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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Robertson, Katerina. A brief Dramatherapeutic intervention will bring changes to the internal and external somatic symptoms of a client. [Guildford]: [University of Surrey], 1998.

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2

Subsistence and change: Lessons of agropastoralism in Somalia. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.

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3

N/A Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Somalia: Current conflicts and new chances for state building. Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2008.

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4

Al-Najim, Mujeeb N. Changes in the species composition of pastoral herds in Bay Region, Somalia. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1991.

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5

Canada. Department of National Defence. A commitment to change : report on the recommendations of the Somalia Commission of Inquiry =: Une volonté de changement : rapport sur les recommendations de la Commission d'enquête sur la Somalie. Ottawa, Ont: Dept. of National Defence = Ministère de la défense nationale, 1997.

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6

Canada. Somalia Commission of Inquiry. A commitment to change: Report on the recommendations of the Somalia Commisssion of Inquiry. Ottawa: The Commission, 1997.

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7

Defence, Canada Department of National. A commitment to change: Report of the recommendations of the Somalia Commission of Inquiry. [Ottawa, Ont: Minister of National Defence, 1997.

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8

International Seminar on Female Circumcision (1988 Mogadishu, Somalia). Female circumcision: Strategies to bring about change : proceedings of the International Seminar on Female Circumcision, 13-16 June 1988, Mogadisho, Somalia. Rome, Italy: Italian Association for Women in Development, 1989.

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9

Khalsa, Sahib S., and Justin S. Feinstein. The somatic error hypothesis of anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0008.

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A regulatory battle for control ensues in the central nervous system following a mismatch between the current physiological state of an organism as mapped in viscerosensory brain regions and the predicted body state as computed in visceromotor control regions. The discrepancy between the predicted and current body state (i.e. the “somatic error”) signals a need for corrective action, motivating changes in both cognition and behavior. This chapter argues that anxiety disorders are fundamentally driven by somatic errors that fail to be adaptively regulated, leaving the organism in a state of dissonance where the predicted body state is perpetually out of line with the current body state. Repeated failures to quell somatic error can result in long-term changes to interoceptive circuitry within the brain. This chapter explores the neuropsychiatric sequelae that can emerge following chronic allostatic dysregulation of somatic errors and discusses novel therapies that might help to correct this dysregulation.
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10

Prinz, Jesse J. Emotions: How Many Are There? Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0008.

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This article focuses on a particular theory of the emotions, somatic appraisal theory, which explain the range of emotions effectively. The somatic appraisal theory is designed to compensate for the flaw in James's formulation according to which emotions are perceptions of patterned changes in the body. James's theory does not capture the idea that emotions are meaningful. Somatic appraisal theory mentions that emotions are perceptions of changes in the body and also carry information about circumstances that bear on well-being. The bodily changes that occur and the perception thereof have the function of carrying information about loss. They were set up as responses to loss. Somatic appraisal theory has much in common with Ekman's Darwinean modules. Ekman states that each emotion is associated with a physiological pattern. Ekman mentions that the patterns are evolved adaptations, and that is also true in somatic appraisal theory. He also says that emotions exploit automatic appraisals. Ekman mentions that appraisals are components of emotions, while somatic appraisal theory reports that they are causes, rather than components, but the difference is not especially important for present purposes. Somatic appraisal theory is compatible with three ways of acquiring new emotions. Emotions are individuated by their semantic content and their somatic profile (the pattern of bodily changes the perception of which constitutes the emotion). A change in semantic content could lead to the creation of a new emotion, and the introduction of new bodily patterns could as well.
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11

Schaffir, Jonathan. Biological Changes During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.23.

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Pregnancy and postpartum recovery involve profound changes that affect nearly every aspect of a woman’s life. This chapter reviews the physical, hormonal, and physiological changes that occur in the course of normal pregnancy and the postpartum period. It describes the common symptoms and sensations associated with these changes and their implications in contributing to behavioral changes and psychopathology. It is important for health care providers to realize that, for a majority of women, somatic symptoms and some psychological symptoms represent normal physiological changes. The symptoms and complaints engendered by the changes of pregnancy are, in most cases, the natural consequence of bringing new life into the world. A familiarity with routine pregnancy-related changes will aid the mental health care provider in recognizing when behavioral patterns deviate from what is expected. Such understanding is key to assessing when such symptoms demand treatment and when they only call for reassurance and legitimization.
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12

Maher, Christopher J., and Elaine R. Mardis. Genomic Landscape of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0004.

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The study of cancer genomics has advanced rapidly during the last decade due to the development of next generation or massively parallel technology for DNA sequencing. The resulting knowledge is transforming the understanding of both inherited (germline) genetic susceptibility and the somatic changes in tumor tissue that drive abnormal growth and progression. The somatic alterations in tumor tissue vary depending on the type of cancer and its characteristic “genomic landscape.” New technologies have increased the speed and lowered the cost of DNA sequencing and have enabled high-volume characterization of RNA, DNA methylation, DNA-protein complexes, DNA conformation, and a host of other factors that, when altered, can contribute to the development and/or progression of the cancer. Technologic advances have greatly expanded research on somatic changes in tumor tissue, revealing both the singularity of individual cancer genomes and the commonality of genetic alterations that drive cancer in different tissues.
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13

Divan, Aysha, and Janice A. Royds. 7. Molecular biology in the clinic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0007.

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Environmental agents can cause genetic and epigenetic changes to DNA, the consequences of which lead to deregulation of cellular processes and pathways that cause disease. Genetic variation can either be inherited if acquired through the germline or non-heritable when the DNA changes occur in somatic (body) cells. ‘Molecular biology in the clinic’ discusses two key contemporary areas of clinical research that have benefited from an improved knowledge of their molecular basis: ageing and cancer. It shows that we are now better able to predict disease risk and design drugs that have higher clinical efficacy by targeting specific molecular pathways.
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14

Way, Ruth. Somatic Awakenings. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039409.003.0008.

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In this chapter, the author talks about somatic awakenings by sharing the story of her transformative passage through somatic studies and how her study of somatics has directly influenced her both personally and in her roles as an artist and educator. Drawing on some of the leading practitioners, performers, and scholars such as Sondra Fraleigh, Pina Bausch, Thomas Hanna, and Anna Cooper Albright, the author explores the link between creativity in performance practice and guiding principles in somatic movement training. Her aim is to show how embodied knowledge can be realized as a creative tool for personal transformation and sociopolitical change. She also reflects on her collaboration with visual artist and fimmaker Russell Frampton in directing and producing dance films.
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15

Mason, Peggy. Somatosensation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0017.

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Under normal circumstances, the somatosensory system contributes more to shaping movements than to perception. Yet damage to the somatosensory system can result in spontaneous pain and other abnormal somatic perceptions. An exploration of the mechanisms and pathways involved in touch perception is slanted toward understanding the contribution of the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway to the generation of paresthesia and dysesthesia. Peripheral somatosensory afferents that contribute to the perception of sharp or aching pain, temperature, and itch are described. The properties of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels on nociceptors and thermoreceptors are described. Physiological and pharmacological mechanisms that lead to neurogenic inflammation are considered. How peripheral and central changes triggered by acute injury or disease can lead to long-lasting changes that support chronic pain is described. Persistent pain that occurs independently of any stimulus is termed neuropathic. Mechanisms of referred pain from deep structures including viscera are introduced.
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16

Bjork, Stephanie R. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040931.003.0006.

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This chapter summarizes the key points of the book and elucidates how the case study of Somalis in Finland furthers our understanding of kinship, identity, and diaspora. The chapter considers how and why telling clan will likely change with the return of Somalis to ancestral clan territories, south to north migration, linguistic changes, shifting political engagements, and identity constructions. The chapter also highlights the selected resettlement of Somali Bantu refugees in the United States by contrasting the author’s more recent work among this group in a large metropolitan area in the United States with Somalis in Finland.
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17

Ganança, Licínia, David A. Kahn, and Maria A. Oquendo. Mood Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses the mood disorders. Major depressive disorder is characterized by neurovegetative changes, anhedonia, and suicidal ideation. Persistent depressive disorder is a milder form of depression, lasting for at least 2 years, with little or no remission during that time... Psychotic features can occur in both depressive and manic episodes. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is diagnosed through use of a prospective daily symptom ratings log showing a cyclical pattern over at least 2 consecutive months. Patients with mood episodes with mixed features have a high risk of suicide. Some patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder may develop catatonic features characterized by marked psychomotor disturbance. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the usual first-line medication treatment for patients with major depressive disorder. For patients with bipolar disorder the mainstays of somatic therapy are lithium and the anticonvulsants valproate and carbamazepine.
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18

Colombetti, Giovanna, and Neil Harrison. From physiology to experience: Enriching existing conceptions of “arousal” in affective science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0013.

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This chapter examines the notion of “arousal”, an influential notion in affective science referring to the degree of an individual’s “activation” or “excitement” during an emotional state. It considers this notion specifically in relation to interoception, defined broadly as “sensitivity to stimuli arising inside the organism.” “Physiological arousal” is distinguished from “experienced arousal” and it is argued that both need to be characterized more broadly than commonly done. Physiological arousal cannot be reduced to sympathetic activation, as it involves complex interactions between multiple functionally distinct pathways within sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, as well as endocrine and immune systems, and even the gut microbiota. Relatedly, experienced arousal does not reduce to the perception of changes in the body sensed by visceral afferents in response to autonomic nervous system activity but also includes humorally mediated interoceptive pathways, somatic sensations of various kinds, and “background” bodily feelings.
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19

Dean, Michael, and Karobi Moitra. Biology of Neoplasia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0002.

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The term “cancer” encompasses a large heterogeneous group of diseases that involve uncontrolled cell growth, division, and survival, culminating in local invasion and/or distant metastases. Cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease at the cellular level. Tumors occur because clones of abnormal cells acquire multiple lesions in DNA, nearly always involving mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and extensive alteration of the epigenome. Up to 10% of cancers also involve inherited germline mutations that are moderately to highly penetrant. Cancers begin as localized growths or premalignant lesions that may regress or disappear spontaneously, or progress to a malignant primary tumor. The somatic changes that drive abnormal growth involve activating mutations of specific oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and/or disruption of epigenetic controls. The latter can result from methylation or the modification of histones and other proteins that affect the remodeling of chromosomes. Numerous non-inherited factors can cause cancer by accelerating these events.
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20

Somalia, agriculture in the winds of change. Saarbrücken-Schafbrücke: EPI Verlag, 1986.

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21

Brüne, Martin, and Wulf Schiefenhövel, eds. Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198789666.001.0001.

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Medicine is grounded in the natural sciences, among which biology stands out with regard to the understanding of human physiology and conditions that cause dysfunction. Ironically, evolutionary biology is a relatively disregarded field. One reason for this omission is that evolution is deemed a slow process. Indeed, macroanatomical features of our species have changed very little in the last 300,000 years. A more detailed look, however, reveals that novel ecological contingencies, partly in relation to cultural evolution, have brought about subtle changes pertaining to metabolism and immunology, including adaptations to dietary innovations, as well as adaptations to exposure to novel pathogens. Rapid pathogen evolution and evolution of cancer cells cause major problems for the immune system to find adequate responses. Moreover, many adaptations to past ecologies have turned into risk factors for somatic disease and psychological disorder in our modern world (i.e. mismatch), among which epidemics of autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, as well as several forms of cancer stand out. In addition, depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions add to the list. The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine is a compilation of up-to-date insights into the evolutionary history of ourselves as a species, and how and why our evolved design may convey vulnerability to disease. Written in a classic textbook style, emphasising the physiology and pathophysiology of all major organ systems, the book addresses students as well as scholars in the fields of medicine, biology, anthropology, and psychology.
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22

Humble, Stephen R. Plasticity in somatic receptive fields after nerve injury. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0023.

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Devor and Wall, in a pioneering electrophysiological study, examined the change in somatic receptive fields in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord after nerve injury. Rather than the anticipated loss of an area of electrophysiological perception, the system demonstrated ‘plasticity’ whereby novel receptive fields, remote to the corresponding area of damage, were evident. The authors postulated that this neuroplasticity occurred via a hitherto undefined spinal mechanism, which lead to an explosion of interest and research to elucidate the mechanisms of central plasticity. In this truly landmark paper, the idea of the nervous system being an inherently ‘hard-wired’ structure was made redundant and the concept of neuroplasticity was given robust form.
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23

Matthews, Jonathan C. Mindful body, embodied mind: Somatic knowing and education. 1994.

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24

Mindful body, embodied mind: Somatic knowing and education. 1994.

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25

Simandiraki-Grimshaw, Anna. Minoan Body: A Somatic Approach to Social Economic and Political Change in Bronze. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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26

Bjork, Stephanie R. Telling. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040931.003.0002.

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This chapter elucidates the ways Somalis tell and read clan in daily life. The social practice of telling helps legitimize clan affiliation and social boundaries of Somaliness (e.g., excluding Somali minorities from Somaliness). Telling opens up the potential for individuals to build clan-based social capital and exchange capital in its various forms. Social conventions of telling clan, particularly how these have changed since the early to mid-1990s, are explored as well as differences in clan competence. It is shown that while telling clan through markers such as language and dialect, cultivate affinity within clans, these same features can be used to form links across clans.
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27

A House In The Sky A Memoir Of A Kidnapping That Changed Everything. Penguin Books Ltd, 2014.

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28

Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia., ed. A Commitment to change: Report on the recommendations of the Somalia Commission of Inquiry. Ottawa: Dept. of National Defence, 1997.

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29

Hermans, Hubert J. M. The Positioning Brain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687793.003.0005.

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Recent developments in brain sciences and social psychology lead to a model focused on the communication channels between I-positions, connecting self with other, reason with emotion, and the conscious with the nonconscious as basic polarities of positioning. Emotional and reasoning positions, like conscious and nonconscious positions, are considered as mutually complementing opposites in both self and other. In this model the communication channels are of crucial importance as their features and qualities determine whether the positions are involved in competition or cooperation, conflict or harmony, suppress or support each other, create coalitions or retreat in isolation. A diversity of phenomena are explored, including theory of mind, hemispheric differentiation, empathy, somatic markers, body illusions, racial prejudices, difference between emotion and feeling, and cultural aspects of brain functioning.
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30

Ku, Charlotte. Transparency, Accountability, and Responsibility for Internationally Mandated Operations. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0020.

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This chapter deals with the transparency of decision-making that establishes international military operations, the accountability of individual actors, and the responsibility of the institutions creating the mandates for such operations. It begins with an overview of the sources of internationally mandated use of force, including the United Nations and regional arrangements. It then turns to UN operational and legal milestones in carrying out international mandates for peace operations. The chapter also discusses changes in national accountability mechanisms by citing the episodes in Somalia, Rwanda, and the Balkans. Finally, it reviews the 2000 Report of the Panel on Peace Operations that revealed the complexity of transparency, accountability, and responsibility with respect to internationally mandated military operations.
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31

Phelan, Helen. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190672225.003.0008.

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The conclusion summarizes the characteristics of ritual singing that facilitate a sense of belonging as they have been proposed throughout this book. These include aspects of resonance, somatics, performance, temporality, and tacitness. These five characteristics point toward three important ways in which ritually framed singing is well positioned to promote a sense of belonging. Singing plays an important role in helping us structure experience. It has an essentially relational character. As a performed activity, singing also has agency. The ethnographic studies of religious, educational, community, and civic rituals presented throughout the book highlight ways in which the changing religious and cultural landscape of Ireland is being negotiated and transformed through sung ritual practices. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the “weakness” of singing, proposing that it is this very characteristic that allows it to function so hospitably in experiences of fragility, vulnerability, and change.
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32

Crisis and Terror in the Horn of Africa: Autopsy of Democracy, Human Rights and Freedom (Law, Social Change and Development). Ashgate Pub Ltd, 2001.

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33

Zachar, Peter, and Kenneth S. Kendler. A DSM insiders’ history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0041.

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Chapter 41 discusses a kind of in vivo case study of the interactions between science and extra-scientific processes involved in the construction of nosological categories of psychiatry. The very first medical report on a cluster of symptoms, regularly affecting some women over their menstrual cycle, the so-called syndrome of premenstrual tension, appeared in 1931. The name changed with time to premenstrual syndrome, subsequently renamed as late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD) and is currently known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). It was listed as a psychiatric disorder in the DSM-III, but was later moved to the section on the condition deserving further study (aka the “appendix”). In the DSM-5, PMDD returned to the main section of the manual devoted to depressive disorders as a diagnosis approved for routine clinical use. The PDD is an ideal-type condition to stimulate a controversy about its justification as a psychiatric disorder. By its nature it affects only females (here, feminist issues may arise); it is clearly linked to physiological rhythm (is it not a somatic issue?); does it exist as a distinct behavioral abnormality or is it just a variant of female experience?: does it need to be treated pharmacologically? (the issues of medicalization and “big pharma”). It provides a detailed narrative on the vicissitudes of this psychiatric nosological category, which is not only based on a careful study by interested outsiders but is crucially enriched by the insights of one of the participants of the very process of DSM construction.
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34

Kulcsár, László J., and Albert Iaroi. Immigrant Integration and the Changing Public Discourse. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses the public discourse around the integration process of immigrant Latino workers in Emporia, Kansas. It employs aggregate statistical analysis, media-content analysis, and key-informant interviews to examine how the public discourse has changed over time. Particular attention is given to the arrival of the Somali refugee workers that subsequently altered the discourse on immigrant-worker integration. Findings show that the community perception of Latin Americans shifted significantly once a culturally and ethnically less similar group arrived in town. The discussion includes the role of local actors in immigrant integration with an emphasis on their main employer, Tyson Foods. Contrary to the general challenges of immigrant integration, revolving largely around unauthorized migrants, in this case the difficulty had to do with integrating legal immigrants who had racial and religious differences from not only the mainstream community but from the dominant minority as well.
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35

Christine, Gray. International Law and the Use of Force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808411.001.0001.

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This book explores the use of force in international law. It examines not only the use of force by states but also the role of the UN in peacekeeping and enforcement action, and the increasing role of regional organizations in the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN Charter framework is under challenge: Russia’s invasion of Georgia and intervention in Ukraine, the USA’s military operations in Syria, and Saudi Arabia’s campaign to restore the government of Yemen by force all raise questions about the law on intervention. The ‘war on terror’ that began after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the USA has not been won. It has spread far beyond Afghanistan, leading to targeted killings in Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen, and to intervention against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Is there an expanding right of self-defence against non-state actors? The development of nuclear weapons by North Korea has reignited discussion about the legality of pre-emptive self-defence. The NATO-led operation in Libya increased hopes for the implementation of ‘responsibility to protect’, but it also provoked criticism for exceeding the Security Council’s authorization of force because its outcome was regime change. UN peacekeeping faces new challenges, especially with regard to the protection of civilians, and UN forces have been given revolutionary mandates in several African states, but UN peacekeeping is not suited to counter-terrorism or enforcement operations. The UN now turns to regional organizations as first responders in situations of ongoing armed conflict.
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