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1
Bushnell, Candace. Sommar i New York. Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren, 2011.
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Bushnell, Candace. Sommar i New York. Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren, 2011.
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Turull i Crexells, Isabel. Carles Riba i la llengua literària durant el franquisme. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-309-0.
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Carles Riba, one of the most relevant personalities in Catalan letters, not only as a poet but also as a linguist, has been considered a difficult writer. This book aims to examine how his theoretical preparation and his ideas in linguistics influenced his work in the particular case of some early stories in which he tries “uns utilíssims exercicis de simplicitat”. Carles Riba did not present his linguistic theories in a single text in a complete and articulated way but we can evaluate them in various papers he wrote and published up until his death in 1959. The first part of this work, after an introduction which sets the author in the context of European linguistics, is a review of the ideas that can be found in the collections of essays: Escolis i altres articles (1921), Els marges (1927), Per comprendre (1937), ... més els poemes (1957), and in a few other particularly interesting papers.This part focuses also on some of the controversies in which Carles Riba is involved as a linguist during the spanish dictatorship: especially his role on the publication of the second edition of Pompeu Fabra’s dictionary in 1954 and the consequences of the prologue he wrote for the volume. Joan Coromines considers an attack on the linguist Pompeu Fabra the negative comparison Riba proposes with the honnête homme: in our research we re-evaluate this consideration and analyse the historical and semantic value of this expression belonging to 17th-century French culture.The second part of this paper is a strictly linguistic analysis of three texts, chosen among Carles Riba’s works for children. The interest of those texts is in the author’s deliberate intent of using the most simple language, which enables us to determine what he considers the basic aspects of linguistic quality. Furthermore, the existence of different editions of those texts permits a philological analysis of those versions showing Carles Riba’s ‘simple’ language in three very representative moments, from the beginning of his career as a writer to the difficult situation during the dictatorship.
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Rey, Santiago, ed. El otro de nosotros mismos: disenso, alteridad y reconocimiento Carlos B. Gutiérrez Obras reunidas. Volumen IV. Universidad de los Andes, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30778/2020.03.
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Este cuarto volumen, que cierra el proyecto editorial de las Obras reunidas de Carlos B. Gutiérrez, nos recuerda la importancia de la alteridad, el pluralismo y el reconocimiento en la propuesta de la filosofía hermenéutica. Una filosofía del diálogo es necesariamente una filosofía de apertura al otro y a lo otro, el reconocimiento de que la experiencia humana se nutre en el encuentro con los puntos de vista y perspectivas distintas a la propia. “El otro de nosotros mismos”, aquel que según Carlos B. encontramos en el “claroscuro entre familiaridad y extrañeza”, es el protagonista de estas páginas, una figura que describe por igual al forastero y al amigo, al opositor y al aliado una mirada que nos confronta y nos obliga a cuestionar lo que somos. El lector familiarizado con los escritos hermenéuticos de Carlos B. Gutiérrez encontrará en este volumen una faceta distinta de su obra, caracterizada por una reflexión que parte de la crítica de concepto moderno de tolerancia para llegar a una novedosa concepción del reconocimiento que recoge impulsos de la hermenéutica gadameriana, del idealismo hegeliano y la deconstrucción.
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Jarin, Nijhof. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 19 Arms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0019.
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This chapter turns to the right to carry arms. The matter of whether foreign forces can carry weapons in the execution of their duties touches upon the core of State sovereignty. Governments have the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within their territory. On the other hand, the right to carry arms is essential to armed forces in order to successfully execute their mission. While the Receiving State can be deemed to have consented to such right when agreeing to a military force on its territory, matters such as the scope of the right to carry arms remain subject to agreement between the States. Force security aspects deserve some discussion as to the responsibilities of the Receiving State and Sending States. Also the legal limitations on the use of force require specific attention, as well as the rules of the Receiving State regarding the importation of arms.
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White, Stephen K. Contemporary Continental Political Thought. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0027.
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“Continental philosophy” is generally understood as a contrast term for “Anglo-American analytic philosophy.” On its face, we seem to have a distinction rooted in geography, the continent in question being Europe. What is the relationship between Continental philosophy and Continental political philosophy—more frequently called Continental political thought (CPT)? There is the common postulation that modern Western social life, despite its many achievements, carries within it a certain “malignancy.” A tool frequently used by CPT is a skepticism of Enlightenment universalism in relation to ethical and political life. Given CPT's postulation of some sort of malignancy in modern Western society, it is hardly surprising that there is usually also sustained attention given to the possibility of some transformation that will overcome or at least combat more effectively the danger or harm that malignancy carries with it.
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Camou, Antonio Adolfo Marcial, and Osmar González, eds. Revolución, exilio y democracia. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/61206.
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<i>Conversaciones con Roger Bartra, Jorge Luis Bernetti, Arnaldo Córdoba, Francisco Delich, Liliana de Riz, Julio Labastida, Ernesto Laclau, Norbert Lechner, Soledad Loaeza, Ludolfo Paramio, Juan Carlos Portantiero, Edelberto Torres-Rivas, Carlos María Vilas y Francisco Zapata.</i> Este trabajo fue iniciado hace ya varios años en México, a partir de la común vinculación académica que los coordinadores tenían por ese entonces con la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO). Por diversos avatares las entrevistas originalmente realizadas no pudieron publicarse, y debieron aguardar una ocasión más propicia. Posteriormente, se fueron incorporando otros entrevistados y el volumen comenzó a tomar su formato actual. Sin duda, somos los primeros en reconocer que esta selección de autores es una muestra parcial que no pretende colmar ningún afán exhaustivo o de representatividad regional. Es apenas un ramillete de historias parecidas y distintas a las de tantos otros, pero a través de las cuales es posible reconocer voces, modulaciones y circunstancias más o menos comunes.
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Gunning, Mark, and Chee Wah Khoo. Coronary artery perforation. Edited by Simon Redwood, Nick Curzen, and Adrian Banning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754152.003.0033.
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There are few scenarios in the cardiac catheterization laboratory quite as dramatic as a coronary artery perforation. While some instances of this mishap are subtle, others are quite dramatic. Fortunately this occurrence is rare, but carries with it a significant risk of serious adverse events. The potential for harm may be reduced by the brisk identification of the problem within the catheter laboratory, together with early implementation of treatment. A clear understanding of the mechanism, implications, and management of this complication are essential tools for the capable interventional cardiologist.
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Smith, Martin. The Cost of Treating Knowledge as a Mental State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0005.
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This chapter is concerned with the claim that knowledge is a mental state—a claim that is often presented as one of the central tenets of knowledge first epistemology. In this chapter, it is argued that this claim carries significant costs that have not been widely appreciated. It is clear that treating knowledge as a mental state leads to externalism about the mental. While externalism is a familiar view to many, it is argued that treating knowledge as a mental state leads to a version of externalism that is, in some respects, far more radical than any version previously considered.
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Jarjour, Tala. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190635251.003.0009.
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Let the melodies of the truth be made abundant.—Ephrem the Syrian Hymns on FaithFOR THE SECOND procession, a number of young men, strikingly dressed in military uniform, carry the coffin. The military uniform does not represent a modern costume for the Roman soldiers who crucified Jesus; it is a real-life daily attire for those men. Some will have been recently drafted into mandatory military service but will have obtained permission to celebrate Easter at home. They carry the coffin to earn a blessing in the form of protection from life-threatening dangers associated with being in the military. This is 2007. Urfallis say that ominous associations with military service are no longer immediate; yet “one never knows” what might happen in the army, I am told. As those men would be the first to fight should war break out, they seek the blessing of this special event when it coincides with their time in service, which is traditionally an emotionally difficult time for the young men and their families, particularly the mothers. Seeking blessing from the symbolic shrouded body of Christ in liturgical drama represents belief in the transcendence of divine blessings. While embodied in symbols of death, Christ’s blessing extends to protecting the lives of those in whose obligations death is conceivable. Less than a decade later, many a flower-covered coffin would carry the picture of a young man in military uniform, right where the shrouded cross is laid on ...
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Ziólkowski, Mariusz. The Iconography and Use of Inca and Colonial Drinking Vessels. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.50.
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Ceremonial drinking bound Inca elites to each other and to their subjects, and vessels made of precious metal, wood, and pottery communicated status differences in Inca times. These vessels are mentioned in early colonial dictionaries and chronicles because some forms, particularly the wooden quero cup, continued to be important for indigenous elite social actions after the European invasion. Colonial queros often have painted decorations, some of which carry iconographic messages that could be shared by drinking partners. These tocapu designs constitute a symbol system that articulates the changing status of Andean elites as Spanish colonial rule spread through the Andes.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. The premature newborn. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0004.
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General principles 38Parenteral nutrition 39Enteral feeding 40Developments in care for the premature newborn have lead to increasing survival (50% of infants born at 24 weeks gestation) and an increased awareness of the importance of nutrtional support. Many have difficulty tolerating enteral nutrition in the early weeks of life until gastrointestinal motility has matured. Some develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) which carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality, and may be regarded as a failure of adaptation to postnatal life. Optimum nutrition should allow adequate growth in the short term, free of metabolic and other complications, with long-term fulfilment of both genetic growth and developmental potential....
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Schiff, David. Carter vs. Poets (Round 2). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190259150.003.0012.
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Alongside the lucid, transparent instrumental works of his last years, Carter composed seven works for voice and ensemble that set poetry by the founding generation of American literary modernism: William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and e.e. cummings. Though contemporaries, these poets differed widely in their aesthetic and political stances. Carter’s settings connect with each of them in different ways. Some of these works revive the darker, more troubling explorations of Carter’s middle years. Taken as a whole though, they can be heard as a legacy project, a monument to and critique of the aesthetic ideas Carter first encountered in his teens.
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Martagon-Villamil, Jose, and Daniel J. Skiest. Clinical Syndromes and Differential Diagnosis in the HIV-Infected Patient. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0011.
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Acute HIV infection is often missed but should be recognized. Most chronically infected individuals are asymptomatic. However, some patients with chronic HIV infection may present with certain clinical and laboratory abnormalities prior to the diagnosis of an opportunistic infection. HIV wasting syndrome is infrequently diagnosed in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Recognition of HIV wasting is important because it carries adverse prognostic implications. Management includes a multifaceted approach, including ART, lifestyle and nutritional support, appetite stimulation, and possibly hormonal agents. The newer antigen–antibody test can detect new HIV infection as early as 15 days after exposure. Screening is important because most chronic HIV infection is asymptomatic.
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Adshead, Gwen. Ethical Issues in Secure Psychiatric Settings. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.8.
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In this chapter, I discuss the particular ethical challenges associated with the care of mentally disordered offenders. This chapter deals with the ethical issues that arise in secure psychiatric care, not purely correctional settings which are addressed in another chapter. I describe some of the general ethical problems in secure psychiatric settings, which (I suggest) arise from the dual roles of care and custody that mental health professionals have to carry out. I set out some fictitious case examples, and explore two complementary ways of helping both residents and staff manage these challenges: an approach using the concept of values-based practice (VBP) and an approach based on “relational security.”
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Iversen, Les. 4. Recreational drugs. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198745792.003.0004.
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‘Recreational drugs’ explores the origins, mechanisms, and criminalization of many widely used drugs. Many recreational drugs are legal including alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine, which are all widely available. Other drugs are controlled by law. Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal drug, but some people advocate its use in pain relief. Likewise, amphetamines have been used as decongestants and in treating ADHD, but its criminalization led to the development of designer drugs such as ecstasy. Heroin and cocaine are considered as harder drugs that carry many more risks to users and society. Many Western countries have strict drug laws, but there are moves in some countries to legalize or decriminalize cannabis.
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Gerken, Mikkel. Cognition and Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0009.
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Chapter 8 connects the discussion of epistemic norms of assertion to pragmatics more generally and to the pragmatics of knowledge ascriptions in particular. Some pragmatic theories and recent work in cognitive pragmatics and psycholinguistics are presented. By conjoining these accounts with the psychological considerations of Chapter 5, it is argued that knowledge ascriptions are often used as communicative heuristics, which are effective, albeit inaccurate, ways of getting complex epistemic points across. This conclusion is developed with regard to knowledge ascriptions which carry the directive force of recommending. Thus, Chapter 8 concludes Part II of the book by unifying some of its central discussions about cognitive psychology, epistemic norms, and pragmatics.
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Neal, Jocelyn R. The Twang Factor in Country Music. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199985227.003.0003.
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The term twang in instrumental and vocal contexts carries powerful associations within country and western music. Revered by some and disdained by others, twang indexes rural traditions, untrained singers, and, consequently the pride in this cultural heritage. This chapter explores the sonic properties of twang in both instruments and the human voice, the cultural implications and reception of twang, and the deemphasis on twang in Nashville’s country music scene in the 1950s. It presents a case study of two contrasting recordings by Jim Reeves (one with liberal use of twang and one without), examines the sonic character of country albums from Ray Charles and Connie Francis, and investigates the contemporary politics of twang in country music.
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Wittberg, Patricia. New and Emerging Religious Communities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878153.003.0008.
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This chapter summarizes the trends revealed in CARA’s three directories of new and emerging religious communities in the United States, compiled in 1999, 2006, and 2017. Each directory listed Catholic communities and lay movements that were in good standing in their diocese, had at least three or four members, and had been founded and headquartered in the United States since 1965. The chapter describes the wide variations in membership criteria, in spiritual traditions, in community lifestyles, and in the ministries or apostolates the members perform. Trends in membership growth/decline and the community characteristics associated with attracting new members are also covered. The chapter concludes by outlining some implications of its findings.
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Alexander, Gregory S. Community and Communities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860745.003.0003.
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The primary focus of this chapter is on communities as a social institution, though it pays some attention to the normative concern here as well. Community is both a normative and a conceptual language. In this respect, its meaning is more than the layperson’s common usage referring to just those persons who are within one’s immediate circle. One can be a member of a community in different senses, some more closely fitting the more familiar usage of the term than others. We may use the language of community in the normative sense to evaluate the obligations that we owe members of races other than our own, where special relationships exist. Such relationships may carry responsibilities to those persons.
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Herzog, Lisa. Introduction: Just financial markets? Finance in a just society. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755661.003.0001.
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The introductory chapter explains some basic mechanisms of financial markets and how they were traditionally justified by economic theory. It introduces some of the questions about financial markets that can be asked from a perspective of justice. Financial markets have often been treated as the prototype of well-functioning markets, but they deviate from textbook models in a number of ways: their products are legal artifices often at some distance from the real economy; their participants often do not carry the full risk of their behavior and instead of always tending toward an equilibrium they can develop destabilizing dynamics. The case for reform both from an economic perspective and from a perspective of justice is therefore strong. The introduction concludes by providing an overview of the chapters of the volume.
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Horta, Carmo, Silvia Sánchez Durán, José Coutinho, Berta Gil Perez, Celestino Almeida, José Sánchez Sánchez, and María Cruz García-González. Characterization of the agricultural and livestock holdings in the Spanish region of Castilla y Léon and in the Portuguese Central region. Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53681/2022.i01/01.
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The objective of this work was to characterize agricultural and livestock holdings in the regions of Castilla and León (Salamanca and Zamora) in Spain and the Centro Region in Portugal. In order to carry out this work, the available statistical databases were used, according to the themes related to the social, economic, environmental and technological structure. Thus, it was intended to deepen aspects such as the use of energy, use/treatment of agricultural wastes, soil fertilization systems, management of water resources, mobilization practices, among others, in order to have a comprehensive view of these regions as a background information to find agronomic sustainable solutions. This characterization was carried out based on the NUT III, as it offers greater availability of statistical data. In the case of Spain, the NUT III territorial base is considered to be very vast, and it was preferable to carry out this work with some data obtained from agricultural areas. However, statistical data are not available for all these areas under consideration. Even so, in some cases municipal data are presented, which are considered to be more representative. This book consists of two parts, the first describes the state of the art in the cooperation area of Castile and León and the second part in the Central Region of Portugal. The present work was supported by the Interrreg projects 0340_SYMBIOSIS_3_E and 0745_SYMBIOSIS_II_3_E. Thus, the publication is bilingual with texts written in Portuguese or Spanish.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Service planning. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0028.
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This chapter aims to guide practitioners and managers in setting up and reviewing community outreach services for people with severe mental illness from a non-technical service planning perspective. Examples of different service configurations within a comprehensive local system are given, with some observations on their relative merits and drawbacks from evaluations. Service models and structures are important for providing a framework for delivering quality care, yet from the perspective of the service user, many of these service details—integrated care, specialization, caseload size, staffing mix, ownership of beds, and degree of shared caseload—are invisible. For people with severe mental health problems, patients and carers value the principles of good community-based care, such as access, responsiveness, consistency, and continuity.
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Warwick, David. Prevention of thrombosis in orthopaedic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0006.
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♦ The risk–benefit of thromboprophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery remains unclear♦ Some conditions, such as major trauma, carry a much higher risk than others, such as routine knee replacement♦ Some patients appear to be genetically more predisposed than others♦ In trials of efficacy of thromboembolism, the use of deep vein thrombosis as a surrogate endpoint for death from a pulmonary embolus may not be completely reliable♦ There is a variety of mechanical and chemical methods available, each of which has real and potential advantages as well as real and potential dangers♦ Even the length of time that a patient is at risk after major surgery is unclear♦ Clinicians should adhere to guidelines where possible.
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Vincent, Andrew. Nationalism. Edited by Michael Freeden and Marc Stears. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0023.
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The chapter focuses on nationalism as an ideology. It reviews the largely unresolved debates over the background, genealogy, and development of nationalism, many of which oscillate between primordial, pre-modern, and modernist accounts. It scrutinizes debates over ethnicity, culture, race, self-determination, and democracy, in relation to nationalism; critically appraises the theoretical paradoxes implicit within nationalist argument; and finally turns to an overview of some of the main themes pervading nationalist discourse. These themes are viewed, in themselves, as largely vacuous. What makes them significant is the entry of other thicker ideologies (conservatism, liberalism, authoritarianism, and fascism), which carry the nationalist argument forward.
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Horvat, Christopher M., Melinda F. Hamilton, and Cameron Dezfulian. Pediatric Emergencies (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0014.
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Pediatric rapid response teams (RRTs) respond to clinical deterioration in hospitalized children. The proportion of hospitalized children with chronic comorbidities has grown in recent decades. Common reasons for pediatric RRT activation include hypoxia, seizures, altered mentation, hypotension, and cardiac arrest. In this chapter we examine the composition of pediatric RRTs and some of the unique considerations which pertain to pediatric as opposed to adult in-hospital emergencies. We will review the composition of airway and resuscitation carts, which are generally pre-stocked to permit rapid and efficient care in pediatric emergencies, and provide clinical guidance on the most common pediatric emergency scenarios.
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Iversen, Leslie. The Recreational Use of Cannabis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846848.003.0007.
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Until relatively recently, the use of cannabis has occurred largely in an underground world of illegality. In most countries, cannabis is considered a dangerous narcotic. Possession of cannabis, cultivation of the cannabis plant, or trafficking are criminal offenses, some of which can carry severe penalties. Although this is the official policy of many countries (including the United States and the United Kingdom), in practice cannabis-related offenses are treated leniently. Despite legal bans, there is a large-scale prevalence of cannabis use. Although legalization has occurred in Europe and some US states, this has not led to large increases in consumption. This chapter discusses the recreational use of cannabis, including prevalence, how it is consumed, and where it comes from. It also provides snapshots of legal cannabis use in the state of Colorado and elsewhere.
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Debus, Stephen. Birds of Prey of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486311125.
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Raptors are popular and iconic birds, and are important ecologically, with some species listed as threatened. Yet they are among the most difficult birds to identify. This fully updated Third Edition of the popular and award-winning field guide Birds of Prey of Australia contains two sections: a field guide with distribution maps, detailed illustrations and information on identification; and a handbook which includes an overview of the current knowledge about raptors, including their biology, ecology and behaviour. An illustrated section on difficult-to-distinguish species pairs is also included, along with new photographs.
Birds of Prey of Australia will appeal to a wide range of readers, including ornithologists, raptor biologists, birdwatchers, wildlife rescuers/carers, raptor rehabilitators, zookeepers, naturalists, bushwalkers, ecological consultants, fauna authorities, park rangers, state forestry personnel and students.
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Lowe, John J. Vedic Prose. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793571.003.0003.
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This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in Vedic Prose. Although the Vedic Prose corpus is larger than that of the Rigveda, there are considerably fewer transitive noun/adjective categories, and relatively few transitive forms. The most commonly transitive adjective category may show some degree of integration into the verbal system as a modal formation. Statistical analysis shows that the patterns found in Rigvedic Sanskrit largely carry over into Vedic Prose. Again, there is a clear correlation between transitivity and predication. As before, different formations and types, occurring with varying frequency as transitive, are carefully examined and exemplified, including again situation-oriented nouns.
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Ivor, Roberts, and Parry Emyr Jones. Book VIII Envoi, 36 Advice To Diplomats. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0036.
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This chapter offers some practical advice for diplomats, especially in taking advantage of the society and technology available to them in modern times. It lays out the ideal characteristics that a diplomat ought to embody in order to carry out their tasks efficiently and with respect to the institutions that they are working with. In this vein, the chapter elaborates on a classic statement on the ideal diplomat—‘the Nicolson test’. Hereafter the chapter proffers more specific advice for engaging the advantages and challenges of modern diplomacy. It looks into such topics as multilateral diplomacy, the problems of protocol and precedence, conduct in public occasions, and internal differences.
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Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Effects of antipsychotic medications on physical health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0006.
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Antipsychotic medications are a crucial part of the core platform upon which effective treatments for schizophrenia are built. While the marketed agents have established efficacy for reduction in the symptoms of schizophrenia, they all carry some side effects. Such effects differ across medications and between individuals. Prescribers need to be aware of the side effect profile of the medications they use, and ensure patients are also aware, so that a true shared decision-making model can be followed in terms of medication choice. Appreciation of long-term risk is required, with treatment choice in the short term having a view to the long term.
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Sun, Lisa, and Michael V. Johnston. Rickettsial Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0157.
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Tick-borne rickettsioses are emerging as more important health problems throughout the world. The spotted fever group including Rickettsia rickettsia can cause encephalopathy, meningitis and brain damage by selectively targeting capillary endothelial cells in the brain, and stimulating inflammation, capillary leakage, hemorrhage, and intravascular coagulation. Rickettsia are are arthropod-borne gram-negative coccobacilli bacteria and are obligate intracellular organisms that do not survive in artificial medium. In North and South America, the most common rickettsial disorder is rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF) transmitted by the dog tick Dermacentor variabilis or the wood tick Dermacentor andersoni. A characteristic “starry sky” pattern can be seen on MRI imaging of the brain in some patients with RMSF encephalopathy and is thought to reflect the organisms targeting of brain endothelial cells in capillaries the white matter. Early treatment with doxycycline is curative and reverses signs of encephalopathy if given within a few day of onset, but delayed treatment can be associated with permanent neurological disability. The typhus group of rickettsia bacteria include R. prowazekii, which causes epidemic typhus and R. typhi, which causes murine typhus (endemic) typhus in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Flying squirrels and humans carry R prowazekii and rats are carry R. typhi. Q fever caused by the rickettsia organism Coxiella burnetti is transmitted from farm animals including sheep and is seen throughout the world including the United States.
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Gazzaniga, Michael S. On Determinism and Human Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0012.
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In Chapter 12, Michael Gazzaniga tells us: “We are . . . animals with brains that carry out every . . . action automatically and outside our ability to describe how it works . . .. a soup of dispositions controlled by genetic mechanisms, some weakly and some strongly expressed.” He also tells us: “We humans have something called the interpreter, located in our left brain, that weaves a story about why we feel and act the way we do.” Gazzaniga explores the concepts of free will and moral responsibility in light of such facts, arguing that we all remain personally responsible for our actions because responsibility arises out of each person’s interaction with the social layer she is embedded in. “Responsibility is not to be found in the brain,” he concludes, rather it is “a needed consequence of more than one individual interacting with another.”
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Helfont, Samuel. The Regime and the Shi‘is in the 1990s. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843311.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses the Ba’thist regime’s policies toward Shi’is and Shi’ism in Iraq during the 1990s and early 2000s. Iraqi Shi’is attempted to guard their independence; but after a decade of harsh sticks as well as some carrots, and with no end to the regime in sight, many Shi’i leaders, including Ayatollahs and Grand Ayatollahs in Najaf, acquiesced to the regime’s policies. Even former dissidents began to work with the regime’s representatives and the security services. As such, the Ba’thists were able to penetrate and control Iraq’s Shi’i landscape. The regime had to mitigate the problems associated with rising sectarianism in the wake of the Gulf War. Whereas the regime maintained a Sunni bias in its religious policies, it spent considerable time and effort fighting sectarianism within the Ba’th Party and in Iraqi society more generally.
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Richemond-Barak, Daphné. Underground Warfare in Urban Areas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457242.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on the application of the law of armed conflict to “urban” tunnels, that is, tunnels dug near, by, or against civilians. It examines the legal ramifications of urban tunnels for anti-tunnel operations and the protection of civilians in war. It suggests some answers, with a view to reconciling the rule of law with operational constraints. It also analyzes the status of civilians who help dig tunnels or find themselves inside a tunnel at the time of a strike. Finally, it considers the situation in which preexisting underground civilian infrastructure, such as subways or sewage systems, are used to launch attacks or carry out other types of hostile activity.
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Clark, Stephen R. L. Personal Identity and Identity Disorders. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0053.
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There are people where two or more personalities seem to have independent-and sometimes mutually forgetful-control of the same bodily individual. This chapter gives a brief account of the history of the diagnosis of "Multiple Personality Disorder" or (the more recent label) "Dissociative Identity Disorder", and the conflicting judgment of therapists, lawyers, and philosophers as to whether this is a real syndrome. It is suggested that the diagnosis may be therapeutically helpful for some other disturbances, including anorexia, even if it does not carry the strong metaphysical moral that some have supposed. The cases are of interest to philosophers as they purport to represent "real -life" difficulties for standard theories of "personal identity." The chapter argues that the diagnosis (and its rejection) depend on prior assumptions about such identity, and so don't easily confirm or rebut any available theory, including more ancient theories about demonic possession.
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Reid, Geoffrey. Adjustment disorder: An occupational perspective (with particular focus on the military) (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786214.003.0011.
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Adjustment disorder is the most common psychiatric diagnosis in the armed forces, with a prevalence of 25–38% in those seen in the military psychiatric services, although PTSD has received far more attention in that setting. The military environment is characterized not just by the risk of exposure to major stressors during deployments, but also by a disciplined environment in which individuals lose some of their abilities to make choices regarding their environment or changes in their social milieu. It is also characterized by stoical attitudes that discourage displays of mental suffering. Young people, removed from the buffering effects of social support in their home environment, may not find alternative sources of confiding support readily available. Problem-solving and stress management strategies are the current main ingredients of management, and the condition carries a good prognosis for a return to work. However, there is a paucity of published research work.
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Wheat, Kay. The law relating to mental capacity and mental health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0063.
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This chapter will examine two key areas of law relating to medical treatment and care of those with mental disorder. The question of decision-making capacity is important for health care professionals, and other carers and agents dealing with older people. The law relating to this is covered by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 supplemented by previous case law where this is still relevant, and the key aspect of the law is the ability to treat people without capacity in their best interests. However, in the case of some patients, it may be necessary to use the Mental Health Act 1983. This legislation is focussed, not on the capacity of the patient, but upon the effect that a mental disorder can have upon the patient risking damage to their own well-being, or to the well-being of others. The relationship between the two areas is not always clear.
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Hughes, Julian C., and Clive Baldwin. Ethics in Relation to Caregiving and Caregivers in Mental Health. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.39.
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Ethical issues in relation to caregiving and caregivers in connection with mental health can be characterized by two themes. First, they reflect the everyday nature of informal caregiving. Secondly, because caregivers are situated in a particular context, the dilemmas that face them are particular. Thus, whilst different ethical issues can arise in the context of any mental illness, in every case there will be something unique to their nature. This chapter considers some of the ethical problems that might arise in relation to a variety of mental disorders (i.e. schizophrenia, depression, anorexia nervosa, post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol problems). These will always reflect the nature of the relationships in question. Greater attention is paid to ethical issues that arise for people with dementia. This helps to show both the variety of ethical difficulties and the situated nature of carers, who respond to difficulties in the context of dynamic relationships.
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Confino, Alon. History and Memory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0003.
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This chapter describes how memory has shaped the academic discipline of history. In the past two decades or so, ‘memory’ as a category to analyze and understand the relation of human beings to their past has become a nearly ubiquitous concept. Triggered jointly by the general crisis of representationalism and by a specific historical experience—the Holocaust—‘memory’ has replaced for some scholars a rather linear and monodimensional concept of ‘society’. Whereas in the past, memory was considered to be subjective and unreliable, it has now moved to centre-stage: it is in individual and collective memory that the past remains present in the contemporary agent. Memory, captured in methodological approaches such as oral history, also foregrounds the historical experience of ordinary people and thus carries the potential to counterbalance official, state-focused, and politically legitimate historical narratives, as well as those more broadly sanctioned by the academic enterprise.
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Dale, Elizabeth. Spelunking, or, Some Meditations on the New Presentism. Edited by Markus D. Dubber and Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.16.
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This chapter reflects on New Presentism and its implications for legal historians. The proponents of New Presentism believe that legal historians have an obligation to use their training to help society. This belief has its roots in Plato’s allegory of the cave, in book VII of The Republic. There, those who were removed from their chains and brought out of the cave into the world of light were expected to return to the darkness of the cave to teach those left behind. Education, represented in the allegory by the chance to go out of the cave into the light, brought with it responsibility to share the knowledge gained from exposure to the reality behind the shadows. However, the allegory of the cave also raises some cautions that we would do well to consider. The responsibility to return to the cave is a responsibility that carries with it serious costs.
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Woodward, Sue, and Catheryne Waterhouse, eds. Oxford Handbook of Neuroscience Nursing. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198831570.001.0001.
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The field of neuroscience nursing practice relates to a wide range of neurological disorders, many of which are progressive, deteriorating, life-changing, and life-limiting conditions affecting not only the patient but their families and carers. At the same time, the care of the patient following acute-onset injury and trauma presents different challenges in terms of support in critical care and ongoing rehabilitation. Brain damage and injury, irrespective of the causative factors, invariably can have a devastating effect on an individual’s physical, psychological, and cognitive functioning impairing their ability for self-autonomy and independence. The Oxford Handbook of Neuroscience Nursing begins to equip the practitioner with a basic knowledge of the complex needs and specialist management of this group of patients. It gives some insight into the patient’s perspective of living with a neurological condition and presents the best available evidence to inform practice and nursing care.
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Harding, Duncan. Skills toolkit 3: Wild cards. Edited by Duncan Harding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198768197.003.0016.
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This chapter considers some generic psychological strategies for dealing with unknown elements in the interview, the wild cards. The wild card allows the interviewer to see how a candidate goes about solving a problem that has not been pre-prepared, and how the journey of the problem-solving process might be more important to the interviewer than arriving at the answer. The chapter discusses facing the unknown and considers a way of reacting and adapting in the interview. It uses an exercise to develop a method to deal with a wild card in the interview, and then considers how to discover your edge in this process. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance of endings and closure after a wild card scenario.
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Mačák, Kubo. Normative Underpinnings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819868.003.0006.
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This chapter considers the normative underpinnings of the present-day regulation of combatancy. It argues that a wholesale denial of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts would be incongruous with the principles of distinction and equal application of the law. The chapter then considers specific objections against the extension of combatant status to non-state actors from the perspective of internationalized armed conflicts. It argues that although some of the objections carry certain weight in the context of traditional civil wars, their effect in internationalized armed conflicts is significantly weaker. The chapter thus shows that in principle, the availability of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts is in accordance with the normative underpinnings of International Humanitarian Law.
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Ali, Kamran Asdar. Afterword II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656546.003.0013.
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The second afterword to the book by Kamran Asdar Ali returns us to the city, and to the lives of Karachi’s working women and working classes. He draws on women’s poems, diaries, and memoirs to capture some more ephemeral qualities of everyday living and dying. These contrast with the violent suppression of an underclass of trade unionists and labor activists by a coalition of the state, military courts and industrialists, since the fifties. Given the long, progressive erosion of peace in Karachi how, he asks, might we imagine a therapeutic process of social, economic and cultural healing? Through an image of citizens “at work” creating citywide networks and connections, we are offered finally some possibilities of dreaming. Namely, through increased understandings, not of conflict, but also of each other’s intimate everyday lives, the dream emerges of a new political space or public where even intractable disagreements can be managed through gestures of kindness, compromise, and fresh vocabularies of how to carry on and get by.
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Puntis, John. Formula and complementary feeding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0005.
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Some mothers are unable, or choose not, to breastfeed; bottle-feeding carries certain risks that can be minimized by following simple rules. Formula must satisfy all the nutritional needs of an infant and recommendations for the composition of infant formula have been adopted in the Codex Alimentarius. The two main types of formula differ in protein composition (whey or casein predominant). Follow-on formula are designed for infants from 6–12 months of age. Soy protein is an alternative to cow milk protein, but because of its high phytoestrogen content, should not be used before 6 months. Unmodified cow’s milk as the main drink before 12 months of age is associated with iron deficiency. ‘Complementary feeding’ embraces all solid and liquid feeds other than breast milk and infant formula. There is considerable international variation in practice with regard to introduction of complementary feeds, but in general this should not be before 17 weeks, and not after 26 weeks.
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Jalan, Rajiv, and Banwari Agarwal. Extracorporeal liver support devices in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0198.
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Liver failure is common and carries high morbidity and mortality. Liver transplantation (LT) is the only definitive treatment available performed as an emergency in acute liver failure and electively for chronic liver disease. In the last 50 years, a number of extracorporeal liver support devices and modifications have emerged , some of them purely mechanical in nature aimed at detoxification, while others are cell based systems possessing bio-transformational capability. Mechanical devices are mainly based on albumin dialysis, albumin being a key transporter protein that is severely deficient and irreversibly destroyed in liver diseases. Despite a sound scientific rationale and good safety profile, none of the currently available devices have shown enough promise to be incorporated in routine clinical practice, their use being limited to specific clinical situations. This chapter describes currently available devices, their operational characteristics, current evidence of their utility and limitation, and the future developments in the field of extracorporeal liver support.
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Sampson, Elizabeth, and Karen Harrison Dening. Palliative care and end of life care. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0028.
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Our ageing population and changes in cause of death, mean that increasing number of people will die in old age. Older people have, in many countries, had poor access to good quality end of life care. Many will develop multiple co-morbidities associated with age; dementia, mental health problems and general frailty. Palliative care is an approach which aims to relieve suffering and take account of a person’s physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs as they near the end of life. Advanced dementia is now being perceived as a “terminal illness”. Interventions such as antibiotics and enteral tube feeding remain in use despite little evidence that they improve quality of life or other outcomes. A person-centred approach from a multidisciplinary team is vital in providing good quality end of life care in a range of settings The acknowledgement of anticipatory grief and provision of bereavement support are vital for some family carers.
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Sorell, Tom, and John Guelke. Liberal Democratic Regulation and Technological Advance. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.5.
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This chapter considers an array of new technologies developed for bulk collection and data analysis that are sometimes connected by critics with mass surveillance. While the use of such technologies can be compatible with democratic principles, the NSA’s system of bulk collection has been likened to that practised by the Stasi in the former German Democratic Republic. Drawing on Pettit’s concept of domination, we dispute the comparison, conceding nevertheless that bulk collection carries risks of intrusion, error, and damage to trust. Allowing that some surveillance is bound to be secret, we insist that secrecy must be limited, and subject to democratic oversight. Even if NSA-type surveillance is not a modern reincarnation of Stasi oppression failures of oversight make it objectionable from the perspective of democratic theory. More generally, surveillance technologies interfere with individual autonomy, which liberal democratic states are committed to protecting, whether the agent making use of them is a state or private company.
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Wade, Nicholas J. Hidden Images. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0113.
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It is relatively easy to hide pictorial images, but this is of little value if they remain hidden. Presenting hidden images for visual purposes is a modern preoccupation, and some of the perceptual processes involved in them are described in this chapter. Pictorial images can be concealed in terms of detection or recognition. In both cases there is interplay between the global features of the concealed image and the local elements that carry it. Gestalt grouping principles can hinder as well as help recognition. Examples of images (mostly faces) hidden in geometrical designs and text as well as orientation are shown. Rather than being pictorial puzzles alone, hidden images can reveal aspects of visual processing. This chapter explores these concepts and related ideas such as perceptual portraits and pictorial puzzles.