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Journal articles on the topic 'Soot abatement'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Figueredo, Miguel Jose Marin, Clarissa Cocuzza, Samir Bensaid, Debora Fino, Marco Piumetti, and Nunzio Russo. "Catalytic Abatement of Volatile Organic Compounds and Soot over Manganese Oxide Catalysts." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164534.

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A set of manganese oxide catalysts was synthesized via two preparation techniques: solution combustion synthesis (Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS and Mn2O3-SCS) and sol-gel synthesis (Mn2O3-SG550 and Mn2O3-SG650). The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were studied by means of N2-physisorption at −196 °C, X-ray powder diffraction, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), soot-TPR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The high catalytic performance of the catalysts was verified in the oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) probe molecules (ethene and propene) and carbon soot in a temperature-programmed oxidation setup. The best catalytic performances in soot abatement were observed for the Mn2O3-SG550 and the Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS catalysts. The catalytic activity in VOC total oxidation was effectively correlated to the enhanced low-temperature reducibility of the catalysts and the abundant surface Oα-species. Likewise, low-temperature oxidation of soot in tight contact occurred over the Mn2O3-SG550 catalyst and was attributed to high amounts of surface Oα-species and better surface reducibility. For the soot oxidation in loose contact, the improved catalytic performance of the Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS catalyst was attributed to the beneficial effects of both the morphological structure that—like a filter—enhanced the capture of soot particles and to a probable high amount of surface acid-sites, which is characteristic of Mn3O4 catalysts.

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2

Martinovic, Ferenc, Lidia Castoldi, and Fabio Alessandro Deorsola. "Aftertreatment Technologies for Diesel Engines: An Overview of the Combined Systems." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060653.

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The abatement of the pollutants deriving from diesel engines in the vehicle sector still represents an interesting scientific and technological challenge due to increasingly limiting regulations. Meeting the stringent limits of NOx and soot emissions requires a catalytic system with great complexity, size of units, and number of units, as well as increased fuel consumption. Thus, an after-treatment device for a diesel vehicle requires the use of an integrated catalyst technology for a reduction in the individual emissions of exhaust gas. The representative technologies devoted to the reduction of NOx under lean-burn operation conditions are selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and the lean NOx trap (LNT), while soot removal is mainly performed by filters (DPF). These devices are normally used in sequence, or a combination of them has been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the individual devices. This review summarizes the current state of NOx and soot abatement strategies. The main focus of this review is on combined technologies for NOx removal (i.e., LNT–SCR) and for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, like SCR-on-Filter (SCRoF), in series LNT/DPF and SCR/DPF, and LNT/DPF and SCR/DPF hybrid systems.

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3

Fino, Debora, Nunzio Russo, Emanuele Cauda, Davide Mescia, Simone Solaro, Guido Saracco, and Vito Specchia. "Novel Approches in Oxidative Catalysis for Diesel Particulate Abatement." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 2083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2083.

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Next 2008 European legislation on diesel engines will impose the use of specific traps, placed in the car exhaust line, so as to meet very stringent particulate emission limits (0.005 g/km). This paper provides a survey of the advancement status of R&D in the field of diesel particulate traps. Special emphasis is given to the combined use of traps and catalysts for regeneration purposes via catalytic combustion of the collected soot in the traps. Issues like trap materials selection, catalyst development, catalytic vs. non-catalytic trap performance are addressed. Specific highlights of the research in catalytic materials developed at Politecnico di Torino in the framework of EU projects will also be provided. In order to enhance the soot-catalyst contact conditions, several kinds of catalysts have been developed: oxygen spillover oxide, mobile catalysts based on alkali vanadates, spinels for the combined removal of particulate and NOx, precious metals enabling the NO oxidation to NO2 followed by reaction of this latter with particulate, heavy metal oxides, alkalimetal substituted perovskites capable of delivering oxygen species. An overview of these different approaches to soot oxidation will be provided pointing the way towards possible synergetic effects in multi-component catalysts.

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4

Ciambelli, P., V. Palma, P. Russo, and S. Vaccaro. "Performances of a catalytic foam trap for soot abatement." Catalysis Today 75, no. 1-4 (July 2002): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00098-6.

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5

Peralta, M. A., M. A. Ulla, and C. A. Querini. "Diesel soot and NOx abatement: K/La2O3 catalyst stability." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 101, no. 1-2 (November 22, 2010): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.08.031.

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6

Casanova, Marzia, Sara Colussi, and Alessandro Trovarelli. "Investigation of Iron Vanadates for Simultaneous Carbon Soot Abatement and NH3-SCR." Catalysts 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8040130.

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FeVO4 and Fe0.5Er0.5VO4 were prepared and loaded over standard Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) supports based on TiO2-WO3-SiO2 (TWS) and redox active supports like CeO2 and CeZrO2 with the aim of finding a suitable formulation for simultaneous soot abatement and NH3-SCR and to understand the level of interaction between the two reactions. A suitable bi-functional material was identified in the composition FeVO4/CeZrO2 where an SCR active component is added over a redox active support, to increase carbon oxidation properties. The influence of the presence of ammonia in soot oxidation and the effect of the presence of soot on SCR reaction have been addressed. It is found that the addition of NO and NO/NH3 mixtures decreases at different levels the oxidation temperature of carbon soot, while the presence of carbon adversely affects the NH3-SCR reaction by increasing the oxidation of NH3 to NO, thus lowering the NO removal efficiency.

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7

Meloni, Eugenio, and Vincenzo Palma. "Most Recent Advances in Diesel Engine Catalytic Soot Abatement: Structured Catalysts and Alternative Approaches." Catalysts 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070745.

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Diesel engine emissions are typically composed of several hundred chemical compounds, partly present in the gas phase and partly in solid phase as particles, the so-called particulate matter or soot. The morphology of the catalyst is an important characteristic of soot particles’ abatement, since a good contact between catalyst and soot is mandatory. For practical purposes, the active species should be supported as a film on the structured carrier, in order to allow simultaneous soot filtration and combustion. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the development of structured catalysts for diesel engine catalytic soot combustion, characterized by different active species and supports, as well as by different geometric configurations (monoliths, foams, ceramic papers, or wire mesh); the most important peculiar properties are highlighted and summarized. Moreover, a critical review of the most recent advances in modeling studies is also presented in this paper. In addition, some highlights on some of the most recent alternative approaches proposed for limiting the soot emissions from diesel engines have been given, delineating feasible alternatives to the classical strategies nowadays used.

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8

Montenegro Camacho, Yeidy Sorani, Samir Bensaid, Souzana Lorentzou, Nunzio Russo, and Debora Fino. "Structured catalytic reactor for soot abatement in a reducing atmosphere." Fuel Processing Technology 167 (December 2017): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.07.031.

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9

Peralta, María A., María S. Zanuttini, María A. Ulla, and Carlos A. Querini. "Diesel soot and NOx abatement on K/La2O3 catalyst: Influence of K precursor on soot combustion." Applied Catalysis A: General 399, no. 1-2 (May 2011): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.046.

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10

Grabchenko, M., N. Mikheeva, G. Mamontov, M. Salaev, L. Liotta, and O. Vodyankina. "Ag/CeO2 Composites for Catalytic Abatement of CO, Soot and VOCs." Catalysts 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8070285.

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Nowadays catalytic technologies are widely used to purify indoor and outdoor air from harmful compounds. Recently, Ag–CeO2 composites have found various applications in catalysis due to distinctive physical-chemical properties and relatively low costs as compared to those based on other noble metals. Currently, metal–support interaction is considered the key factor that determines high catalytic performance of silver–ceria composites. Despite thorough investigations, several questions remain debating. Among such issues, there are (1) morphology and size effects of both Ag and CeO2 particles, including their defective structure, (2) chemical and charge state of silver, (3) charge transfer between silver and ceria, (4) role of oxygen vacancies, (5) reducibility of support and the catalyst on the basis thereof. In this review, we consider recent advances and trends on the role of silver–ceria interactions in catalytic performance of Ag/CeO2 composites in low-temperature CO oxidation, soot oxidation, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) abatement. Promising photo- and electrocatalytic applications of Ag/CeO2 composites are also discussed.

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11

Tuler, F. E., R. Portela, P. Ávila, J. P. Bortolozzi, E. E. Miró, and V. G. Milt. "Development of sepiolite/SiC porous catalytic filters for diesel soot abatement." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 230 (August 2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.04.026.

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12

Lisi, Luciana, Gianluca Landi, and Valeria Di Sarli. "The Issue of Soot-Catalyst Contact in Regeneration of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters: A Critical Review." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111307.

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Soot-catalyst contact represents the main critical issue for an effective regeneration of catalytic (i.e., catalyst-coated) diesel particulate filters (DPFs). Most of the literature reviews on this topic have mainly been focused on studies dealing with powdered soot-catalyst mixtures. Although the results obtained on powders surely provide significant indications, especially in terms of intrinsic activity of materials towards soot oxidation, they cannot be directly extended to DPFs due to completely different soot-catalyst contact conditions generated during filtration and subsequent regeneration. In this work, attention is devoted to catalytic DPFs and, more specifically, studies on both catalyst dispersion and soot distribution inside the filter are critically reviewed from the perspective of soot-catalyst contact optimization. The main conclusion drawn from the literature analysis is that, in order to fully exploit the potential of catalytic DPFs in soot abatement, both a widespread and homogeneous presence of catalyst in the macro-pores of the filter walls and a suitably low soot load are needed. Under optimal soot-catalyst contact conditions, the consequent decrease in the temperature required for soot oxidation to values within the temperature range of diesel exhausts suggests the passage to a continuous functioning mode for catalytic filters with simultaneous filtration and regeneration, thus overcoming the drawbacks of periodic regeneration performed in current applications.

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13

Forzatti, Pio, Fabrizio Arosio, and Cinzia Cristiani. "Structured Catalysts for Environmental and Energetical Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 2188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2188.

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The paper presents an overview of the present status and the perspectives for use of structured catalysts in the power generation, transport and environmental sectors. In particular catalytic combustion of natural gas for the production of energy in gas turbines, abatement of NOx from mobile and stationary sources under lean and stoichiometric conditions, removal of VOC from industrial effluents and soot combustion in the exhaust gases of vehicles are discussed.

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14

Meloni, E., M. Caldera, V. Palma, V. Pignatelli, and V. Gerardi. "Soot abatement from biomass boilers by means of open-cell foams filters." Renewable Energy 131 (February 2019): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.098.

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15

Bensaid, Samir, Vemuri Balakotaiah, and Dan Luss. "Simulation of NOxand soot abatement with Cu-Cha and Fe-ZSM5 catalysts." AIChE Journal 63, no. 1 (October 28, 2016): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15551.

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16

Godoy, María, Ezequiel Banús, Oihane Sanz, Mario Montes, Eduardo Miró, and Viviana Milt. "Stacked Wire Mesh Monoliths for the Simultaneous Abatement of VOCs and Diesel Soot." Catalysts 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8010016.

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17

Sudarsanam, Putla, Suresh K. Bhargava, and Benjaram M. Reddy. "Shape-controlled Nano-sized Metal Oxides for Catalytic Abatement of Diesel Soot Emissions." Current Nanomaterials 1, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405461501666151222192018.

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18

Sacco, Nicolás, Ezequiel Banús, Viviana Milt, Eduardo Miró, and Juan Pablo Bortolozzi. "Catalytic Paper Filters for Diesel Soot Abatement: Studies at Laboratory and Bench Scales." Emission Control Science and Technology 6, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40825-020-00169-9.

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19

Milt, V. G., M. L. Pissarello, E. E. Miró, and C. A. Querini. "Abatement of diesel-exhaust pollutants: NOx storage and soot combustion on K/La2O3 catalysts." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 41, no. 4 (March 2003): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(02)00175-3.

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20

Setiabudi, Agus, Michiel Makkee, and Jacob A. Moulijn. "An optimal NOx assisted abatement of diesel soot in an advanced catalytic filter design." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 42, no. 1 (April 2003): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(02)00213-8.

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21

Raimondi, A., A. Loukou, D. Fino, and D. Trimis. "Experimental analysis of soot abatement in reducing syngas for high temperature fuel cell feeding." Chemical Engineering Journal 176-177 (December 2011): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.112.

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22

Biamino, S., P. Fino, D. Fino, N. Russo, and C. Badini. "Catalyzed traps for diesel soot abatement: In situ processing and deposition of perovskite catalyst." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 61, no. 3-4 (November 2005): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.05.010.

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23

Mishra, Anupama, and R. Prasad. "Development of highly efficient double-substituted perovskite catalysts for abatement of diesel soot emissions." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 17, no. 8 (May 28, 2015): 2337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0976-z.

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24

Vernikovskaya, N. V., T. L. Pavlova, V. V. Mokrinskii, D. Yu Murzin, N. A. Chumakova, and A. S. Noskov. "Soot particulates abatement in diesel engine exhaust by catalytic oxidation followed their trapping in filters." Chemical Engineering Journal 269 (June 2015): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.129.

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25

Yao, Peng, Jishuang He, Xue Jiang, Yi Jiao, Jianli Wang, and Yaoqiang Chen. "Factors determining gasoline soot abatement over CeO2–ZrO2-MnO catalysts under low oxygen concentration condition." Journal of the Energy Institute 93, no. 2 (April 2020): 774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2019.05.005.

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26

Castillo Marcano, S. J., S. Bensaid, F. A. Deorsola, N. Russo, and D. Fino. "Multifunctional catalyst based on BaO/Pt/CeO2 for NO2-assisted soot abatement and NOx storage." Fuel 149 (June 2015): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.063.

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27

Orihuela, Maria, Aurora Gomez-Martin, Jose Becerra-Villanueva, Javier Serrano-Reyes, Francisco Jimenez-Espadafor, and Ricardo Chacartegui. "Preliminary study on the performance of biomorphic silicon carbide as substrate for diesel particulate filters." Thermal Science 22, no. 5 (2018): 2053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci171227214o.

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This paper presents the results of a preliminary experimental study to assess the performance of biomorphic silicon carbide when used for the abatement of soot particles in the exhaust of Diesel engines. Given its optimal thermal and mechanical properties, silicon carbide is one of the most popular substrates in commercial diesel particulate filters. Biomorphic silicon carbide is known for having, be-sides, a hierarchical porous microstructure and the possibility of tailoring that microstructure through the selection of a suitable wood precursor. An experimental rig was designed and built to be integrated within an engine test bench that allowed to characterizing small lab-scale biomorphic silicon carbide filter samples. A particle counter was used to measure the particles distribution before and after the samples, while a differential pressure sensor was used to measure their pressure drop during the soot loading process. The experimental campaign yielded promising results: for the flow rate conditions that the measuring devices imposed (1 litre per minute; space velocity = 42,000 L/h), the samples showed initial efficiencies above 80%, pressure drops below 20 mbar, and a low increase in the pressure drop with the soot load which allows to reach almost 100% efficiency with an increase in pressure drop lower than 15%, when the soot load is still less than 0.01 g/L. It shows the potential of this material and the interest for advancing in more complex diesel particle filter designs based on the results of this work.

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28

Feng, Nengjie, Chong Chen, Jie Meng, Geng Liu, Fan Fang, Jing Ding, Lei Wang, Hui Wan, and Guofeng Guan. "Constructing a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous LaCrOδ composite oxide via cerium substitution for enhanced soot abatement." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 11 (2017): 2204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00253j.

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The addition of Ce into Cr-based perovskite restrained the growth of the crystal size and delayed the transformation from LaCrO₄ to LaCrO₃, and thus, the 3DOM structure was maintained even after calcination at 800 °C.

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29

Dhal, Ganesh Chandra, Subhashish Dey, Devendra Mohan, and Ram Prasad. "Simultaneous abatement of diesel soot and NOX emissions by effective catalysts at low temperature: An overview." Catalysis Reviews 60, no. 3 (April 12, 2018): 437–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01614940.2018.1457831.

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30

Mescia, D., J. C. Caroca, N. Russo, N. Labhsetwar, D. Fino, G. Saracco, and V. Specchia. "Towards a single brick solution for the abatement of NOx and soot from diesel engine exhausts." Catalysis Today 137, no. 2-4 (September 2008): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.11.010.

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31

Neha, Ram Prasad, and Satya Vir Singh. "Catalytic abatement of CO, HCs and soot emissions over spinel-based catalysts from diesel engines: An overview." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8, no. 2 (April 2020): 103627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103627.

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32

Matarrese, R., L. Castoldi, N. Artioli, E. Finocchio, G. Busca, and L. Lietti. "On the activity and stability of Pt-K/Al2O3 LNT catalysts for diesel soot and NOx abatement." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 144 (January 2014): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.08.012.

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33

Rosen, Christine. "Differing Perceptions of the Value of Pollution Abatement across Time and Place: Balancing Doctrine in Pollution Nuisance Law, 1840–1906." Law and History Review 11, no. 2 (1993): 303–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743617.

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The business development that took place during the nineteenth century fouled America's waters. It also caused smoke, soot, stenches, noise, jarring vibrations, solid wastes and other forms of industrial pollution. These problems drove people to the courts for injunctive relief. Their suits raised a dilemma of fundamental importance to all industrialized societies: how best to reconcile the often conflicting goals of environmental quality and business growth.This article looks at how nineteenth-century American judges grappled with this quandary by examining their use of balancing doctrine in pollution nuisance cases.

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34

Castoldi, Lidia. "An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163551.

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Vehicular pollution has become a major problem in urban areas due to the exponential increase in the number of automobiles. Typical exhaust emissions, which include nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and particulate matter (PM), doubtless have important negative effects on the environment and human health, including cardiovascular effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks, and respiratory effects such as asthma attacks and bronchitis. The mitigation measures comprise either the use of clean alternative fuels or the use of innovative technologies. Several existing emission control technologies have proven effective at controlling emissions individually, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and lean NOx trap (LNT) to reduce NOx and diesel particulate filter (DPF) specifically for PM abatement. These after-treatment devices are the most profitable means to reduce exhaust emissions to acceptable limits (EURO VI norms) with very little or no impact on the engine performances. Additionally, the relative lack of physical space in which to install emissions-control equipment is a key challenge for cars, especially those of small size. For this reason, to reduce both volume and cost of the after-treatment devices integrated catalytic systems (e.g., a sort of a “single brick”) have been proposed, reducing both NOx and PM simultaneously. This review will summarize the currently reported materials for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, with particular attention to their nature, properties, and performances.

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35

He, Fengshuo, Xiumin Yu, Yaodong Du, Zhen Shang, Zezhou Guo, Guanting Li, and Decheng Li. "Inner Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction Strategy for Nitrogen Oxides Abatement: Investigation of Ammonia Aqueous Solution Direct Injection with an SI Engine Model." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 2742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142742.

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This study contributes to a method based on an aqueous solution of ammonia direct injection for NOx emissions control from internal combustion engines. Many previously published studies about deNOx technology are based on selective catalytic reduction (SCR), but only few deal with inner selective non-catalytic reduction (inner SNCR) technology, which is an intensive improvement of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) applied in the in-cylinder purification procedure. Before numerical calculations were carried out, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation model was validated with steady-state experimental results. The main results revealed that with the increasing concentration of aqueous solution of ammonia, nitrogen oxides gradually decrease, and the largest decline of NOx is 65.1% with little loss of cylinder peak pressure. Unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) may increase using inner SNCR, and soot emissions show a decreased tendency. However, there is little change when ammonia content varies. Ulteriorly, refining the direct injection phase is of great help to inner SNCR technology to enhance the reduction of NOx and reduce NH3 oxidation and NH3 slipping.

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36

Bisetti, Fabrizio, Antonio Attili, and Heinz Pitsch. "Advancing predictive models for particulate formation in turbulent flames via massively parallel direct numerical simulations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2022 (August 13, 2014): 20130324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0324.

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Combustion of fossil fuels is likely to continue for the near future due to the growing trends in energy consumption worldwide. The increase in efficiency and the reduction of pollutant emissions from combustion devices are pivotal to achieving meaningful levels of carbon abatement as part of the ongoing climate change efforts. Computational fluid dynamics featuring adequate combustion models will play an increasingly important role in the design of more efficient and cleaner industrial burners, internal combustion engines, and combustors for stationary power generation and aircraft propulsion. Today, turbulent combustion modelling is hindered severely by the lack of data that are accurate and sufficiently complete to assess and remedy model deficiencies effectively. In particular, the formation of pollutants is a complex, nonlinear and multi-scale process characterized by the interaction of molecular and turbulent mixing with a multitude of chemical reactions with disparate time scales. The use of direct numerical simulation (DNS) featuring a state of the art description of the underlying chemistry and physical processes has contributed greatly to combustion model development in recent years. In this paper, the analysis of the intricate evolution of soot formation in turbulent flames demonstrates how DNS databases are used to illuminate relevant physico-chemical mechanisms and to identify modelling needs.

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37

Corro, Grisel, Juan Angel Flores, Francisco Pacheco-Aguirre, Umapada Pal, Fortino Bañuelos, Rosalía Torralba, and Octavio Olivares-Xometl. "Effect of the Electronic State of Cu, Ag, and Au on Diesel Soot Abatement: Performance of Cu/ZnO, Ag/ZnO, and Au/ZnO Catalysts." ACS Omega 4, no. 3 (March 25, 2019): 5795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b03142.

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38

Rose, Amy Tal, Lance Sherry, and Donglian Sun. "Methodology and Case Study for Validation of Aircraft-Induced Clouds from Hyperspectral Imagery." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081257.

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Aircraft-Induced Clouds (AICs), colloquially called contrails, form from the emission of soot from jet engines during cruise flight in favorable atmospheric conditions. AICs absorb, scatter, and reflect shortwave and longwave radiation. This radiative transfer has a cooling effect during the day; however, the night experiences an overwhelming warming effect, which leads to an overall warming effect on Earth, contributing to anthropogenically propelled climate change. Reducing AICs significantly mitigates aviation’s contribution to climate change by reducing the disruption in Earth’s radiation budget. Researchers have proposed AIC Abatement Programs (AAPs) to increase cruise flight levels without additional fuel burn. In order to effectively implement AAPs, it is crucial to be able to accurately identify AICs from publicly available aerial and satellite imagery. This study aims at the identification of AICs from hyperspectral imagery to help the effective implementation of an AAP and to mitigate climate change. This paper describes a method for the hyperspectral analysis of aerial images in order to accurately identify AICs through a case study based in West Virginia. The results show that both the Adaptive Coherence Estimator and the Matched Filter algorithms based on unique in-scene spectra were successful in the isolation of the AICs from other cloud types and the background. It is found that AICs can be identified with 84% confidence in this case study. The method, a case study, and future works are provided.

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39

Mehsein, K., G. Delahay, N. Villain, and N. Moral. "Comparison of Vehicle Aged SCR Catalyst on a Particulate Filter (SCRF) with Oven Aged Equivalent." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 6918–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.07.0519.

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To meet forthcoming Euro 6 Diesel engines NOx emissions legislation; highly efficient after-treatment systems are required. The use of urea or ammonia SCR is a well-established solution for high NOx abatement for diesel engines. The combination of a Cu-Zeolite SCR catalyst and a diesel particulate filter has been widely investigated in recent years to respond to the European NOx emissions regulations especially for those on light-duty vehicles. The after-treatment systems are preferred to be durable during the entirety of vehicle use. Indeed, the SCRF system must withstand the temperature resulting from the active regeneration of the particulate filter continuously. A 160,000 km vehicle aged SCRF catalyst which has endured more than 91 hours at temperatures superior to 600°C during the regeneration of the particulate filter was compared to an SCRF catalyst aged in the laboratory oven for 16 hours at 800°C with 10% H2O. The vehicle aged SCR has not only been exposed to the hydrothermal ageing generated by the diesel particulate regeneration but also has seen chemical elements from urea decomposition, soot accumulation, engine oil and fuel residues. In this paper, deeper comprehension of the behaviour the SCRF catalyst during vehicle ageing was exposed. It is evident that the loss of NOx activity is not only due to the regeneration of the particulate filter but also to the possible contamination from the urea injection and the elements present in the diesel fuel and engine oil. XRF results demonstrate that the concentrations of poisoning elements coming from the engine oil or fuel are concentrated mainly at the outlet of vehicle aged SCRF catalyst. Also, results reveal that the poisoning elements have affected the SCR activity of the vehicle aged SCRF catalyst. Finally, it was possible to establish a correlation between a 160,000 km vehicle aged SCRF catalyst and an equivalent SCRF aged for 16 hours at 800°C.

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Krecl, P., A. C. Targino, and C. Johansson. "Spatiotemporal distribution of light-absorbing carbon and its relationship to other atmospheric pollutants in Stockholm." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 29, 2011): 13279–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-13279-2011.

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Abstract. Carbon-containing particles have deleterious effects on both Earth's climate and human health. In Europe, the main sources of light-absorbing carbon (LAC) emissions are the transport (67%) and residential (25%) sectors. Information on the spatiotemporal variability of LAC particles in urban areas is relevant for air quality management and to better diagnose the population exposure to these particles. This study reports on results of an intensive field campaign conducted at four sites (two kerbside stations, one urban background site and a rural station) in Stockholm, Sweden, during the spring 2006. Light-absorbing carbon mass concentrations (MLAC) were measured with custom-built Particle Soot Absorption Photometers (PSAP). The spatiotemporal variability of MLAC concentrations was explored by examining correlation coefficients (R), coefficients of divergence (COD), and diurnal patterns at all sites. Simultaneous measurements of NOx, PM10, PM2.5, and meteorological variables were also carried out at the same locations to help characterize the LAC emission sources. Hourly mean and standard deviation MLAC concentrations ranged from 0.36 (rural) to 5.39 μg m−3 (street canyon) and from 0.50 to 3.60 μg m−3, respectively. Concentrations of LAC between urban sites were poorly correlated even for daily averages (R<0.70), combined with highly heterogeneously distributed concentrations (COD>0.30) even at spatial scales of few kilometers. This high variability is connected to the distribution of emission sources and processes contributing to the LAC fraction at these sites. At urban sites, MLAC tracked NOx levels and traffic density well and mean MLAC/PM2.5 ratios were larger (26–38%) than at the background sites (4–10%). The results suggest that vehicle exhaust emissions are the main responsible for the high MLAC concentrations found at the urban locations whereas long-range transport (LRT) episodes of combustion-derived particles can generate a strong increase of levels at background sites. To decrease pollution levels at kerbside and urban background locations in Stockholm, we recommend abatement strategies that target reductions of vehicle exhaust emissions, which are the main contributors to MLAC and NOx concentrations.

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Krecl, P., A. C. Targino, and C. Johansson. "Spatiotemporal distribution of light-absorbing carbon and its relationship to other atmospheric pollutants in Stockholm." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 22 (November 21, 2011): 11553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11553-2011.

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Abstract. Carbon-containing particles have deleterious effects on both Earth's climate and human health. In Europe, the main sources of light-absorbing carbon (LAC) emissions are the transport (67%) and residential (25%) sectors. Information on the spatiotemporal variability of LAC particles in urban areas is relevant for air quality management and to better diagnose the population exposure to these particles. This study reports on results of an intensive field campaign conducted at four sites (two kerbside stations, one urban background site and a rural station) in Stockholm, Sweden, during the spring 2006. Light-absorbing carbon mass (MLAC) concentrations were measured with custom-built Particle Soot Absorption Photometers (PSAP). The spatiotemporal variability of MLAC concentrations was explored by examining correlation coefficients (R), coefficients of divergence (COD), and diurnal patterns at all sites. Simultaneous measurements of NOx, PM10, PM2.5, and meteorological variables were also carried out at the same locations to help characterize the LAC emission sources. Hourly mean (± standard deviation) MLAC concentrations ranged from 0.36±0.50 at the rural site to 5.39±3.60 μg m−3 at the street canyon site. Concentrations of LAC between urban sites were poorly correlated even for daily averages (R<0.70), combined with highly heterogeneously distributed concentrations (COD>0.30) even at spatial scales of few kilometers. This high variability is connected to the distribution of emission sources and processes contributing to the LAC fraction at these sites. At urban sites, MLAC tracked NOx levels and traffic density well and mean MLAC/PM2.5 ratios were larger (26–38%) than at the background sites (4–10%). The results suggest that vehicle exhaust emissions are the main responsible for the high MLAC concentrations found at the urban locations whereas long-range transport (LRT) episodes of combustion-derived particles can generate a strong increase of levels at background sites. To decrease pollution levels at kerbside and urban background locations in Stockholm, we recommend abatement strategies that target reductions of vehicle exhaust emissions, which are the main contributors to MLAC and NOx concentrations.

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Pochwat, Kida, Ziembowicz, and Koszelnik. "Odours in Sewerage—A Description of Emissions and of Technical Abatement Measures." Environments 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6080089.

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Malodorous compounds arise at practically every stage of wastewater management, starting from the sewer network, via the technological sewage-treatment system, through to the sludge-management stage. The formation of hydrogen sulphide is a significant problem even while sewage remains in sewers, as anaerobic conditions prevalent in the network are conducive to wastewater putrefaction, and therefore contribute to increased malodorous emissions. The development of such anaerobic conditions is favoured by the oversizing of conduits or designs that feature inadequate gradients, causing wastewater in the network to stagnate. Where emissions to the air from wastewater occur, they are found to constitute a complex mixture of perhaps even 1000 different substances, produced under varying process conditions. Among those present are compounds of sulphur and nitrogen, chlorinated compounds, and other organics. In Poland, the issue of odour annoyance has not yet been subject to standardisation in either legal or methodological terms. Indeed, as only 11 EU Member States have regulations in place regarding air-quality standards, it is likely that such a law will soon be developed to try and resolve problems with odour annoyance, including those originating in the systems dealing with wastewater. This denotes a need to develop methods of counteracting the formation of odours, and those of a chemical nature are regarded as among the most effective, hence their growing popularity. They also abide by green-technology principles. Against that background, this article seeks to consider the process by which malodorous substances arise in sewer and wastewater-treatment systems, as well as to discuss methods of odour abatement. The work also presents the current legal regulations of relevance to the issue.

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Vidovich, Robin R., Darell E. Heiselman, and Debbie Hudock. "Treatment of Urokinase-Related Anaphylactoid Reaction with Intravenous Famotidine." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 6 (June 1992): 782–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600608.

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OBJECTIVE: We describe our experience with an anaphylactoid reaction to urokinase and the treatment used. We also discuss the use of histamine H1- and H2-blockers in combination for the treatment of allergic anaphylactoid reactions. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Observation of a patient who had a pulmonary embolism. INTERVENTION: During the use of urokinase, in treatment of a pulmonary embolism, the patient developed an anaphylactoid reaction that did not respond to diphenhydramine or hydrocortisone. Famotidine was administered. RESULTS: Abatement of urticaria and normalization of vital signs were obtained soon after famotidine was given. Completion of thrombolysis took place. CONCLUSIONS: Further investigation of the use of H1- and H2-blocking agents in the presence of anaphylactoid reactions to thrombolytic agents should be performed. Consideration of intravenous famotidine for the treatment of anaphylactoid-type reactions to urokinase is suggested.

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Benegiamo, Marco, Paolo Carlucci, Vincenzo Mulone, and Andrea Valletta. "Analysis of the integration of the three-way catalyst thermal management in the on-line supervisory control strategy of a gasoline full hybrid vehicle." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019706008.

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Full hybrid electric vehicles have proven to be a midterm viable solution to fulfil stricter regulations, such as those regarding carbon dioxide abatement. Although fuel economy directly benefits from hybridization, the use of the electric machine for propulsion may hinder an appropriate warming of the aftertreatment system, whose temperature is directly related to the emissions conversion efficiency. The present work evaluates the efficacy of a supervisory energy management strategy based on Equivalent Minimization Consumption Strategy (ECMS) which incorporates a temperature-based control for the thermal management of the Three-Way Catalyst (TWC). The impact of using only the midspan temperature of TWC is compared against the case where temperature at three different sampling points along the TWC length are used. Moreover, a penalty term based on TWC temperature has been introduced in the cost functional of the ECMS to allow the control of the TWC temperature operating window. In fact, beyond a certain threshold, the increase of the engine load, requested to speed up TWC warming, does not translate into a better catalyst efficiency, because the TWC gets close to its highest conversion rate. A gasoline P2 parallel full hybrid powertrain has been considered as test case. Results show that the effects of the different calibrations strategies are negligible on the TWC thermal management, as they do not provide any improvements in the fuel economy nor in the emissions abatement of the hybrid powertrain. This effect can be explained by the fact that the charge sustaining condition has a greater weight on the energy management strategy than the effects deriving from the addition of the soft constraints to control the TWC thermal management. These results hence encourage the use of simple setups to deal with the control of the TWC in supervisory control strategies for full hybrid electric vehicles.

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Sani, Gabriele, Giovanni Manfredi, Isabella Pacchiarotti, Saverio Simone Caltagirone, Iginia Mancinelli, Alexia E. Koukopoulos, Caterina Tatarelli, Giorgio D. Kotzalidis, Roberto Tatarelli, and Paolo Girardi. "A Case of Resolution of an Acute Psychotic Episode After High Fever." CNS Spectrums 12, no. 6 (June 2007): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900015327.

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ABSTRACTFever (pyretotherapy) was used for psychosis during the turn of the 19th century, but pyretotherapy (ie, the treatment of a disorder by inducing fever) fell out of use after the introduction of convulsive methods. Here, we report on a case of schizoaffective disorder and review classical and recent literature on fever and psychosis. The patient developed auditory hallucinations, persecutory delusional ideas, and was terrified soon upon his arrival in a foreign country. After being treated for 12 days with olanzapine and haloperidol, he developed a fever due to urinary infection; his creatine phosphokinase levels were high, prompting the suspension of antipsychotics. Psychotic symptom resolution followed immediately fever abatement. Antipsychotics were reintroduced at lower dosages. He was discharged asymptomatic with a prescription of olanzapine 15 mg/day and haloperidol 3 mg/day. The time course of symptom resolution in this patient suggests that fever had a beneficial role in this case. The associations between body temperature changes and psychotic symptoms need to be further studied.

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Jeong, Jeongho. "Subjective responses between real impact sound and rubber ball im-pact sound." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 3795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2523.

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By the recent COVID-19 situation, people stay more time in their home and abatements on noise between neighbouring units are increasing. Heavy/soft impact sound is one of the major noise sources in high-rise apartment buildings. Standardized heavy/soft impact source is known for having the most similar physical and subjective characteristics with real impact sound such as a child running, jumping and an adult walking. The single number quantity on the rubber ball was standardized. A classification scheme for rubber ball impact sound needs to be standardized. Several studies on subjective responses were conducted on rubber ball impact sound in various situations. In this study, subjective responses on the rubber impact sound and real impact sound were compared. The subjective experiment was conducted in the listening chamber which is furnished similarly to the typical living room of Korean apartment buildings. In the experiment, rubber ball impact sounds recorded in the real apartment building and real impact sound recorded in the mock-up building were presented through a sub-woofer and multi-channel loudspeaker system. Subjective responses were collected with an 11 points SD scale.

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Capodaglio, A. G., F. Conti, L. Fortina, G. Pelosi, and G. Urbini. "Assessing the environmental impact of WWTP expansion: odour nuisance and its minimization." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0620.

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As part of the effort to provide proper wastewater disposal for the City of Milan, the expansion of the WWTP located in Peschiera Borromeo has been planned and is currently under completion. The plant, sized for a population of less than 300,000, will soon treat the wastes from the south-east areas of Milan for a total capacity of over 500,000 p.e. The paper describes the approach to find a satisfactory solution of an alleged odour problem that is slowing down the completion of the plant restructuring. This included a survey of the existing plant and analysis of its final design, identification of odour emission sources and their quantification, and the examination of different alternatives for odour abatement. These were carried out using air quality modelling techniques consisting of dynamic, continuous “puff” models capable of reproducing diffusion even at very low pollutant concentrations. Several intervention hypotheses were tested and compared with the few existing regulatory norms and guidelines for odour pollution. In all but the minimum and the no-action hypotheses, proposed actions would results in a drastic reduction of nuisance effects at the receptors. Under the strongest intervention hypothesis (the one adopted by the WWTP agency), odour impact would be virtually eliminated.

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Odunze, W. C. "ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF A GAS PLANT ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF OGBA/EGBEMA/NDONI, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA." African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v1i1.38.

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Environmental impact of oil industries has constituted great hazard. This paper therefore evaluates the impact of gas flaring in Ogba /Egbema/Ndoni on the socio –economic well-being, environment, and health status of the inhabitants and the effort by the Industry to alleviate these effects. Mitigative measures and more effective management options were recommended. The research adopted analytical and survey research design methods. The data were obtained from questionnaire, interview and personal observation. 200 copies of structured questionnaires, were administered, while 192 were retrieved. The result showed that the gas flaring of the Industry impacted negatively from environmental to health status and socio-economic well-being, through constant rise in temperature and sooth pollution which in turn affect the agricultural produce both in quality and quantity. Cough, catarrh, skin and other respiratory diseases are associated with the activities of the oil industries in the area. The degradation of the environment weakened the economic life of the people as they depend on the agricultural yield for their income. Finally, recommendation on the need for public awareness on any project and engagement on the potential benefits of the project and abatement methods of the impact to the environment. Government to draw a line between technical and political decision as to guide office holders also Community Development Commission (CDC) staff should develop project initiative to reinforce the assessment and awareness on environmental sustenance. Health facilities to be improved and resistant species be given to farmers.

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Zapf, Martin, Hermann Pengg, and Christian Weindl. "How to Comply with the Paris Agreement Temperature Goal: Global Carbon Pricing According to Carbon Budgets." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 2983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152983.

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Avoiding irreversible climate change as effectively as possible is one of the most pressing challenges of society. Carbon pricing that is uniformly valid on a global and cross-sectoral basis represents a cost-efficient policy tool to meet this challenge. Carbon pricing allows external costs to be allocated or internalized on a polluter-pays principle. It is shown that a global emissions cap-and-trade system is the most suitable market-based instrument for reducing global emissions levels, in line with the temperature goal set by the Paris Agreement. A proposal for its design is presented in this paper. This instrument encourages worldwide measures, with the lowest marginal abatement cost, according to a pre-defined reduction path. Thereby, it ensures compliance with a specified remaining carbon budget to meet a certain temperature limit in a cost-efficient manner. Possible reduction paths are presented in this paper. Weaknesses in the design of existing emissions trading systems (ETS), such as the EU ETS, are identified and avoided in the proposed instrument. The framework solves several problems of today’s climate change policies, like the free rider problem, carbon leakage, rebound effects or the green paradox. The introduction of a global uniform carbon pricing instrument and its concrete design should be the subject of policy, especially at the United Nations climate change conferences, as soon as possible in order to allow for rapid implementation. If a global ETS with a uniform carbon price could be introduced, additional governmental regulations with regard to carbon emissions would become obsolete.

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Zhao, Dongyue, Haitao Song, Jun Liu, Qiuqiao Jiang, and Xingang Li. "Advances in Designing Efficient La-Based Perovskites for the NOx Storage and Reduction Process." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060593.

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To overcome the inherent challenge of NOx reduction in the net oxidizing environment of diesel engine exhaust, the NOx storage and reduction (NSR) concept was proposed in 1995, soon developed and commercialized as a promising DeNOx technique over the past two decades. Years of practice suggest that it is a tailor-made technique for light-duty diesel vehicles, with the advantage of being space saving, cost effective, and efficient in NOx abatement; however, the over-reliance of NSR catalysts on high loadings of Pt has always been the bottleneck for its wide application. There remains fervent interest in searching for efficient, economical, and durable alternatives. To date, La-based perovskites are the most explored promising candidate, showing prominent structural and thermal stability and redox property. The perovskite-type oxide structure enables the coupling of redox and storage centers with homogeneous distribution, which maximizes the contact area for NOx spillover and contributes to efficient NOx storage and reduction. Moreover, the wide range of possible cationic substitutions in perovskite generates great flexibility, yielding various formulations with interesting features desirable for the NSR process. Herein, this review provides an overview of the features and performances of La-based perovskite in NO oxidation, NOx storage, and NOx reduction, and in this way comprehensively evaluates its potential to substitute Pt and further improve the DeNOx efficiency of the current NSR catalyst. The fundamental structure–property relationships are summarized and highlighted to instruct rational catalyst design. The critical research needs and essential aspects in catalyst design, including poisoner resistance and catalyst sustainability, are finally addressed to inspire the future development of perovskite material for practical application.

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