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Journal articles on the topic 'Soot trap'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Fino, Debora, Nunzio Russo, Emanuele Cauda, Davide Mescia, Simone Solaro, Guido Saracco, and Vito Specchia. "Novel Approches in Oxidative Catalysis for Diesel Particulate Abatement." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 2083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2083.

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Next 2008 European legislation on diesel engines will impose the use of specific traps, placed in the car exhaust line, so as to meet very stringent particulate emission limits (0.005 g/km). This paper provides a survey of the advancement status of R&D in the field of diesel particulate traps. Special emphasis is given to the combined use of traps and catalysts for regeneration purposes via catalytic combustion of the collected soot in the traps. Issues like trap materials selection, catalyst development, catalytic vs. non-catalytic trap performance are addressed. Specific highlights of the research in catalytic materials developed at Politecnico di Torino in the framework of EU projects will also be provided. In order to enhance the soot-catalyst contact conditions, several kinds of catalysts have been developed: oxygen spillover oxide, mobile catalysts based on alkali vanadates, spinels for the combined removal of particulate and NOx, precious metals enabling the NO oxidation to NO2 followed by reaction of this latter with particulate, heavy metal oxides, alkalimetal substituted perovskites capable of delivering oxygen species. An overview of these different approaches to soot oxidation will be provided pointing the way towards possible synergetic effects in multi-component catalysts.
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2

Bella, G., and V. Rocco. "Regeneration Analysis Under Different Exhaust Gas Thermal Conditions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906514.

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A refinement of the honeycomb trap model developed by the authors for analyzing the temperature history of the trap channels during the regeneration period is presented. The first results obtained, shown in previous papers [1, 2], encouraged the authors to improve the model in order to account for the heat transfer not only along the channel length, but also in the radial direction. In order to achieve this objective, a control volume approach was used to simulate the soot regeneration in all contiguous channels along the axial and radial directions of the monolith, and to determine the wall temperature and soot oxidation as a function of time. Different thermodynamic conditions of the exhaust gas at the trap inlet were considered in order to examine the effects of cold regeneration. For the same soot amount accumulated in the trap, the soot burnup time and temperature history depend on the inlet temperature. In addition to varying the gas initial conditions, the effects of the amount of soot collected and its radial distribution in the channels, before the regeneration process takes place, were also considered in order to predict the wall temperature rise and the soot oxidation rate. The results show the temperature peak values and their location inside the trap, and permit estimation of the conditions under which the trap temperature can reach unbearable values.
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3

Meloni, E., V. Palma, and V. Vaiano. "Optimized microwave susceptible catalytic diesel soot trap." Fuel 205 (October 2017): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.074.

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4

Abdul Karim, Zainal Ambri, and Mohamed Haziq bin Haron. "Experimental Investigation of In Situ Soot Oxidation Using Electromagnetic Waves." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.912.

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This paper presents the experimental results of smoke opacity and exhaust gas measurements due to the oxidation of soot at different microwave power levels to the exhaust gas. The experiment attempts to ascertain the soot oxidation capability of using microwave in reducing smoke from the diesel engine. The exhaust gas from a diesel engine was directed into the microwave generator system which then flows through the chamber assembly that contains the soot trap. Three different microwave power levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kW were generated and exposed to the soot at different exposure time. The results showed that when the power level of the electromagnetic waves was increased, the amount of smoke opacity reduced between 32 to 65 % depending on the microwave power levels. Due to the oxidation of the carbon particles of the soot, CO2 gas increased in corresponding to the decreased in the smoke opacity. The experimental work also found that NOx gas was also reduced due to the breaking down of NOx at the localised high temperature of the soot trap. Hence, the microwave generator system has proven its capability as an in-situ soot oxidation device for deployment in diesel vehicles.
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5

Ciambelli, P., V. Palma, P. Russo, and S. Vaccaro. "Development of a Catalytic Trap for Soot Particulate." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 73, no. 6 (June 2001): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200106)73:6<603::aid-cite6031111>3.0.co;2-b.

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6

Kyriakis, N., T. Manikas, P. Pistikopoulos, and E. Vouitsis. "Endothermic Phenomena in Diesel Particulate Filters During Regeneration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1559905.

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Endothermic phenomena were identified during the regeneration of the porous ceramic diesel particulate trap. These phenomena were experimentally investigated and they were found to be related to the cerium content of the fuel used for the trap loading and regeneration and to the soot mass accumulated in the trap. Carbon mass and energy balance through the regeneration process reveals that these phenomena cannot be attributed to chemical reactions in the trap. It is assumed that they are due to the effect of regeneration on the radial flow distribution through the trap, an assumption remaining to be experimentally tested.
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7

Ciambelli, P., V. Palma, P. Russo, and S. Vaccaro. "Performances of a catalytic foam trap for soot abatement." Catalysis Today 75, no. 1-4 (July 2002): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00098-6.

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8

Palma, Vincenzo, and Eugenio Meloni. "Microwave assisted regeneration of a catalytic diesel soot trap." Fuel 181 (October 2016): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.05.016.

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9

HOSHINO, Hiroyuki, Youhei MITSUYAMA, Masahiro SAITO, Tomohiko FURUHATA, and Masataka ARAI. "Mechanism of Soot Removal in an Electric Diesel Particulate Trap." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 74, no. 740 (2008): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.74.973.

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10

Bilby, David, David J. Kubinski, and M. Matti Maricq. "Current amplification in an electrostatic trap by soot dendrite growth and fragmentation: Application to soot sensors." Journal of Aerosol Science 98 (August 2016): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.03.003.

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11

Zhang-Steenwinkel, Y., L. M. van der Zande, H. L. Castricum, A. Bliek, R. W. van den Brink, and G. D. Elzinga. "Microwave-Assisted Regeneration of a Perovskite Coated Ceramic Monolith Soot-Trap." Topics in Catalysis 30/31 (July 2004): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:toca.0000029759.82643.c6.

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12

YAMAMOTO, KAZUHIRO, SHINGO SATAKE, HIROSHI YAMASHITA, NAOKI TAKADA, and MASAKI MISAWA. "LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION ON FLOW WITH SOOT ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER." International Journal of Modern Physics C 18, no. 04 (April 2007): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183107010760.

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Since diesel exhaust gas has more ambient air pollutants such as NOx and particulate matters (PM) including soot, the special treatment for exhaust emission standards is needed. Recently, a diesel particulate filter (DPF) has been developed to reduce PM in the after-treatment of exhaust gas. However, since the structure of the filter is small and complex, it is impossible to examine the phenomena inside the filter experimentally. In this study, we conduct fluid simulation in the diesel filter. We use the lattice Boltzmann method. The soot accumulation is considered to simulate the PM trap in the filter. For the wall-boundary in the simulation, the inner structure of the filter is obtained by a 3D-CT technique. Results show complex flow pattern in the diesel filter. Due to the soot accumulation, the velocity is changed and the pressure is increased. The pressure drop becomes larger as soot concentration at the inlet is higher.
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13

Yamamoto, Kazuhiro, and Yusuke Toda. "Numerical Study on Filtration of Soot Particulates in Gasoline Exhaust Gas by SiC Fiber Filter." Key Engineering Materials 735 (May 2017): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.735.119.

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As for gasoline vehicles, the particulate matter (PM) emissions from traditional port fuel injection (PFI) engines are pretty low. Recently, the gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles have been gaining market share globally due to better fuel efficiency, especially in the European countries. A drawback associated with GDI engines is considerably higher PM emissions compared with PFI engines. The soot in gasoline exhaust gas would contribute to urban air pollution, which is deeply related with adverse health effects. For the reduction of PM emission in Europe, a new regulation known as EURO VI has been set recently. Then, we need to trap soot particles in exhaust gas from gasoline automobiles as well as diesel automobiles. However, the gasoline soot would be much smaller than the diesel soot. Also, the gasoline exhaust gas temperature is much higher. Then, we need gasoline particulate filter (GPF) which needs to have better thermal durability. In this study, as a potential GPF, an SiC fiber filter was numerically examined. The effect of the fiber diameter on the filtration was revealed. Results show that, when the filter of the larger fiber diameter is placed more upstream, the deposition of soot particles widely occurs inside the filter, resulting in the lower pressure drop.
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14

Palma, V., M. D'Amore, P. Russo, A. D'Arco, and P. Ciambelli. "Regeneration of a soot-trap ceramic foam by a single-mode microwave cavity." Combustion Science and Technology 174, no. 11-12 (November 2002): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713712957.

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15

Martinovic, Ferenc, Lidia Castoldi, and Fabio Alessandro Deorsola. "Aftertreatment Technologies for Diesel Engines: An Overview of the Combined Systems." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060653.

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The abatement of the pollutants deriving from diesel engines in the vehicle sector still represents an interesting scientific and technological challenge due to increasingly limiting regulations. Meeting the stringent limits of NOx and soot emissions requires a catalytic system with great complexity, size of units, and number of units, as well as increased fuel consumption. Thus, an after-treatment device for a diesel vehicle requires the use of an integrated catalyst technology for a reduction in the individual emissions of exhaust gas. The representative technologies devoted to the reduction of NOx under lean-burn operation conditions are selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and the lean NOx trap (LNT), while soot removal is mainly performed by filters (DPF). These devices are normally used in sequence, or a combination of them has been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the individual devices. This review summarizes the current state of NOx and soot abatement strategies. The main focus of this review is on combined technologies for NOx removal (i.e., LNT–SCR) and for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, like SCR-on-Filter (SCRoF), in series LNT/DPF and SCR/DPF, and LNT/DPF and SCR/DPF hybrid systems.
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16

Vagnoni, Giovanni, Markus Eisenbarth, Jakob Andert, Giuseppe Sammito, Joschka Schaub, Michael Reke, and Michael Kiausch. "Smart rule-based diesel engine control strategies by means of predictive driving information." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 10 (March 12, 2019): 1047–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419835696.

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The increasing connectivity of future vehicles allows the prediction of the powertrain operational profiles. This technology will improve the transient control of the engine and its exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. This article describes the development of a rule-based algorithm for the air path control, which uses the knowledge of upcoming driving events to reduce especially [Formula: see text] and particulate (soot) emissions. In the first section of this article, the boosting and the lean [Formula: see text] trap systems of a diesel powertrain are investigated as relevant sub-systems for shorter prediction horizons, suitable for Car-to-X communication range. Reference control strategies, based on state-of-the-art engine control unit algorithms and suitable predictive control logics, are compared for the two sub-systems in a model in the loop simulation environment. The simulation driving cycles are based on Worldwide harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle and Real Driving Emissions regulations. Due to the shorter, and consequently more probable, prediction horizon and the demonstrated emission improvements, a dedicated rule-based algorithm for the air path control is developed and benchmarked in the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle as described in the second part of this article. Worldwide harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle test results show an improvement potential for engine-out soot and [Formula: see text] emissions of up to 5.2% and 1.2%, respectively, for the air path case and a reduction of the average fuel consumption in Real Driving Emissions of up to 1% for the lean NOx trap case. In addition, the developed rule-based algorithm allows the adjustment of the desired NOx–soot trade-off, while keeping the fuel consumption constant. The study concludes with brief recommendations for future research directions, as for example, the introduction of a prediction module for the estimation of the vehicle operational profile in the prediction horizon.
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17

Li, Bo, Chonglin Song, Gang Lv, Ke Chen, and Xiaofeng Cao. "Impact of Soot on NOx Adsorption over Cu-Modified Hydrotalcite-Derived Lean NOx Trap Catalyst." Langmuir 33, no. 12 (March 14, 2017): 2939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03877.

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18

Jeguirim, Mejdi, Valérie Tschamber, and Jean François Brilhac. "Kinetics of catalyzed and non-catalyzed soot oxidation with nitrogen dioxide under regeneration particle trap conditions." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 84, no. 5 (May 2009): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2110.

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19

Li, Yuejin, Michael Weinstein, Matthew Caudle, Steven Steeley, Gerd Grubert, and Alfred Punke. "Catalyzed soot filters (CSF) with H 2 S control function for lean NO x trap (LNT) systems." Catalysis Today 297 (November 2017): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2016.12.043.

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20

Fino, Debora, and Vito Specchia. "Compositional and structural optimal design of a nanostructured diesel-soot combustion catalyst for a fast-regenerating trap." Chemical Engineering Science 59, no. 22-23 (November 2004): 4825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.012.

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21

Koko, Phyozin, Preechar Karin, Sippakorn Rungsritanapaisan, Ruangdaj Tongsri, and Katsunori Hanamura. "Impact of Engine Oil’s Additives on Particulate Matter’s Micro-and Nanostructure Using Electron Microscopy Image Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.412.

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According to increasingly stringent emission regulations on particle emissions from automotive vehicles, a diesel engine must be equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF) to trap the particulate matters (PMs) which can be harmful to human health. Morphology and chemical composition of particulate matters were successfully studied using electron microscopy and electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Microstructure of particulate matters derived from diesel blending lubricating oil were not significant different compared to diesel PM. Nanostructure of soot is a spherical shape composed of curve line crystallites and the particle sizes were in the range of 10 – 60 nm while the metal oxide ash is composed of lattice fringes. Chemical composition analysis of EDS result showed that metallic additives from lubricating oil cannot be burned during combustion and might be transformed into metal oxide ash.
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22

Ait Ali Yahia, Lyes, Evelyne Gehin, and Benoit Sagot. "Application of the TheRmophoretic Annular Precipitator (TRAP) for the study of soot aggregates morphological influence on their thermophoretic behaviour." Journal of Aerosol Science 113 (November 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.07.018.

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23

Castoldi, Lidia. "An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163551.

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Vehicular pollution has become a major problem in urban areas due to the exponential increase in the number of automobiles. Typical exhaust emissions, which include nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and particulate matter (PM), doubtless have important negative effects on the environment and human health, including cardiovascular effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks, and respiratory effects such as asthma attacks and bronchitis. The mitigation measures comprise either the use of clean alternative fuels or the use of innovative technologies. Several existing emission control technologies have proven effective at controlling emissions individually, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and lean NOx trap (LNT) to reduce NOx and diesel particulate filter (DPF) specifically for PM abatement. These after-treatment devices are the most profitable means to reduce exhaust emissions to acceptable limits (EURO VI norms) with very little or no impact on the engine performances. Additionally, the relative lack of physical space in which to install emissions-control equipment is a key challenge for cars, especially those of small size. For this reason, to reduce both volume and cost of the after-treatment devices integrated catalytic systems (e.g., a sort of a “single brick”) have been proposed, reducing both NOx and PM simultaneously. This review will summarize the currently reported materials for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, with particular attention to their nature, properties, and performances.
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24

Milt, V. G., M. A. Peralta, M. A. Ulla, and E. E. Miró. "Soot oxidation on a catalytic NO trap: Beneficial effect of the Ba–K interaction on the sulfated Ba,K/CeO2 catalyst." Catalysis Communications 8, no. 5 (May 2007): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2006.09.011.

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25

Yavor, M. I., N. R. Gall, M. Z. Muradymov, T. V. Pomozov, I. V. Kurnin, A. G. Monakov, A. N. Arsenev, et al. "Development of a mass spectrometer for high-precision mass measurements of superheavy elements at JINR." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): P11033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/p11033.

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Abstract A multiple-reflection time-of-flight (MR TOF) mass spectrometer for mass measurements of superheavy elements is currently being developed for an experimental cave of the Superheavy Element Factory at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Its conceptual and ion-optical designs are described in the present paper. The spectrometer is designed to achieve a mass measurement accuracy of 10-7 at low measurement statistics (∼5 events) for nuclides with half-lives down to 50 ms. To reach this goal, a new generation MR TOF analyzer with an ultra-high mass resolving power and highly-stable power supplies has been designed. An advanced set of ion-optical solutions for preparation and mass separation of the sample and calibrant ion beams is proposed for the spectrometer: a radiofrequency multiplexer trap separator of charge states, high vacuum quadrupole filters with two-stage differential pumping, operated in the “beat node coincidence” mode, a focused beam transport through the gate valve gaps, as well as a fullerene soot electron ionization calibrant ion source.
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26

Villavaso, Eric J. "A Non-Sticky Trap for Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)." Journal of Entomological Science 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-40.2.136.

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A simple trap that does not require the use of sticky material to capture tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is described. The 28 × 11 cm (diam) cylindrical trap was constructed by cutting and joining sections from two 2-L clear plastic soft drink bottles and gluing screened entrance cones from commercially-available boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) traps in each end. Five sticky trap designs were tested, and the sticky trap that captured the most plant bugs was compared to the non-sticky trap. With virgin females plus green bean pods (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as bait, the non-sticky traps captured only males, but females comprised 11% of the capture on the sticky traps. Females comprised 40% of the capture on sticky traps baited with green bean pods only. Opaque traps shaped like the clear traps were inferior to the clear traps. The non-sticky trap should facilitate testing of potential components of the pheromone of tarnished plant bug, and perhaps that of L. hesperus Knight. The combination of a synthetic plant bug pheromone and a non-sticky trap may lead to a practical method of monitoring or estimating populations.
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27

NOIROT, R., P. GILOT, R. GADIOU, and G. PRADO. "Control of Soot Emission by Filtration and Post-Combustion. A Laboratory Study of the Regeneration of an Organic Particulate Trap Assisted by Hydrocarbon Injection." Combustion Science and Technology 85, no. 1-6 (September 1992): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209208947163.

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28

Noirot, R., P. Gilot, R. Gadiou, and G. Prado. "Control of Soot Emission by Filtration and Post-Combustion. A Laboratory Study of the Regeneration of an Organic Particulate Trap Assisted by Hydrocarbon Injection." Combustion Science and Technology 95, no. 1-6 (December 1993): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209408935331.

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29

Cortés-Reyes, Marina, Concepción Herrera, María Ángeles Larrubia, and Luis J. Alemany. "Hybrid Technology for DeNOxing by LNT-SCR System for Efficient Diesel Emission Control: Influence of Operation Parameters in H2O + CO2 Atmosphere." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020228.

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The behavior and operation parameters were analyzed for the hybrid LNT-SCR (Lean NOx-Trap–Selective Catalytic Reduction) system with advanced catalyst formulations. Pt-Ba-K/Al2O3 was used as an NSR (NOx Storage and Reduction) or LNT catalyst effective in NOx and soot simultaneous removal whereas Cu-SAPO-34 with 2 wt.% of copper inside the structure was the small pore zeolite employed as the SCR catalyst. Under alternating and cyclic wet conditions, feeding volumetric concentrations of 1000 ppm of NO, 3% of O2, 1.5% of water, 0.3% of CO2, and H2 as a reductant, the NOx-conversion values were above 95% and a complete mineralization to nitrogen was registered using θ ≤ 3 (20 s of regeneration) and a hydrogen content between 10,000 and 2000 ppm in the whole temperature range tested. An excess of hydrogen fed (above 1% v/v) during the rich phase is unnecessary. In addition, in the low temperature range below 250 °C, the effect is more noticeable due to the further ammonia production and its possible slip. These results open the way to the scale up of the coupled catalytic technologies for its use in real conditions while controlling the influence of the operation map.
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30

Meek, PD, DJ Jenkins, B. Morris, AJ Ardler, and RJ Hawksby. "Use of Two Humane Leg-Hold Traps for Catching Pest Species." Wildlife Research 22, no. 6 (1995): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950733.

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This technical note comments on the use of Victor 'Soft Catch' No. 3 traps and Treadle snare throwers, two leg-hold devices that have been developed to minimise injuries to captured animals. Both types of traps were evaluated during more than 1000 nights of use. The numbers of animals caught in each trap type, and the degree of injury sustained by the trapped animals were recorded. Both these traps were found to be humane alternatives to the steel-jawed trap currently in common use in Australia. However, the 'Victor' traps were the more convenient to use. They gave fewer technical problems, minimised injuries, caught more animals and allowed fewer escapes.
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31

Bennett, Ami, and Graeme Coulson. "Camera traps provide insight into factors influencing trap success of the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 1 (2014): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13006.

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Trapping programs for mammals often have low capture success, which is known to be influenced by a range of environmental factors, in addition to aspects of the traps themselves. However, the behavioural responses to traps by the target species are largely unknown. We simultaneously set camera traps and soft-walled double-layered traps for swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, and used images from the camera traps to investigate responses by the target species. Wallabies mostly visited traps after sunset, with the number of visits declining steadily through the night. Visits to traps were more frequent during crescent and new moon phases and when the moon was set. In the majority (59%) of these visits, wallabies did not enter the traps. In some cases wallabies consumed only the bait outside the trap, or the trap door had been closed, usually by other swamp wallabies or bobucks, Trichosurus cunninghami, but in many cases (28% of visits) we could not discern why wallabies failed to enter. When wallabies did enter traps, just 14% of visits resulted in successful capture, with non-captures mainly occurring because wallabies reached in to obtain bait without triggering the trap.
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32

Kinnear, J. E., R. N. Bromilow, and N. Moore. "The Mark II Bromilow Kinnear humane soft trap: a major upgrade." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 1 (2014): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13023.

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The Bromilow soft trap was originally created to counter the propensity of black-flanked rock-wallabies (Petrogale lateralis lateralis, hence black-flanked) to harm themselves in wire traps. It achieved that goal commendably and has proven to be durable and versatile as it is also suitable for trapping other medium-sized mammals. Major improvements have been incorporated without altering the basic design thus enabling existing traps to be readily upgraded. The traps are now 15% lighter, and easier to set with a new more reliable trigger. The shroud has been discarded, and it now folds more compactly for transport and storage. The capture chamber is constructed of new materials designed to enable an animal to be extracted more readily. These modifications are described in detail along with illustrations. For anyone intending on building a new trap, free professional-grade architectural drawings of the framework and components are available via the web (see text).
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33

Onrubia-Calvo, Jon A., Beñat Pereda-Ayo, and Juan R. González-Velasco. "Perovskite-Based Catalysts as Efficient, Durable, and Economical NOx Storage and Reduction Systems." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020208.

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Diesel engines operate under net oxidizing environment favoring lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions than stoichiometric gasoline engines. However, NOx reduction and soot removal is still a technological challenge under such oxygen-rich conditions. Currently, NOx storage and reduction (NSR), also known as lean NOx trap (LNT), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and hybrid NSR–SCR technologies are considered the most efficient control after treatment systems to remove NOx emission in diesel engines. However, NSR formulation requires high platinum group metals (PGMs) loads to achieve high NOx removal efficiency. This requisite increases the cost and reduces the hydrothermal stability of the catalyst. Recently, perovskites-type oxides (ABO3) have gained special attention as an efficient, economical, and thermally more stable alternative to PGM-based formulations in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, this paper overviews the potential of perovskite-based formulations to reduce NOx from diesel engine exhaust gases throughout single-NSR and combined NSR–SCR technologies. In detail, the effect of the synthesis method and chemical composition over NO-to-NO2 conversion, NOx storage capacity, and NOx reduction efficiency is addressed. Furthermore, the NOx removal efficiency of optimal developed formulations is compared with respect to the current NSR model catalyst (1–1.5 wt % Pt–10–15 wt % BaO/Al2O3) in the absence and presence of SO2 and H2O in the feed stream, as occurs in the real automotive application. Main conclusions are finally summarized and future challenges highlighted.
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34

Little, Catherine M., Peggy L. Dixon, Debra L. Moreau, Thomas W. Chapman, and N. Kirk Hillier. "Assessment of Attractant Lures and Monitoring Traps for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophidae) Using Electrophysiology, Laboratory Choice Assays, and Field Trials." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 652–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab006.

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Abstract Monitoring is critical to control efforts for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, an invasive polyphagous fly that has the potential to cause significant losses in commercial soft fruit and berry production worldwide. We used an iterative process to identify trap colors, trap designs, and volatile mixtures to improve monitoring efforts in commercial blueberry, raspberry, and blackberry crops. Our results suggest that the selection of trap color and design and attractant lures should be customized to the crop in which they are deployed. In raspberries grown in high tunnel systems, DrosaLure paired with Drosal traps painted green and purple were highly specific to D. suzukii although actual capture counts were low. However, in field grown raspberries, BioLure and Multilure traps were most effective, but with significant nontarget bycatch. In blueberries, we had greatest success with a 5 µg:50 ng mixture of ethyl acetate–acetoin in a green/purple-colored jar-style trap with large (5 cm) mesh covered openings.
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35

McIntyre, T., T. L. Majelantle, D. J. Slip, and R. G. Harcourt. "Quantifying imperfect camera-trap detection probabilities: implications for density modelling." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19040.

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Abstract ContextData obtained from camera traps are increasingly used to inform various population-level models. Although acknowledged, imperfect detection probabilities within camera-trap detection zones are rarely taken into account when modelling animal densities. AimsWe aimed to identify parameters influencing camera-trap detection probabilities, and quantify their relative impacts, as well as explore the downstream implications of imperfect detection probabilities on population-density modelling. MethodsWe modelled the relationships between the detection probabilities of a standard camera-trap model (n=35) on a remotely operated animal-shaped soft toy and a series of parameters likely to influence it. These included the distance of animals from camera traps, animal speed, camera-trap deployment height, ambient temperature (as a proxy for background surface temperatures) and animal surface temperature. We then used this detection-probability model to quantify the likely influence of imperfect detection rates on subsequent population-level models, being, in this case, estimates from random encounter density models on a known density simulation. Key resultsDetection probabilities mostly varied predictably in relation to measured parameters, and decreased with an increasing distance from the camera traps and speeds of movement, as well as heights of camera-trap deployments. Increased differences between ambient temperature and animal surface temperature were associated with increased detection probabilities. Importantly, our results showed substantial inter-camera (of the same model) variability in detection probabilities. Resulting model outputs suggested consistent and systematic underestimation of true population densities when not taking imperfect detection probabilities into account. ConclusionsImperfect, and individually variable, detection probabilities inside the detection zones of camera traps can compromise resulting population-density estimates. ImplicationsWe propose a simple calibration approach for individual camera traps before field deployment and encourage researchers to actively estimate individual camera-trap detection performance for inclusion in subsequent modelling approaches.
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36

Dadaliaris, M., P. Grantounis, A. Evagelopoulos, and S. Katsanevakis. "Use of pitfall traps for sampling marine benthic arthropods on soft substrate." Crustaceana 91, no. 7 (2018): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003796.

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Abstract Ecological monitoring is a prerequisite for ecosystem-based management and conservation. There is a need for developing an efficient and non-destructive method for monitoring marine benthic arthropods on soft substrate, as the currently applied methods are often inadequate. Pitfall trapping has been used extensively to sample terrestrial arthropods, but has not been seriously considered yet in the marine environment. In this study, the effectiveness of pitfall traps for monitoring marine benthic arthropods was assessed through a case study in the shallow sublittoral zone of Kalloni Gulf, Lesvos Island, Greece. Two different trap types were installed in August 2016 at five depths, during two 12 h periods (day and night). Pitfall traps performed well, collecting a large number of individuals. The hermit crab Diogenes pugilator dominated the catches. The catch of this species significantly differed by trap type, while the interaction between depth and period was also found significant. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficiency of different types of pitfall traps and field protocols in the marine environment.
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Fleming, Peter J. S., Lee R. Allen, Mani J. Berghout, Paul D. Meek, Peter M. Pavlov, Peter Stevens, Kevin Strong, Jim A. Thompson, and Peter C. Thomson. "The performance of wild-canid traps in Australia: efficiency, selectivity and trap-related injuries." Wildlife Research 25, no. 3 (1998): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95066.

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Wild dogs and European red foxes are considered pest animals in Australia. Restraining devices to capture these wild canids are sometimes required by wildlife managers. However, the use of traps is controversial. This paper discusses the efficiency, selectivity and injuries inflicted by some leg-hold traps that are available in Australia for capturing wild canids. The trapping of feral cats with wild-canid traps is also briefly discussed. The most commonly used leg-hold trap in Australia is the toothed, steel-jawed, leg-hold trap. Alternative traps, including offset- and padded-jawed traps (similar to the Victor Soft Catch®), and steel-jawed traps that have been modified to incorporate padding and off-setting of jaws, were shown to be preferable. The alternative traps were as efficient and selective as toothed, steel-jawed traps, but were less injurious. The Treadle snare, although more likely to miss target animals, was also shown to be less injurious than unmodified, steel-jawed leg-hold traps. It is difficult to justify the continued use of unmodified, steel-jawed leg-hold traps for the capture of wild canids in Australia.
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38

Doud, Carl W., Gerrit W. Cuperus, Phillip Kenkel, Mark E. Payton, and Thomas W. Phillips. "Trapping Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Other Beetles in Flourmills: Evaluating Fumigation Efficacy and Estimating Population Density." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020144.

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This paper reports beetle pests common to flourmills targeted during a series of trapping studies over a two-year period in flourmill 1 and a one year period in flourmill 2. Objectives were (1) use pheromone-baited traps to detect T. castaneum (Herbst) and other pest species present for their distribution over space and time, (2) monitor T. castaneum activity before and after fumigations to assess efficacy of the treatment, and (3) correlate counts of T. castaneum via trap capture against direct T. castaneum counts from samples of the milled flour to assess the value of trap data to estimate relative size of the pest population. Traps were deployed in two different flourmills over two consecutive years. T. castaneum was the most commonly trapped beetle during both years in mill 1. In mill 2, Typhaea stercorea (L.) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) were both captured in higher numbers than T. castaneum. In mill 1, trap capture was higher overall during Year 2 for most of the species compared with capture during Year 1, likely due to a dust cover modification made for the pitfall trap used in Year 2. Trap capture was also evaluated by location within the mills and a significant difference was found in the capture of T. stercorea during both years in mill 1. T. castaneum captures were significantly reduced following most fumigations, which used methyl bromide in milling areas and phosphine in bulk-stored finished flour. However, in most cases trap catches showed that beetle populations were not eliminated. Trap captures after fumigation suggest either that the fumigations were not entirely effective, or that full grown adult beetles were entering the mill soon after fumigation. When captures of T. castaneum from traps in two spaces of mill 1 during Year 2 were compared with counts of beetles from samples of siftings collected in the finished flour, the correlation coefficients were nearly significant for both sets of traps.
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Arthur, Frank H. "Degradation and Efficacy of Deltamethrin + Chlorpyrifosmethyl and Cyfluthrin + Chlorpyrifos-methyl as Protectants of Wheat Stored in Southeast Georgia1." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.3.397.

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Soft red winter wheat (27.27 kg replicates) treated with combinations of deltamethrin + chlorpyrifos-methyl, with and without piperonyl butoxide, and cyfluthrin, applied alone or with either chlorpyrifos-methyl or piperonyl butoxide, was stored from 15 May 1992 to 9 February 1993 (6 chemical treatments and an untreated control). Each replicate was artificially infested with 50 adult lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.), and 50 adult rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), upon initial storage, sampled with probe traps at monthly intervals, and subsequently reinfested. Trap catch of lesser grain borer was always 0, except for two traps at month 4 that contained one adult in each trap. Maximum population levels of rice weevil and a natural infestation of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), occurred at month 5. Trap catch of these two species in the chemical treatments averaged 2.2 to 34.0 and 0.0 to 19.5 live adults per trap, respectively. From months 4 to 9, the percentage of insect-damaged kernels averaged 4.0 to 5.5% in wheat treated with 0.25 ppm deltamethrin + 6.0 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl + 4.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide. Maximum kernel damage in the other chemical treatments was 3.2%.
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40

Meek, Paul D., Stuart C. Brown, Jason Wishart, Heath Milne, Paul Aylett, Simon Humphrys, Guy Ballard, and Peter Fleming. "Efficacy of lethal-trap devices to improve the welfare of trapped wild dogs." Wildlife Research 46, no. 1 (2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18129.

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Context Wildlife and pest managers and stakeholders should constantly aim to improve animal-welfare outcomes when foot-hold trapping pest animals. To minimise stress and trauma to trapped animals, traps should be checked at least once every 24h, normally as soon after sunrise as possible. If distance, time, environmental or geographical constraints prevent this, toxins such as strychnine can be fitted to trap jaws to induce euthanasia. However, strychnine is considered to have undesirable animal-welfare outcomes because animals are conscious while clinical signs of intoxication are present. A toxin considered more humane, para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP), is available to induce euthanasia in trapped animals but is untested for presentation and efficacy. Aim We tested the efficacy of two types of lethal trap device (LTD’s), each using a paste formulation of PAPP as the active toxin to replace the use of strychnine on foot-hold jaw traps. Methods Elastomer LTDs and PAPP-cloths were fitted to jaw traps set to capture wild dogs (Canis familiaris). Camera-trap data was used to record animal behaviours after capture and to determine the efficacy of both modalities. Key results Every trapped wild dog (n=117) gnawed at the elastomer LTD’s or PAPP-cloth attached to the trap jaws that restrained them; one dog failed to liberate the toxin. From the dogs caught in the main trial (n=56), a mortality rate of 84% and 87% was reported respectively. The mean time from trap-to-death for elastomer LTDs was 64min and 68min for PAPP-cloths. Conclusions Elastomer LTDs and PAPP cloths combined caused the mortality of 85% of captured dogs. This efficacy could be improved by adopting the recommendations discussed in the present study for deploying PAPP-based LTDs during trap deployment. Implications PAPP-based LTDs offer an alternative option to the use of strychnine and improve the welfare outcomes for trapped predators, especially where traps are not checked within the recommended 24-h period.
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Coulson, G. "A Safe and Selective Draw-String Trap to Capture Kangaroos Moving Under Fences." Wildlife Research 23, no. 5 (1996): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960621.

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Macropods have been captured by a variety of techniques: hand nets, trap yards, baited traps, cannon nets, drugged baits, syringe darts and stunning. These techniques differ in selectivity, in the likelihood of physical trauma or capture myopathy, and in the number of personnel required. Each technique is also limited to particular habitats or environmental conditions. A new draw-string trap was developed to capture kangaroos moving under fences, using a tunnel of soft netting attached to a steel weldmesh floor and suspended from a weldmesh frame. Draw-string closures at each end of the netting allowed selective and safe capture of kangaroos by two operators.
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42

Warburton, B., N. Poutu, D. Peters, and P. Waddington. "Traps for killing stoats (Mustela erminea): improving welfare performance." Animal Welfare 17, no. 2 (May 2008): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600027615.

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AbstractFenn traps are widely used in New Zealand for control of small predators. Introduced stoats (Mustela erminea) pose a significant risk to many indigenous New Zealand bird species, and the Department of Conservation (DOC) has used Fenn traps to reduce their numbers over the last 20-30 years. Changes to New Zealand animal welfare legislation in 1999 focused attention on whether this trap killed quickly and consistently and, therefore, pen tests were carried out to assess their killing performance. A guideline for testing traps was developed for the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, and to meet the guidelines kill traps must render all ten test animals irreversibly unconscious within three minutes. Testing is stopped as soon as three animals fail the criterion. New Mk IV and MkVI and used MkVI Fenn traps were tested. With the exception of one stoat captured in a new MkVI trap, all stoats remained conscious until euthanased at 5 minutes, and consequently only three stoats were used in each test. In response to these results, a new series of traps was developed (DOC 150, 200, and 250). These killed all 10 test animals, with all rendered irreversibly unconscious within 3 minutes and most unconscious in less than 20 seconds. The new DOC traps have also been tested for their efficacy at killing other small mammals including rats, ferrets, and hedgehogs, which are often captured as non-target species. As these new traps replace Fenn traps in Department of Conservation stoat control operations, significant improvements in the welfare of trapped stoats should result.
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43

Tchabi, Atti, Abouwaliou Nafadjara Nadio, Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame, Magnim Essolakina Bokobana, Mondjonnesso Gomina, Agbéko Kodjo Tounou, and Komla Sanda. "Efficacité des pièges à paraphéromone dans la protection des vergers de manguiers greffés contre les mouches des fruits au Togo." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i1.19.

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Les mouches de fruits en infestant les mangues greffées causent des pertes considérables et un manque à gagner aux différents acteurs en passant par les producteurs jusqu’aux consommateurs. Pour venir à bout de ces insectes nuisibles, la pulvérisation des insecticides chimiques de synthèse est généralement la solution la plus commune et de premier recours dans toutes les régions du Togo. Mais cette méthode reste dangereuse pour la santé humaine et environnementale et peu rentable économiquement. Cette étude a pour objective de tester l’efficacité du piège Biofeed, une solution alternative, respectueuse de l’environnement et de la santé de l’Homme. Trois vergers d’environ 1 ha pour les trois traitements (piège Biofeed, piège M3 et le control) ont été choisis dans chacune des cinq régions du Togo. Les pièges ont été installés à la prématuration des fruits à une densité de 25 pièges/ha et sont suivis toutes les deux semaines jusqu’à la récolte finale en procédant aux échantillonnages des mangues pour l’évaluation du taux infestation et identification des espèces de mouche de fruits. Après la pose et le suivi des infestations, les pièges Biofeed se sont révélés efficaces en réduisant sur le plan national les dégâts des mouches de fruits de 73,60% tandis que les pièges M3 n’ont entrainé qu’une réductionde 39,94%. Les vergers ayant bénéficiés de ces pièges ont connu des taux d’infestations faibles promettant une bonne récolte. L’incubation des mangues récoltées dans les vergers ont permis de recenser 4 genres de mouches de fruits (Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Zeugodacus) et Bactrocera dorsalis est l’espèce la plus abondante retrouvée sur ce fruit d’importance économique. Mots clés : Mouches de fruit, mangue greffée, piège Biofeed, piège M3. English title: Efficacy of parapheromone traps in the protection of grafted mango orchards against fruit flies in TogoFruit flies by infesting grafted mangoes cause considerable losses and loss of profit to the various actors range from producers to consumers. To control these pests, synthetic chemical insecticides use is generally the most common and first resort solution in all regions of Togo. But this method remains dangerous for human and environmental health. The objective of this study was to test the effecacy of Biofeed trap, an alternative solution that is environmentally friendly in comparison with a trap already used in the field (M3 traps based on food bait). Three orchards of about 1 ha for the 3 treatments (Biofeed trap, M3 trap and control) were chosen in each of the five regions of Togo. The traps were installed at the premature fruit maturity at a density of 25 traps / ha and were monitored every two weeks until the final harvest by sampling the mangoes for the assessment of the infestation rate and identification of fruits fly species. After setting traps and monitoring the infestations, Biofeed traps proved effective by reducing fruit fly damage by 73.60% nationally, while M3 traps by 39.94%. The orchards that benefited from these traps had low infestation rates that promissing a good harvest. Incubation of the mangoes harvested in the orchards have allowed to identify 4 genera of fruit flies (Bactrocera, Ceratitis,Dacus, Zeugodacus) and Bactrocera dorsalis is the most abundant species found on this economically important fruit.Keywords: Fruit flies, grafted mango, Biofeed and M3 traps.
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44

Notz, E., C. Imholt, D. Reil, and J. Jacob. "Testing automated sensor traps for mammal field studies." Wildlife Research 44, no. 1 (2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16192.

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Context Live traps are regularly used in field and enclosure studies with mammals. In some scenarios, such as, for example, when the focus is on temporal patterns or to minimise the time animals are contained inside the trap for animal-ethics reasons, it can be highly useful to be alerted immediately when an individual is trapped. Aims In the present study, an automated system was trialed that is designed to automatically send a signal to a receiving device (pager, computer, mobile phone) when the body heat or movement of a trapped small mammal is registered by an infrared sensor (ERMINEA permanent monitoring system for rodent detection). Methods Sensors were attached to Ugglan multiple-capture traps and used in laboratory conditions and in semi-natural outdoor enclosures with common voles (Microtus arvalis) and bank voles (Myodes glareolus), as well as in the field with bank voles, Apodemus species and common voles. Sensor readings were compared to visual observation and trapping results. Key results In enclosure and field conditions, 100% and 98.7% of traps recorded captured animals correctly. There were no sensor signals when rodents moved along the outside or in the entrance compartment of the traps. Rodents sitting on the trap door triggered the sensor in 50% of cases when there was no bedding in the trap; however, there were no sensor signals if bedding was present. In laboratory trials, 20–70% of traps were falsely triggered by large insects (crickets), depending on ambient temperature and whether bedding was in the trap. Conclusions Generally, the system was a reliable, flexible and easy-to-handle tool to monitor live captures. To minimise false negatives (animals trapped without signal), testing sensor function in the pre-baiting phase and software adjustments are recommended. Implications The sensors are compatible with various trapping and other monitoring devices, providing the potential to be used in a wide range of applications. Their use is likely to optimise study designs, especially when temporal patterns are recorded or animals or samples need to be obtained soon after capture, and to minimise stress of trapped animals because they can be removed shortly after capture.
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Briem, Felix, Anto Dominic, Burkhard Golla, Christoph Hoffmann, Camilla Englert, Annette Herz, and Heidrun Vogt. "Explorative Data Analysis of Drosophila suzukii Trap Catches from a Seven-Year Monitoring Program in Southwest Germany." Insects 9, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040125.

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Over the last decade, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, an invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits, gradually established itself in Europe, often resulting in significant economic losses. In 2011, when D. suzukii was first described for Germany, the Julius Kühn Institut (JKI) started a monitoring program in southwest Germany to study the occurrence and activity of the fly. Capture data from late 2011–early 2018 from 100 traps were analyzed for the effect of weather and immediate habitat on trap captures at different times of the year. We identified five phases in the annual population development cycle of D. suzukii. We found that the mild winter of 2013/2014 helped the thorough establishment of D. suzukii in Germany. Habitat types in the immediate vicinity of the trap and local weather conditions had a strong influence on trap captures. Forest borders and hedges were found to provide adequate overwintering shelter for the flies. Trap captures in forests and hedges were generally higher than those of vineyards and orchards, even during the fruiting seasons. Summer capture rates were correlated with the number of heat days and precipitation. We also discuss briefly the limitations of using trap captures as representative of fly density in the field.
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46

Parsons, S., D. Hall, T. Buggey, A. Holland, and P. Verhoeve. "Improving radiation hardness in space-based Charge-Coupled Devices: an experimental validation of a new pre-fabrication modelling technique." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): P10025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/p10025.

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Abstract The soft X-ray imager (SXI) on the SMILE mission uses two large 4510x4510 back illuminated CCD370s to detect X-rays in the 0.2–2 keV range. These devices take heritage from the optical imaging PLATO mission CCD270s and have been optimised for low energy signals by including a parallel supplementary buried channel (SBC) which should reduce the volume of the charge cloud and thereby reduce the number of traps it interacts with as it is transferred through the CCD. The charge transfer performance improvement between the CCD270 and the CCD370 has been simulated using a combination of Silvaco and Matlab models to predict its characteristics pre-fabrication over a 102–105 electron signal range. Trap pumping measurements have been taken on both devices to count the number of traps present and hence calculate the mean amount of traps that exist per pixel across the range of signal levels. The trap pumping results are used to calculate a charge transfer performance improvement that shows good agreement with the simulated values, especially in the SXI science band. These results bring added confidence to the early performance modelling of the SMILE SXI instrument and is a good indicator that the simulations are accurate enough to be used to model devices with more advanced geometries such as an SBC and can be used in future CCD missions, where radiation-hardness and hence good charge transfer characteristics are key.
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Clymans, Rik, Vincent Van Kerckvoorde, Tom Thys, Patrick De Clercq, Dany Bylemans, and Tim Beliën. "Mass Trapping Drosophila suzukii, What Would It Take? A Two-Year Field Study on Trap Interference." Insects 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030240.

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The invasion of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) worldwide has disrupted existing or developing integrated pest management (IPM) programs in soft-skinned fruits. Currently, with a reliance on only broad-spectrum insecticides, there is a critical call for alternative control measures. Behavioural control is one of the pillars of IPM, and, in the present study, it is investigated whether mass trapping could be viable for D. suzukii management. By quantifying trap interference in 4 × 4 replicate trapping grids, an estimate of the attraction radius for a certain attractant and context can be obtained. Traps designed for dry trapping (no drowning solution, but a killing agent inside) and synthetic controlled released experimental lures were tested in a two-year field study. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) was included as a reference bait and trials were performed with 5, 10 and 15 m inter-trap spacings at different seasonal timings. Clear trap interference and, hence, overlapping attraction radii were observed both in spring and summer for both the synthetic lures and ACV. In early spring, ACV shows the most potential for mass trapping, however from June onwards, the experimental dry lures show equal or better results than ACV. Based on our findings, workable trap densities are deemed possible, encouraging further development of mass trapping strategies for the control of D. suzukii.
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Koffi, Kouakou Delphin, Malanno Kouakou, Kouadio Dagobert Kra, Kouadio Kra Norbert Bini, Drissa Bamba, and Ochou Germain Ochou. "Efficacité des pièges à phéromones dans la gestion de Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) et Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae), ravageurs endocarpiques du cotonnier en Côte d’Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 40 (December 31, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n40p404.

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Les chenilles de Pectinophora. gossypiella et Thaumatotibia. leucotreta font partir des principaux ravageurs du cotonnier. Elles se développent à l’intérieur des capsules et causent d’énormes pertes dans la culture de coton en réduisant la quantité et la qualité du coton graine. A cet effet, les attaques sont imprévisibles et difficile à détecter par les producteurs L’étude a été réalisée pour rechercher un modèle de piège à phéromone efficace pour la surveillance parasitaire des papillons de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta afin de détecter plus tard les périodes de pullulation pour une meilleure gestion de ces ravageurs. En effet, trois types de pièges ont été utilisés dont un piège local, un piège delta et un piège funel. Les pièges étaient placés dans des parcelles de cotonnier non traitées à la station de recherche du Centre National de Recherche Agronomique sur la culture de coton de Bouaké. La collecte des papillons capturés par les différents pièges s’est fait trois fois par semaine. Aussi une analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a été effectuée pour établir un lien entre les chenilles et les papillons capturés. Le piège local a capturé plus de papillons (1,4 papillons/semaine) que les pièges delta (0,2 papillons/semaine) et funel (0,4 papillons/semaine). De plus le piège local associé à la phéromone distribuée par la société Bio-system a été plus attractif que les autres phéromones fournies par les sociétés Rusell IPM et Amity Bio-organics. Par ailleurs, les nombres de papillons mâles capturés ne dépendent pas de ceux de chenilles présentes dans les capsules. Le type de piège local associé à la phéromone fournie par la société Bio-system est un bon modèle de piégeage utile dans la surveillance parasitaire de P.gossypiella et T. leucotreta nuisible du cotonnier. The caterpillars of Pectinophora. gossypiella and Thaumatotibia. leucotreta are among the major pests of cotton. They develop inside the bolls and cause enormous losses in the cotton crop by reducing the quantity and quality of seed cotton. To this effect, the attacks are unpredictable and difficult to detect by the producers. The study was carried out to find an efficient pheromone trap model for the parasitic surveillance of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta moths in order to detect later the outbreak periods for a better management of these pests. Indeed, three types of traps were used including a local trap, a delta trap and a funel trap. The traps were placed in untreated cotton plots at the research station of the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique sur la culture de coton in Bouaké. The collection of moths captured by the different traps was done three times a week. Also a sanitary analysis of the green bolls was carried out to establish a link between the caterpillars and the moths captured. The local trap captured more moths (1.4 moths/week) than the delta (0.2 moths/week) and funel (0.4 moths/week) traps. In addition, the local trap associated with the pheromone distributed by the company Bio-system was more attractive than the other pheromones provided by the companies Rusell IPM and Amity Bio-organics. In addition, the numbers of male moths captured were not dependent on the numbers of caterpillars present in the bolls. The type of local trap associated with the pheromone provided by Bio-system is a good trapping model useful in the pest surveillance of P.gossypiella and T. leucotreta pests of cotton.
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Marks, CA, L. Allen, F. Gigliotti, F. Busana, T. Gonzalez, M. Lindeman, and PM Fisher. "Evaluation of the tranquilliser trap device (TTD) for improving the humaneness of dingo trapping." Animal Welfare 13, no. 4 (November 2004): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600028645.

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AbstractPredation of sheep and cattle by the dingo (Canis lupus dingo) is implicated in significant stock losses throughout much of mainland Australia. Leg-hold traps are commonly used for dingo control and ways are sought to improve the humaneness of these devices. We evaluated the performance of the tranquilliser trap device (TTD) attached to Victor Soft-Catch® traps for their ability to deliver a sedative and anxiolytic drug to trapped dingoes. A trapping programme was conducted in south-west Queensland where traps were set alternatively with a TTD containing either 800 mg of diazepam (drug TTD) or a placebo (placebo TTD). All TTDs included 20 mg of the bait marker iophenoxic acid (IPA) to ascertain dosing success. Each trap was fitted with an activity-monitoring data logger that recorded time of capture and subsequent dingo activity. In 41 out of 48 (85.4%) captures the TTD was ruptured and released its contents. No elevation in serum iodine levels above I mg ml-1 resulting from the ingestion of IPA occurred in 8 out of 36 (22.2%) captures, which suggests a higher rate of dosage failure. Dingo activity was highest in both groups immediately after capture, but declined after the first hour in each. The activity of dingoes that accepted a drug TTD was significantly reduced compared to those that took the placebo. However, tooth and limb damage scores did not differ significantly between the drug and placebo group. Much of the physical trauma may have occurred within the first hour of capture when activity was intense and before drug onset in the TTD drug group. The use of TTDs containing sedative and anxiolytic drugs has the potential to reduce anxiety and distress associated with prolonged captivity, but the delivery of a lethal agent that is rapidly acting and humane may result in better welfare outcomes.
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50

Marks, CA. "Haematological and biochemical responses of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to different capture methods and shooting." Animal Welfare 19, no. 3 (August 2010): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600001603.

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AbstractThis paper sought to determine whether common haematology and blood biochemistry values might assist in determining the relative welfare outcomes arising from the capture of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) by treadle-snares, Victor Soft Catch® (VSC) #3 traps, cage traps, netting and sampling by shooting. Compared to all other capture methods and shooting, treadle-snared foxes had significantly higher mean albumin (ALB), creatine kinase (CK), red cell count (RCC), neutrophil to lymphocyte (N:L) ratio, sodium (Na), total protein (TP), white cell counts (WCC) and lower glucose (Gl). Treadle-snares were also associated with higher chloride (Cl), haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) than cage trapping and netting. Treadle-snares produced indicators of possible muscle damage, exertion and dehydration compared to cage and VSC traps. Cage trapping and netting produced lower indications of exertion, possible muscle damage and dehydration compared to both treadle-snares and VSC traps. These data do not support previous conclusions that due to similar injury scores, treadle-snares and VSC traps produced equivalent welfare outcomes. In restraining traps, injury and death sustained during capture are end-points of poor trapping welfare. Monitoring stress using physiological indicators allows the comparison of the relative potential for different capture techniques to cause pathological and pre-pathological states. As the response of physiological indicators to stress is not independent of time, accurate data on the duration of captivity and the relative intensity of struggling behaviour should be routinely collected when assessing the comparative humaneness of different trap devices.
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