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1
Arthur, Jo. "Language at the margins." Language Problems and Language Planning 28, no. 3 (November 5, 2004): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.28.3.01art.
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Drawing on a recent ethnographic research project conducted in an urban neighbourhood of Liverpool, England, this paper focuses on Somali speakers, relating the experience of members of this minority language community to the local linguistic and cultural ecology of the city. The community forms part of a Somali diaspora created largely as a consequence of civil war in Somalia towards the end of the twentieth century. The paper opens with an account of the context of the languages and cultures of Liverpool, going on to explore the communicative roles of languages and literacies — Somali, English and Arabic — in the lives of members of the Somali community. Also reported are insights, gained in interviews, into the symbolic values which these languages and literacies hold for them. These data indicate unresolved tensions felt by the interviewees in relation to issues both of cultural identity and of social and educational aspirations — tensions which are closely linked to widespread concern in the community over what is perceived as inter-generational language shift, from Somali to English. This concern has led to the setting up of Somali literacy teaching for young people in the community, and the study included observation of these classes. The paper considers the contribution of such affirmative action to the maintenance and valorisation of Somali, as the language of community heritage, before concluding with discussion of the implications of the Somali community experience in Liverpool — of both marginalisation and resistance — for the management of multilingualism in this modern city. Sommaire Les langues dans la marge: Le cas du somalien à Liverpool Cet article se concentre sur les locuteurs somaliens. Les informations obtenues se rapportent à l’expérience des membres de cette communauté linguistique minoritaire et s’inspirent des conclusions d’une étude ethnographique menée dans un quartier urbain de Liverpool, en Angleterre. La communauté fait partie de la diaspora somalienne, créée principalement à la suite de la guerre civile en Somalie vers la fin du 20ème siècle. L’article présente le contexte des langues et cultures de Liverpool ainsi que les rôles de communication des langues et des taux d’alphabétisation pour les langues — somalien, anglais, arabe — dans la vie des membres de la communauté somalienne. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens effectués, cet article donne aussi un aperçu des valeurs symboliques que représentent pour eux ces langues et leur taux d’alphabétisation. Ces données révèlent les tensions irrésolues ressenties par les personnes interviewées en ce qui concerne les questions à la fois de culture identitaire et d’aspirations sociales et en matière d’éducation. Ces tensions sont intimement liées à une inquiétude répandue parmi la communauté en ce qui concerne les changements qui semblent intervenir au niveau du somalien et de l’anglais entre les générations. Cette inquiétude a mené à la création d’un enseignement du somalien pour les jeunes de la communauté et cette étude inclus les observations de ces classes. L’article prend en considération la contribution d’une action si affirmative pour le maintien et la valorisation du somalien, en qualité de langue du patrimoine de la communauté, et termine en conclusion par une discussion des implications — à la fois de la marginalisation et de la résistance de la communauté somalienne à Liverpool — en ce qui concerne la gestion du multilinguisme de cette ville moderne. [Cette étude se base sur des recherches effectuées en 2001–2002 avec le soutien du Leverhulme Trust. L’auteur remercie l’aide de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah et Samsam Saleh.] Resumo Lingvo marĝena: La kazo de la somalia en Liverpool Surbaze de lastatempa etnografia esplorprojekto farita en urba kvartalo de Liverpool, Anglio, tiu ĉi artikolo fokusiĝas je somaliparolantoj, ligante la sperton de anoj de tiu ĉi lingvominoritata komunumo al la kultura ekologio de la urbo. La komunumo formas parton de somalia diasporo kreita plejparte rezulte de la civila milito en Somalio fine de la dudeka jarcento. La artikolo komenciĝas per prezento de la lingva kaj kultura kunteksto de Liverpool, kaj poste esploras la komunikajn rolojn de lingvoj kaj leg- kaj skribkapabloj — somaliaj, anglaj kaj arabaj — en la vivoj de anoj de la somalia komunumo. Oni ankaŭ raportas pri perceptoj, gajnitaj el intervjuoj, pri ilia sento de la simbolaj valoroj entenataj en tiuj lingvoj kaj kapabloj. Tiuj datenoj indikas, ke la intervjuatoj sentis nesolvitajn streĉitecojn rilate demandojn kaj de kultura identeco kaj de sociaj kaj edukaj aspiroj — streĉitecojn proksime ligitajn al disvastiĝinta maltrankvilo en la komunumo pri tio, kion oni perceptas kiel intergeneracian lingvoŝoviĝon de la somalia al la angla. Tiu maltrankvilo kondukis al starigo de somalia alfabetiga instruado por komunumaj gejunuloj, kaj la studo enhavis ankaŭ observadon de tiuj klasoj. La artikolo konsideras la kontribuon de tia pozitiva agado al konservado kaj valorigo de la somalia, kiel la lingvo de la komuna heredaĵo. La artikolo finiĝas per diskuto de la implicoj de la spertoj de la somalia komunumo en Liverpool — spertoj kaj de marĝenigo kaj de rezistado — por la mastrumado de multlingvismo en tiu moderna urbo. [La studo baziĝas sur esploroj subtenataj en 2001–2 de Leverhulme Trust. La aŭtoro danke rekonas la helpon de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah kaj Samsam Saleh.]
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Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "The Making of the 1990 Manifesto: Somalia’s Last Chance for State Survival." Northeast African Studies 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41931314.
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Abstract The Somali elites’ attempt in 1990 to save their society from dissolution has been all but forgotten since Somalia’s government collapsed in 1991; their failure remains a neglected theme in Somali studies. This study examines an attempt made months before the fall of the Somali military regime in January 1991. The study treats such a community-led endeavor as a mused chance that Somalia could have been prevented from plunging into a complete collapse, the phenomenon of all against all that is yet prevalent in Somalia. It departs the quesúon of what can the history of the final months before the ’civil’ war tell us about the alternatives that local actors envisioned? The study argues that to seek a solution to what is currently occurring in Somalia, a glance of history is necessary.
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Meharg, Isobel Rose. "The Sub-Saharan Refugee Crisis: Three Decades of Somali Refugees in Kenya, How did Kenya become the home of half a million Somali refugees?" Frequency of International Relations (FETRIAN) 5, no. 1 (June 13, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/fetrian.5.1.1-22.2023.
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The case study seeks to unpack the origins of Somali displacement and the subsequent Kenyan policy responses to the unfolding crisis.
The Somali refugee crisis is unique. Somalia has been the site of one of the longest humanitarian crises in the world. There is not simply one reason for so many globally and internally displaced Somalis, but an accumulation of factors.
The research paper shall follow a threefold structure. Firstly, an outline of the context under which these people became refugees to aid understanding of the displacement from Somalia over three decades. Secondly, this paper shall address why Kenya is the predominant destination of those leaving Somalia. This section shall also focus on Kenyan policy in response to the evolving refugee situation. Finally, this paper will focus on the changing policy of Kenya, the attempts to resettle Somali refugees and to close the Dadaab complex. One will pose the question why this policy is not working.
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Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia." African Studies Review 61, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.144.
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Abstract:This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on the current state formation processes occurring in the purview of the Somali State. Somali clans are determined to come to terms with the state collapse by averting the return to political power of the detested military regime, which was led by one clan-based leadership that tended to terrorize other rival clans and denied any equal power- and resource-sharing framework. Conceptualizing the contemporary Somali state as similar to pre-colonial clan-sultanates, this article argues that contemporary Somalis are reverting to a pre-colonial realm where each clan had its clan sultan seeking for a clan-state of its own right. Where else do clan-states compete against each other in entering into “treaties” with external entities intent on exploiting war-torn Somalia astabula rasa? It is towards the objective of answering this question and of providing a better understanding of the Somali conflict that this article is offered to add a comparative empirical understanding of the different trajectories of state formations in Somalia.
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Ali, Abdullahi, and Neelam Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENT ROLE OF AMISOM IN THE PEACEBUILDING PROCESS IN SOMALIA: A STUDY." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (June 20, 2020): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83110.
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Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to examine the role of AMISOM in Somalia's peacebuilding process in terms of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and reconciliation among Somali clans.
Methodology: This study uses a descriptive design with document analysis to attain the research objectives. Secondary data is used. The data are collected from books, articles, journals, and literature on peacebuilding.
Main findings: The results show that AMISOM has no significant role in disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating clan militias into communities. The AMISOM reconciliation process has not succeeded to bring Somalis together to determine how key issues are negotiated.
Application of this study: This research is useful for peacebuilding practitioners and government/policymakers in identifying the drivers, causes of armed conflicts in Somalia.
Novelty and originality: While other studies focused on the impact of power-sharing in rebuilding the Somalia government, the present study examines the impact of DDR, tailored with reconciliation in clan co-existence and silencing clan conflicts.
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Ali, Abdullahi, and Neelam Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENT ROLE OF AMISOM IN THE PEACEBUILDING PROCESS IN SOMALIA: A STUDY." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (June 20, 2020): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.831110.
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Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to examine the role of AMISOM in Somalia's peacebuilding process in terms of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and reconciliation among Somali clans.
Methodology: This study uses a descriptive design with document analysis to attain the research objectives. Secondary data is used. The data are collected from books, articles, journals, and literature on peacebuilding.
Main findings: The results show that AMISOM has no significant role in disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating clan militias into communities. The AMISOM reconciliation process has not succeeded to bring Somalis together to determine how key issues are negotiated.
Application of this study: This research is useful for peacebuilding practitioners and government/policymakers in identifying the drivers, causes of armed conflicts in Somalia.
Novelty and originality: While other studies focused on the impact of power-sharing in rebuilding the Somalia government, the present study examines the impact of DDR, tailored with reconciliation in clan co-existence and silencing clan conflicts.
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Meriem, Helmi Ben. "People, Power and Peace: The Public Obsessions of Jamal Gabobe and Mohamud Siad Togane." Maghreb Review 49, no. 1 (2024): 56–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2024.a915897.
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ABSTRACT: This paper explores the image of Siad Barre in Jamal Gabobe's and Mohamud S. Togane's poems and historicizes a decisive era in modern Somali history: the period between 1969 and 1990 during which Siad Barre ruled over Somalia. These poems explore the dictatorial nature of Barre's rule and the mechanisms by which he managed to stay in power. The personal trauma, which is expressed in some poems, is used as a foundation for Somalis' collective renaissance. By the act of writing and voicing their pain, the tormented empower themselves and shed light on a dark stage of Somali history, giving an inclusive image of the status of Somalis in Barre's and post-Barre's Somalia. Essential questions will be posed and addressed, such as: how did the poems written before the collapse of Barre's regime help Somalis fight dictatorship? What is the role of such poems in the construction of a new identity in the post-Barre era? Can they be seen as acts of discursive resistance?
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Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji. "Arabic Sources on Somalia." History in Africa 14 (1987): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171836.
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In recent years scholars of different nationalities (including Somalis) have devoted much time and effort to acquiring information about the Somali past using different means and through the available sources on the region. However, the Arabic written sources of information on Somalia have long been neglected and remain so. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the need for a more comprehensive reading of Arabic sources, and to show that Arabic sources have much to contribute to knowledge about Somalia. I will try to trace these sources and list them in a chronological manner, starting with the early Arab sources, especially from the period which followed the emergence of Islam on the Arabian peninsula when Islam made its way into the Horn of Africa.Secondly, I will look at sources from medieval Islam in Somalia, when Islam spread from the coastal centers on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean into the hinterlands of the Horn, the period which marked the struggle between Islam and Christianity. Thirdly, I will look at the period after the collapse of Muslim power in the late sixteenth century, almost two centuries when the Muslims of the Horn (the Somalis) were surrounded by Ethio-Portuguese alliances both to the north and in the Indian Ocean to the south. This period marked a time when the condition of the Somali Muslims became similar to that formerly endured by the Ethiopians, who had been surrounded by Muslims on all sides.
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Gemechu, Degefe Kebede. "Inter-Clan Conflicts and the Long Journey to State-Building in Somalia – Internal and International Effects." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 16 (January 22, 2024): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2023.1.12.
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The main purpose of the article is to investigate and analyze the inter-clan conflict and its consequences as well as the role of subregional and international organizations such as African Unions in conflict resolution and peace-building efforts in Somalia. Compared to various regions in Africa, the Horn of Africa was the region that was the most affected by internal and external conflicts. In this region, Somalia faced not only Clan problems but also suffered from rule dictatorial rules. The research hypothesis states that, traditional social structures, comprising of the clan and sub-clan identity are the main factors of disagreement and the international community peace initiatives couldn’t bring lasting peace in Somalia. Investigation questions include: What are the root causes of Somali conflict? What are the effects of the role of regional and international organizations in Somali conflict resolution? Despite being the most homogeneous nations in Africa, why did Somalis have one of the longest civil wars in the Horn of Africa? The tension in Somalia which began after the downfall of the central government in Somalia in 1991 convoluted the well-being of the citizens in the region. Among the states of the Horn of Africa, Somalia turned out to be one the most affected regarding instability and humanitarian and political turmoil. This article tries to explore the main problems Somalia faced after the end of the Cold War, the consequences of the conflict and other issues related to social and political problems taken place in Somalia. The research mainly depends on the qualitative method of data collection analysis.
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Musse, Osman Sayid Hassan, and Abdelghani Echchabi. "Dollarization in East Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Future Forecasts." Binus Business Review 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v8i1.1759.
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The dollarization phenomenon has been widespread among the East African countries for many decades. This trend results in several consequences that might be either beneficial or harmful to these countries and their likes.The objective of this research was to empirically examine the causes, consequences and the future scenarios of dollarization in one of the leading regional countries such as Somalia. The research used a survey of over 100respondents and applied descriptive statistics and t-tests to achieve the above objectives. The findings show that the main causes of Dollarization in Somalia are the implementation of the Hawallah (money transfer) system,the remarkable absence of the central bank and other monitoring financial authorities, the increasing exports and imports of the Somalian economy, the loss of confidence in the local Somalian Shilling, and the relative ease atwhich the Somalian Shilling can be printed and manipulated by selected market players. These causes are found to be mainly triggered by the revenue from exports, the policies and regulations implemented by the Somali government, the Somali Diaspora, and the international aid organizations. This has resulted in the foreign traders buying Somali goods at a relatively lower price and taking advantage of the depreciated Somali Shilling against most international currencies.
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Gele, Abdi A., Bente P. Bø, and Johanne Sundby. "Attitudes toward Female Circumcision among Men and Women in Two Districts in Somalia: Is It Time to Rethink Our Eradication Strategy in Somalia?" Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/312734.
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Somalia has the highest global prevalence (98%) of female circumcision (FC), and, despite a long history of abandonment efforts, it is not clear as to whether or not these programmes have changed people’s positive attitudes toward the practice. Against this background, this paper explores the attitudes of Somalis living in Hargeisa and Galkayo districts to the practice of FC.Methods. A purposive sampling of 24 Somalis, including activists and practitioners, men and women, was conducted in Somalia. Unstructured interviews were employed to explore the participants' knowledge of FC, their attitudes toward the continuation/discontinuation of the practice, and the type they want to continue or not to continue.Result. The findings of this qualitative study indicate that there is a strong resistance towards the abandonment of the practice in Somalia. The support for the continuation of Sunna circumcision is widespread, while there is a quite large rejection of Pharaonic circumcision.Conclusion. Therefore, since the “zero tolerance policy” has failed to change people’s support for the continuation of the practice in Somalia, programmes that promote the pinch of the clitoral skin and verbal alteration of status, with the goal of leading to total abandonment of FC, should be considered for the Somali context.
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Farah, Kalif Mohamud, and Yavuz Taşcıoğlu. "Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship of Somali Students Studying Agriculture." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 21, 2023): 8346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108346.
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The present study investigated the factors that affect the post-educational agricultural sector entrepreneurship of Somali university students studying agriculture in Turkey. The study data were obtained via an online survey from 77 Somali students carrying out their undergraduate and graduate education. The factor analysis technique was used for the analysis of the data. The hypothesis question of the research was “What are the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of individuals who receive agricultural education?”. The factors; i. Ensuring the structural change of Somalia’s economic structure, agricultural sector, and rural areas, ii. Having information about production costs and marketing in the agricultural sector in Somalia, iii. Being an entrepreneur and risk-taking in the agricultural sector in Somalia, iv. Being an entrepreneur in rural areas in Somalia and being able to benefit from support, v. Entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector in Somalia, the ability to invest in the agricultural sector, and having a business idea, vi. Availability of national and international support to the agricultural sector in Somalia, vii. Having entrepreneurship ideas in rural areas in Somalia, and viii. Increasing youth participation in the Economy and agriculture sector in Somalia was determined to be effective. Entrepreneurial activity is linked to the social structure and should be supported by education. The entrepreneurial willingness of young people, especially in higher education, will positively affect the economic structure of countries regarding the development and sustainability of the agricultural sector.
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Abdi, Mohameddeq Ali. "Reforming the Heart of Somalia's Security Sector." Security science journal 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.3.2.3.
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Somali security has gone through different stages and it has become a place where certain people use it to oppress their opponents. In this article, we are investigating the possibility to make reforming the heart of the Somalis Security sector. This article presents an example that if used it is possible that something can be changed for the Somali security sector . The article argues Somali Security should get fully trust the society of Somalia, if the people of Somalia feel that the security belongs to them and the people believing that they are working in the interest of the nation but not the interest-specific person, once people realize that the Security are working to defend and to protect their country as well their interest, it will be easier to make reform and implement the whole country.
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Holla, Abel Bennett. "Fractured Ties: Power Competition and Politics Influencing Security Strategies of Kenya and Somalia in the Horn of Africa Region." Path of Science 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.71-6.
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Kenya and Somalia share a common pre- and post-colonial history, and both countries have a substantial ethnic Somali population. They also share a resource-rich marine boundary, which has been the centre of controversy as each country claims it. Additionally, both Kenya and Somalia are critical players in the Horn of Africa region. Their security relations will to a significant extent, determine the peace and stability of the region. Although the consideration of power competition could primarily shape Somalia's security strategy in the Horn of Africa region, the role of domestic politics and economic factors in Somalia's strategic thinking cannot be discounted. Kenya has primarily adopted a pragmatic approach to managing her relations with Somalia over the past decade. With Kenya and Somalia sharing a long porous border, which is frequented by al-Shabaab and other insurgent groups, it is expected that skirmishes will erupt as forces on either side tackle security threats. Other pertinent issues affecting the Kenya-Somalia relations include increased piracy, unlicensed, illegal and unreported fishing along the Gulf of Aden alongside toxic waste dumping in the area. To ensure that these activities are controlled and curtailed, there is a need for solid cooperation, notwithstanding the long-simmering differences between the two nations. Based on a wide range of sources, this article examines salient issues contributing to simmering tension between Kenya and Somalia. It also provides a critical evaluation of Kenya's perceptions of Somalia and their implications.
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Warbrick, Colin, and Zeray W. Yihdego. "II. Ethiopia's Military Action Against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 3 (July 2007): 666–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei188.
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Somalia has been without government since 1991. A transitional government was established in 2004 under the presidency of Abdullahi Yusuf, with the backing of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), the Arab League and the Inter-governmental Agency for Development (IGAD). The Government sat in Baidoa in southern Somalia from June 2005 until December 2006. In June 2006 the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC) took control of much of southern and central Somalia, including the capital, Mogadishu, but not Puntland and Somaliland. They declared and tried to establish an Islamic State. Somalis were told to comply with stringent Islamic rules or face harsh punishment. In the meantime, efforts to achieve national reconciliation were ongoing under the auspices of IGAD, though without much success. It was reported that on 20 July 2006 Ethiopian troops crossed into Somalia. Ethiopia only admitted to having military trainers to help the Somali Government (estimated to be 400 military personnel). On 21 July, the UIC declared a ‘holy war’ against Ethiopia. In September 2006 the Somali interim President survived an assassination attempt in Baidoa. On 25 October 2006 Ethiopia said that it was ‘technically at war’ with the Islamic Courts. After few days the UIC claimed to have ambushed and killed Ethiopian troops near the Ethiopian border.1
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Musse, Abdifatah Mohamed, Rosemaliza Ab Rashid, and Zairy Zainol. "The Emergence of Islamic Banks in Somalia in the Post-Conflict Era: Prospects and Challenges." Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52962/ipjaf.2019.3.1.64.
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Since the fall of Somalia’s central government in 1991, Somalia experienced an intractable civil war that not only undermined and devastated much of the nations’ social life but also, led to a massive collapse of the country’s financial sector. Nearly a quarter century, Somalia has no functioning financial system due to the conflict and political mayhem. Such circumstances prevented Somalia from developing an effective and coherent financial system. Following the collapse of the country’s institutions, the only financial system that existed during these turbulent times were Xawaalads or money transfer operators mostly founded by Somali diasporas migrated to many countries around the world due to the country’s instability. Another type of informal financial service emerged during the conflict was mobile money or mobile banking operated by giant telecommunication companies in the country. Following the formation of Somalia’s federal government in 2012 and the return of relative normalcy, the major money transfer companies converted to full banking institutions and sought a license from the central bank as full-fledged Islamic financial banks. The purpose of this paper is to explore the emergence of the Islamic banking industry, opportunities and challenges ahead. The paper relied on secondary data obtained from textbooks, journals, newspapers and reports. The study found that Islamic banks in Somalia have potential opportunities but face unique challenges due to the effects of the civil war. The paper also postulates some recommendations for the policymakers to deal with the challenges facing the Islamic banks in Somalia.
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Omar, Yusuf Sheikh. "The Role of Islam in Peace and Development in Somalia (Continuity and Change)." Religions 13, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13111074.
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Since 11 September 2001, Islam has been viewed as a threat to global stability rather than as a potential factor for peacebuilding and development. Therefore, most studies on Islam have been framed around security. Although research on the security threat posed by Islamist extremists is understandable, the main purpose of this study is to explore and give more attention to positive and continued contributions of Islamic faith to Somalia’s history and its current situation. To date, Islam has had an enormous constructive impact on Somali society at different stages of its history. It has strengthened peace capacity and development aspects such as literacy, socio-economic factors, justice, urbanisation, common identity and shared future aspirations, which have risen above clan divisions. In terms of methods, this study employs descriptive and analytical research methodologies. In conclusion, despite the current negative interpretation, activities, and actions attributed to the extremist Islamist groups in Somalia and beyond, Islam, on the other hand, has contributed enormously to civilising Somalis, shaping their common identity, nurturing a culture of peace, and improving social development. As it has been in the past, it maintains the potential to provide for Somalia’s future stability and prosperity.
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POPESCU, Alba Iulia Catrinel. "SOMALIA – STUDIU DE CAZ PRIVIND FRAGMENTAREA UNUI STAT OMOGEN ETNIC ŞI CONFESIONAL." Buletinul Universității Naționale de Apărare „Carol I” 10, no. 3 (October 12, 2021): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2065-8281-21-36.
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Orice curs de geopolitică internă a statului începe prin a afirma că stabilitatea internă şi integritatea teritorială sunt rezultatul interacţiunii dintre forţele secesioniste, centrifuge, şi forţele unificatoare, centripete. Acelaşi curs de geopolitică mai spune că omogenitatea etnică şi confesională se înscrie în categoria celor mai puternice forţe centripete, alături de o formă cât mai rotundă a teritoriului statal, de centralitatea capitalei, de o distribuţie uniformă a infrastructurii de transport şi comunicaţii, de o distribuţie cât mai echitabilă a bogăţiei, de o puternică idee şi voinţă naţională. Somalia este un stat omogen etnic şi confesional. Mai mult, toţi aceşti etnici nu îşi arogă o altă identitate în afara celei somaleze şi cu toţii vorbesc limba somali, limba oficială a statului, alături de arabă – limba Coranului. În Somalia nu se înregistrează uriaşa diversitate lingvistică specifică altor state africane postcoloniale, nu există diferenţe cultural-civilizaționale, nu există discrepanţe majore în privinţa dezvoltării regionale şi a distribuţiei infrastructurii de comunicaţii şi transport în teritoriu. Şi, cu toate acestea, statul somalez reprezintă expresia noţiunii de stat eşuat, răvăşit de război civil, de secesionism, de piraterie maritimă, de terorism, de criminalitate organizată şi de insecuritate. În ultimii ani, Somalia a fost plasată constant în rândul celor mai periculoase destinaţii de pe glob. În prima jumătate a anului 2021, ea se situa pe locul al şaselea în clasamentul celor mai riscante destinaţii turistice, după Afganistan, Siria, Irak, Sudanul de Sud şi Yemen[i]. Care sunt cauzele secesionismului somalez şi ale prăbuşirii statului? Şi, dacă ar fi să ierarhizăm, în funcţie de intensitatea efectului, factorii secesionişti care acţionează pe teritoriul Somaliei, care ar fi ordinea acestora?
[i] *** ”Most Dangerous Countries in the World”, World Population Review, https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries, accesat la 11.07.2021.
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Mohamed, Abdulrazak Nur, and Abdikani Yusuf Abdulle Abdulle. "The Asymmetric Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Inflow on Economic Growth: Fresh Evidence from Somalia." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 7 (September 20, 2023): e416. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i7.416.
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Purposes: Although there has been some progress since the 2012 establishment of the Federal Government Somalia, Foreign direct investment is the one of critical engines in economic growth. The latest value of foreign direct investment for 2021 was 5.97% of GDP, comparison of previous years to 2020 was 6.74% of GDP in Somalia. This paper aims to investigate the asymmetric effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow on economic growth in Somalia from 1977-2021. In addition to FDI, inflation, gross capital formation, and trade openness are used as control variables to examine their influence on economic growth. Design/Methodology/approach: This research employs the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) technique. Finding: The findings reveal that a positive shock in FDI positively influences Somalia's economic growth, while a negative FDI has a negative impact. The Wald test establishes the asymmetric effect of FDI on economic growth in both the short and long run. Moreover, trade openness and inflation rate significantly reduce the pace of economic growth in both the long and short run. However, gross capital formation only boosts economic growth in the long run. Research limitations/ implications: although Somali faced a lot of challenges including civil war, terrorists, macroeconomics instability, poor infrastructure, and corruptions are not considered owing to data availability. Policy implications: firstly, increase revenue through tax reforms and anti-corruption measures. Secondly, initiatives policies that help public finance investments and reduce trade barriers. Finally, maintain macroeconomic stability of inflation, and exchange rates, can help reduce the negative impact on economic growth improve the investment climate and Somalia’s image abroad.
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Abdullahi, Abdulkadir Mohamed. "The Challenges of Advancing Inclusive Education: The Case of Somalia’s Higher Education." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (July 24, 2023): e422. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i2.422.
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Purpose: Higher education in emerging countries, particularly in Africa, has been observed as a privilege for those with the ability. Disabled persons cannot access it. Only 2% of disabled people in developing countries have access to inclusive education, impeding their growth. Somalia's disability rate is unknown due to its long history of violence and healthcare breakdown. It may exceed the UN's 15% worldwide standard. However, this paper will explain the challenges of advancing inclusive education (Colleges and Universities) in the case of Somalia’s higher education. Methodology: This study uses secondary literature to examine how higher education supports inclusive education in Africa, with a focus on Somalia. Findings: This study indicated that barriers inside and outside institutions prohibit disabled students from attending higher education. Limitation: Lack of appropriate disability legislation, financial support, a narrowly defined set of legibility criteria, pessimistic attitudes, discriminative practices, and inaccessible locations are such barriers. Recommendation: To overcome these obstacles and make higher education accessible to Somali students with disabilities, an inclusive education strategy may be the best course of action. Original Value: By conducting a comprehensive study, this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a detailed understanding of the specific obstacles hindering inclusive education in Somalia.
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Sumra, Dr Kalsoom Bibi, and Abdalgani Aid Almi. "Role of Federal Government in Managing Conflicts: Somalia." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (August 22, 2020): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug239.
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This study is undertaken to critically underline the role of government in managing the conflicts, most notably the federal government of Somalia. The undergone research also discusses the prolonged Somali conflict and options for the conflict resolutions with the available roles for the federal government of Somalia during any conflict. The study finds that the previous conflict resolutions of Somalia were unsuccessful as most of the conflicts exist till today. The role of federal government is limited to the Somali peace processes and conferences with the ethnic motivated perceptions. As a result, the study concludes that the federal government of Somalia is perceived by the public as involved in the conflicts. Thus, in order to eliminate the prolonged Somali conflict, it is suggested to formulate strong federal agencies to prevent any possible conflict in future, besides employing community based conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Aryanto, Dedy Eko. "PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA ANAK SOMALIA UMUR 4 TAHUN TERHADAP BAHASA KEDUA DALAM LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT CIPUTAT TANGERANG SELATAN." Fon : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 16, no. 2 (October 24, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/fjpbsi.v16i2.2970.
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ABSTAK: Faktor lingkungan sangat penting dalam pertumbuhan anak, terutama dalam perolehan bahasa anak-anak, semua manusia berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan orang lain menggunakan bahasa yang sama dan ada juga yang menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda, dalam penelitian ini peneliti akan melakukan penelitian pada anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun 8 bulan dan akan memperdalam bahasa kedua anak Somalia ini, yang bertepatan sekarang berdomisili di Indonesia, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode ini digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi mendalam baik secara teori maupun informasi tentang anak somalia yang tinggal di Indonesia. Faktor lingkungan menjadi sangat penting dalam penelitian tentang penguasaan bahasa anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun dan 8 bulan.KATA KUNCI: faktor lingkungan; pemerolehan bahasa; bahasa kedua;anak Somalia.�LANGUANGE AQUISTION OF SOMALI CHILDREN 4 YEARS OLD AGAINST LANGUANGE IN CIPUTAT SOUTH TANGERANG COMUNITY ENVIRONMENT�ABSTRACT: Environmental factors are very important in the growth of a child, especially in the acquisition of children's language, all humans communicate and interact with others using the same language and there are also using different languages, in this study researchers will conduct research on Somali children aged 4 8 months and will deepen the second language of this Somali child, which coincides now domiciled in Indonesia, in this study using a qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to obtain in-depth information both in theory and information on somalia children who live in Indonesia. Environmental factors become very important in research on language acquisition of Somali children aged 4 years and 8 months.KEYWORDS: Environment; Language Acquisition; Second Language; Somali Children.
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Tiilikainen, Marja. "‘Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk’: Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth." Migration Letters 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i1.316.
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This article focuses on the transnational experiences of second-generation Canadian Somalis, in particular their social ties to Somalia. It sheds light on the transnational family relations and practices of the second generation as well as the meanings, emotions and identifications that they attach to such relations and practices. The concepts of transnational ways of being and belonging are employed as analytical tools. In their everyday life, the youth engaged in family practices (communication, remittances, visits) related to Somalia, which was mostly nurtured by their parents’ transnationalism. The youth did not often identify with transnational kin beyond such practices. However, they did combine transnational ways of being and belonging in a dynamic and complex manner. The article is based on 19 interviews with second-generation youth, which were conducted as part of a larger study on transnational Somali families.
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Praska, Joe. "Organizing in the Somali Community: The Implementation of a Tenant's Rights Program for Minnesota's Somali Renters." Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research 1 (November 22, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v1i0.85.
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Minnesota is home to the one of largest refugee populations in the United States (Batalova 2006) and, according to Singer and Wilson (2007), Minnesota is home to the largest metropolitan area for Somali resettlement. Since civil war broke out in the late 1980s in Somalia, over one million Somalis have been displaced as refugees throughout the world, a majority coming to the U.S. (CIA 2010). As of 2005, up to 35,000 Minnesotans identified as being of Somali descent (Gillaspy 2004). However, key members of the Somali Community, as well as Donald Yamamoto, principal deputy for the State Department’s Africa Bureau, dispute these figures and claim the national and local population figures are significantly higher and steadilyincreasing (Stratis Health 2012).
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Mohamud, Abdinur Sheikh Mohamed. "Contested education: A case study of Somalia." African Educational Research Journal 11, no. 4 (2023): 552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/aerj.114.23.e96.
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Education is a fundamental human right crucial for individual growth and societal progress. In Somalia, modern education started during the colonial era with a focus on producing clerical workers for the colonial administration. Western Christian missionaries arrived to establish "modern schools," but suspicions of Westernization and proselytization led to their expulsion. This case study delves into the history of Somali education, highlighting persistent conflicts over objectives, management, and outcomes. Disagreements persist over language of instruction, curriculum unification, resource sharing, and mandates, hindering effective education implementation. The study adopts a qualitative case study approach, collecting data through interviews to shed light on the complex issues plaguing Somalia's education system. It emphasizes that the system remains rudimentary and reliant on external support due to insufficient local investment and ownership. Notably, the research reveals that parents and guardians invest more in their children's education than the government, challenging the belief that donor organizations heavily fund education in Somalia. The study proposes key recommendations. First, it calls for prioritizing education to meet the needs of all school-age children, including the millions out of school. Second, it suggests increasing the education budget to 20% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), aligning with neighboring countries' norms. Third, it advocates for clarifying constitutional mandates, roles, responsibilities, and resource sharing at all government levels. In summary, education's pivotal role in human development and societal advancement is underscored in Somalia's context. The study's findings illuminate the historical struggles and current challenges facing the education system, emphasizing the need for increased investment, clear mandates, and resource allocation to ensure quality education for all Somali children and youth. Keywords: History of Somali education, modern education, literacy campaign, post-conflict education, education in fragile states.
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Abdullahi Yusuf, Sharmarke. "CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE BUILDING IN SOMALIA CASE STUDY MOGADISHU SOMALIA." International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 06, no. 05 (2023): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2023.0573.
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Civil Society and the State Building in Somalia" is an article that explores the relationship between civil society and state building in Somalia. The paper argues that the role of civil society is critical in the process of state-building, especially in contexts where the state has failed or collapsed, as is the case in Somalia. Drawing on empirical data, the authors analyze the role of civil society in the reconstruction and reconstitution of the Somali state since the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991. They identify three primary functions of civil society in statebuilding: service delivery, community mobilization, and advocacy. The article also highlights the challenges and constraints facing civil society in Somalia, such as insecurity, lack of resources, and political fragmentation. Despite these challenges, the authors argue that civil society has played a crucial role in rebuilding the Somali state and that its continued engagement is necessary for sustainable state-building in Somalia. The article concludes by calling for more incredible support and recognition of the role of civil society in state-building efforts in Somalia and beyond.
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Abdullahi, Abdirahman Mohamed. "Strategies and Challenges of Universal Health Coverage in Somalia." Asian Journal of Medicine and Health 21, no. 8 (May 10, 2023): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajmah/2023/v21i8837.
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Aims: Universal health coverage (UHC), means making sure everyone can afford the medical attention they need. UHC rests on the foundation of people having access to primary healthcare that is both inexpensive and of high quality. Somalia's health care system is among the world's worst, and its universal health care ranking is one of the lowest. The Somali health care framework remains powerless, under-resourced, and inequitable. A few 3.2 million women and men in Somalia need emergency health services. The aim of this research is to determine strategies and challenges of universal health coverage in Somalia.
Methods: We conducted on review on published articles and grey literature carried out in Somalia. A total of 10 studies and documents met our inclusion criteria. We included studies studied universal health coverage, universal health coverage financing, health system strengthening and health system.
Conclusion: Conclusively, strategies on achieving universal health coverage were limited on advancing UHC by accelerating primary health care led recovery, promote healthier population, and address emergencies and disease outbreaks, while poor health workers, limited provision of drugs and other medical supplies, insecurity and cost of delivering were the most challenges reported in achieving universal health coverage in Somalia.
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Zeleke, Wondim Tiruneh. "Leading Factors for the Somalian Invasion of Ogaden: Foreign Intervention, and the Ethiopian Response (1977-1978)." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i6.3301.
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The main objective of this paper is to assess the historical out line on the Dynamics of Conflict and Intervention in North -East Africa: The Case Study on the Second Ethio- Somalian (Ogaden) War of 1977-1978. Hence, the Ogaden war, a brief but costly war fought between Ethiopia and Somalia that ended by the defeat of Somalia and her withdrawal in January, 1978 was seen differently by different sides. Opposing foreign intervention in civil wars has also been a central phenomenon of international politics. The war was aggravated by outsiders for many years and in 1970s, above all by the superpowers, namely, the USA and USSR, and also by their contingents. At the heart of the issues underlying the War in the Horn of Africa lie three legacies of the past: namely; European colonial rule; Somali irredentism; and superpowers intervention/ Afyare Abdi Elmi and Abdullahi Barise; 2006:45/. This conflict can be viewed as a meaningless tragedy for the people of the Horn of Africa in general and Somalia in particular. I argue that competition for resources and power, repression by the military regime and the colonial legacy are the background causes of the conflict. Politicized clan identity, the availability of weapons and the presence of a large number of unemployed youth have exacerbated the problem. With regard to the obstacles to peace, we contend that Ethiopia’s hostile policy, the absence of major power interest, lack of resources and the warlords’ lack of interest in peace are the major factors that continue to haunt the Somali peace process. Finally, the study propose ambitious peace-building mechanisms that attempt to address the key areas of security, political governance, economic development and justice in order to build a durable peace in Somalia.
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Hussein, Mohamed Mohamud. "Local Governance: Concepts and Roles of the Contemporary Society in Somalia." International Journal of Geopolitics and Governance 2, no. 1 (June 28, 2023): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/ijgg.2.1.1273.
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This article presents a comprehensive examination of the historical and contemporary dynamics of governance in Somalia. It begins with a review of the country's socio-political landscape, highlighting the impact of the civil war, the emergence of clan-based territories, and the rise of non-state actors. The article then traces the evolution of Somali governance from independence to the present day, emphasizing the transition from a centralized authority to a federal system. The role of external stakeholders in Somalia's reconciliation and recovery process is thoroughly analyzed, drawing attention to the complex influences of international and regional actors. A key focus of the article is the formation of the third tier of government in Somalia, the district council, under the Wadajir framework. The challenges faced by this newly established entity, including clan-based conflicts and a fragile revenue system, are discussed in detail. At the same time, the potential of the district council in fostering improved local government actions, encouraging community engagement in development and ensuring fairer resource distribution is underscored. The article concludes with a forward-looking discussion on the prospects of inclusive governance and local empowerment in Somalia's future. This comprehensive analysis serves as a valuable resource for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in Somali politics and governance
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Mohamud, Mohamed Zubayr, and Willy Mwangi Muturi. "Credit Risk and the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Somalia." International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) ISSN 2959-7056 (o); 2959-7048 (p) 2, no. 2 (May 10, 2024): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.61108/ijsshr.v2i2.97.
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The operation of commercial banks in Somalia unfolds amidst formidable economic challenges stemming from political instability, ongoing conflicts, and a frail institutional framework. Nevertheless, Somalia’s financial sector exhibits resilience, with several commercial banks endeavoring to address the financial needs of businesses and individuals nationwide. These banks play a pivotal role in mobilizing savings, facilitating transactions, and providing credit, thereby supporting economic activities in Somalia’s predominantly cash-based economy. This study explored the impact of credit risk on the financial performance of Somali commercial banks, employing Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) as the theoretical framework. Adopting a descriptive survey research design, secondary data from licensed commercial banks and the Central Bank of Somalia were analyzed over ten years (January 2014 to December 2023) using panel regression analysis. Findings reveal a moderate negative correlation between credit risk, measured by Bad Debt Expense Ratio (BDER), and financial performance, indicated by Return on Equity (ROE). Statistical tests confirm the significance of this relationship, emphasizing the importance of robust credit risk management practices for sustaining favorable financial outcomes. Recommendations include uniform improvement in risk management practices across the sector and proactive measures to mitigate emerging credit risk factors. Enhancing risk management frameworks is vital for ensuring continued financial stability and performance in the Somali banking industry.
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Mohamed, Abdiwahid Hussein. "Peace Education and Conflict Prevention in Somalia." Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU) 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.59336/vr58vq21.
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This study focused on Peace Education and Conflict Prevention in Somalia. The specific objectives of the study were to find out the different perceptions of the Somali people on peace education and conflict prevention in Somalia, to explore the importance of peace education in conflict prevention in Somalia and to determine the relationship between peace education and conflict prevention in Somalia. The study used qualitative research design using documentary analysis of various perspectives of the Somali people and that of scholars. The goal of the researcher was to expose the perspective of Somali educators on the importance of peace education and the possible causes and consequences of the conflict as well as the relationship that exist between peace education and conflict in Somalia. This study carried out a critical review of existing literature with in-depth interviews with key informants from the education sector. By employing qualitative approach in the study, the researcher carried out a thorough investigation into a wide range of secondary. Data was collected via the use of documentary review and interview guide. The study also relied on secondary data from textbooks, journals, and academic papers. The main findings of the study revealed that that peace education contributes to conflict prevention in Somalia. This was clearly revealed from the finding of the study where majority of the respondents an overwhelming majority of over (90%) of the participants in the study showed positive and relevant perception about peace education being the best tool that can be used to prevent conflict in Somalia, the study revealed that (100%) of the participants in the study agreed that peace education is vastly important in as far as conflict prevention is concerned in Somalia and lastly the study revealed that (100%) of the participants agreed and noted that peace education is related to conflict prevention. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education of the Federal Republic of Somalia and should reform and revise the current secondary and primary schools curriculum and then incorporate peace education with all the required contents which are instrumental in providing in-depth knowledge and skills to prevent conflict in Somalia, the Ministry of Education of Somalia should review the structure of the peace education programme goals, and its organization in order to bear fruits it is prepared for. Teachers, students, and parents are not familiar with the target goals and structure of peace education in Somalia. It is in this context that the program is still unpopular among these groups of people and the Federal Government of Somalia should ensure proper and timely training of teachers on peace education.
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Mohamoud, Ahmed Madey. "The Effects of Dollarization on Local Currency in Somalia." Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU) 1, no. 2 (October 9, 2023): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.59336/4bmk3f18.
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This study focused on the effects of dollarization on local currency (Somali Shilling) in Somalia. The study employed quantitative research method. The study adopted descriptive research design to assess the effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia. The researcher collected the data through documentary review of several articles, books and journals in relation to the effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia. The key findings the effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia encompass: dollarization leads to local currency depreciation and shortages in Somalia, dollarization increases the rate of foreign exchange on local currency and inflation rate and dollarization weakens the local financial institutions, which creates lack of financial control in the economy by the government authority leading to financial instability. The study recommended that, the Central Bank of Somalia, and Parliament of the Federal Republic of Somalia should introduce new regulation to regulate finance in the economy, new policy on financial control, introduce financial reform and review business models in the sphere of finance in Somalia to curb the increasing devastating effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia.
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Abdi - Soojeede, Mohamed Ibrahim. "Common Somali Indigenous Chicken Breeds, in Mogadishu, Somalia." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, no. 4 (July 5, 2022): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.4.46.
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The main aim of this report is to determine the phenotypic characteristics of Somali indigenous chickens. This research is the initial stage toward a future initiative to differentiate and improve Somali local chicken breeds. There are several indigenous and exotic chicken breeds in Somalia, as well as many other hybrids of chicken; however, this study focused on indigenous breeds that differ in body form, colors, comb type, and capacity to adapt to a given environment in Somalia. The five main indigenous chicken breeds in Somalia. The first indigenous chicken (IC) is Dooro Tiyeglow (Tiyeglow chicken), they have well adapted mostly to agro-pastoral communities’ regions like Bakool region and it has a remarkable beard feather, it also has a single upright comb broad. The second (IC), is Qoordiir (Naked Neck chicken), which is indigenous chicken mostly they have some tassel in the front part of its neck. The prominent plumage color is white and red stripes or red with white strips. Third (IC), is Dooro Jarray (Somali short chicken), this chicken is part of an eco-friendly chicken and is well-known for its small body size. And the common feature of this chicken is black shanks or gray-black shanks. Fourth (IC) is Dooro Buuftoy (Ovambo chickens), this chicken is considered to be smaller in size than exotic chickens, yet it comes in black and red colors. This has a strong personality and is very aggressive. The Fifth (IC) is Dooro Sawahili (Swahili chicken) this chicken is an exotic species that interbreed many local chickens, comes from many angles, has a huge body frame, and is good in egg production. The recommendation of this study is to undertake a government policy to encourage the conservation of Somalia's indigenous chicken breeds in order to prevent extinction and to make development and improvement of local chickens.
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M. Aden, Abdirisaq. "INTEGRATIVE CURRICULLUM APPROACHES." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 8 (December 1, 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i08.008.
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The purpose of this collaborative social research also called action research action was to explore the perception of college professors from more than a dozen universities from different regions of post-conflict Somalia, their perception and openly teaching international electoral policy and practice (EPP), in the post-conflict Somalia’s classroom or in the public sphere. In addition, this action research study sought to develop understanding, meaning and root-cause analysis process in human performance in uncontrolled variations as the university lecturers displayed reluctance of teaching democracy related content for fear of public backlash due to the ideological divide. Methodologically, the author utilized Emerson, Fretz & Shaw (1995) observation protocol to gather data for analysis to reveal the perception of the 19 educators from 19 universities, and most importantly, on making informed decision on what the next step would be. The setting where the research took place was a training seminar on international electoral policy and practice (EPP), designed to teach the university lecturers from post-conflict Somalia. How the Somali educators can overcome the methodological, cultural and religious challenges when incorporating democracy related materials into the curricula in Somalia to boost the educational campaign on elections in Somalia which did not go to polls to freely elect a leader since 1967 elections. The author proposed The Culturally Competent Integrative Curriculum Approach to overcome the methodological dilemma.
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Nor, Mohamed Ibrahim, Tajul Ariffin Masron, and Tariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah. "Macroeconomic Fundamentals and the Exchange Rate Volatility: Empirical Evidence From Somalia." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824401989884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898841.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of macroeconomic factors on the volatility of Somalia’s unregulated exchange rates. While utilizing the EGARCH (exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic) model, this study found that the unregulated exchange rate volatility of Somalia is influenced by its own shocks and the macroeconomic factors. This study implies that although Somali shilling circulated without regulatory authority for the period of the statelessness, this circulation has been accompanied by volatile exchange rates. This phenomenon makes this study an appealing work that should be pursued further. Hence, this study contributes notably to the process of reforming the exchange rate system and the monetary policy of the post-conflict economy of Somalia. In addition, the results of this study imply that even in times of war and lawlessness the laws of economics do not change completely.
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Lewis, Ioan. "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox." Africa 74, no. 4 (November 2004): 489–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489.
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AbstractIn exploring the difficulties experienced by the traditionally politically uncentralised Somalis in establishing a stable and effective state, based on their ethnicity, this article compares ethnicity, nationalism and lineage identity. In this case, ethnicity and nationalism are local products, influenced but not created by the colonial experience. They have had to contend with the intractable force of segmentary lineage identity, which has proved extremely difficult to adapt and accommodate to the requirements of modern statehood. In its cultural context, agnation is all the more pervasive and powerful in constituting an ‘invisible’ bond, conceived by Somalis as a biologically based distinction like ‘race’. Unlike race, it is almost infinitely elastic and divisible. Ethnic identity, which rests on external distinctions such as language, culture and religion, cannot be broken down into a series of formally equivalent segments, but is less binding as a social force. Today, after the collapse of the state of Somalia in 1991, following protracted grass‐roots peace‐making between clans, two parts of the nation—the former British Somaliland, and the north‐eastern region of Somalia (‘Puntland’, based on the Majerteyn clan, and other closely related clans)—have developed separate local states. Although Somaliland claims complete independence, which Puntland does not, both polities incorporate parliamentary institutions that accommodate traditional, and modern political leaders and processes. The ex‐Italian residue, Southern Somalia, still without any form of government, is in what appears to be the final throes of its long‐running, fourteenth grandiose international ‘peace’ conference in Kenya. Thousands of delegates, in various configurations, have already spent over eighteen months in these talks. Although its embryonic constitution now recognises ‘clans’ as constituent political units, this attempt to re‐establish Somalia is based on the usual ‘top‐down’ approach, rather than on spontaneous local negotiations amongst ‘stakeholders’ on the ground, such as those on which Somaliland and Puntland are founded. With contingents of foreign ‘experts’, the whole process seeks to reinstate a familiar Eurocentric state model, unadapted to Somali conditions.
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Lubogo, Mutaawe, Buliva Evans, Abubakar Abdinasir, Elnossery Sherein, Tayyab Muhammad, Ahmed Mohamed, Aden Hussein, Fayez Abdulrazeq, and Malik Mamunur. "Responding to cholera outbreaks in Somalia in 2017–2019." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 29, no. 9 (September 18, 2023): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.23.096.
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Background: Somalia reported repeated cholera outbreaks between 2017 and 2019. These outbreaks were attributed to multiple risk factors which made response challenging. Aims: To describe lessons from the preparedness and response to the cholera outbreaks in Somalia between 2017 and 2019. Methods: We reviewed outbreak response reports, surveillance records and preparedness plans for the cholera outbreaks in Somalia from January 2017 to December 2019 and other relevant literature. We present data on cholera-related response indicators including cholera cases and deaths and case fatality rates for the 3 years. Qualitative data were collected from 5 focus group discussions and 10 key informant interviews to identify the interventions, challenges and lessons learnt from the Somali experience. Results: In 2017, a total of 78 701 cholera cases and 1163 related deaths were reported (case fatality rate 1.48%), in 2018, 6448 cholera cases and 45 deaths were reported (case fatality rate 0.70%), while in 2019, some 3089 cases and 4 deaths were reported in Somalia (case fatality rate 0.13%). The protracted conflict, limited access to primary health care, and limited access to safe water and proper sanitation among displaced populations were identified as the main drivers of the repeated cholera outbreaks. Conclusions: Periodic assessment of response to and preparedness for potential epidemics is essential to identify and close gaps within the health systems. Somalia’s experience offers important lessons on preventing and controlling cholera outbreaks for countries experiencing complex humanitarian emergencies.
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Warsame, Mohammed Hersi, Yousif Abdelbagi Abdalla, and Alhashmi Aboubaker Lasyoud. "Can Islamic banking revive Somalia’s ailing economy?" Accounting 7, no. 7 (2021): 1709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.4.027.
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The study aims to evaluate the Islamic banking prospects in Somalia and the role it can play in reviving the country’s ailing economy. Somalis were recruited through purposive sampling techniques. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been adopted to analyze the data collected using SmartPLS. The findings have shown a negative and insignificant impact of absence of a functioning financial system, lack of funding and expertise, and effect of bank absence on businesses. Financial and political infrastructure significantly affected the Islamic banking system of Somalia. Law and order measures show a significant impact on suitability of banking and financial systems of Somalia. Sharia compliant finance shows a positive but insignificant impact on Islamic banking in Somalia. Standalone new banks in Somalia have fewer chances of success due to the absence of personnel with the necessary skills and qualifications.
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Barre, Galad Mohamed, Abdimalik Ali Warsame, Hassan Abdikadir Hussein, and Ismail Ibrahim Mohamed. "Islamic banks’ service quality in Somalia: Customer loyalty, satisfaction, and the role of trust as a mediator." Asian Economic and Financial Review 13, no. 5 (May 3, 2023): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5002.v13i5.4781.
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The purpose of this study is to assess how the PAKSERV paradigm affects brand loyalty, customer satisfaction, and trust in Somalia's banking industry. With an emphasis on the mediating function of trust in the Somali scenario, these comprehensive assessments stress the cultural component of quality of service. This study adopts a quantitative method by assessing 370 Islamic bank customers in Somalia for two main cities, Mogadishu and Hargeisa. Our respondents are existing and potential users of Islamic bank products and the sample was selected using the convenience sample technique. The data were examined with the quantitative method of structural equation modeling using SmartPLS 3.3.7. The study found a connection between client satisfaction, loyalty, and the PAKSERV quality of service attributes through the intermediary role of trust. In the cultural context of Islamic finance in Somalia, this study offers fresh information on how trust may function as a partial mediator in the interaction between client satisfaction and customer loyalty.
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Kamais, Cosmas Ekwom, Pontian Godfrey Okoth, and Sussy Namaemba Kimokoti. "African Union Mission in Somalia Considerations for Transition and Kenya’s National Security." African Journal of Empirical Research 5, no. 2 (May 2, 2024): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.2.24.
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This study assessed the implications of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) on Kenya's national security within the context of AMISOM's transition to the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS). The objective of the study was analyse achievement of African Union Mission in Somalia mandates, to examine the effects to Kenya's National security and assess transition strategies of national security. The study was guided by Functionalist, Strategic and Securitisation theories. The research employed a mixed-methods research design using questionnaire surveys and interviews with respondents in Kenya's border counties most affected by Somali instability. Study findings established that, while a majority (52%) believe AMISOM has achieved its mandate to a moderate extent, concerns remain regarding the capacity of Somali Security Forces (SSF) and the overall stability of Somalia. In addition, study findings established that while progress has been made in degrading Al-Shabaab and supporting the Somali Federal Government (FGS). However, only a third of respondents believe the SSF has been adequately mentored by AMISOM. Despite success in facilitating humanitarian assistance and Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) projects, nearly two-thirds believe Somalia lacks the conditions necessary for long-term stability. The study concludes that AMISOM's transition strategy inadequately addresses governance and security aspects essential for Kenyan security. Weak SSF and FGS capacity pose a threat of failed stabilization after AMISOM's withdrawal. Additionally, Kenya's current border security measures are insufficient to manage potential spill over effects. ANOVA indicated an F statistic of 134.318 and a p value of 0.000<0.05 thus the Somalia PSO strategies significantly predict Kenya’s National Security. Regressions weight model (β = -0.451, P = .000<.05) implied that Nature of Somalia PSO strategies negatively influences Kenya’s National Security. The study recommends a revision of the AMISOM transition strategy to include capacity building for FGS and SSF, including forces in federal member states like Jubaland; allocation of sufficient time for a well-monitored transition with clear benchmarks; an exploration cautious negotiations with Al-Shabaab, contingent on a strong FGS and a hybrid AU-UN peacekeeping mission to succeed ATMIS to ensure Kenya's long-term security.
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Ali Abdinur, Mohamed, Abshir Khalif Farah, Anas Abdulkadir Kassim, and Mohamed Abdiwahid Hashi. "THE INFLUENCE OF TAX ADMINSTRATION ON REVENUE GENERATION IN SOMALIA." Al-Rashad Journal of Islamic Finance, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46722/ajif.v1.i1.20a.
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This study attempts to look the influence of Tax administration on revenue generation in Somalia. The study made use of 170 survey questionnaires containing relevant questions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyses 170 usable responses. The aim of this research study is to evaluate the effect of tax administration on revenue generation to the Somali government. The research design adopted in this study was survey research method. Primary sources of data were used in collecting information which was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis, and to make decisions. Findings show that the tax administration in Somalia is totally inefficient. Hence, tax administration affects the revenue generated by the government; also, there is a significant relationship between tax administration and revenue generation. The study therefore recommends that Somali Government could enforce taxpayer’s registration, tax audit and revenue protection system to enhance revenue generation in Somalia.
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Scuzzarello, Sarah, and Benny Carlson. "Young Somalis’ social identity in Sweden and Britain: The interplay of group dynamics, socio-political environments, and transnational ties in social identification processes." Migration Studies 7, no. 4 (June 20, 2018): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny013.
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AbstractIn this article, we aim to contribute to the literature on social identification among migrants and minorities by offering a theoretical framework that accounts for the interplay of socio-psychological factors, local and transnational group dynamics, and the socio-political environment in which migrants live. This approach enables us to analyse not only the political significance of identity, but also the psychology of identity formation. Drawing upon qualitative data, we analyse how young Somalis (N = 43) living in the municipalities of Malmö (Sweden) and Ealing (United Kingdom) construct and negotiate their ethnic social identities in relation to: Somali elders living in the same city; Somalis in Somalia and in the diaspora; and the British/Swedish majority society. We show that, to secure a positive self-identity vis-à-vis these referent groups, young Somalis engage in psychological strategies of separation; social competition; and social creativity. The socio-political environment in which they are embedded influences which strategy they adopt.
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Abdulle, Abdisalam Salad. "A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM: THE CASE OF SME IN SOMALIA." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i2.735.
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This study attempts to understand the usage of computerized accounting information system (CAIS) and its impact on the performance of SMEs in Somalia. Survey questionnaire is designed and distributed to selected SMEs in the capital city of Mogadishu, Somalia. The results of CAIS’s impact are discussed from four components of balanced scorecard and internal control perspectives. The results of this study may provide knowledge about the impact of usage CAIS for SMEs performance in Somalia and also provide some suggestions to the Somalian government on assistance needed for accounting reporting to improve further SMEs in Somalia. Based on finding, internal business process recorded the highest score i.e mean of 4.13 out of 5.00. It is implied that SMEs responded with challenging ICT business environment with adopting CAIS to improve its bottom line which is business processes.
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Harun, Abdifitah Dahir. "The Major Causes of Local Currency Depreciation in Somalia." Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU) 1, no. 2 (October 9, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.59336/1715hx25.
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This study dwelled on the major causes of currency depreciation in Somalia. The main purpose of the study was to investigate in detail the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia. The study used qualitative research method using descriptive research design to investigate the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia. The study employed documentary review data collection tool and collected the secondary data through thorough review of the articles and books related to the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia. The key findings of the study on the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia encompass: existence of large quantities of Somali shillings in the market; the fall in the revenue collection by the government in the last two years weakens the country’s local currency and causes its depreciation; existing monetary problems that hinder the control of financial activities by business owners in Somalia by the central bank of Somalia and financial regulatory authority in Somalia; weak monetary control coupled with lack of effective monetary policy to regulate and control the amount of inflow and outflow of foreign currency by the financial authority in the government such as Central Bank of Somalia and ministry of finance of the Federal Republic of Somalia and lastly dollarization of the economy which has replaced local currency and depreciated it owing to the massive inflow of foreign currency inform of remittance without being monitor and controlled by the financial authority in the country. The study recommended that the Federal Government of Somalia should introduce new monetary policy to monitor, control and supervise financial activities in the country and the Federal Government of Somalia should implement financial reform that allow the use of local currency to carry out all local transactions in Somalia to enable the local currency to regain its value and reduce the increasing rate of local currency depreciation.
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URBANO, ANNALISA. "‘THAT IS WHY WE HAVE TROUBLES’: THE PRO-ITALIA MOVEMENT'S CHALLENGE TO NATIONALISM IN BRITISH-OCCUPIED SOMALIA(1946–9)." Journal of African History 57, no. 3 (November 2016): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000311.
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AbstractPostwar politics in British-occupied Somalia is usually reduced to the activities of the Somali Youth League, the foremost anticolonial nationalist movement. However, by 1947, smaller associations, pejoratively nicknamed the pro-Italia, came together in an effort to return Somalia to Italy under international mandate. Drawing upon new archival sources, the article argues that this movement did not stem from arguments supporting colonial rule, but rather from objections to the nationalist agenda and military occupation. Closer attention to these voices sheds light on the deeper meanings of political alignment during the change of regime and enhances our understanding of political developments in postwar Somalia.
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Webersik, Christian. "Differences that Matter: the Struggle of the Marginalised in Somalia." Africa 74, no. 4 (November 2004): 516–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.516.
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AbstractSomalia has been without a government for the past thirteen years. After the ousting of Siyaad Barre in 1991 observers were left with the question why a promising, even democratic, society sharing the same ethnicity, one religion, a common language and a predominantly pastoral culture was overtaken by a devastating civil war. Analysts stressed the significance of kinship and clan politics in the maintenance of sustained conflict. They argued that Somalia's state collapse must be placed in a historical context taking into consideration the cultural heritage of Somali society and the legacy of the colonial past. The purpose of the article is twofold: first, it seeks to explore an alternative explanation for the breakdown of Barre's dictatorial regime; and second, to analyse the social consequences of political and economic exclusion that followed the state collapse. The paper argues that Somalia's state failure can be explained by the unjust distribution of new sources of wealth in postcolonial Somalia. This modernisation process was accompanied by violent clashes and continued insecurity. The breakdown of the former regime did not create a representative government. Instead, faction leaders fought for political supremacy at the cost of the lives of thousands of civilians. In the absence of a functioning government that could guarantee security and protection, clan loyalties gained importance. Clan affiliation became a condition of being spared from violence. Unjust distribution of pockets of wealth, such as the high‐potential agricultural land in the riverine areas in southern Somalia, led to localised clashes. It will be argued that horizontal inequalities, or inequalities between groups, are based on both material and imagined differences. Somali faction leaders use these differences instrumentally, to maintain and to exercise power. Irrespective of the existence of invisible and physical markers, it is important to understand what existing social boundaries mean to their participants. A localised clan conflict in Lower Shabelle between the Jido and the Jareer clan families illustrates the consequences of social and economic exclusion. Groups who felt excluded from economic and political life, such as the Jareer, took up arms. Violence became a means of being heard and taken seriously in the current Somali peace talks in Kenya.
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Collins, Victoria E. "Dangerous seas: Moral panic and the Somali pirate." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 45, no. 1 (March 16, 2012): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865811432812.
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Piracy in the coastal waters of Somalia has received significant attention from the news media and international political community, both of which have been major actors in defining the issue of piracy in and around the waters of Somalia. Drawing on the thematic frames of Cohen (1972) and Goode and Ben-Yehuda (1994) , this work provides an analysis of the media and political depictions and international responses to Somali piracy, to evaluate if the phenomenon is reflective of normal societal concern or constitutes a case of ‘moral panic’. The results indicate that the media presentation and the international political community’s discourse on piracy in the Somali coastal waters have led to increased levels of fear and panic and over-reaction, resulting in an excess of militarized response to piracy. This then has negated attention being paid to the underlying causes of Somali piracy; the extant structural conditions in Somalia that have continued to facilitate increased instances of piracy. The findings suggest that a moral panic failed to materialize with the general public, rather, the reaction of the international political community, the international shipping industry, and the media’s actions correspond with the theoretical perspective of agenda-setting.
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John Migui, Waweru, Nyabuti Damaris Kemunto, and Dr Anita Kiamba. "An analysis of Kenya-Somalia Maritime Territorial Dispute in IR perspective." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 11 (2022): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61121.
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Kenya-Somalia relations have been strained for some time due to economic and maritime boundary disputes. The area under dispute is a region in the Indian Ocean region stretching for more than 100,000 square kilometers. It is not clear which country could be the rightful owner of the contested area. Furthermore, countries in the global arena have, over the years, gained economic interest in the region as it is rich in oil. These countries include United States, France, Italy, Norway, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Turkey, and Italy. The International Court of Justice has been the main intermediary of the dispute between Kenya and Somali. However, The ICJ has faced a myriad of challenges in the dispute resolution. At last the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued its long-awaited verdict in the case of Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v Kenya) on the location of the maritime boundary between Somalia and Kenya on October 12, 2021. The study seeks to understand Kenya-Somalia Maritime Territorial Dispute. The objectives of the study is to analyze the role of the media in the Kenya-Somali maritime dispute and best mode of dispute settlement according to the provisions of Chapter VI of the UN Pacific Settlement of Disputes.
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Griffiths, Paul, Michael Gossop, Simon Wickenden, John Dunworth, Ken Harris, and Charles Lloyd. "A transcultural pattern of drug use: Qat (khat) in the UK." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 3 (March 1997): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.3.281.
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BackgroundThis study investigates patterns of qat use among 207 Somalis living in London.MethodSubjects were recruited using privileged access interviewing. Somalian interviewers were recruited who shared the same culture as the subjects. Data were collected by means of a structured interview.ResultsOne hundred and sixty-two subjects (78%) had used qat. The majority (76%) used more qat than in Somalia. Some users reported moderate dependence; a minority reported severe problems. Adverse psychological effects included sleep problems, anxiety and depression. Medical problems associated with qat use were rare.ConclusionsQat users who continue to use this drug when it is transplanted from a traditional context may experience difficulties. Qat use can also be seen as playing a positive role in supporting the cultural identity of the Somalian community. Severe problems were rarely reported. Qat consumption should be considered when addressing health-related topics with patients from those communities in which qat use is common.
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Carrier, Neil. "Mobile people, phones and photography: Somali visual practices in Nairobi's Eastleigh estate." Africa 89, no. 2 (May 2019): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000044.
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AbstractThe coming of the mobile phone camera has transformed photography. This article explores this transformation through a case study of photography in Eastleigh, a Nairobi estate that is home to many thousand Somalis, both Kenyan Somalis and refugees from Somalia. It is a trade hub for East Africa, a social and economic hub for the global Somali diaspora, and a place regarded as suspect in a country where Somalis have long been marginalized. This article examines Eastleigh as photographic subject and setting, comparing the ubiquity of mobile phone photography there with seldom-practised more traditional forms of photography that are often treated with suspicion in an estate subject to securitized government policy and negative press. It shows how mobile phone photography helps people in the estate communicate visually with the wider Somali diaspora through social media, and how it helps people sell their goods, using as a case study a particular archive of images sent through WhatsApp to the author by Mohaa, a friend of his and a trader in the estate. The article also adds a political dimension to recent anthropological theorizing on mobile photography, showing how, in Eastleigh, Somalis have used photography and social media to take control of the way in which the estate is represented visually, and to demand from the state better services and better treatment.