Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Somme des degrés'
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Zhou, Shan. "Cycles et facteurs dans les graphes." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112055.
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Un sous-graphe F d’un graphe G est un facteur de G si F est un graphe partiel. Un graphe F, décrit en termes de ses degrés, est appelé degré-facteur. Par exemple, le problème du cycle Hamiltonien peut être vu comme la recherche d’un 2-facteur connexe. D’autre part, si le facteur est décrit par d’autres concepts de graphes, il est appelé composante-facteur. Par exemple , si chaque composante de F est une chaine, alors F est appelé chaine-facteur, et si chaque composante de F est un cycle ou une arête, on dit que F est un 2-couplage parfait. La première partie de cette thèse étudie différentes sortes de cycles dans les graphes. Nous avons obtenu quelques résultats nouveaux sur les cycles et les chaines. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est une caractérisation des graphes qui ont une couverture par des chaines disjoints. Nous obtenons des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour la couverture d’un graphe par les chaines disjoints. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à une étude des graphes minimaux ayant une couverture par des 2-couplages parfaits. Nous donnons une nouvelle preuve du théorème obtenu par Berge. Et d’autres propriétés sont aussi obtenuesA subgraph F of a graph G, is a factor of G if is a spanning subgraph of G. A factor F described in terms of its degrees will be called a degree factor. For example, the Hamilton cycle can be viewed as the search for a connected factor in which the degree of each vertex is exactly two. On the other hand, if the factor is described via some other graphical concept, it is called a component factor. For example, if each component of the factor F is a path, F is a component factor, called path factor. While if each component of F is either a cycle or an edge, F is also a component factor, called perfect 2-matching. The first part of the thesis studies different kinds of cycles in graphs. We have obtained some new results on cycles and paths. The second part of this thesis is a characterization of path factor covered graph. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for path factor covered graph. The last part of the thesis is devoted to an investigation of minimal 2-matching covered graph. We give a new proof of the theorem obtained by Berge, and we use this theorem to obtained some properties of minimal 2-matching covered graph
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Arroyave-Tobón, Santiago. "Polyhedral models reduction in geometric tolerance analysis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0720/document.
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L’analyse de tolérances par des ensembles de contraintes repose sur la détermination de l’accumulation de variations géométriques par des sommes et intersections d’ensembles opérandes 6d. Les degrés de liberté des liaisons et les degrés d’invariance des surfaces génèrent des opérandes non-bornés (polyèdres), posant des problèmes de simulation. En 2014, L. Homria proposé une méthode pour résoudre ce problème, consistant à ajouter des limites artificielles(contraintes bouchon) sur les déplacements non-bornés. Même si cette méthode permet la manipulation d’objets bornés (polytopes), les contraintes bouchon augmentent la complexité des simulations. En réponse à cette difficulté, une méthode dérivée est proposée dans cette thèse.Cette méthode consiste à tracer et simplifier les contraintes bouchon au travers des opérations.Puis une seconde stratégie basée sur la décomposition d’un polyèdre en une somme d’un polytope et de lignes droites (associées aux déplacements non-bornés). Cette stratégie consiste à simuler d’une part les sommes de droites, et d’autre part, à déterminer la somme de polytopes dans un sous-espace de dimension inférieur à 6. Ces trois stratégies sont comparées au travers d’une application industrielle. Cela montre que la traçabilité des contraintes bouchons est un aspect fondamental pour contrôler leur propagation et pour réduire le temps de calcul des simulations. Toutefois, cette méthode exige encore de déterminer les limites des déplacements non-bornés. La deuxième méthode, adaptant systématiquement la dimension de l’espace de calcul, elle permet de diminuer davantage le temps de calcul. Ce travail permet d’envisager la mise en oeuvre de cette méthode selon des formulations statistiques avec la prise en compte des défauts de forme des surfacesThe cumulative stack-up of geometric variations in mechanical systems can be modelled summing and intersecting sets of constraints. These constraints derive from tolerance zones or from contact restrictions between parts. The degrees of freedom (DOF) of jointsgenerate unbounded sets (i.e. polyhedra) which are difficult to deal with. L. Homri presented in 2014 a solution based on the setting of fictitious limits (called cap constraints) to each DOFto obtain bounded 6D sets (i.e. polytopes). These additional constraints, however, increase the complexity of the models, and therefore, of the computations. In response to this situation,we defined a derived strategy to control the effects of the propagation of the fictitious limits by tracing and simplifying the generated, new cap constraints. We proposed a second strategy based on the decomposition of polyhedra into the sum of a polytope and a set of straight lines.The strategy consists in isolating the straight lines (associated to the DOF) and summing the polytopes in the smallest sub-space. After solving an industrial case, we concluded that tracing caps constraints during the operations allows reducing the models complexity and,consequently, the computational time; however, it still involves working in 6d even in caseswhere this is not necessary. In contrast, the strategy based on the operands decompositionis more efficient due to the dimension reduction. This study allowed us to conclude that the management of mechanisms’ mobility is a crucial aspect in tolerance simulations. The gain on efficiency resulting from the developed strategies opens up the possibility for doing statistical treatment of tolerances and tolerance synthesis
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Dai, Tianjiao. "Some vertex colouring problems and a generalisation of Hamilton-connectivity in graphs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG067.
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La décomposition des graphes fait référence au processus de décomposer un graphe complexe en composantes plus simples et plus petites, souvent dans le but d'analyser ou de résoudre des problèmes liés au graphe. Il s'agit d'un outil important pour représenter la structure globale et les propriétés d'une manière plus détaillée. Il est aussi également utile pour résoudre des problèmes impliquant la recherche de structures spécifiques dans un graphe. Il existe plusieurs types courants de techniques de décomposition de graphe largement utilisées en théorie des graphes et dans des domaines connexes, notamment la décomposition en arbres, la décomposition en blocs, la décomposition modulaire, la décomposition hiérarchique, etc. Cette thèse étudie deux types de décomposition de sommets d'un graphe : les colorations propres (décomposition en ensembles indépendants) et la Hamilton-connectivité (décomposition en chemins internement disjoints entre deux ensembles où les chemins couvrent tous les sommets du graphe)The decomposition of graphs refers to the process of breaking down a complex graph into simpler, smaller components, often with the goal of analysing or solving problems related to the graph. It is an important tool to display the global structure and properties in a more fine-grained manner, and also useful in solving problems that involve finding specific structures in a graph. There are several common types of graph decomposition techniques that are widely used in graph theory and related fields, including tree decomposition, block decomposition, modular decomposition, hierarchical decomposition, etc. This thesis studies two kinds of vertex decomposition of a graph: proper colourings (decomposition into independent sets) and Hamilton-connectivity (decomposition into internally-disjoint paths between two sets where the paths cover all the vertices of graphs)
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Macé, Olivier. "Sommes de trois carrés en deux variables et représentation de bas degré pour le niveau des courbes réelles." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006239.
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Dans l'esprit du théorème de Cassels, Ellison et Pfister qui démontre que le polynôme de Motzkin est une somme de 4 carrés et pas de 3 carrés de fractions dans R(X,Y), on construit des familles de polynômes de ce type de la forme Y^4+A(X)Y^2+B(X). La méthode est une extension de celle de Cassels, Ellison et Pfister : 2-descentes sur des courbes elliptiques.
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ELSHARIF, RAMADAN. "The Average of Some Irreducible Character Degrees." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1616410634054592.
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Aivazidis, Stefanos. "On the subgroup permutability degree of some finite simple groups." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8899.
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Consider a finite group G and subgroups H;K of G. We say that H and K permute if HK = KH and call H a permutable subgroup if H permutes with every subgroup of G. A group G is called quasi-Dedekind if all subgroups of G are permutable. We can define, for every finite group G, an arithmetic quantity that measures the probability that two subgroups (chosen uniformly at random with replacement) permute and we call this measure the subgroup permutability degree of G. This measure quantifies, among others, how close a finite group is to being quasi-Dedekind, or, equivalently, nilpotent with modular subgroup lattice. The main body of this thesis is concerned with the behaviour of the subgroup permutability degree of the two families of finite simple groups PSL2(2n), and Sz(q). In both cases the subgroups of the two families of simple groups are completely known and we shall use this fact to establish that the subgroup permutability degree in each case vanishes asymptotically as n or q respectively tends to infinity. The final chapter of the thesis deviates from the main line to examine groups, called F-groups, which behave like nilpotent groups with respect to the Frattini subgroup of quotients. Finally, we present in the Appendix joint research on the distribution of the density of maximal order elements in general linear groups and offer code for computations in GAP related to permutability.
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潘成達 and Shing-Tat Poon. "Measuring the degree of dependence of lifetimes in some bivariate survival distributions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977443.
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Fowlkes, April. "Philadelphia's underserved market adults who have some college credits, but no degree /." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008fowlkesa.pdf.
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Poon, Shing-Tat. "Measuring the degree of dependence of lifetimes in some bivariate survival distributions." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13787421.
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Abdul, Abas Riad. "Experimental Studies of Thermal Diffusivities concerning some Industrially Important Systems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3864.
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Fleischer, G., and B. Hofmann. "Ill-Posedness Aspects of Some Nonlinear Inverse Problems and their Linearizations." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 1998. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-199801242.
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In this paper we deal with aspects of
characterizing the ill-posedn ess of nonlinear
inverse problems based on the discussion of
specific examples. In particular, a parameter
identification problem to a second order
differential equation and its ill-posed
linear components are under consideration.
A new approach to the classification
ofill-posedness degrees for multiplication
operators completes the paper.
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Scott, Kenneth Buchanan. "Policing by degrees : a critical analysis of some issues raised by vocational higher education programmes for police officers." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428170.
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Tibhirt, Amel. "Mitigation of Cross-link Interference for MIMO TDD Dynamic Systems in 5G+ Networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS017.pdf.
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Le TDD dynamique joue un rôle crucial dans les réseaux 5G, adaptant les ressources aux besoins variés. Il améliore l'efficacité spectrale en allouant dynamiquement des créneaux horaires pour les transmissions montantes et descendantes en fonction de la demande de trafic et des conditions de canal. Cette allocation dynamique de fréquence assure une utilisation efficace du spectre et prend en charge une connectivité massive, une latence faible et les exigences de la qualité de service. Son rôle dans l'agrégation de porteuses maximise les débits de données et la capacité du réseau, soulignant son importance dans les technologies de communication sans fil avancées.Cependant, le TDD dynamique est confronté à un défi majeur : l'Interférence des liens croisés. Ce type d'interférence se produit lorsque les transmissions montantes et descendantes partagent les mêmes bandes de fréquences, provoquant des interférences.Cette interférence comprend l'interférence de Station de Base à Station de Base (BS-to-BS) ou du lien descendant au lien montant (DL-to-UL) ainsi que l'interférence d'Équipement Utilisateur à Équipement Utilisateur (UE-to-UE) ou du lien montant vers le lien descendant (UL- to-DL). Dans l'interférence DL-to-UL, les transmissions descendantes débordent dans les bandes des transmissions montantes, dégradant la communication montante. À l'inverse, l'interférence UL-to-DL se produit lorsque les transmissions montantes interfèrent avec la réception des transmissions descendantes.Gérer efficacement ces interférences est crucial pour la performance et la fiabilité d'un système TDD dynamique.Ce mémoire vise à libérer tout le potentiel du TDD dynamique en surmontant les défis posés par les interférences des liens croisés grâce à une analyse rigoureuse et des méthodologies innovantes. La recherche ne se contente pas de faire progresser la technologie TDD dynamique, elle pionnière des solutions applicables à divers contextes de communication, stimulant des stratégies innovantes d'alignement d'interférence dans des scénarios variés.Le mémoire se divise en plusieurs parties. La première pose les bases avec la définition du problème et les concepts théoriques essentiels. La deuxième partie examine les conditions de faisabilité de l'alignement des interférences. Ces conditions sont exprimées en fonction de la dimension du problème et établissent le degré de liberté (DoF) atteignable, représentant le nombre de flux de données possibles. Elle explore l'alignement d'interférence dans des scénarios centralisés, en considérant à la fois les canaux MIMO en rang complet et réduit, et aborde des complexités du monde réel. De plus, elle étend l'exploration à un scénario distribué, offrant une compréhension réaliste des complexités de la communication. La troisième partie se concentre sur les techniques d'optimisation, en particulier le beamforming. Elle introduit le Zero Forcing (ZF) beamforming pour les utilisateurs, alignant l'interférence dans les systèmes TDD dynamique. Elle met l'accent sur l'impact de l'interférence des liens croisés entre utilisateurs et présente les améliorations apportées par les algorithmes WMMSE. De plus, elle explore l'optimisation de l'allocation de puissance en utilisant l'algorithme Water-Filling, évaluant la performance du Zero Forcing Beamforming et de l'algorithme WMMSE en fonction de cette approche d'optimisation de puissanceDynamic Time Division Duplexing (DynTDD) is pivotal in 5th generation (5G) networks, adapting resources to diverse needs. It enhances Spectral Efficiency (SE) by dynamically allocating time slots for Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) transmissions based on traffic demand and channel conditions. This dynamic frequency allocation ensures efficient spectrum use and supports massive connectivity, low latency, and Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. Its role in carrier aggregation maximizes data rates and capacity, highlighting its importance in advanced wireless communication technologies.However, DynTDD faces a significant challenge: cross-link interference (CLI). CLI occurs when UL and DL transmissions share the same frequency bands, leading to interference.CLI comprises base station to base station (BS-to-BS) or downlink to uplink (DL-to-UL) interference and user equipment to user equipment (UE-to-UE) or uplink to downlink (UL-to-DL) interference. In DL-to-UL interference, DL transmissions spill into UL bands, degrading UL communication. Conversely, UL-to-DL interference occurs when UL transmissions interfere with DL reception.Effectively managing CLI is crucial for DynTDD's performance and reliability.This thesis aims to unleash the full potential of DynTDD by overcoming CLI challenges through rigorous analysis and innovative methodologies. The research not only advances DynTDD technology but also pioneers solutions applicable to various communication contexts, driving innovative interference alignment strategies across diverse scenarios.The study in this thesis is divided into multiple segments. The first part establishes the foundation with the problem definition and essential theoretical concepts. The second part delves into the conditions determining the feasibility of interference alignment. These conditions are expressed in terms of the problem dimension and establish the achievable Degree of Freedom (DoF), representing the number of data streams. It explores interference alignment in centralized scenarios, considering both full-rank and reduced-rank Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Interference Broadcast Multiple Access Channel-Interference Channel (IBMAC-IC), addressing real-world complexities. Additionally, it extends the exploration to a distributed scenario, providing a realistic understanding of communication complexities. The third part focuses on optimization techniques, specifically beamforming. It introduces Zero Forcing (ZF) beamforming for both DL and UL User Equipment (UE)s to align CLI in DynTDD systems. It emphasizes the impact of UE-to-UE interference and presents improvements brought by the Weighted Minimum Mean Square Error (WMMSE) algorithms. Furthermore, it explores power allocation optimization using the water-filling algorithm
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Su, Chanfei [Verfasser], Jens-Uwe [Gutachter] Sommer, and Fabrice [Gutachter] Thalmann. "Modelling of interactions between lipid bilayers and nanoparticles of various degrees of hydrophobicity / Chanfei Su ; Gutachter: Jens-Uwe Sommer, Fabrice Thalmann." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1226895859/34.
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MACE, OLIVIER. "Sommes de trois carres en deux variables et representations de bas degre pour le niveau de courbes sans point reel." Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10022.
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Dans le corps des fractions rationnelles r(x,y), tout element semi-defini positif est une somme de 4 carres. En 1971, cassels, ellison et pfister ont montre par l'etude d'une certaine courbe elliptique que le polynome de motzkin n'est pas une somme de 3 carres de fractions rationnelles. S'il est assez illusoire de penser caracteriser parfaitement les polynomes positifs ou nuls qui ne sont pas sommes de seulement 3 carres de fractions, la these presentee ici est cependant une contribution a leur etude dans la mesure ou elle fournit de nouvelles familles de tels polynomes. On y reprend la demarche generale de la demonstration de cassels, ellison et pfister en l'adaptant aux nouvelles configurations. On notera aussi que la preuve du resultat de christie (1976) fournissant par la meme methode un famille de polynomes positifs ou nuls non sommes de 3 carres de fractions comporte une erreur que l'on corrige en elargissant a l'occasion la famille de polynomes etudiee. Ces resultats fournissent des polynomes de bas degre non sommes de 3 carres, mais on montre qu'a partir d'un de ces polynomes on peut obtenir par substitution des polynomes de degre aussi eleve que souhaite ayant cette propriete. On sait que la forme somme de 3 carres est isotrope sur le corps des fonctions d'une courbe algebrique reelle sans point reel. Un autre volet du travail presente ici est de majorer, en termes de donnees geometriques de la courbe, le degre d'un petit vecteur polynomial isotrope.
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RAMOS, FLAVIA REGINA OLIVEIRA. "THE INITIAL PROFESSORS FORMATION AND THE UNIVERSITY: SOME VIEWS ABOUT THE HISTORY TEACHING DEGREES AT THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE UNIVERSITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35563@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Esta dissertação tem por finalidade refletir sobre como a universidade vem formando os futuros professores para a educação básica. Para isso, pesquisamos a Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) por meio dos cursos de licenciatura em História, campus Maracanã e campus São Gonçalo. Ao escolher os cursos de licenciatura em História da UERJ como objeto de estudo, analisamos de que maneira essa instituição de ensino superior lida ao mesmo tempo com uma faculdade direcionada exclusivamente para a formação de professores (Faculdade de Formação de Professores, campus São Gonçalo) e outra voltada para o bacharelado e a licenciatura (Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, campus Maracanã). Investigamos a problemática das licenciaturas a partir da ótica dos profissionais envolvidos tanto com a História (área específica de conhecimento) quanto com a Educação (área didático-pedagógica de conhecimento), pois entendemos que a formação inicial do magistério em âmbito universitário perpassa pela competência dessas áreas conjuntamente. Propomos identificar as diversas concepções sobre formação docente na universidade, por meio da visão dos professores universitários. Além disso, buscamos problematizar sobre o campo científico como lugar de disputas de espaço/poder. Aplicamos os conceitos de academização/universitarização (FORMOSINHO, 2009), crise de identidade dos professores (CANÁRIO, 2005), saberes e práticas docentes (TARDIF, 2014), profissionalização docente (PERRENOUD, 1993) e universidade como espaço de lutas concorrenciais (BOURDIEU, 1983a; 1983b; 2004) a fim de refletir sobre as licenciaturas. O procedimento adotado para a coleta de dados foi a pesquisa de campo e o método de tratamento e análise das informações selecionado foi a análise textual discursiva (MORAES, 2003). Os instrumentos utilizados para a obtenção dos dados foram, especialmente, a entrevista e a análise documental. A hipótese que sustentamos por meio da análise e descrição do corpus coletado é: para que haja uma transformação inicial na licenciatura é primordial uma cultura arraigada de valorização da formação docente na universidade. A experiência na educação básica dos formadores, aliada à pesquisa em educação ou ensino é cerne para que essa mudança ocorra. Além disso, é complementar, mas não fundamental, uma pós-graduação na área de Educação ou uma permanência em programas/projetos de extensão ou atuação na educação básica.
This dissertation has the main purpose of reflecting about how the university is preparing their future teachers of basic education. To do so, we have investigated the Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), through the History s teaching courses (Maracanã and São Gonçalo unities). In the first place, we have analyzed how this educational institution handles, at the same moment, with a directed faculty to the teachers preparation (Teachers formation faculty; São Gonçalos unity) and another one directed to the bachelor s degree and teaching degree (Philosophy and Human Sciences Institute; Maracanã Unity). Therefore, we have investigated the teaching degrees problems, based on the involved employees’ opinions from the education and history fields, since we understand that the initial teachers formation is influenced by both areas in the university context. Under those circumstances, it is important to identify the different conceptions about teaching formation at the university, based on the university professors vision. Besides, we also try to consider the scientific field as a place of disputes and power. In this context, we apply the concepts of academization (FORMOSINHO, 2009); professors identity crisis (CANÁRIO, 2005); knowledge and teachers practices (TARDIF, 2014); teaching professionalization (PERRENOUD, 1993) and the university as a dispute space (BOURDIEU, 1993a, 1993b, 2004). This literature is used for the purpose of reflecting about the teaching courses. The adopted methodology for the data collection was the field research. Besides, the analysis method was the discursive textual analysis (MORAES, 2003). The data was collected through the interview and documents analysis. The research hypothesis was: in order to happen an initial transformation at the teaching courses, it is important a strong culture of teachers formation at the university. The formers basic education experience and the teaching-research are the ground of this change. To finish, it is relevant a postgraduate program in the education field or other programs/projects related to the basic education.
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Fitzgerald, Mark. "The mass spectrometric and theoretical study of some cumulene oxides of potential interstellar significance : submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf5531.pdf.
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Fichtner, Frauke. "Identification and Variation of some Functionality Related Characteristics of Pharmaceutically Relevant Solid Materials and their Effect on Product Performance." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7462.
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Schliep, Klaus Peter. "Some applications of statistical phylogenetics : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomathematics at Massey University." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/931.
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The increasing availability of molecular data means that phylogenetic studies nowadays often use datasets which combine a large number of loci for many different species. This leads to a trade-off. On the one hand more complex models are preferred to account for heterogeneity in evolutionary processes. On the other hand simple models that can answer biological questions of interest that are easy to interpret and can be computed in reasonable time are favoured. This thesis focuses on four cases of phylogenetic analysis which arise from this conflict. - It is shown that edge weight estimates can be non-identifiable if the data are simulated under a mixture model. Even if the underlying process is known the estimation and interpretation may be difficult due to the high variance of the parameters of interest. - Partition models are commonly used to account for heterogeneity in data sets. Novel methods are presented here which allow grouping of genes under similar evolutionary constraints. A data set, containing 14 genes of the chloroplast from 19 anciently diverged species is used to find groups of co-evolving genes. The prospects and limitations of such methods are discussed. - Penalised likelihood estimation is a useful tool for improving the performance of models and allowing for variable selection. A novel approach is presented that uses pairwise dissimilarities to visualise the data as a network. It is further shown how penalised likelihood can be used to decrease the variance of parameter estimates for mixture and partition models, allowing a more reliable analysis. Estimates for the variance and the expected number of parameters of penalised likelihood estimates are derived. - Tree shape statistics are used to describe speciation events in macroevolution. A new tree shape statistic is introduced and the biases of different cluster methods on tree shape statistics are discussed.
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Addis, Allem Zeleke. "The importance of degree of weathering in the geotechnical characterization of some residual soils from the valley of ruzizi (in the western branch of the East African Rift system)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213012.
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Boonserm, Petarpa. "Some exact solutions in general relativity : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/16.
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Ingram, David. "Using systems theory to do philosophy : one approach, and some suggested terminology : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy in the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Philosophy and Religious Studies, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1022.
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This thesis employs perspectives inspired by General Systems Theory to address issues in philosophy, including moral philosophy and philosophy of mind. I present an overview of a range of ideas from the study of physical systems that may be used to provide a firm physicalist foundation to explorations of some common questions in philosophy. I divide these topics into three categories: the Physical Category, the Relevance Category and the Signal Elements Category. I interpret concepts from General Systems Theory, including information and entropy, in a way that I believe facilitates their incorporation into philosophical discussion. I also explain various points arising from General Systems Theory, such as order and disorder, stability, complexity, and self-organisation, and show how ideas from these areas can be applied to certain philosophical problems. I explain relevance in terms of stability, in order to link these scientific perspectives to questions in moral philosophy. I suggest a possible physical foundation for a theory of morality, which takes the form of a variety of Utilitarianism, intended to balance the competing needs of open systems to manage entropy. Such a theory of morality must be capable of dealing with limitations arising from the physicality of information; I propose game theory as a solution to this problem. This thesis also covers issues connected to the above points regarding the nature of consciousness and communication. In particular, I examine the role of linguistic associations in consciousness; and some related features of language and other non-linear representational schemes.
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Fenollosa, Artés Felip. "Contribució a l'estudi de la impressió 3D per a la fabricació de models per facilitar l'assaig d'operacions quirúrgiques de tumors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667421.
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La present tesi doctoral s’ha centrat en el repte d’aconseguir, mitjançant Fabricació Additiva (FA), models per a assaig quirúrgic, sota la premissa que els equips per fer-los haurien de ser accessibles a l’àmbit hospitalari. L’objectiu és facilitar l’extensió de l’ús dels prototips com a eina de preparació d’operacions quirúrgiques, transformant la pràctica mèdica actual de la mateixa manera que en el seu moment ho van fer tecnologies com les que van facilitar l’ús de radiografies. El motiu d’utilitzar FA, en lloc de tecnologies més tradicionals, és la seva capacitat de materialitzar de forma directa les dades digitals obtingudes de l’anatomia del pacient mitjançant sistemes d’escanejat tridimensional, fent possible l’obtenció de models personalitzats. Els resultats es centren en la generació de nou coneixement sobre com aconseguir equipaments d’impressió 3D multimaterials accessibles que permetin l’obtenció de models mimètics respecte als teixits vius. Per facilitar aquesta buscada extensió de la tecnologia, s’ha focalitzat en les tecnologies de codi obert com la Fabricació per Filament Fos (FFF) i similars basades en líquids catalitzables. La recerca s’alinea dins l’activitat de desenvolupament de la FA al CIM UPC, i en aquest àmbit concret amb la col·laboració amb l’Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloc de la tesi inclou la descripció de l’estat de l’art, detallant les tecnologies existents i la seva aplicació a l’entorn mèdic. S’han establert per primer cop unes bases de caracterització dels teixits vius -sobretot tous- per donar suport a la selecció de materials que els puguin mimetitzar en un procés de FA, a efectes de millorar l’experiència d’assaig dels cirurgians. El caràcter rígid dels materials majoritàriament usats en impressió 3D els fa poc útils per simular tumors i altres referències anatòmiques. De forma successiva, es tracten paràmetres com la densitat, la viscoelasticitat, la caracterització dels materials tous a la indústria, l’estudi del mòdul elàstic de teixits tous i vasos, la duresa d’aquests, i requeriments com l’esterilització dels models. El segon bloc comença explorant la impressió 3D mitjançant FFF. Es classifiquen les variants del procés des del punt de vista de la multimaterialitat, essencial per fer models d’assaig quirúrgic, diferenciant entre solucions multibroquet i de barreja al capçal. S’ha inclòs l’estudi de materials (filaments i líquids) que serien més útils per mimetitzar teixits tous. Es constata com en els líquids, en comparació amb els filaments, la complexitat del treball en processos de FA és més elevada, i es determinen formes d’imprimir materials molt tous. Per acabar, s’exposen sis casos reals de col·laboració amb l’HJSD, una selecció d’aquells en els que el doctorand ha intervingut en els darrers anys. L’origen es troba en la dificultat de l’abordatge d’operacions de resecció de tumors infantils com el neuroblastoma, i a la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalment, el Bloc 3 té per objecte explorar nombrosos conceptes (fins a 8), activitat completada al llarg dels darrers cinc anys amb el suport dels mitjans del CIM UPC i de l’activitat associada a treballs finals d’estudis d’estudiants de la UPC, arribant-se a materialitzar equipaments experimentals per validar-los. La recerca ampla i sistemàtica al respecte fa que s’estigui més a prop de disposar d’una solució d’impressió 3D multimaterial de sobretaula. Es determina que la millor via de progrés és la de disposar d’una pluralitat de capçals independents a fi de capacitar la impressora 3D per integrar diversos conceptes estudiats, materialitzant-se una possible solució. Cloent la tesi, es planteja com seria un equipament d’impressió 3D per a models d’assaig quirúrgic, a fi de servir de base per a futurs desenvolupaments.La presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el reto de conseguir, mediante Fabricación Aditiva (FA), modelos para ensayo quirúrgico, bajo la premisa que los equipos para obtenerlos tendrían que ser accesibles al ámbito hospitalario. El objetivo es facilitar la extensión del uso de modelos como herramienta de preparación de operaciones quirúrgicas, transformando la práctica médica actual de la misma manera que, en su momento, lo hicieron tecnologías como las que facilitaron el uso de radiografías. El motivo de utilizar FA, en lugar de tecnologías más tradicionales, es su capacidad de materializar de forma directa los datos digitales obtenidos de la anatomía del paciente mediante sistemas de escaneado tridimensional, haciendo posible la obtención de modelos personalizados. Los resultados se centran en la generación de nuevo conocimiento para conseguir equipamientos de impresión 3D multimateriales accesibles que permitan la obtención de modelos miméticos respecto a los tejidos vivos. Para facilitar la buscada extensión de la tecnología, se ha focalizado en las tecnologías de código abierto como la Fabricación por Hilo Fundido (FFF) y similares basadas en líquidos catalizables. Esta investigación se alinea dentro de la actividad de desarrollo de la FA en el CIM UPC, y en este ámbito concreto con la colaboración con el Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloque de la tesis incluye la descripción del estado del arte, detallando las tecnologías existentes y su aplicación al entorno médico. Se han establecido por primera vez unas bases de caracterización de los tejidos vivos – principalmente blandos – para dar apoyo a la selección de materiales que los puedan mimetizar en un proceso de FA, a efectos de mejorar la experiencia de ensayo de los cirujanos. El carácter rígido de los materiales mayoritariamente usados en impresión 3D los hace poco útiles para simular tumores y otras referencias anatómicas. De forma sucesiva, se tratan parámetros como la densidad, la viscoelasticidad, la caracterización de materiales blandos en la industria, el estudio del módulo elástico de tejidos blandos y vasos, la dureza de los mismos, y requerimientos como la esterilización de los modelos. El segundo bloque empieza explorando la impresión 3D mediante FFF. Se clasifican las variantes del proceso desde el punto de vista de la multimaterialidad, esencial para hacer modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, diferenciando entre soluciones multiboquilla y de mezcla en el cabezal. Se ha incluido el estudio de materiales (filamentos y líquidos) que serían más útiles para mimetizar tejidos blandos. Se constata como en los líquidos, en comparación con los filamentos, la complejidad del trabajo en procesos de FA es más elevada, y se determinan formas de imprimir materiales muy blandos. Para acabar, se exponen seis casos reales de colaboración con el HJSD, una selección de aquellos en los que el doctorando ha intervenido en los últimos años. El origen se encuentra en la dificultad del abordaje de operaciones de resección de tumores infantiles como el neuroblastoma, y en la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalmente, el Bloque 3 desarrolla numerosos conceptos (hasta 8), actividad completada a lo largo de los últimos cinco años con el apoyo de los medios del CIM UPC y de la actividad asociada a trabajos finales de estudios de estudiantes de la UPC, llegándose a materializar equipamientos experimentales para validarlos. La investigación amplia y sistemática al respecto hace que se esté más cerca de disponer de una solución de impresión 3D multimaterial de sobremesa. Se determina que la mejor vía de progreso es la de disponer de una pluralidad de cabezales independientes, a fin de capacitar la impresora 3D para integrar diversos conceptos estudiados, materializándose una posible solución. Para cerrar la tesis, se plantea cómo sería un equipamiento de impresión 3D para modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, a fin de servir de base para futuros desarrollos.
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"Topological degree methods for some nonlinear problems." Université catholique de Louvain, 2006. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-11222006-165004/.
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Hung, Chi-Fang, and 洪啟芳. "Degree of Sulfation of Some Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides to Anticoagulant Properties." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32830953769577692790.
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碩士大同大學
生物工程研究所
91
Sulfated polysaccharides and oligosaccharides inhibit some protease as heparanase, thrombin and matrix metalloproteinase to prevent blood coagulation. Sulfated polysaccharides and oligosaccharides also inhibit angiogenesis inducing factor and tumorigenesis, and prevent some diseases as proliferative retinopathies and rheumatoid arthritis. Sulfated polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are developed to replace heparin (the traditional anticoagulant drug) according to their anticoagulant properties. In this research, we compared the degree of sulfation of sulfated maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose with their anticoagulant activity. The result shows that the higher degree of sulfation of sulfated maltooligosaccharides delayed activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) longer, and the completely sulfated maltotetraose and maltopentaose have the ability to delay prothrombin time (PT). Sulfated maltooligosaccharides have better anticoagulant property in intrinsic pathway than in extrinsic pathway. Furthermore, hsian-tsao gel and carrageenan also have anticoagulant properties, and these gels have better anticoagulant properties with the higher degree of sulfation after sulfation of these gels. Hsian-tsao gel has the ability to delay APTT and PT, but carrageenan has the ability to delay APTT only.
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Lin, Hsin-Yi, and 林欣儀. "Some remarks on Korenblum's maximum principle for polynomials of low degrees." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66009128233456343817.
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Bawa, Sameer. "Forgetting predicts remembering (to some degree) : an examination of list method directed forgetting /." 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3322485.
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Chiao, Sze-Yun, and 喬思韻. "The Confusion Degree of some Chinese Characters and Geometric Figures Tested by Transient Displaying." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17971112417967264279.
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碩士國立台灣工業技術學院
管理技術研究所
85
People are susceptible to commit substitution errors due to some similar features of visual signals,and it invloves issues of safty and performance.This research tried to investigate the confusion degrees of Chinese characters pairs with antonymous meaning and basic geometric figures.We intend to develop an objective testing technique on selecting less confused characters and figures for practical use.Based on the recognition rate of the Experiment 1, 16 characters pairs could be divided into five groups and of which a confusion scale was composed.On this scale,Degree 1 was respresented by the most confused「開 (k''ai / on)、關 (kuan / off)」pairs ; Degree 2 by「 粗 (ts''u / thick) 、細 (hsi / thin)」、「寬 (k''uan / broad)、窄 chai / narrow)」; Degree 3 by「推 (t''ui / push)、拉 (la / pull) 」、「合 (ho / assemble)、分 (fen / separate)」; Degree 4 by「水 (shui / water)、 火 (huo / fire)」、「前 (ch''ien / front)、後 (hou / back)」and Degree 5 by「切 (ch''ieh / off)、入 (ju / on)」 、「方 (fang / square)、圓 (yuan / circle)」the less confused. The preliminary influence considered characters contoux,strockes members,and detail configuration as determinants of recognizability or confusion.In Experiment 2,the recognizability of the basic geometric figures tested were showed significantly different,and a symmetry confusion existed among hexagon, octagon,and circle.A confusion scale with five degrees could be established as following: : Degree 1,the most confused octagon ; Degree 2,ellipse and rectangle ; Degree 3,hexagon and circle ; Degree 4,square and lozenge,and Degree 5 ,the less confused triangle. The preliminary influence considered line,curve,angle, symmetry and number of angles as determinants of recognizability and hence possibility of confusion.
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"Positive solutions of some predator-prey interacting systems (mapping degree, bifurcation, co-existence, stability)." Tulane University, 1986.
Find full textAbstract:
The steady-state positive solution of a predator-prey interacting system has been widely investigated in recent years. Since it had already been shown that the only possible positive solution must be constant under the Neumann homogeneous boundary condition, researchers naturally studied the physically important Dirichlet boundary condition problem. For years researchers have worked to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of positive solutions of systems with quadratic nonlinearities. In this dissertation, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for more general predator-prey systems, under Dirichlet boundary conditions. Some uniqueness results are obtained in Sections 7 and 8. We also discuss the behavior of positive solutions on large regionsacase@tulane.edu
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CHEN, JIN-SHUN, and 陳金順. "An analysis of mass in different water content with some degrees of disturblence on potential landslide." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59509925877175948390.
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黃雅玲. "The Study on The Degree of Parents and Teachers’ Satisfaction to School Marketing Strategies and The Degree of School Identity.─Take I-lan County some township as the example." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5jj643.
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碩士佛光大學
社會教育學研究所
97
Education is an important policy for a country’s future. With diversification of the society, liberalization of the economy, democratization of the politics, globalization of the world and speeding of the technology, educationists will face more and more difficult challenges. Therefore, educational policy has to adjust itself to the time current. Schools are the educational frontlines to confront all the challenges. Great vision and capability are necessary to operate and manage schools. In the competitive social environment, educationists should think about how to convey the educational concepts and distinguishing features to the parents and the public people to get identification and support for the school’s goal and vision. The questionnaire is used in this research to get relative data. The statistic analysis (t test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson relative analysis, multiple regression analysis) and Importance-performance Analysis (IPA) are used to understand the parents’ and teachers’ degree of satisfaction and perception of importance to the school marketing strategies, and their school identity in one of the junior high schools in Yi-lan County. The conclusions are as followings. 1. Parents and teachers all have above-average degree of satisfaction toward school marketing strategy. As for parents of the elementary or junior high school students, the degree of their satisfaction toward school marketing strategy do not reveal any differences against the dependent variables, their specific backgrounds in this study. However, among teachers in elementary or junior high school, dependent variables, their various duties, bring obvious differences of the responses especially in the reaction of all the dimensions such as product strategy, promotion strategy, place strategy, people strategy and overall satisfaction degree. 2. Parents and teachers roughly have high cognition about the importance of school marketing strategy. They only have the above-average degree of satisfaction toward promotion strategy. However, among parents of the elementary or junior high school students, dependent variables are different genders and occupations. They bring large differences about the importance of school strategy marketing. As for teachers in elementary or junior high school, dependent variables are different duties. They dominantly arouse obvious differences of the importance toward school strategy marketing. 3. In the degree of school identity, parents and teachers have the highest positive degree of cognitive dimensions and the lowest degree of emotion dimensions. Among parents of the elementary or junior high school students, the dependent variables, different backgrounds, definitely result the obvious difference in the degree of school identity. As for teachers in elementary or junior high school, the dependent variables, different backgrounds, never dominantly bring any difference in the study of school identity. 4. All the dimensions and the degree of satisfaction in school marketing strategy have average or below-average positive reactions with those of school identity. 5. Parents and teachers’s degree of satisfaction toward school marketing strategy can efficiently predict the degree of school identity. 6. The IPA analysis of the whole samples from those parents and teachers has roughly matched their required strategic dimensions and reached the 45% percentage.
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Hsu, Wei-Lung, and 徐維隆. "The navy wish soldier works the degree of satisfaction to leave job research the tendency Take the navy some logistics unit as the example." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/akg697.
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碩士義守大學
管理碩博士班
105
The Armed Forces have transformed muchwith social changes, conscription reformation, andreorganization with Jingtsui Program. This researchaims to figure out the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover tendency of volunteer soldiers with quantitative method. The research sample is a Navy Logistics Support Command. Thirty active soldiers and retired soldiers are involved by in-depth interviewing, and literature review also takes part in this research. The findings can be summarized as below: I. Overall job satisfaction of current volunteer soldiers is relatively low. The major cause is the Armed Forces reorganization policies, which decrease job opportunities, gainheavier loads, and cause manpower insufficiency. II. Turnover tendency is relatively high for those who have low job satisfaction. III. Generally, individuals tending to quit are not satisfied with the insufficiency of job opportunities for petty officers, which further reduces promotion opportunity, and the limitation on career development. IV. Stabilized working position, regular vacation schedule, and near-residence job assignment help increase job satisfaction and decrease turnover tendency.
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zeng, Chi-Shi, and 曾啟喜. "The medical instrument post-sale service and the customer degree of satisfaction influence research - take some medical instrument specialized business agent subsidiary company as the example." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65889687625467753817.
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碩士雲林科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所碩士班
96
Pays the system along with the health insurance total amount approaching, Various hospitals also with are being calculating regarding the medical service instrumentation equipment purchase. Besides requests solid archery target purchase cost reduction,provides the post-sale service quality expectation and the request regarding the medical instrument company also relatively enhances, But the medical instrument company provides whether the post-sale service quality can conform to the hospital demand, but expected and actual feeling difference whether can reflect to the hospital degree of satisfaction in, then affects the hospital choice medical service instrument company or once more to the wish which purchases with the company, this depth influence medical service instrument company is managing competitive ability. How therefore the recent years many medical services instruments company did aim at all enhances the instrumentation equipment post-sale service degree of satisfaction to start, enhanced the hospital in order to the order form opportunity and enhances the hospital to this company under once more the wish which purchased to this company. From 1985, Parasuraman, after Zeithaml and Berry and so on three scholars proposed service quality gap pattern, when many scholars service quality appraisal regarding various service industries, all penetrates this gap pattern. This research namely aims at the gap which this three scholars proposed five to carry on the discussion, myself referred to the P.Z.B three scholars to induce the weight service quality in 1988 five big constructions surface, in addition other variables and so on, asked the volume provided the way, data collection will ask the volume material after the statistical software and variation statistical technique and so on number analysis, regression analysis, Discusses the cloud fine area hospital the instrumentation equipment post-sale service quality expectation and the actual feeling difference which provides regarding the medical instrument company, as well as relevance of the hospital degree of satisfaction. Hoped the affiliation by this research obtained result, can propose the improvement suggestion reference the post-sale service quality promotion which provides for this company, promotes company it relations with the hospital, the promotion company to the medical service instrumentation equipment market competition strength, then the increase company''s sales achievement quantity, achieved continues forever goal of the management. Keywords：Post-sale service quality, competitive ability,medical service instrumentation equipment market
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Rödel, Harry. "Nothing : how can some buildings have the sensatio[n] of weightlessness? An explanatory document submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture, UNITEC [New Zealand] /." Diss., 2008. http://www.coda.ac.nz/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=unitec_arch_di.
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James, Trevor Kenneth. "Characterisation of herbicide behaviour in some innovative growing media : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Soil Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/774.
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An abundance of waste products from the forestry industry (sawdust and paper pulp) lead to the concept of using them as growing media for high value crops on a field scale. However, management of subsequent weed growth posed a problem as the impact of these novel media on the performance and fate of herbicides was unknown. Three aspects of sawdust and paper pulp waste were examined and compared to two cropping soils, viz. their effect on herbicide behaviour with regard to crop selectivity, weed control efficacy and the environmental fate of selected chemicals. Cropping species such as lettuce and onions were more susceptible to alachlor and chlorpropham in sawdust than in paper pulp. The two cropping soils evaluated (Horotiu sandy loam and Mangateretere silt loam) tended to be intermediate although the former was often close to the sawdust and the latter to the paper pulp in terms of herbicide phytotoxicity to the crop plants. For the less water soluble herbicide pendimethalin, the differences in crop selectivity in the different media were not significant. The effect of the media on the efficacy of weed control was evaluated through plant species with a much lower tolerance to the herbicides evaluated in contrast to the above species. For these plants the efficacy of the herbicides was generally lower in both the sawdust and paper pulp than in the two soils. The effect was more pronounced with the more soluble alachlor, where efficacy was reduced by factors of 5 – 10, compared to pendimethalin where efficacy reduction was by factors of 0 – 3. The two high organic media had contrasting effects on the various environmental behaviour indices evaluated. Herbicide adsorption as quantified by distribution coefficient (Kd) was higher in the two novel media compared to both the Horotiu and Mangateretere soils. However, when the Kd was normalised to organic carbon (Koc), there was less variation amongst the media indicating that organic matter is an important factor in controlling sorption in these media. However, despite the high level of adsorption in the sawdust, herbicides were most prone to leaching in this medium. Conversely the paper pulp tended to be more retentive while the two soils were intermediate. The degradation as quantified by half-lives (t½) of the herbicides was generally slower in the two novel media, probably reflecting the higher sorption in these two media but also due to the lower level of microbial activity in the sawdust and paper pulp. The study shows that herbicide behaviour in these carbon based media differs significantly from that expected from soil organic matter, mainly due to the non-humified nature of the organic matter in the media and its poor biological activity.
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Bowler, Susan Mary. "Managing the shopping centre as a consumption site : creating appealing environments for visitors : some Australian and New Zealand examples : a thesis in presented [sic] in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography at Massey University." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1383.
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The position occupied by retailing within the production - consumption debate is the subject of dispute. As neither sphere can be fully analysed in isolation such argument may be somewhat irrelevant. The need to conceptualise the two spheres together, therefore, has informed this research on the created environments of shopping centres. Planned and managed shopping centres are a ubiquitous part of the built environment in 'advanced capitalist' nations. There has been a tendency, however, for researchers to focus upon exceptional centres rather than everyday examples of this particular consumption site. They have concentrated upon how shopping centre environments appear to be created and the appeal researchers assume they may have for an observer. My research for this thesis, however, has been concerned with how managers create shopping centre environments and how they are designed so as to appeal to their centres' perceived markets. This was done by conducting semi - structured interviews with a number of centre managers in Australia and New Zealand . The unified ownership and management structure of shopping centres makes it easier for their created environ ments to be controlled. Shopping centre researchers and those who have attempted to read the built environment as if it were a text have tended to assume that the architectural styles used will reflect dominant ideologies and that they are powerless to interpret or alter them in any other than the manner intended by the designers, developers and owners. Many of the managers recognised, however, that shoppers cannot be forced to visit nor can they be made to purchase. Research was therefore commissioned by management as a way of gaining socio - economic information on the individuals in their catchments , their 'needs' and desires. Selecting tenants which would appeal to their markets and arranging them in a manner which reflected the way people liked to shop was thought to be paramount to the success or otherwise of a centre. Some managers, for example, claimed that there was a difference between 'doing' the shopping (which is a chore) and 'going' shopping (which is enjoyable ) and that this needed to be kept in mind when they positioned retailers within their centres. Consumption does not only involve the purchase of commodities for their use and/or sign value but is also concerned with experience. Managers attempted to provide their shoppers with an enjoyable experience when they visited their centres by, for example, the creation of an appealing ambience and by either suggesting or insisting, respectively, that the common areas and leased spaces be regularly refurbished.