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1
Skolnik, Michael L. CAATs, universities, and degrees: Towards some options for enhancing the connection between CAATs and degrees : a discussion paper. [Toronto?]: The Council, 1999.
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2
Love, obsession and some degree of madness: Martin Miller's Gin 1998-2008. St. Helier: Papyrus Investments, 2008.
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3
Howard, Burns, ed. Some degree of happiness: Studi di storia dell'architettura in onore di Howard Burns. Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2010.
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4
Maymon, Giora. Some engineering applications in random vibrations and random structures. Reston, Va: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998.
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5
Holmes, Mark J. Some econometric tests of changes in the degree of financial integration within the European Community in the 1980s. Loughborough: Department of Economics, Loughborough University of Technology, 1993.
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6
Lause, Mark A. Some degree of power: From hired hand to union craftsman in the preindustrial American printing trades, 1778-1815. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991.
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Holmes, Mark J. Some econometric tests of changes in the degree of financial integration within the European Community in the 1980s. Loughborough: Loughborough University, Department of Economics, Centre for Research in European Economics and Finance, 1993.
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8
The gay cliché: Or how to be a homosexual guy and still maintain some slight degree of individuality. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
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9
Buckley, Roger. Wars and Rumours of War, 1918-1945: Japan, the West and Asia Pacific. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823636.
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Supported by an in-depth Introduction and contextual analysis, this six-volume set complements Series I (1918-1937 – From Armistice to North China), addressing the history between 1938 and1945. Despite the widespread operation of war-time censorship and surveillance, publishers in the West and, to a lesser degree in East Asia, put out a range of material that remains of considerable value to later generations. Some of the texts selected are undeniably partisan but the quantity of the published material (and to some extent its quality) left the general public with a vast and varied archive of printed matter that deserves to be consulted and debated by today's researchers and students. Greater attention is given to American and British literature rather than Chinese or Japanese simply by virtue of the practical realities.
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Siedina, Giovanna, ed. Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Civilization in the Slavic World (15th-17th Century). Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-198-3.
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The essays gathered in this volume are devoted to different aspects of the reception of Humanism and the Renaissance in Slavic countries. They mark the beginning of a dialogue among scholars of different Slavic languages and literatures, in search of the ways in which the entire Slavic world – albeit to varying degrees – has participated from the very beginning in European cultural transformations, and not simply by sharing some characteristics of the new currents, but by building a new identity in harmony with the changes of the time. By overcoming the dominant paradigm, which sees all cultural manifestations as part of a separate ‘national’ linguistic, literary and artistic canon, this volume is intended to be the first step in outlining some ideas and suggestions in view of the creation, in the future, of an atlas that maps the relevance of Humanism and the Renaissance in the Slavic world.
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Zafiro, Frank. Some Degree of Murder. Brand: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.
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12
Rone, Efrem Chayim. Characteristics of higher education doctoral theses: Defrosting some frozen assets. 1998.
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13
Timorin, Vladlen, Alexander Blokh, Lex Oversteegen, and Ross Ptacek. Laminational Models for Some Spaces of Polynomials of Any Degree. American Mathematical Society, 2020.
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14
Norcross, Alastair. Morality by Degrees. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844990.001.0001.
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Consequentialist theories of the right connect the rightness and wrongness (and related notions) of actions with the intrinsic goodness and badness of states of affairs consequential on those actions. The most popular such theory is maximization, which is said to demand of agents that they maximize the good, that they do the best they can, at all times. Thus it may seem that consequentialist theories are overly demanding, and, relatedly, that they cannot accommodate the phenomenon of going above and beyond the demands of duty (supererogation). However, a clear understanding of consequentialism leaves no room for a theory of the right, at least not at the fundamental level of the theory. A consequentialist theory, such as utilitarianism, is a theory of how to rank outcomes, and derivatively actions, which provides reasons for choosing some actions over others. It is thus a purely scalar theory, with no demands that certain actions be performed, and no fundamental classification of actions as right or wrong. However, such notions may have pragmatic benefits at the level of application, since many people find it easier to guide their conduct by simple commands, rather than to think in terms of reasons of varying strength to do one thing rather than another. A contextualist semantics for various terms, such as “right,” “permissible,” “harm,” when combined with the scalar approach to consequentialism, allows for the expression of truth-apt propositions with sentences containing such terms.
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Cervin, Georgia. Degrees of Difficulty. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043772.001.0001.
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This book chronicles the history of Women’s Artistic Gymnastics against the backdrop of the Cold War. Accepted into the Olympic program in 1952 because it was considered uniquely appropriate for women, the sport has always been defined by the performance of femininity. Eastern bloc governments harnessed the nonthreatening nature of gymnasts to advance their political ambitions through citizen diplomacy. Yet at the same time, they were accused of flouting the amateur rule. But this was not the only rule being broken. Some also cheated by score fixing and later, age falsification. The sport became notorious for its young athletes. Their youth contributed to a power imbalance with their coaches, creating the conditions for abuse. Gymnastics was once at the forefront of women’s sport. But can a sport facing these issues, designed to promote a narrow view of gender, really be feminist? In exploring these topics, this book shows how gymnastics became a part of the cultural battlefield for Cold War supremacy. But gymnastics was not only a space for challenge. It also provided moments of international collaboration: between the international gymnastics federation and the International Olympic Committee, between gymnasts, coaches, officials, fans, and even politicians. This book argues that these global interactions charged the transformation of the sport throughout the twentieth century. It offers new insights into how sport transmits and perpetuates social ideals and the role sports, and their governing bodies, play in international relations. And with this knowledge, it suggests how women’s gymnastics might once again become the empowering, feminist experience it once was.
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Lopes, Dominic McIver. Six Degrees of Separation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827214.003.0005.
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The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains six facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. The chapter indicates why aesthetic hedonism does not predict how aesthetic experts disperse into almost all demographic niches, how they jointly inhabit the whole aesthetic universe, how they specialize by aesthetic domain, how they specialize by type of activity, how they specialize by activity and domain interact, or how their expertise comes to be relatively stable. In addition, the account of the normativity of aesthetic reasons has some revealing flaws. The account has trouble with the plasticity of pleasure, the bounded rationality of aesthetic agents, the importance of aesthetic personality, and the possibility of the alienation of aesthetic reasons from desires.
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Simons, Peter. Modality and Degrees of Truth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786436.003.0008.
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This chapter explores a third way in construing modality—rejecting both linguistic accounts and the polycosmism of possible world theory—in the work of Alexis Meinong and Jan Łukasiewicz. Some of Meinong’s non-existent objects are incomplete, so in 1915 he accounts for objective probability (he says possibility) with an idea of degrees of truth: the proposition ‘My draw of a card from the pack tomorrow will be a king’ is neither simply wholly true nor wholly false, regardless of the draw I will actually make tomorrow, but has a degree of truth corresponding to the proportion of kings in a pack, between 0 and 1. Łukasiewicz, inventor of fuzzy logic, visited Meinong in Graz, and in 1913 published his own work on probability, suggesting some propositions are indefinite and have truth values between and 0 and 1; then in 1917 he began to extend this to definite propositions about future contingencies.
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Lassiter, Daniel. Gradation, scales, and degree semantics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0001.
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Since many modal expressions in English are overtly gradable, we need to understand gradability in general if we are to understand their semantics. This chapter introduces a number of core notions in the lexical and compositional semantics of gradable expressions, including the distinction between gradability and scalarity, key notions around adjective type and scale structure, and discusses some background issues such as the treatment of comparison classes and vagueness.
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Caracciolo, Marco. Degrees of Embodiment in Literary Reading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457747.003.0002.
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This chapter surveys some of the key issues in the study of embodiment in literary reading. Recent research in psycholinguistics has called attention to the role of motor resonance and experiential models in understanding language—two psychological mechanisms often brought together under the heading of “embodied simulation.” How does literary reading, and particularly reading literary narrative, leverage these embodied phenomena? Does embodiment always matter in reading or only in specific circumstances? Building on linguist David Ritchie’s scalar account of embodied simulation, and using Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho as a case study, this chapter distinguishes among various types of embodied involvement and shows how they shape the experience of reading Ellis’s novel. It also draws attention to the question of consciousness, calling for empirical research on the interplay between unconscious processes and lived experience (mental imagery, bodily feelings, etc.) in engaging with literary narrative.
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Lee, Francis L. F., and Joseph M. Chan. Digital Media Activities and Connective Actions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856779.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the role of digital media activities in the dynamics of the Umbrella Movement. It demonstrates how the participants of the movement engaged in a wide range of digital media activities, some of which were integral to the dynamics of the occupation. Digital media activities allowed participants to construct their own modes of participation. Digital media activities were found to relate to higher degrees of involvement in the Umbrella Movement at the individual level, but higher degrees of involvement were found to relate to lower levels of willingness to listen to the central organizers of the occupation. An analysis of social media contents also found a significant degree of decentralization of the protest campaign. Digital media activities therefore both empowered the movement and introduced forces of decentralization that constrained the organizers’ capability of negotiating with the targets.
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Szmukler, George. Some troubling observations about involuntary treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0002.
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The huge variations in the rates of the use of detention and involuntary treatment between similar countries, as well as between regions in a country, and even between mental health services within a region, are deeply troubling. Large changes in rates over time, perhaps in different directions at the same time in different places, and between ethnic groups in some societies have also been evident. These findings suggest a significant degree of arbitrariness in the use of compulsion. History offers many examples of abuses and misuses of psychiatric treatment, without consent, sometimes to control threats to the social order, at other times as a result of unwarranted faith in what turn out to be ineffective but harmful treatments. The structure of mental health law may offer a relatively undemanding passage to such abuses and misuses.
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Baurer, T. Some Experiments on the Deposition of Gases at 4. 2 Degrees K; NBS Technical Note 73. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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23
Fink, John K. Upper Motor Neuron Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0031.
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Symptomatic disturbance of corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts (collectively, the upper motor neuron UMN) occurs in innumerable acquired central nervous system disorders including the consequences of trauma, hypoxia-ischemia, inflammation (e.g. multiple sclerosis), toxins (e.g. thiocyanate1 and specific organophosphorus compound toxicity2) and deficiencies (e.g. hypocupremia3 and vitamin B12 deficiency). Variable degrees of UMN disturbance frequently accompany degenerative disorders in which disturbance of another neurologic system results in the primary clinical. Neuropathologic studies have shown prominent axon degeneration involving corticospinal tracts (HSP and PLS) and corticobulbar tracts (PLS); and mildly affecting dorsal columns (HSP and PLS to some degree). Myelin loss is considered secondary to axon degeneration. Loss of cortical motor neurons is observed in PLS. Anterior horn cells are typically spared in both HSP and PLS. Presently, treatment for HSP and PLS is symptomatic and includes physical therapy and spasticity reducing medications.
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50 of the highest paying careers in the 1990's-- and some of them don't even require a college degree. Daly City, CA. (P.O. Box 1131, Daly City 94017-1131): The Enterprises, 1990.
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25
Sawada, Osamu. Counter-expectational scalar adverbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 investigates the meaning and use of Japanese counter-expectational scalar adverbs—that is, the counter-expectational intensifier yoppodo and the Japanese scale-reversal adverb kaette. It shows that although yoppodo and kaette convey some kind of counter-expectational meaning as lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers, the way they trigger counter-expectational meaning is quite different. In an adjectival environment, yoppodo semantically intensifies degrees based on extraordinary evidence and conventionally implies that the degree is above the speaker’s expectation. By contrast, kaette reverses the scale of the gradable predicate and conventionally implies that the opposite situation is generally true. It is also proposed that there are two types of counter-expectational expressions that use scalarity: a relative type, which represents “above expectation” (e.g. yoppodo), and a reversal type, which expresses counter-expectation via polarity reversal (e.g. kaette). Comparison with wh-exclamatives, sentence exclamation, and the counter-expectational but is also discussed.
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Uhlmann, Felix, ed. Codification of Administrative Law. Hart Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509954957.
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This open access book presents the first comparative study on the legal sources of administrative law. Every modern legal order needs a set of general rules to apply and enforce administrative law; the rules impose principles of action, of procedure, and of organisation of the authorities. The legal basis of these rules may be quite diverse. Some countries have tried to codify administrative law, whilst others work with few rules or unwritten rules. The book considers the consequences that arise from the different degrees of codification of general administrative law. It presents answers to important questions including: Does codification increase predictability and legal certainty?Does codification lead to a ‘petrification’ of administrative law?To what degree does the constitution shape administrative law?Which areas of administrative law are suitable for codification, which are not, and why not? The book answers these questions by presenting 13 country reports, covering both civil and common law traditions, a chapter on the EU, and a comparative analysis. This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com.
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Fox, Susan H., and Marina Picillo. Becoming a Little Forgetful. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0003.
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Many patients with Parkinson’s disease will experience some degree of cognitive impairment during the course of their disease. Cortical involvement in the underlying synuclein pathology is variable in its severity and extent. The most severe end of the spectrum is seen in dementia with Lewy bodies, in which cognitive impairment is prominent from the beginning. In most patients, however, mild memory difficulty and executive dysfunction are present to some degree but do not impair function until the later stages of the disease; after 20 years, dementia is almost universal and can be as disabling as the motor features of the disease.
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Kaloshin, Vadim, and Ke Zhang. Arnold Diffusion for Smooth Systems of Two and a Half Degrees of Freedom. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691202525.001.0001.
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Arnold diffusion, which concerns the appearance of chaos in classical mechanics, is one of the most important problems in the fields of dynamical systems and mathematical physics. Since it was discovered by Vladimir Arnold in 1963, it has attracted the efforts of some of the most prominent researchers in mathematics. The question is whether a typical perturbation of a particular system will result in chaotic or unstable dynamical phenomena. This book provides the first complete proof of Arnold diffusion, demonstrating that that there is topological instability for typical perturbations of five-dimensional integrable systems (two and a half degrees of freedom). This proof realizes a plan John Mather announced in 2003 but was unable to complete before his death. The book follows Mather's strategy but emphasizes a more Hamiltonian approach, tying together normal forms theory, hyperbolic theory, Mather theory, and weak KAM theory. Offering a complete, clean, and modern explanation of the steps involved in the proof, and a clear account of background material, the book is designed to be accessible to students as well as researchers. The result is a critical contribution to mathematical physics and dynamical systems, especially Hamiltonian systems.
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Newman, Mark. The configuration model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0012.
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A discussion of the most fundamental of network models, the configuration model, which is a random graph model of a network with a specified degree sequence. Following a definition of the model a number of basic properties are derived, including the probability of an edge, the expected number of multiedges, the excess degree distribution, the friendship paradox, and the clustering coefficient. This is followed by derivations of some more advanced properties including the condition for the existence of a giant component, the size of the giant component, the average size of a small component, and the expected diameter. Generating function methods for network models are also introduced and used to perform some more advanced calculations, such as the calculation of the distribution of the number of second neighbors of a node and the complete distribution of sizes of small components. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of extensions of the configuration model to directed networks, bipartite networks, networks with degree correlations, networks with high clustering, and networks with community structure, among other possibilities.
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Aydede, Murat. A Contemporary Account of Sensory Pleasure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225100.003.0013.
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Some sensations are pleasant, some are unpleasant, and some are neither. Furthermore, those that are pleasant or unpleasant are so to different degrees. This chapter explores what kind of a difference is the difference between these three kinds of sensations. After going over some standard puzzles about pleasure and some popular philosophical theories, the chapter develops the author’s own account, which is a comprehensive three-level account of sensory pleasure that simultaneously is adverbialist, is functionalist and is also a version of a satisfied experiential-desire account.
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Impett, Jonathan. Making a mark The psychology of composition. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0037.
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This article discusses the psychology of composition. Composition is a reflexive, iterative process of inscription. The work, once named as such and externalizable to some degree, passes circularly between inner and outer states. It passes through internal and external representations – mostly partial or compressed, some projected in mental rather than physical space, not all necessarily conscious or observable – and phenomenological experience, real or imagined. At each state-change the work is re-mediated by the composer, whose decision-making process is conditioned by the full complexity of human experience. This entire activity informs the simultaneous development of the composer's understanding of the particular work in its autonomy, of their own creativity, and of music more broadly. While the urge to compose – to invent, structure, and define sound and musical behaviour – may be to some degree innate, modes of conceiving, representing, and realizing are the product of a situated process. Even if some or all of that activity is so well assimilated personally or culturally that it remains hidden from experimental view, it remains a behaviour in respect of an emerging object.
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Birch, Jonathan. Kin Selection and Group Selection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733058.003.0004.
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In group-structured populations in which some other assumptions are satisfied, kin and group selectionist methods provide formally equivalent conditions for change. However, this only shows an equivalence between two statistical methodologies, and this is compatible with there being a real, causal distinction between kin and group selection processes. This chapter pursues a Hamilton-inspired, population-centred approach to drawing that distinction, on which the differences between kin and group selection are differences of degree in the structural properties of populations. The relevant properties are K, the overall degree to which genealogical kin interact differentially, and G, the overall degree to which the population contains stable, internally integrated, and externally isolated social groups. A spatial metaphor (‘K-G space’) provides a useful framework for thinking about these differences.
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Brady, Peter A. Specific Arrhythmias and Syncope. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0044.
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Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute at rest or a decreased heart rate response to exercise. Causes of bradycardia include high vagal tone (most cases occur in asymptomatic and often fit and healthy persons), sinus node dysfunction, drug therapy, heart block, and myocardial infarction. A conduction system disorder is present when there is a delay in impulses from the sinus node reaching the ventricles or when some impulses do not reach the ventricles because of block within the AV node or distal conduction system (His-Purkinje system). Conduction system disorders can be divided into first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree (complete) heart block. The tachycardias (atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter) and syncope (as a transient loss of consciousness with spontaneous recovery) are also reviewed.
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Sterba, James P. There is no Free-Will Defense. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806967.003.0013.
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This paper argues that there is no Free-Will Defense for the degree and amount of moral evil in our world. It denies that God’s creating our world with the degree and amount of moral evil that exists, or has existed, in it could be defended in terms of the freedom that it provides, or has provided, to its members. It takes no stand on whether the problem could be solved by arguing that the securing of some other good, or goods in an afterlife is the justification for the degree and amount of moral evil in our world. This paper simply attempts to demonstrate the need for just such further work by showing that the freedom that exists, or has existed, in our world could not constitute a justification for the moral evil that exists, or has existed, in it.
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Newman, Mark. Random graphs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0011.
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An introduction to the mathematics of the Poisson random graph, the simplest model of a random network. The chapter starts with a definition of the model, followed by derivations of basic properties like the mean degree, degree distribution, and clustering coefficient. This is followed with a detailed derivation of the large-scale structural properties of random graphs, including the position of the phase transition at which a giant component appears, the size of the giant component, the average size of the small components, and the expected diameter of the network. The chapter ends with a discussion of some of the shortcomings of the random graph model.
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M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Moufang Quadrangles. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0004.
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This chapter proves various results about Moufang quadrangles. It first considers the notions of a proper involutory set, a proper indifferent set, and a proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic space. It then shows that the root group sequence Ω is isomorphic to a root group sequence of exactly one of six types relating to some proper involutory set, some non-trivial anisotropic quadratic space, some proper indifferent set, some proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic space, and some quadratic space. It also describes the degree of a finite purely inseparable field extension as a power of the characteristic, an isomorphism from a root group sequence of Δ to the Moufang quadrangle, and abelian and non-abelian groups.
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Hulme, F. Edward. Natural History Lore And Legend: Being Some Few Examples Of Quaint And Bygone Beliefs Gathered In From Divers Authorities, Ancient And Medieval, Of Varying Degrees Of Reliability. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Hulme, F. Edward. Natural History Lore And Legend: Being Some Few Examples Of Quaint And Bygone Beliefs Gathered In From Divers Authorities, Ancient And Medieval, Of Varying Degrees Of Reliability. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006.
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Halpern, Joseph Y. Actual Causality. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035026.001.0001.
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Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C “actually caused” event E? The problem of defining actual causation goes beyond mere philosophical speculation. For example, in many legal arguments, it is precisely what needs to be established in order to determine responsibility. The philosophy literature has been struggling with the problem of defining causality since Hume. In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression. Halpern applies and expands an approach to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed, based on structural equations. He carefully formulates a definition of causality, and building on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by discussing how these ideas can be applied to such practical problems as accountability and program verification.
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Scanlon, T. M. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812692.003.0001.
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Six objections to inequality will be explored in subsequent chapters. These are objections based on requirements of equal concern, on objectionable inequality in status, on the degree of control that the rich can exercise over the lives of those who have less, on interference with equality of economic opportunity, on interference with the fairness of political institutions, and on features of economic institutions that generate inequalities in wealth and income without sufficient justification. These objections are all egalitarian in the broad sense of being objections to the difference between what some have and what others have. It is a further question to what degree they are egalitarian in the narrower sense of being based on ideas of the value of equality rather than on other values.
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McDaniel, Kris. Being and Almost Nothingness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.003.0006.
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Holes, shadows, and other absences fittingly show the cracks of many ontological theories. Their reality must be recognized, but their way of being must also be recognized as in some way deficient. This chapter discusses several ways of accounting for the deficiency of the mode of being of absences before settling on the claim that absences have a lower grade or degree of being than other objects. It develops a view on which the degree of being of an object is proportionate to the naturalness of the most natural quantifier that ranges over that object. Beings by courtesy are those beings for which no fundamental quantifier ranges over them. “Almost nothings” are species of beings by courtesy, but the author also discusses whether other kinds of objects might be as well.
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Hundert, Joshua S., Rashmi Verma, Ritika Suri, Anika T. Singh, and Ajay Singh. Neurological Manifestations of Renal Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0191.
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In the United Syates, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 5% to 10% of the general population. It is estimated that about 20 million Americans have some degree of CKD. Central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities are common in patients with CKD, especially in those individuals with end stage renal disease (ESRD) who require renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplant. Neurological symptoms in patients with CKD may range from mild altered sensorium and cognitive dysfunction to tremors and coma. By the time patients require renal replacement therapy, some patients may have uremia, a clinical syndrome with protean manifestations.
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Greenberg, Jessica. Jurisdiction, Politics, and Truth-Making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0020.
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This chapter suggests that the authority framework allows one to see resonances across seemingly disparate spaces and thus to participate in a shared project for understanding important international institutions. At the same time, by focusing on degrees of authority, one can also speak to the specificities of people’s experiences and encounters with justice. In this spirit of interdisciplinary and comparative methods, the chapter takes the categories of analysis that emerge from the authority framework and puts them into conversation with some key categories in legal anthropology. In so doing, it offers some points of connectivity and conversation across different, but overlapping, disciplinary questions.
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Kockelman, Paul. Secrecy, Poetry, and Being-Free. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190636531.003.0003.
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This chapter asks two questions: What are some of the secrets of networks? And what might constitute their poetics, an aesthetic means of revealing their secrets? It leverages the relation between codes and channels, delving into two topics that link them: degrees of freedom and secrets. By degrees of freedom is meant the number of independent dimensions needed to specify the state of a system. This chapter argues that even relatively commensurate systems, which have identical degrees of freedom, can have different secrets—understood as inherent symmetries that organize their sense-making capacities. This chapter also shows how channels as well as codes can have inherent secrets (in addition to their ability to keep and reveal secrets in more stereotypic ways). By extending the notion of poetics, it shows how such systems can be made to reveal their secrets. As will be seen, all this is a way of reinterpreting the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (i.e., the idea that the language one speaks affects the way one thinks), such that this hypothesis can be usefully applied to media more generally (such as interfaces, algorithms, infrastructure, and networks).
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Goligorsky, Michael S., Julien Maizel, Radovan Vasko, May M. Rabadi, and Brian B. Ratliff. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0221.
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In the intricate maze of proposed mechanisms, modifiers, modulators, and sensitizers for acute kidney injury (AKI) and diverse causes inducing it, this chapter focuses on several common and undisputable strands which do exist.Structurally, the loss of the brush border, desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, and obstruction of the tubular lumen are commonly observed, albeit to various degrees. These morphologic hallmarks of AKI are accompanied by functional defects, most consistently reflected in the decreased glomerular filtration rate and variable degree of reduction in renal blood flow, accompanied by changes in the microcirculation. Although all renal resident cells participate in AKI, the brunt falls on the epithelial and endothelial cells, the fact that underlies the development of tubular epithelial and vascular compromise.This chapter further summarizes the involvement of several cell organelles in AKI: mitochondrial involvement in perturbed energy metabolism, lysosomal involvement in degradation of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, and peroxisomal involvement in the regulation of oxidative stress and metabolism, all of which become defective. Common molecular pathways are engaged in cellular stress response and their roles in cell death or survival. The diverse families of nephrotoxic medications and the respective mechanisms they induce AKI are discussed. The mechanisms of action of some nephrotoxins are analysed, and also of the preventive therapies of ischaemic or pharmacologic pre-conditioning.An emerging concept of the systemic inflammatory response triggered by AKI, which can potentially aggravate the local injury or tend to facilitate the repair of the kidney, is presented. Rational therapeutic strategies should be based on these well-established pathophysiological hallmarks of AKI.
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Tholen, Gerbrand. Graduate Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744481.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The expansion of higher education (HE) has been one of the most important changes to affect Western labour markets. More than a third of all British workers are now degree holders. The graduate labour market is often understood as that part of the labour market characterized by high skills and high knowledge intensity and required in an increasingly complex economy. HE is presumed to be the developer of these advanced skills. Yet with the graduatization of the workforce come growing concerns about as well as misunderstanding of what jobs graduates occupy, how they utilize their skills, and education’s role within graduate work and the competition for jobs. The book examines some of the assumptions placed on graduate work, graduate jobs, graduate skills, and graduate careers. It provides valuable insights into how we can understand the meaning of graduate work within a rapidly changing economic, technological, and organizational context. Based on in-depth qualitative case studies on software developers, financial analysts, laboratory scientists, and press officers, the book shows that the graduate labour market is more heterogeneous than often is understood. What counts as graduate work remains contested and under constant reinterpretation and renegotiation. Also, access to work, job performance, and career advancement are not necessarily driven by university qualifications and skills associated with HE. The book begins to explore how, and to what extent, those workers with university degrees are defined by their educational experiences, status, and qualifications, mounting a powerful critique against the idealization of graduate work.
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Lima Rua, Orlando. Creativity and Business Innovation (Volume II). CEOS Edições, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56002/ceos.0073b.
Full textAbstract:
The bachelor's degree in Creativity and Business Innovation is a joint study programme offered by the Polytechnic of Porto (P.PORTO), through the Porto School of Accounting and Administration (ISCAP), Vilnius Kolegija - University of Applied Sciences (VIKO), from Lithuania and the Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences (EUAS), from Estonia. This is a pioneer degree in the context of Portuguese higher education, taught in English. Due to its innovative character, it responds to the new paradigms that higher education institutions (HEI) will have to face. With innovative syllabus, teaching/learning methodologies and assessment methods it develops new paths for higher education programmes. To conclude this degree, students must develop and present a Final Thesis (Project). Thus, the present book compiles, in the form of chapters, some of the work presented by the students during the academic years of 2020/21 and 2021/22. They have been organised in the form of volumes, being the first volume presented (Volume I). The objectives of this book are (1) to allow students of this bachelor's degree to develop and consolidate knowledge in the various disciplinary areas of Management, (2) to support students in finalising their Final Thesis (Project), and, finally, (3) to promote the transfer of knowledge from Academia to Society. The organizer and the authors of the chapters are grateful for the support of the entrepreneurship and innovation research line of the Center for Organisational and Social Studies of Polytechnic of Porto (CEOS.PP).
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Lima Rua, Orlando. Creativity and Business Innovation (Volume I). CEOS Edições, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56002/ceos.0072b.
Full textAbstract:
The bachelor's degree in Creativity and Business Innovation is a joint study programme offered by the Polytechnic of Porto (P.PORTO), through the Porto School of Accounting and Administration (ISCAP), Vilnius Kolegija - University of Applied Sciences (VIKO), from Lithuania and the Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences (EUAS), from Estonia. This is a pioneer degree in the context of Portuguese higher education, taught in English. Due to its innovative character, it responds to the new paradigms that higher education institutions (HEI) will have to face. With innovative syllabus, teaching/learning methodologies and assessment methods it develops new paths for higher education programmes. To conclude this degree, students must develop and present a Final Thesis (Project). Thus, the present book compiles, in the form of chapters, some of the work presented by the students during the academic years of 2020/21 and 2021/22. They have been organised in the form of volumes, being the first volume presented (Volume I). The objectives of this book are (1) to allow students of this bachelor's degree to develop and consolidate knowledge in the various disciplinary areas of Management, (2) to support students in finalising their Final Thesis (Project), and, finally, (3) to promote the transfer of knowledge from Academia to Society. The organizer and the authors of the chapters are grateful for the support of the entrepreneurship and innovation research line of the Center for Organisational and Social Studies of Polytechnic of Porto (CEOS.PP).
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Lima Rua, Orlando. Creativity and Business Innovation (Volume III). CEOS Edições, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56002/ceos.0074b.
Full textAbstract:
The bachelor’s degree in Creativity and Business Innovation is a joint study programme offered by the Polytechnic of Porto (P.PORTO), through the Porto School of Accounting and Administration (ISCAP), Vilnius Kolegija - University of Applied Sciences (VIKO), from Lithuania and the Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences (EUAS), from Estonia. This is a pioneer degree in the context of Portuguese higher education, taught in English. Due to its innovative character, it responds to the new paradigms that higher education institutions (HEI) will have to face. With innovative syllabus, teaching/learning methodologies and assessment methods it develops new paths for higher education programmes. To conclude this degree, students must develop and present a Final Thesis (Project). Thus, the present book compiles, in the form of chapters, some of the work presented by the students during the academic year of 2021/22. They have been organised in the form of volumes, being the third volume presented (Volume III). The objectives of this book are (1) to allow students of this bachelor’s degree to develop and consolidate knowledge in the various disciplinary areas of Management, (2) to support students in finalising their Final Thesis (Project), and, finally, (3) to promote the transfer of knowledge from Academia to Society. The organizer and the authors of the chapters are grateful for the support of the entrepreneurship and innovation research line of the Center for Organisational and Social Studies of Polytechnic of Porto (CEOS.PP).
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Paxton, Robert O. Comparisons and Definitions. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0030.
Full textAbstract:
Why did fascism succeed in some parts of Europe and not in others? This question places the topic squarely in the domain of comparative history. The development of fascism in Europe after 1919 presents a fruitful terrain for comparison. Every European nation, indeed all economically developed nations with some degree of political democracy, had some kind of fascist movement. At further stages of development, the outcomes were dramatically different. In Italy and Germany, fascist movements became major players and achieved power. In the most solidly established Western European democracies, such as Britain and Scandinavia, fascist movements remained marginal. In some cases, such as France and Belgium, they became conspicuous but could approach power only after foreign conquest. A number of authoritarian regimes, including Franco's Spain, Salazar's Portugal, Antonescu's Romania, Horthy's Hungary, imperial Japan, and Vargas's Brazil, borrowed some trappings from fascism but excluded fascist parties from real power.