le modèle de formation/destruction ont été appliqués pour simuler des feux de nappe de méthane et de propane aux échelles du laboratoire et intermédiaire. Les structures de flamme prédites ainsi que les flux radiatif transférés au milieu environnant ont montré un bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux disponibles. Finalement, les interactions entre le rayonnement et la turbulence ont été quantifiées
The radiative heat transfer plays an important role in fire problems since it is the dominant mode of heat transfer between flames and surroundings. It controls the pyrolysis, and therefore the heat release rate, and the growth rate of the fire. In the present work a numerical study of buoyant diffusion flames is carried out, with the main objective of modelling the thermal radiative transfer and the soot formation/destruction processes. In a first step, different radiative property models were tested in benchmark configurations. It was found that the FSCK coupled with the Modest and Riazzi mixing scheme was the best compromise in terms of accuracy and computational requirements, and was a good candidate to be implemented in CFD codes dealing with fire problems. In a second step, a semi-empirical soot model, considering acetylene and benzene as precursor species for soot nucleation, was validated in laminar coflow diffusion flames over a wide range of hydrocarbons (C1-C3) and conditions. In addition, the optically-thin approximation was found to produce large discrepancies in the upper part of these small laminar flames. Reliable predictions of soot volume fractions require the use of an advanced radiation model. Then the FSCK and the semi-empirical soot model were applied to simulate laboratory-scale and intermediate-scale pool fires of methane and propane. Predicted flame structures as well as the radiant heat flux transferred to the surroundings were found to be in good agreement with the available experimental data. Finally, the interaction between radiation and turbulence was quantified
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Kim, Bongsoo. "Investigation of soot formation in opposed flow polymer diffusion flames." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12172.

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Hibshman, Randolph Joell II. "An Experimental Study of Soot Formation in Dual Mode Laminar Wolfhard-Parker Flames." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46521.

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An experimental study of sooting characteristics of laminar underventillated ethylene non-premixed flames in hot vitiated environments was performed using a modified Wolfhard-Parker co-flowing slot burner. The burner could be operated in "single mode" with a cold air/oxygen mixture as the oxidizer for the non-premixed flame or in varying degrees of "dual mode" where the products of lean premixed hydrogen/air/oxygen flames were used as the oxidizer for the non-premixed flame. Premixed flame stoichiometries of 0.3 and 0.5 were considered for the dual mode cases. Dual mode operation of the burner was intended to simulate the conditions of fuel rich pockets of gas burning in the wake of previously burned fuel/air mixture as typically found in real nonpremixed combustion devices. Dual mode operation introduced competing thermal and chemical effects on soot chemistry. Experimental conditions were chosen to match peak nonpremixed flame temperatures among the cases by varying oxidizer inert (N2) concentration to minimize the dual mode thermal effect. In addition the molecular oxygen (post premixed flame for dual mode cases) and ethylene fuel flow rates were held constant to maintain the same overall equivalence ratio from case to case. Thermocouple thermometry utilizing a rapid insertion technique and radiation corrections yielded the gas temperature field. Soot volume fractions were measured simultaneously with temperature using Thermocouple Particle Densitometry (TPD). Soot volume fraction, particle size and particle number density fields were measured using laser light scattering and extinction. Gas velocities were measured using Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) on the non-premixed flame centerline by seeding the ethylene flow and calculated in the oxidizer flow stream. Porous sinters in the oxidizer slots prevented oxidizer particle seeding required for PIV measurements. In general as the degree of dual mode operation was increased (i.e. increasing stoichiometry of the premixed flames) soot volume fractions decreased, particle sizes increased and soot particle number densities decreased. This trend is suspected to be result of water vapor elevating OH concentrations near the flame front in dual mode operation reducing soot particle nucleation early in the flame by oxidizing soot precursors. The larger particle sizes measured at later stages of dual mode flames are suspected to be the result of lower competition for surface growth species for the lower particle number densities in those flames. Integrated soot volume fraction and particle number fluxes at various heights in the flame decreased with increasing degree of dual mode operation.
Master of Science
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Lasher, Stephen William 1973. "Ultra-fine soot investigation in flames." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9060.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-85).
In-flame soot particle size and concentration analysis techniques were developed for high concentrations of ultra-fine soot particles (particle diameters<< 1000 nm) using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The SMPS particle size results were compared to results obtained by thermo phoretic sampling and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). SMPS particle concentration results were compared to mass measurements obtained by filter collection and gravimetric techniques. The SMPS analysis techniques were then used to investigate soot oxidation in fuel rich flames. Soot sampling techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) analysis were also developed and used to obtain P AH information on soot generated from methane/oxygen premixed flames. The SMPS analysis was performed for SMPS inlet flowrates of 1 lpm and 2 lpm while keeping a constant ratio of inlet to sheath air flowrate of 1 : 10. The 2 lpm flowrate results gave much smaller particle diameters compared to the 1 lpm flowrate results. The shift in particle diameters was around 6 nm. This shift can not be explained by diffusion losses alone because, in some cases, an increase in mean particle diameter is accompanied by an increase in number concentration. The cause of this shift is unknown at this point, but the problem seems to reside in the SMPS instrument itself. The SMPS manufacturer has recently confirmed the shift when sampling polydispersed aerosols. Comparison of the SMPS results with mass measurements is very good for the 1 lpm case, but not for the 2 lpm case. Conversely, comparison of the SMPS results with TEM measurements is very good for the 2 lpm case, but not good for the 1 lpm case. Therefore, the true particle distribution has not been determined conclusively from this analysis. More investigation into the diameter shift phenomenon needs to be done before mass and TEM comparisons can be conclusive. Oxidation was studied in fuel rich ethylene/air/nitrogen flames using a Jet-stirred Reactor/Plugflow Reactor (JSR/PFR) system with oxygen injection at the beginning of the PFR section. An initial amount of oxygen injection was found to increase soot particle size and number concentration most likely due to the increased temperature resulting from the oxygen and combustion products reacting. Further increasing the amount of oxygen injection reduced soot particle number concentration, and eventually decreased the particle mean diameter. P AH analysis of methane/oxygen flame-generated soot revealed that cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, a know mutagen, was the most abundant species aside form pyrene. Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene concentration relative to pyrene increased significantly with soot flame residence time. Other known mutagens were detected in the soot samples including benzo[a]pyrene and some oxy-PAH.
by Stephen William Lasher.
S.M.
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Chai, Michael I. B. "Soot modeling of a turbulent non-premixed methane/air flame." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63115.pdf.

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Demosthenous, Alexis. "Soot formation and oxidation in a high-pressure spray flame." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424461.

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Botero, Maria Luisa. "Experimental investigation of the sooting characteristics of liquid hydrocarbons in a wick-fed diffusion flame." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709366.

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Books on the topic "Sooty flame"

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Chai, Michael I. B. Soot modeling of a turbulent non-premixed methane/air flame. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Wen, Zhenyu. Combustion and soot modelling of a turbulent kerosene/air diffusion flame. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.

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Ma, Guoping. Soot modeling of a turbulent non-premixed ethylene/air jet flame. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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Yunardi. Modelling soot formation and oxidation in turbulent non-premixed flames: Report for overseas cooperation and international publication research scheme. Banda Aceh]: Syiah Kuala University, 2010.

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Bohan, Margaret Kathleen. Soot formation in laminar diffusion flames of gas mixtures. 2006.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Theoretical and numerical investigation of radiative extinction of diffusion flames: A dissertation ... [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Li, Tong, Greenberg Paul S, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Measurements and modeling of soot formation and radiation in microgravity jet diffusion flames. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Li, Tong, Greenberg Paul S, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Measurements and modeling of soot formation and radiation in microgravity jet diffusion flames. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Optical measurements of soot in premixed flames. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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C, Ku Jerry, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Brief communication: Buoyancy-induced differences in soot morphology. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sooty flame"

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Dobbins, Richard A., and Haran Subramaniasivam. "Soot Precursor Particles in Flames." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 290–301. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_16.

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Moss, J. Barrie. "Modelling Soot Formation for Turbulent Flame Prediction." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 551–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_30.

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Ghose, Prakash, Amitava Datta, Ranjan Ganguly, Achintya Mukhopadhyay, and Swarnendu Sen. "Modelling of Soot Formation in a Kerosene Spray Flame." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 363–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7410-3_12.

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Hwang, Joonsik, Felix Sebastian Hirner, Choongsik Bae, Chetankumar Patel, Tarun Gupta, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Image-Based Flame Temperature and Soot Analysis of Biofuel Spray Combustion." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 41–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9_3.

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Kollmann, Wolfgang, Ian M. Kennedy, Mario Metternich, and J. Y. Chen. "Application of a Soot Model to a Turbulent Ethylene Diffusion Flame." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 503–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_28.

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Kent, John H., and Damon R. Honnery. "Soot Mass Growth in Laminar Diffusion Flames — Parametric Modelling." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 199–220. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_11.

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Roth, Paul, and Andreas Hospital. "Mass Growth of Charged Soot Particles in Premixed Flames." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 239–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_13.

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Attili, A., F. Bisetti, M. E. Mueller, and H. Pitsch. "Lagrangian Analysis of Mixing and Soot Transport in a Turbulent Jet Flame." In Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation IX, 503–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14448-1_64.

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Coppalle, A., and D. Joyeux. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Soot Formation in an Ethylene Jet Flame." In Combustion Technologies for a Clean Environment, 791–802. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367810597-61.

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Santoro, Robert J., and Thomas F. Richardson. "Concentration and Temperature Effects on Soot Formation in Diffusion Flames." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 221–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sooty flame"

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Miyakawa, Taru, Kazuhiro Hayashida, Kenji Amagai, and Masataka Arai. "LIF Thermometry in a Sooty Flame: An Application of Excitation-Emission Spectrum." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26134.

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A new method for the temperature measurement in a sooty flame was developed, based on an excitation scan. A tunable, narrowband ArF excimer laser was used to excite various absorption lines in D2Σ+ ← X2Π(0,1) band of NO. Spectrum of the laser-induced emissions from the flame was obtained by using a spectrograph. In the case of a propane diffusion flame, this emission spectrum consisted of NO and O2 fluorescence, and off-resonance emissions related to the soot particles. These off-resonance emissions were usually stronger than the fluorescence. However the off-resonance emissions in the shorter wavelength region than 250 nm were weaker than the fluorescence. In other words, the ε(0,3) band of NO fluorescence which appeared in the ultra-violet region (around 208nm), was stronger than the off-resonance emissions, and was free from the O2 fluorescence. Therefore, the NO rotational temperature in a sooty flame could be deduced from the excitation spectrum based on the ε(0,3) band. In order to obtain the excitation spectrum based on the ε(0,3) band, an excitation-emission spectrum (EES) was obtained. NO rotational temperature in a propane diffusion flame was derived from this EES.
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Knadler, Michael, Arda Cakmakci, and Jong Guen Lee. "Response of Soot Temperature to Unsteady Inlet Airflow Under Modulated Condition and Naturally-Occurring Combustion Dynamics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26161.

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The response of soot temperature to unsteady inlet airflow is characterized using pyrometry. The unsteady inlet airflow is achieved by either modulating inlet air or naturally-occurring unstable flame, running on a jet fuel at fuel-rich conditions. The inlet air is modulated by a siren device running at frequencies between 150 and 250 Hz and up to 60% of modulation level (u’/um) is achieved. Also, the combustor can be run naturally unstable at the same inlet operating condition by changing the combustor length. For the pyrometry, the emission from whole flame at 660 nm, 730 nm and 800 nm is recorded and the three-color pyrometry is used to measure soot temperature. The effect of non-isothermal distribution of soot in flame on the measured temperature is also considered. The level of overall temperature fluctuation under inlet flow modulation (Trms/Tmean) is about an order of magnitude lower than that of flame emission fluctuation (Irms/Imean). Under naturally occurring instability the measured soot temperature is in phase with the pressure measured in the combustor, indicating that the measured soot temperature can be used as a quantity related to combustion dynamics for fuel-rich sooty flames.
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Torres Monclard, Kevin, Olivier Gicquel, and Ronan Vicquelin. "Impact of Soot Radiative Properties, Pressure and Soot Volume Fraction on Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Sooty Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15559.

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Abstract The effect of soot radiation modeling, pressure, and level of soot volume fraction are investigated in two ethylene-air turbulent flames: a jet flame at atmospheric pressure studied at Sandia, and a confined pressurized flame studied at DLR. Both cases have previously been computed with large-eddy simulations coupled with thermal radiation. The present study aims at determining and analyzing the thermal radiation field for different models from these numerical results. A Monte-Carlo solver based on the Emission Reciprocity Method is used to solve the radiative transfer equation with detailed gas and soot properties in both configurations. The participating gases properties are described by an accurate narrowband ck model. Emission, absorption, and scattering from soot particles are accounted for. Two formulations of the soot refractive index are considered: a constant value and a wavelength formulation dependency. This is combined with different models for soot radiative properties: gray, Rayleigh theory, Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates. The effects of soot radiative scattering is often neglected since their contribution is expected to be small. This contribution is determined quantitatively in different scenarios, showing great sensitivity to the soot particles morphology. For the same soot volume fraction, scattering from larger aggregates is found to modify the radiative heat transfer noticeably. Such a finding outlines the need for detailed information on soot particles. Finally, the role of soot volume fraction and pressure on radiative interactions between both solid and gaseous phases is investigated.
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Mirat, Clément, Daniel Durox, and Thierry Schuller. "Analysis of the Spray and Transfer Function of Swirling Spray Flames From a Multi-Jet Steam Assisted Liquid Fuel Injector." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25111.

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Characterizations of the response of swirling spray flames to flow rate modulations over the entire frequency range remain scarce. This response is addressed here by determining the transfer function of spray flames stabilized on a multi-jet steam-assisted dodecane injector in a turbulent swirling flow confined by a quartz tube. This type of burner is used in some liquid fueled industrial boilers. In the absence of combustion and air flow, a phase Doppler particle analyzer is used to determine the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the fuel spray as a function of the atomizing gas to fuel mass flow rate ratio (GLR) injected in the nozzle. For small values of the GLR, the SMD of the generated spray decreases rapidly as the GLR increases. For GLR values above a certain threshold, the SMD reaches a constant value that is independent of the GLR. Transfer functions are measured in this second regime for swirling air flows characterized by a swirl number S = 0.92 that is determined by laser Doppler anemometry. Transfer functions defined as the normalized ratio of OH* or CH* flame chemiluminescence intensity fluctuations divided by the velocity oscillation level measured by laser Doppler velocimetry at the burner outlet are determined as a function of the forcing frequency for a small perturbation level. The response of sooty and non sooty flames at globally lean conditions are examined. Using a set of steady experiments, it is shown that the OH* signal may safely be used to confidently estimate low frequency heat release rate disturbances for both types of flames, but the CH* signal cannot be used in the sooty flame cases. The measured transfer functions of non-sooty spray flames feature many similarities with the transfer function of perfectly premixed swirling flames indicating that their dynamics is also controlled by interference mechanisms that need to be elucidated.
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Choudhuri, Ahsan R., Sayela P. Luna, and S. R. Gollahalli. "Aspect Ratio Effects of Elliptic Co-Flow on Turbulent Jet Flame Structures." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/cae-29008.

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The aspect ratio effects of elliptic co-flow on the structure of a turbulent propane diffusion flame from a circular tube have been presented. Pollutant emission, flame radiation, flame structure, and soot concentration have been measured. The fuel jet exit Reynolds number is 2700, and the exit Reynolds number for the co-flow is 4010 and 8025 based on the minor and major axis respectively. The results are compared with the measurements from the experiments in a circular co-flow, which is the baseline condition for the present study. The pollution characteristics and the structure of the flame in the elliptic co-flow are significantly different from those in the circular co-flow. The NO emission is higher and the CO emission is lower in the elliptic co-flow. Elliptic co-flow flame produces less soot than circular co-flow flame. The study shows that the elliptic co-flow aspect ratio has a controlling influence on various combustion characteristics. In general, it is seen that as the aspect ratio of the elliptic co-flow is increased from 2:1 to 4:1, the entrainment of air increases and thus the combustion characteristics are enhanced. Compared to 2:1 AR co-flow flames, the flames with 4:1 AR co-flow are more stable, have a lower flame height, produce more NO and less CO, the flame peak temperature is higher, are less sooty, and radiate less. Flame spectral measurements show that the 4:1 aspect ratio flames produce more OH, CH, C2 and H2O radicals in the near-burner region than the 2:1 co-flow flames as a result of higher fuel oxidation.
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Zheng, Dongsheng, Xin Hui, Xin Xue, and Weitao Liu. "Synergistic Effect of Soot Formation in Ethylene/Propane Co-Flow Diffusion Flames at Elevated Pressures." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58622.

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Abstract The synergistic effect of soot formation refers to the interaction between different fuels during soot forming processes, which results in higher soot formation than any individual fuels. The present study experimentally investigates the synergistic effect of soot formation in co-flow diffusion flames of propane/ethylene fuel mixtures. The total carbon mass flow rate of the propane/ethylene mixture was kept constant at 0.5 mg/s, and the propane carbon ratio (RC) was defined as the ratio of carbon mass flow rate of propane to the total carbon mass flow rate. The laser-induced incandescence (LII) and light extinction (LE) techniques were applied to measure the soot volume fractions (SVF) at pressures of 0.1–0.5 MPa. The results showed strong synergistic effect in propane/ethylene mixtures at atmospheric conditions; however, increasing pressure weakens the synergistic effect. The LII intensity contours showed that the soot formation zone extends when synergistic effect occurs at RC = 0.1 and 0.2 for 0.1 and 0.3 Mpa. The normalized peak SVF showed that synergistic effect monotonically becomes weak with increasing pressure from 0.1 to 0.3 Mpa; meanwhile, the it still stayed strong at 0.2 Mpa when using normalized maximum soot yield, and then turned to be weaker as pressure increases. Further comparison analysis of the SVF profiles between RC = 0 and 0.1 revealed that the synergistic effect occurs at the two-wing area of the sooty flame at low axial flame height, and then gradually becomes stronger with increasing axial flame height in the soot zone for 0.1–0.3 Mpa. To illustrate the pressure effects on synergistic soot formation, numerical analysis in homogeneous closed reactor was conducted and it was found that The PAHs formation competition between C3H3 pathway and HACA mechanism results in the different soot formation phenomenon of ethylene/propane flames.
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Weber, M., J. Song, and J. G. Lee. "Characterization of Dynamics of Unstable Fuel-Rich Flame." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60121.

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Abstract The flame dynamics during unstable combustion occurring in a model gas turbine combustor under fuel-rich conditions analogous to idle and sub-idle conditions in an aero-engine is characterized by simultaneous measurement of flame emissions and dynamic pressure fluctuation as well as high-speed imaging. Pressure fluctuation during unstable combustion causes linearly increasing velocity fluctuation at the combustor inlet. The fluctuation level of CH*-band emission which is mainly from soot linearly increases with respect to the combustor inlet velocity fluctuation up to ∼40% of mean velocity while that of OH*-band emission which is from OH* is non-linear. Highspeed imaging shows that the OH*-band emission fluctuation occurs mainly near the dump plane but the CH*-band emission fluctuation occurs downstream of it. When the pressure fluctuation is more than 1% of mean pressure, there exists an almost constant phase delay between emissions from OH*- and CH*-band and dynamic pressure fluctuations and the phase delay satisfies the Rayleigh criterion. In addition, the Rayleigh integral made over the whole flame and one period of oscillation of thermoacoustic instability becomes positive. These may suggest either OH*- or CH*-band emission can be used as a representation of heat release. However, the observations that the mean OH*-band emission intensity increases but the mean CH*-band emission intensity does not as the mean equivalence ratio increases and the fluctuation level of emission in OH*-band increases but that in CH*-band emission does not as the pressure fluctuation level increases strongly suggest that the emission from OH*-band should be considered as a representation of heat release for sooty flames under the employed operating condition in this study.
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Kearney, Sean P., Robert W. Schefer, Steven J. Beresh, and Thomas W. Grasser. "Temperature Imaging of Vortex-Flame Interaction by Filtered Rayleigh Scattering." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43924.

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This paper describes the application of a filtered-Rayleigh-scattering (FRS) instrument for nonintrusive temperature imaging in a vortex-driven diffusion flame. The FRS technique provides quantitative, spatially correlated temperature data without the flow intrusion or time lag associated with physical probes. Use of a molecular iodine filter relaxes the requirement for clean, particulate-free flowfields and offers the potential for imaging near walls, test section windows and in sooty flames, all of which are preculded in conventional Rayleigh imaging, where background interference from these sources typically overwhelms the weak molecular scattering signal. For combustion applications, FRS allows for full-field temperature imaging without chemical seeding of the flowfield, which makes FRS an attractive alternative to other laser-based imaging methods such as planar laser-induced fluorescencs (PLIF). In this work, the details of our FRS imaging system are presented and temperature measurements from an acoustically forced diffusion flame are provided. The local Rayleigh crosssection is corrected using Raman imaging measurements of the methane fuel molecule, which are then correlated to other major species using a laminar flamelet approach. To our knowledge, this is the first report of joint Raman/FRS imaging for nonpremixed combustion. Measurements are presented from flames driven at 7.5 Hz, where a single vortex stretches the flame, and at 90 Hz, where two consecutive vortices interact to cause a repeatable strain-induced flame-quenching event.
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Venkatesan, Krishna, Arin Cross, and Fei Han. "Acoustic Flame Transfer Function Measurements in a Liquid Fueled High Pressure Aero-Engine Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81769.

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Abstract This paper describes an experimental approach and study of thermo-acoustic flame transfer functions in a high-pressure liquid-fueled rich burn combustor. The presence of high background flame luminosity in high-pressure sooty flame combustors precludes the application of any direct optical flame transfer function method. Instead, an acoustic method based on multiple microphones was employed to characterize the combustor acoustic pressure and velocity responses to acoustic forcing. A high-pressure siren device was employed to acoustically excite the combustor air flow over a broad range of frequencies from 150–1000Hz and modulate the combustor inlet dynamic pressure amplitudes. The acoustic pressures measured from the microphones located upstream and downstream of the flame were processed to obtain swirler impedances and flame transfer functions. Nonlinear behavior of the liquid fuel flame transfer function was studied by systematically varying the siren excitation pressure amplitudes. A parametric study of varying inlet air pressure, inlet air temperature, and thermal power was performed to study the impact of operating conditions on the measured liquid flame transfer function.
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Knadler, M., T. Caley, J. G. Lee, S. Jung, S. Kim, and H. Park. "Validation of a Physics-Based Low-Order Thermo-Acoustic Model of Combustion Driven Oscillations in a Liquid Fueled Gas Turbine Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75559.

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Validation test results of a low-order thermoacoustic model of combustion dynamics in a liquid-fueled, gas turbine combustor are presented. A finite element model designed in COMSOL Multiphysics is used as a tool for predicting naturally occurring combustion instabilities. The combustion rig consists of an inlet plenum, nozzle, combustor, and variable length transition tube. The combustor is run at pilot only mode at high pressure (up to 4 atm), resulting in sooty fuel-rich flame. The global flame transfer function is measured using flame emission at OH* band (307±5 nm) from the whole flame with inlet velocity fluctuation which is measured using multi-microphone measurement. The impedances at the choked inlet and exit of combustor are measured using a multi-microphone method, showing that the actual impedances of choked inlet and exit are different from theoretical values. Using the measured flame transfer function and impedances, the model’s capability to predict the instabilities is examined for two different rig configurations: one with a 10”-long transition tube and the other with a 20”-long transition tube. The modelling results are shown to converge to eigenfrequencies close to those measured experimentally. They correctly predict the stability regime of each of the tested conditions and frequencies of oscillations to within a maximum of 4% error. Using measured acoustic boundary conditions at the inlet and exit orifice improves the prediction of instability frequency.
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Reports on the topic "Sooty flame"

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Shaddix, Christopher R., Hai Wang, Robert W. Schefer, Joseph C. Oefelein, and Lyle M. Pickett. Predicting the Effects of Fuel Composition and Flame Structure on Soot Generation in Turbulent Non-Premixed Flames. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada551657.

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Howard, J. B. Aromatics oxidation and soot formation in flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5020873.

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Howard, J. B., and H. Richter. Aromatics Oxidation and Soot Formation in Flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838109.

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Howard, J., J. McKinnon, R. Shandross, and C. Pope. Aromatics oxidation and soot formation in flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7107737.

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Howard, J. B., C. J. Pope, R. A. Shandross, and T. Yadav. Aromatics oxidation and soot formation in flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6937844.

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Calcote, H. F., and D. G. Keil. Ionic Mechanisms of Soot Formation in Flames. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada173631.

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Mukerji, S., J. M. McDonough, M. P. Menguec, S. Manickavasagam, and S. Chung. Chaotic map models of soot fluctuations in turbulent diffusion flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/676978.

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Roberts, William L., and Tiegang Fang. Soot Formation and Destruction in High-Pressure Flames with Real Fuels. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada596652.

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Wang, Hai, Sanghoon Kook, Jeffrey Doom, Joseph Charles Oefelein, Jiayao Zhang, Christopher R. Shaddix, Robert W. Schefer, and Lyle M. Pickett. Understanding and predicting soot generation in turbulent non-premixed jet flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1011219.

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Suo-Anttila, Jill Marie, Timothy C. Williams, Christopher R. Shaddix, Kirk A. Jensen, Linda Gail Blevins, Sean Patrick Kearney, and Robert W. Schefer. Soot formation, transport, and radiation in unsteady diffusion flames : LDRD final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919645.

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