Academic literature on the topic 'Solvents South Australia'

The South Australian Museum boasts the largest and most comprehensive cetacean collection in Australia, including various large cetacean skeletons. The preparation of these skeletons was done at various locations throughout the history of the Museum until the state government funded a purpose-built preparation facility which opened in 1983. The well-equipped centre was fitted with a large (2800 L) custom-built liquid-vapour degreaser that used trichloroethylene (TCE) as solvent. Many beautifully degreased skeletons, including a 22 m pygmy blue whale, were prepared during its 15-year operation. An accidental spill of TCE in 1999 led to the decommissioning of the unit. The decision to abandon the use of the toxic and dangerous TCE has led to a series of experiments to find a benign replacement process that will work either with the existing degreaser or heated maceration vats. Numerous chemicals and treatment methods have been trialled with limited success. However, one particular group of chemicals, glycol ether surfactant compounds, has shown promise and has been the main focus for our ongoing studies. Glycol ethers are broad-spectrum active solvents characterised by high dilution ratios, low evaporation rates and wide solubility range. Their unique solubility characteristics also allow them to be used as a coupling solvent in more complex situations containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, and because of their compatibility with non-ionic surfactants, blended formulations with glycol ether solvents may provide a new solution to an old problem.

The use of solvent extraction or petroleum spirits to extract lipids (fats) from 172 samples of honey bee-collected pollens provided a range of lipid contents from 0% for Eucalyptus macrorhyncha to 11.2% for Hypochoeris radicata. The mean for all 172 samples, representing 61 species, was 2.52%. The mean from 31 endemic species was 1.78%, whereas the mean for 30 exotic species was 4.13%. When pollens from 1 species, Echium plantagineum, were extensively surveyed, the lipid levels could be predictably estimated, falling within a range of 0.6 to 2.46% and a mean of 1.6%. A number of pollens from particular species consistently showed high levels of lipids, which were observed to be highly favoured by foraging honey bees. The pollens noted to be particularly attractive to foraging honey bees included Brassica napus (mean 7.1%), Sisymbrium officinale (mean 5.8%), Rapistrum rugosum (mean 6%) and Hypochoeris radicata (mean 7.2%).

Abstract An interview by the editor and a member of the scientific board of História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos with Warwick Anderson, a leading historian of science and race from Australia. He talks about his training, positions he held at US universities, his publications, and his research at the University of Sydney. He discusses his current concern with the circulation of racial knowledge and biological materials as well as with the construction of networks of racial studies in the global south during the twentieth century. He also challenges the traditional historiography of science, which conventionally has been told from a Eurocentric perspective.

In recent years, there has been a change in the main regulations governing the solvency of the world’s main insurance markets. Sustainability is an issue that is becoming increasingly important among to the various stakeholders in the insurance industry. It is a complex concept that has many different dimensions that can be included in these regulations, allowing for a more sustainable solvency. The paper uses a qualitative model previously designed and tested in the literature to analyse the solvency regulations of the European Union, United States of America, China, Australia, Brazil and South Africa and determine their level of convergence. It also links the criteria set out in these models to the dimensions of sustainability in order to determine the degree of sustainability of solvency systems and the questions that regulators will need to consider in the near future in order to achieve more sustainable solvency.

The following three similar Amanita spp. are described: Amanita djarilmari E.M.Davison, A. gardneri E.M.Davison from the south-west of Western Australia and A. millsii E.M.Davison & G.M.Gates (=A. sp. 10 ZLY-2014 HKAS 77322 in KUN) from Tasmania. All have a white- or pale-coloured pileus and white universal veil, but differ in the shape of the bulb, spore shape, and structure of the universal veil. All are from subgenus Lepidella section Phalloideae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these species cannot be separated on the basis of data derived from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed-spacer sequences. They can be separated in a multi-locus phylogeny of the 28S nuclear ribosomal large-subunit rRNA region, RNA polymerase-II region, β-tubulin region and translation elongation-factor 1-α region. Amanita djarilmari, A. gardneri, A. millsii and two other previously described species in section Phalloideae from southern Australia (A. eucalypti and A. marmorata) cluster in Clade IX. These, together with other species in this clade, segregate into two lineages, namely, Clade IX A, with a white or pale pileus, and Clade IX B, with a brown pileus. Solvent extraction, followed by liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry of A. djarilmari, A. eucalypti, A. gardneri and A. marmorata basidiomes did not detect the highly toxic amatoxins α-amanitin and β-amanitin, but did detect the phallotoxins phallacidin and phalloidin.

Papers devoted to the subject of reserving for Permanent Health Insurance (PHI) are not exactly numerous. The author could not find one published in the U.K., although there were papers in the U.S.A., Australia and South Africa.Most U.K. PHI papers have sought to cover the topic in its entirety and therefore do give views on reserving issues. Ironically, this paper in seeking to focus on reserving did, incidentally, find itself wandering over a large part of the PHI actuarial countryside. Perhaps this is unavoidable.PHI reserving is not just a question of ensuring adequate solvency. The reserving basis we choose can aid or hinder our understanding of the business. After all, the recognition of profits is defined by the reserving basis. If management is going to track profits in order to assist decisions on marketing position, financial strength of the office, etc. then it needs to be concerned that the reserving basis is not distorting the emerging results. An equivalent argument can be put forward in respect of the capital requirements of the business.

Low concentrations of protein in milk occur during the summer–autumn in south-west Australia. This is the period, on dryland farms, when the diet of lactating cows typically consists of grass silage and a mixture of crushed lupins and cereal grain. This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplying protected canola meal would increase the protein concentration of milk and, possibly, milk yield in cows fed grass silage and a lupin–cereal concentrate. Sixty Holstein cows in mid lactation were allocated to 2 equal-sized dietary treatment groups: control (lupin) or protected canola meal. The control diet consisted of 14.5 kg DM grass silage (annual ryegrasses–subterranean clover) and 5.4 kg DM of crushed lupins and barley (4:1) per head per day. For the protected canola meal diet, 2.15 kg DM protected canola meal replaced 2.15 kg lupins. The protected canola meal was produced by treating solvent-extracted canola meal with formaldehyde, to produce a product with an in sacco fractional degradability of 0.29 at a rumen fractional outflow rate of 0.08/h. The equivalent degradability of untreated canola meal was 0.80 and of lupin was 0.83. Cows were individually fed the concentrate ration twice daily, after each milking, then were managed as a single herd in dry lots and fed grass silage. By the end of 8 weeks, cows fed the protected canola meal diet had higher milk protein concentrations (30.7 v. 29.2 g/L; P<0.05) and higher liveweights (604 v. 593 kg; P<0.05). Milk yield (L/day) was increased by 1 L/day, but this effect was not significant (P>0.10). Fat concentration was unaffected by diet (P>0.05). Since the only difference in treatment was the replacement of a portion of lupins with protected canola meal, the results indicate that a deficiency of metabolisable amino acids contributes to the low milk protein concentrations recorded during summer–autumn in south-west Australia. Whether this was acting primarily through a stimulus of appetite, or directly on milk components, could not be determined because silage intakes were not recorded.

This paper examines the current accounts of 16 developed and developing countries over the period 1970 to 2018. We test whether these nations satisfy their intertemporal solvency condition for external imbalances. The solvency condition in the strong form entails: (1) a cointegration, or a long run equilibrium, relationship between exports and imports of goods and services; and (2) an increase in imports leading to a proportional increase in exports. Our findings imply that the external imbalances are a cause of vulnerability for several nations. Bangladesh satisfies the abovementioned solvency condition—in other words, its current account is sustainable in the strong form. Australia, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, New Zealand, and Venezuela show weak forms of sustainability. For these six nations, the presence of a cointegration relationship between exports and imports coincides with less than proportional increases in exports with increases in imports. The current accounts of Chile and Paraguay are unsustainable—while their exports and imports are cointegrated, a growth in imports leads to a more than proportional increase in exports. For a few nations that failed the full sample (1970–2018) cointegration test, we developed sub-samples by anchoring the start date at 1970 and increasing the sample by every five years from 1999 to 2014. From the sub-samples, we find evidence of intermittent, but weak, cases of sustainability for Peru and South Africa. We show that Panama’s current account became unsustainable after 2009. China’s current account satisfied the strong form of sustainability between all sub-samples until 2014 and became unsustainable in the most recent four years (2015–2018). France, the Philippines, and the United States unequivocally failed the intertemporal solvency test in the full sample and sub-sample analyses. The cointegration tests allow for structural breaks in exports and imports. We find these breaks have strong economic significance. For instance, we find that for most countries the structural break in exports coincides with their worst economic recession.

The court has since the dawn of modern company law enjoyed the jurisdiction to order the liquidation of a solvent company. Now radical change has been introduced in the world, in the field of winding up of the companies since the incorporation of the companies in the world. Different jurisdictions like USA in shape of Chapter 11 of bankruptcy code 1978, UK in shape of scheme of arrangements, workout plan etc., South Africa in shape of appointing Judicial Management and Australia in shape of Official Manager have developed various set of rules and regulations dealing with insolvency and other liquidations problem, when company is subject to financial distress, and also alternative corporate rescue mechanism to deal with the corporate disputes of similar nature between management of the companies and others. In this modern corporate world the investor would choose the place where he has more opportunities and protection to his capital. Favorable substantive and procedural law and rules which are sympathetic towards redress of his corporate dispute are the requirement of an investor. Insolvency jurisdictions of UK and USA are more favorable to the foreign investors because there is a sophisticated and more adequate procedural advantage. This paper also aims, inter alia, to analyze the new techniques prevalent in various jurisdictions of the USA and The UK.

The northern Pedirka Basin in the Northern Territory is sparsely explored compared with its southern counterpart in South Australia. Only seven wells and 2,500 km of seismic data occur over a prospective area of 73,000 km2 which comprises three stacked sedimentary basins of Palaeozoic to Mesozoic age. In this area three petroleum systems have potential related to important source intervals in the Early Jurassic Eromanga Basin (Poolowanna Formation), the Triassic Simpson Basin (Peera Peera Formation) and Early Permian Pedirka Basin (Purni Formation). They are variably developed in three prospective depocentres, the Eringa Trough, the Madigan Trough and the northern Poolowanna Trough. Basin modelling using modern techniques indicate oil and gas expulsion responded to increasing early Late Cretaceous temperatures in part due to sediment loading (Winton Formation). Using a composite kinetic model, oil and gas expulsion from coal rich source rocks were largely coincident at this time, when source rocks entered the wet gas maturation window.The Purni Formation coals provide the richest source rocks and equate to the lower Patchawarra Formation in the Cooper Basin. Widespread well intersections indicate that glacial outwash sandstones at the base of the Purni Formation, herein referred to as the Tirrawarra Sandstone equivalent, have regional extent and are an important exploration target as well as providing a direct correlation with the prolific Patchawarra/Tirrawarra petroleum system found in the Cooper Basin.An integrated investigation into the hydrocarbon charge and migration history of Colson–1 was carried out using CSIRO Petroleum’s OMI (Oil Migration Intervals), QGF (Quantitative Grain Fluorescence) and GOI (Grains with Oil Inclusions) technologies. In the Early Jurassic Poolowanna Formation between 1984 and 2054 mRT, elevated QGF intensities, evidence of oil inclusions and abundant fluorescing material trapped in quartz grains and low displacement pressure measurements collectively indicate the presence of palaeo-oil and gas accumulation over this 70 m interval. This is consistent with the current oil show indications such as staining, cut fluorescence, mud gas and surface solvent extraction within this reservoir interval. Multiple hydrocarbon migration pathways are also indicated in sandstones of the lower Algebuckina Sandstone, basal Poolowanna Formation and Tirrawarra Sandstone equivalent. This is a significant upgrade in hydrocarbon prospectivity, given previous perceptions of relatively poor quality and largely immature source rocks in the Basin.Conventional structural targets are numerous, but the timing of hydrocarbon expulsion dictates that those with an older drape and compaction component will be more prospective than those dominated by Tertiary reactivation which may have resulted in remigration or leakage. Preference should also apply to those structures adjacent to generative source kitchens on relatively short migration pathways. Early formed stratigraphic traps at the level of the Tirrawarra Sandstone equivalent and Poolowanna Formation are also attractive targets. Cyclic sedimentation in the Poolowanna Formation results in two upward fining cycles which compartmentalise the sequence into two reservoir–seal configurations. Basal fluvial sandstone reservoirs grade upwards into topset shale/coal lithologies which form effective semi-regional seals. Onlap of the basal cycle onto the Late Triassic unconformity offers opportunities for stratigraphic entrapment.

Chitin, the shell material of prawn, is a biodegradable polymer and environmentally biocompatible with low toxicity. Chitosan is the deacetylated form of chitin, which consists of poly-D-glucosamine units with no or few N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units. Commercial applications of these natural polymers are increasing in various sectors. Therefore, in addition to the environmental benefit, it may be economical to recover chitin from prawn waste. Chitosan is soluble in various organic acids, solvents and water. The poor solubility of chitin is the major limiting factor in its use in industrial applications. Number of studies have investigated to overcome the solubility problem of chitin. This research focuses on a new way of developing water-soluble colloidal chitin (WSCC) from prawn waste and investigates its fundamental rheological and antibacterial properties. WSCC films studied during this research may be used in food packaging or in medical applications. The use of WSCC biodegradable films will protect the environment in the future and will be an effective alternative to plastics that threatens the environment. The antibacterial study may be applied in pharmaceutical, medical and food packaging and coating applications. This research was conducted at the University of New South Wales, Australia in 2008.