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Journal articles on the topic 'Solvents extracts'
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1
Kuznetsov, P. N., Z. R. Ismagilov, L. I. Kuznetsova, B. Avid, X. Fan, and Е. S. Mihkailova. "The Composition and Properties of Soluble Products from the Coal ThermoSolvolysis with Hydrocarbon Residues and Blends as Solvents." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 24, no. 3 (October 10, 2022): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1431.
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The dissolution of bituminous coal at mild temperature was studied using a variety of commercially available coal- and petroleum-derived hydrocarbon fractions, hydrorefined derivatives and blends as solvents. The chemical and molecular composition of the coal, solvents and extracts were characterized by chemical and group analyses, and by IRFT, 1H NMR, GC-MS and liquid chromatography. Low volatile solvents like highly aromatic coal tar (CT), its anthracene fraction (AFCT), petroleum-derived solvent (HGOCC) and binary blends were found to exhibit high performance for coal dissolution into quinoline solubles (to 79‒82%), and the yields of gases being no more than 0.5%. The extracts obtained using CT and AFCT solvents represented pitch-like matter consisting of rarely substituted aromatic molecules with 4‒5 condensed rings. HGOCC extract was much less aromatic, the aromatic rings being highly substituted with fairly large alkyl substituents. The blended solvents yielded more extracts, and their molecular indexes were average between those obtained with each solvent separately. A remarkable finding was that the extracts obtained were characterized by significantly lower content of benzo(a) pyrene (BaP) compared to solvents used, its content further decreased as the time of coal dissolution increased.
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Zakaria, F., B. A. Talip, E. E. M. Kahar, N. Muhammad, N. Abdullah, and H. Basri. "Solvent used in extraction process of agarwood: a systematic review." Food Research 4, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).333.
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The method of extraction of Agarwood is usually dependent on the purpose of the extract. This systematic review aims to look at the number of studies that use different types of solvents in the process of extraction. There are 3 types of solvents commonly used in the extraction of agarwood essential oils namely methanol, ethanol and water. Each solvent produces different extracts in terms of quantity and quality of the final product. However, there is controversy over the use of solvents as it may cause a cytotoxic effect on the user. Another common type of solvent is water. Although water is a cheap solvent and relatively safe, aqueous extracts have more impurities that make isolating the desired compound difficult. After the extraction process, the crude extract was fractionated into the desired compounds and this technique is widely applied, especially in the whole process of extraction of the agarwood. In conclusion, extraction solvents have certain advantages and disadvantages, and this is one of the reasons why this extraction method depends on the purpose of using the final product such as agarwood essential oil.
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Schuster, Anja, Nina Ortmayr, Gertie Janneke Oostingh, and Bettina Stelzhammer. "Compounds extracted from larch, birch bark, Douglas fir, and alder woods with four different solvents: Effects on five skin-related microbes." BioResources 15, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 3368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3368-3381.
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Wood is an important natural resource, and the extracts of specific wood species might have growth-inhibiting effects on certain microbes. This property can be used in the pharmaceutical industry to develop phytochemical-based medicine to treat skin infections. Thus far, methanol, intrinsically toxic, has been the main solvent used for extraction of soluble wood compounds. In this study, the focus was placed on biocompatible solvents, including dimethyl sulfoxide, distilled water, and glycerin, in addition to methanol used to extract compounds from larch, birch bark, Douglas fir, and alder wood sawdust. Microbial growth was tested on four different bacterial strains and one type of fungi representing species that can affect the skin. The results revealed intrinsic toxicity of biocompatible solvents at low concentrations as well as an additive or synergistic effect of wood extracts. In particular, larch and birch extracts strongly decreased microbial growth. In addition, interference of the extract color on the measurements was observed, which must be taken into account to ensure correct analysis of the data. In conclusion, biocompatible solvents in conjunction with larch and birch extracts exhibited antimicrobial effects. The importance of solvent toxicity and background staining were highlighted to determine potential antimicrobial effects.
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Geetha, Sethupandian, Kokkaiah Irulandi, and Palanichamy Mehalingam. "EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF PIPER UMBELLATUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15570.
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Objective: This study was designed to determine the Total phenol, flavonoid content, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of different solvent extracts of Piper umbellatum. Methods: Different solvent extracts evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging activity and Reducing power activity.Results: The presence of phenol and flavonoid showed highly in the methanol extracts than ethyl acetate and acetone extracts. All the extracts have various level of antioxidant activity. Methanol solvent extract have good extraction and show significant antioxidant activity. The effect of reducing power of methanol extract revealed good antioxidant activity compare with other tested extracts.Conclusion: On the basis of the above results we concluded that methanol extract of Piper umbellatum whole plant extracts shows significant antioxidant activity than ethyl acetate and acetone extracts.Keywords: Piper umbellatum, Antioxidant, DPPH, FRAP assay, Polar, Non polar solvents
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Karunakaran, Thiruventhan, Yong Sean Goh, Rameshkumar Santhanam, Vikneswaran Murugaiyah, Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar, and Surash Ramanathan. "RP-HPLC-DAD Analysis of Mitragynine Content in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (Ketum) Leaf Extracts Prepared Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Technique and Their Cytotoxicity." Separations 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9110345.
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Mitragynine and its congeners are one of the major phytoconstituents present in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (ketum) leaves and a well-known factor that contributes to ketum’s pharmacological activities. This study describes the usage of a green extraction method to yield botanical leaf extracts of ketum. The leaf extracts were assessed for mitragynine content, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and cytotoxicities. The Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method showed a varying dry yield of the extracts (0.22–1.92 g) that were obtained with solvents of variable polarities. However, the mitragynine content was consistent among the organic solvent extracts (7.22–9.40%). This method calls for a minimal extraction solvent volume (solid to solvent ratio, 1:30) and a shorter extraction period (20 min). Of the solvents tested, the methanolic extract showed the highest content of total phenolic (419.50 ± 2.50 GAE mg/g) and flavonoids (177.33 ± 3.00 QE mg/g). The extract was nontoxic towards kidney (HEK-293) and Chang liver (HeLa) cell lines. Analysis via UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS made it possible to identify mitragynine congeners, such as mitragynine, paynantheine, and speciociliatine, in the leaves extract. In conclusion, the UAE method using methanol as the extraction solvent provides a noncytotoxic ketum botanical extract for future preclinical and clinical studies.
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Mokhtar, Siti Umairah. "Comparison of total phenolic and flavonoids contents in Malaysian propolis extract with two different extraction solvents." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v6i2.2577.
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This study is aimed to prepare propolis extracts by using two different solvents which are ethanol and water via maceration method and to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid components of the extract. Optimization of the extraction process was done by using different solvents and sample-to-solvent ratio. The ethanolic and water extracts were analysed for the determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) by using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and Aluminimum chloride method, respectively. Based on sample-to-solvent ratio, it showed that 1:10 gave the highest percentage yield compared to other ratio for both solvents. Ethanolic extract resulted contains high phenolic and flavonoids content compared to water extract. The result showed that sample-to-solvent ratio 1:5 gave highest TPC and TFC in ethanolic extract which are 29.09 and 7.75 mg GAE/g, respectively. In conclusion, this study revealed that ethanol is the best extraction solvent to be used for propolis extraction compared to water. It is also demonstrated that higher volume of solvent does not leads to high values of TPC and TFC. The optimum extraction parameters and conditions are necessary to be obtained in order to extract high TPC and TFC.
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Tzani, Andromachi, Ioanna Pitterou, Foteini Divani, Thalia Tsiaka, Georgios Sotiroudis, Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis, and Anastasia Detsi. "Green Extraction of Greek Propolis Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Incorporation of the NADES-Extracts in Cosmetic Formulation." Sustainable Chemistry 4, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem4010002.
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In this work, a greener approach for the extraction of Greek propolis using ultrasound-assisted extraction method in combination with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) is presented. Propolis is a natural material of outmost interest as it possesses various biological and pharmacological activities and is therefore used for the manufacturing of extracts useful to various fields, such as pharmaceutics, cosmetics etc. Herein, five NADES were task-specifically selected as appropriate extraction solvents since they provide important assets to the final NADES-extracts, comparing to the conventionally used organic solvents. The screening study of the prepared solvents indicated the NADES L-proline/D,L-Lactic acid as the most effective medium for the raw propolis extraction due to the extract’s high total phenolic content as well as its’ significantly higher antioxidant activity. Then, the extraction using the selected NADES, was optimized by performing Experimental Design to study the effect of extraction time, propolis-to-solvent ratio and the %NADES content in the NADES-water system. All the extracts were characterized regarding their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The optimum NADES-extract as well as an extract derived by extraction using a conventional hydroethanolic solution were further characterized by performing LC/MS/MS analysis. The results showed that the NADES-extracts composition was similar or superior to the hydroethanolic extracts regarding the presence of valuable phytochemicals such as apigenin, naringenin etc. A disadvantage that is usually mentioned in the literature regarding the extractions using NADES is that the extracted bioactive compounds cannot be easily separated from the NADES in order to obtain dry extracts. However, this drawback can be converted to an asset as the task-specifically designed NADES that are used in this study add value to the end product and the optimum as-obtained NADES-extract has been successfully incorporated in a cosmetic cream formulation. In this work, The antioxidant activity and organoleptic characteristics of the cream formulation were also determined.
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Udaya Prakash N K, Sriraman V, Devika V, Peneena V, Sripriya N, Bhuvaneswari S, and Sampathkumar B. "Comparative studies on phytochemistry, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of direct and sequential extracts of chromolaena odorata leaves." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.275.
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Phytochemistry, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of different solvent extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves obtained by direct and sequential extraction were compared in this study. Antibacterial evaluation of the extracts was performed through a disc diffusion method. The results revealed that the solvents, Petroleum ether and Ethyl acetate showed the presence of a majority of the phytochemicals, Chloroform extract yielded maximum TPC and TAA and ethyl acetate yielded higher TFC when compared to other solvents. Ethanol and chloroform extracts showed lower concentrations of IC50 against DPPH and NO radicals respectively. Acetone recorded the maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ethyl acetate against Bacillus subtilis and Chloroform against Streptococcus mutans. Among the solvents studied for phytochemical content and bioactivities, ethanol showed a higher level of phytochemical extraction and better bioactivities. As a direct solvent extraction of C. odorata showed better efficiency when compared with sequential extraction, the study strongly recommends the use of a direct extraction method.
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Thuanthong, Arthittaya, Jaran Patchimpet, Wonnop Visessanguan, Jarurat Panyo, Soottawat Benjakul, Yi Zhang, and Sappasith Klomklao. "Antioxidant properties of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) shell extracts as affected by solvents used for prior decolorization." ASEAN Journal of Scientific and Technological Reports 24, no. 3 (December 25, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.55164/ajstr.v24i3.243570.
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Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) shell is a potential source of phenolics with an-tioxidative activity and its extract can be used to prevent lipid oxidation in some food matrices. However, the sacha inchi extract has been fully exploited due to the dark brown colour properties associated with pigments. Thus, de-colourization of sacha inchi shells before extraction using solvents could be a means to bring about the extract with a lighter colour, which could be applied in foods without constraints. The effects of different solvents used for decolour-ization in sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) shell powder on antioxidant proper-ties were investigated. The solvents used were methanol, acetone, chloroform and propanol. The ethanolic extracts' total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) decreased when solvents were employed for prior de-colourization. Among all solvents, the ethanolic extracts from sacha inchi shell powder decolourized using chloroform (CHE) showed the highest TPC (9.94 mg GAE/g dry extract) and TFC (7.20 mg CE/g dry extract). Also, extracts from chloroform decolourized shell powder had the highest antioxidant activities (2,410.01, 111.60 and 4.58 µmol TE/g dry extract for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scaveng-ing activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), respectively, and 0.52 mmol EDTA /g dry extract for metal chelating assay) compared to other ex-tracts. Therefore, chloroform was the appropriate solvent for decolourization, and the resulting extract had higher antioxidant properties than others.
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V. Le, Anh, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, and Paul D. Roach. "Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins." Technologies 6, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies6030084.
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The colorimetric assay used for saponin quantification in plant extracts is subject to interference by common solvents used to extract the saponins from plant materials. Therefore, the degree of interference of ten common solvents was investigated. It was found that the presence of acetone, methanol and n-butanol in the reaction solution caused an intense darkening of the reaction solution in the absence of saponins, which likely could lead to erroneous saponin content values. Using aescin to construct standard curves with different solvents—such as water, ethanol, and methanol— also showed significant differences in the standard curves obtained, which led to different values when they were applied to quantify the saponin content of an ethanol extract from dried and powdered Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seed kernels. To improve the method, a solvent evaporation step was added prior to the colorisation reaction to prevent undesired solvent interference during the reaction step. Using this modified protocol for the aescin standard curve and the Gac seed kernel extract eliminated any solvent interference. Thus, this improved protocol is recommended for the quantification of the saponin content of plant extracts irrespective of which extraction solvent is used.
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Mohamadi Sani, Ali, and Sharare Mohseni. "Effect of type and concentration of solvent on chemical properties of saffron edible extract." Nutrition & Food Science 44, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-12-2012-0131.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to find a suitable solvent to produce saffron edible extract with improved chemical properties. Design/methodology/approach – Dried and pulverized stigmas of Crocus sativus L. (10 g) was extracted with 300 ml of solvents including distillated water (DW), ethanol/DW, methanol/DW, propylene glycol/DW, heptan/DW and hexan/DW, for three days at 25°C and then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm. Then, the extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator at 40°C. The fiber and solvent-free extracts were then analyzed by UV spectrophotometer to detect saffron quality parameters including crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Findings – Distilled water/ethanol mixture as the extraction solvent caused larger amounts of the plant constituents to diffuse out to the extract compared to other treatments and also control. Polar solvents including distilled water, ethanol and propylene glycol (except methanol) were more effective in extracting crocin, picrocrocin and safranal than non-polar solvents. Originality/value – No research had been done on production of saffron edible extract using the solvent studied in this survey. The novelty of this research is high and the results can be used industrially.
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Sambou, Mariama, Jacques Jean-François, Fanta J. Ndongou Moutombi, Jérémie A. Doiron, Mathieu P. A. Hébert, Andrew P. Joy, Ngoc-Nu Mai-Thi, et al. "Extraction, Antioxidant Capacity, 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition, and Phytochemical Composition of Propolis from Eastern Canada." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 2397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102397.
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Soxhlet (SE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction were compared using ten extraction solvents for their efficiency to extract phenolic and flavonoid antioxidants from Eastern Canada propolis. Extracts were compared for total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) content, and radical scavenging activities. Anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) products biosynthesis in HEK293 cells was also evaluated. The results showed that SE extracts using polar solvents had the highest TPC and TFC. Extracts obtained with ethanol, methanol and acetone were effective free radical scavengers, and showed 5-LO inhibition similar to zileuton. UAE was an effective extraction method since the extracts obtained were comparable to those using SE and the MAE while being done at room temperature. With UAE, extracts of less polar solvents showed similar free radical scavenging and 5-LO inhibition to extracts of much more polar solvents such as methanol or ethanol. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of 21 natural compounds in the propolis extracts based on the comparison of intact mass, chromatographic retention time and fragmentation patterns derived from commercial analytical standards. The current study is the first of its kind to concurrently investigate solvent polarity as well as extraction techniques of propolis.
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Capdesuñer, Yanelis Karina, Maribel Rivas Paneca, Erinelvis Rodríguez Hernández, Madelín Gallo Rodríguez, Janet Quiñones Galvez, Ermis Yanes Paz, and Martha Hernández de la Torre. "Efecto antibacteriano in vitro de exudados foliares de tabaco contra dos bacterias fitopatógenas." Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 17, no. 1 (May 22, 2015): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v17n1.50707.
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<p><strong>Título en ingles:<em> In vitro</em></strong><strong> antibacterial effect of tobacco leaf exudates against two bacterial plant pathogens</strong></p><p><strong>Título corto: Efecto antibacteriano <em>in vitro</em> de exudados foliares de tabaco</strong></p><p><strong></strong><strong>Resumen</strong>: Los productos naturales son una alternativa para el control de microorganismos que ocasionan enfermedades en los cultivos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar diferentes solventes para la obtención de extractos crudos a partir de exudados foliares de líneas de tabaco, y el efecto <em>in vitro</em> de estos extractos contra dos bacterias fitopatógenas: <em>Xanthomonas campestris (Xc)</em> y <em>Pectobacterium carotovorum (Pc)</em>. Se evaluaron solventes con polaridades entre 3.1 y 6.2 (diclorometano, n-butanol, acetato de etilo, metanol y etanol 90 %). El etanol 90 % se seleccionó como mejor solvente y como sustituto del diclorometano por su mayor rendimiento. Los extractos etanólicos crudos se obtuvieron a partir de exudados foliares de diez líneas de tabaco seleccionadas. La diversidad de la composición química de los extractos etanólicos se reveló por cromatografía en capa delgada. La actividad antibacteriana se evaluó por el método de difusión en agar con discos de papel de filtro y la medición del diámetro del halo de inhibición. Se observó inhibición para todos los extractos contra <em>Xc</em> destacándose los correspondientes a las líneas Nic 1061 “TI 1738” y Nic 1016 “Incekara” hasta 5 µg de extracto crudo seco /disco, con un mayor rendimiento para la línea Nic 1061. El extracto de la línea Nic 1015 fue el único con actividad contra <em>Pc </em>hasta 5 µg de extracto crudo seco por disco. Estos resultados sugieren un uso potencial de los extractos crudos de las líneas Nic 1061 y Nic 1015 “TI 1341” como un agente efectivo para la protección de cultivos contra estas bacterias.</p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> fitopatógenos, <em>Nicotiana tabacum,</em> protección de cultivos, solventes, superficie foliar.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>: Natural products are an alternative to control microorganisms that cause diseases in crops. This work aimed to evaluate different solvents for obtaining crude extracts from tobacco leaf exudates and to determine <em>in vitro</em> effect of these extracts against two phytopathogenic bacteria: <em>Xanthomonas campestris</em> <em>(Xc)</em> and <em>Pectobacterium carotovorum</em> <em>(Pc)</em>. Crude extracts from ten tobacco lines using solvents with polarities between 3.1 and 6.2 (dichloromethane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol 90%) were obtained. Ethanol 90% was selected as the best solvent for obtaining extracts from tobacco leaf exudates and as a substitute of dichloromethane due to the best yield. The chemical composition diversity of the ethanolic extracts was revealed by thin-layer chromatography. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar disk diffusion method recording the inhibition zones. Growth inhibition was observed for all extracts against <em>Xc</em>, and the better activity corresponded to the lines Nic 1061“TI 1738” and Nic 1016 “Incekara” until a minimal amount of 5 µg/ disc, with higher yield in case of the line Nic1061 . Only the extract of the line Nic 1015 was able to inhibit the growth of <em>Pc</em> until a minimal inhibitory concentration of 5 µg/disc. These results suggest a potential use of crude extracts from lines Nic 1061 and Nic 1015 “TI 1341” as an effective agent for the crop protection against <em>Xc</em> and <em>Pc</em> respectively.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> phytopathogens, <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em>, crop protection, solvents, leaf surface.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Recibido: </strong>noviembre 18 de 2014<strong> Aprobado:</strong> abril 24 de 2015</p>
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Duy, Nguyen Quoc, Huynh Anh Thoai, Tri Duc Lam, and Xuan Tien Le. "Effects of Different Extraction Solvent Systems on Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Total Anthocyanin Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Extracts." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 11 (September 28, 2019): 2517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22147.
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This study aims to investigate the variations in total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity of Roselle extracts in various extraction solvents. Extracts produced using three solvent systems (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three different concentrations (50, 70 and 90 % (v/v)) were compared roselle calyx extract produced using distilled water. The antioxidant capacities of roselle calyx extracts were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power. The extraction efficiencies of phenolics, anthocyanins and flavonoids from roselle calyx varied considerably. The results showed that at 50 %, ethanol was the appropriate solvent for extraction of flavonoids, which achieved 508.64 mg RE/L and phenolics, which achieved 762.11 mg GAE/L, while at 70 %, methanol was the effective solvent for extracting anthocyanins, which achieved 8.404 mg/L. For antioxidant activity, at 50 % for ethanol, 70 % for methanol, 50 and 70 % for acetone were solvents used to obtain the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activities, ranging from 869.47-927.60 μmol TE/L. Thus, at 50 and 70 % for acetone were determined as solvents which gave extracts with the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP, ranging from 3493.52–3459.22 μmol TE/L.
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Zholnerkevich, V. I., and E. I. Grushova. "IR spectroscopy for analysing solvent extraction efficiency of oil extracts." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 11, no. 4 (January 10, 2022): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2021-11-4-673-680.
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Solvent extraction is a method for purifying oil extracts, which are used as oil-plasticisers for industrial rubber goods, from cancerogenic hydrocarbons. The efficiency of this method is mainly determined by the selectivity and solvent properties of a separating agent. However, when carrying out a comparative analysis of promising extraction methods, it is necessary to use real-time methods for studying the composition of the resulting products. The purification efficiency of oil extracts from polycyclic aromatic components, including carcinogenic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, etc.), was evaluated depending upon the nature of selective solvents. The structure-group composition of the purified oil extracts and those at the second-stage of purification was determined by FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that the extraction efficiency of the studied solvents towards polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from oil extracts increases in the following order: dimethyl sulfoxide < N-methylpyrrolidone + 10 wt% ethylene glycol <N-methylpyrrolidone +50 wt% triethylene glycol. When using a solvent comprising N-methylpyrrolidone + 50 wt% triethylene glycol, the proportion of polyalkyl-substituted and condensed aromatic structures in the purified oil extract decreases by 16.8%; the oil extract yield increases by over 25 wt% in contrast to extraction with N-methylpyrrolidone + ethylene glycol mixture, which meets the requirements of the European Union for oil extract purification (Directive No. 2005/69/EC). Therefore, we recommend the solvent comprising N-methylpyrrolidone + 50 wt% triethylene glycol for purifying oil extracts from components having a technogenic impact on the environment and human health and IR spectroscopy for efficiency assessment of solvent extraction of oil extracts.
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Marcus, AC. "Preliminary Screening of Phytoconstituents and Anti-Bacterial Examination of Annona muricata and Cucumbita maxima Leaves." Journal of Medical and Biological Science Research 6, no. 5 (December 25, 2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36630/jmbsr_20013.
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Dried leaves of Annona muricata and Cucumbita maxima were extracted using chloroform, methanol and hexane solvents. The extracts were analysed for phytoconstituents using standard procedures. A preliminary test was also carried out on the anti-bacterial properties of the different solvent extracts against S. aureus, V. cholera and E. coli. Phytochemical analysis of Annona muricata and Cucumbita maxima showed the presence of alkaloids, fats and oil, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and proteins. However, glycosides were not detected in any of the plant extracts and coumarins were not detected in A. muricata and flavonoids were not detected Cucumbita maxima. The growth of S. aureus was inhibited in chloroform and hexane extracts of A muricata and hexane and methanol extract of C. maxima. The growth of V. cholera was inhibited to varying degrees by the extracts from all the solvents, while E. coli was only inhibited in hexane extracts of both plants. The results observed revealed that both plants can serve useful purposes in traditional medicine and can be harnessed for scientific design in drug synthesis and production. Keywords: Phytochemicals, screening, solvent extracts, Annona muricata and Cucumbita maxima, anti-bacterial
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Arifin, Adani Fatahilal, Irvina Nurrachmi, and Efriyeldi Efriyeldi. "TOXICITY TO Artemia salina AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF Thalassia Hemprichii SEAGRASS ON NIRWANA BEACH PADANG CITY WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 25, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.25.3.163-171.
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Many of marine ecotourism activities on Nirwana Beach has had a negative impact to the development of seagrass ecosystems. Pressure that occurs on the coastal ecosystem becomes a trigger factor seagrasses to adapt with produce certain compounds for maintain immunity, the name is bioactive compounds. This research was aimed to know toxicity to Artemia salina and phytochemical component of Thalassia hemprichii seagrass from Nirwana Beach by using experimental method. Two seagrass extracts with different solvents have been made in the Marine Chemistry Laboratories for use in toxicity and phytochemical tests. The results of the test are displayed in tabular or graphical form and analyzed descriptively. The results of toxicity testing showed that seagrass had a toxicity level of 446.872 ppm (n-hexane solvent) and 218.183 ppm (methanol solvents), both of extract are toxic to the Artemia salina. Phytochemical testing shows tannin compounds founded in extracts with n-hexane and methanol solvent, alkaloids and triterpenoids compound contained in extracts with methanol solvent.
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Zhang, Liang Liang, Sai Sai Feng, and Jian Guo Xu. "Profile of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Cumin Seeds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 1612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1612.
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The effects of extraction solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl-acetate and n-hexane) on the content of phytochemicals including total polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins, as well as antioxidant activities of cumin seeds were investigated. The results showed that, the acetone extract had the highest total polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins content, and it exhibited stronger antioxidant activities and protective effect of plasmid DNA damage, followed by methanol and ethanol extracts. N-hexane extract is the lowest. Correlation analysis revealed that the content of phytochemicals was well correlated with antioxidant activities of extracts from cumin seeds, which indicates that different solvents had a great influence on the level of total polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities of extracts from cumin seeds. Therefore, selective extraction from cumin seeds, by an appropriate solvent, is important for obtaining fractions with high antioxidant activity, which will be useful for the developing and application of cumin seeds.
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Zengin, Gokhan, María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa, Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez, Antonio Segura Carretero, Malwina Momotko, Evren Yildiztugay, et al. "Selectivity Tuning by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Cytinus hypocistis—Studies of Antioxidative, Enzyme-Inhibitive Properties and LC-MS Profiles." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 5788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185788.
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In the present study, the extracts of Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L using both traditional solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were investigated in terms of their total polyphenolic contents and antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitive properties. The extracts were found to possess total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the ranges of 26.47–186.13 mg GAE/g and 0.68–12.55 mg RE/g, respectively. Higher total phenolic contents were obtained for NADES extracts. Compositional differences were reported in relation to antioxidant potential studied by several assays (DPPH: 70.19–939.35 mg TE/g, ABTS: 172.56–4026.50 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 97.41–1730.38 mg TE/g, FRAP: 84.11–1534.85 mg TE/g). Application of NADESs (choline chloride—urea 1:2, a so-called Reline) allowed one to obtain the highest number of extracts having antioxidant potential in the radical scavenging and reducing assays. NADES-B (protonated by HCl L-proline-xylitol 5:1) was the only extractant from the studied solvents that isolated a specific fraction without chelating activity. Reline extract exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition compared to NADES-B and NADES-C (protonated by H2SO4 L-proline-xylitol 5:1) extracts, which showed no inhibition. The NADES extracts were observed to have higher tyrosinase inhibitory properties compared to extracts obtained by traditional organic solvents. Furthermore, the NADES extracts were relatively better inhibitors of the diabetic enzymes. These findings provided an interesting comparison in terms of total polyphenolic content yields, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties (cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase) between traditional solvent extracts and NADES extracts, used as an alternative. While the organic solvents showed better antioxidant activity, the NADES extracts were found to have some other improved properties, such as higher total phenolic content and enzyme-inhibiting properties, suggesting functional prospects for their use in phytonutrient extraction and fractionation. The obtained results could also be used to give a broad overview of the different biological potentials of C. hypocistis.
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Coltro-Roncato, Sidiane, José Renato Stangarlin, Affonso Celso Gonçalves Jr., Odair José Kuhn, Edilaine Della Valentina Gonçalves, Omari Dangelo Forlin Dildey, and Éder Lisandro de Moraes Flores. "Nematicidal activity of crambe extracts on Meloidogyne spp." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4p1857.
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Alternative methods for the control of nematodes, such as the use of plant secondary metabolites, can be explored for integrated pest management systems. The objective of this work was to assess the best solvent for obtaining allyl isothiocyanate from Crambe abyssinica leaves, and the effects of this extract on Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Dry leaves of C. abyssinica at 200 mg L-1 were used to prepare extracts by using water (by infusion and grinding), acetone, water + ethanol (hydroalcoholic extraction), methanol, hexane, and chloroform as solvents. Following the evaporation of the solvents, the residue was resuspended in water for use in the experiments. Distilled water and chemical nematicide were used as control treatments. Once the most effective extracts were defined, the following dosages of dried crambe leaves were used: 0, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L-1. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the allyl isothiocyanate present in the extracts. After the solvents evaporated, the residues were eluted with water and used in assays with 200 eggs for the hatching test or 200 second stage juveniles (J2) for mobility and mortality tests. The hydroalcoholic extract was the most effective in reducing the hatching of M. incognita and M. javanica juveniles, by 71.6 and 74.4 percentage points, respectively. The mortality of M. incognita and M. javanica in the hydroalcoholic extract was 93.2 and 64.4%, respectively, followed by the methanol extract (17.6 and 34%) and the extract obtained by grinding (9.2 and 28%). The hydroalcoholic extract at 250 mg L-1 showed high nematicidal effect. The HPLC analysis of the extracts revealed that only the methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts had allyl isothiocyanate, indicating that the inhibitory effects on the hatching, mobility, and mortality were not solely attributed to the presence of this compound.
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Haridas, Renjini, Radhakrishnan G, Reshma R, and Sumathi P. "PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT PACHYGONE OVATA (POER.) HOOK.F. & THOMS FROM MENISPERMACEAE FAMILY FOR BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS." Kongunadu Research Journal 5, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj270.
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The present study deals with the phytochemical examination of Pachygone ovata (Poer.) Hook.f.& Thoms., an important medicinal plant from menispermaceae family. Leaf and Stem extracts were prepared by using different solvents systems and phytochemical screening was performed using the standard methods given by Harborne. Leaf and stem extracts were prepared from aqueous and organic solvents like petroleum ether, acetone, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the petroleum ether, acetone,ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts prepared from P. ovata leaf and stem part. Leaf part revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, phenols and tannins. Stem part revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, Resin, Steroids, phenols and tannins. The ethanolic extract showed higher amount of secondary metabolites than the other solvent extracts. This observation becomes important in the context of the therapeutically and drug applications of P. ovata.
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Marijan, Marijan, Anamarija Mitar, Lejsa Jakupović, Jasna Prlić Kardum, and Marijana Zovko Končić. "Optimization of Bioactive Phenolics Extraction and Cosmeceutical Activity of Eco-Friendly Polypropylene-Glycol–Lactic-Acid-Based Extracts of Olive Leaf." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020529.
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Olive leaf is a rich source of phenolic compounds with numerous activities related to skin health and appearance. In this study, a green extraction method was developed using eco-friendly solvents: polypropylene glycol (PPG), lactic acid (LA), and water. The optimal extraction conditions were established, including solvent, extraction time, technique (magnetic stirrer vs. ultrasound-assisted extraction), and herbal material/solvent ratio. The composition of the solvent mixture was optimized using a mixture design. The content of phenolic compounds, including oleuropein and verbascoside, was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. Using different extraction conditions, three extracts were prepared and their phytochemical compositions and antioxidant and skin-related bioactivities were investigated. The extracts were excellent inhibitors of elastase, collagenase, tyrosinase, and lipoxygenase. The best activity was shown by the extract richest in phenolics and prepared using magnetic-stirrer-assisted extraction for 20 min, with 0.8 g of herbal material extracted in 10 mL of PPG/LA/water mixture (28.6/63.6/7.8, w/w/w), closely followed by the extract prepared using the same extraction conditions but with 0.42 g of herbal material. The investigated PPG/LA/water mixtures contributed to the overall enzyme-inhibitory activity of the extracts. The prepared extracts were appropriate for direct use in cosmetic products, thus saving the time and energy consumption necessary for the evaporation of conventional solvents.
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Subra-Paternault, Pascale, Maria del Pilar Garcia-Mendoza, Raphaëlle Savoire, and Christelle Harscoat-Schiavo. "Impact of Hydro-Alcoholic Solvents on the Oil and Phenolics Extraction from Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Press-Cake and the Self-Emulsification of Extracts." Foods 11, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11020186.
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The objective was to evaluate the performance of four hydro-alcoholic solvents to simultaneously extract oil and more polar molecules as phenolics, among others, to produce complex extracts that eventually could self-emulsify after solvent removal. Walnut press-cake was selected as the sourcing material. Extractions were performed as a semi-continuous operation up to a solvent-to-solid ratio of 28, with a fractional collection of the effluent. Among the solvents, labelled by their alcohol content EtOH 58, EtOH 86, iPro 60 and iPro 90 for ethanol (EtOH) and isopropanol (iPro), iPro 90 allowed to reach an oil extraction efficiency of 97% while the recovery for the other solvents was in the range of 30–40%. For both alcohols, the increase of the solvent hydration negatively influenced the oil extraction but positively increased the recovery of phenolics that reached 17.6 mg GAE/gcake when EtOH 58 was used. Several fractions contained enough surface-active material and oil to self-assemble as emulsions. IPro 90 and EtOH 86 showed better performances in the sense that most extracts were able to emulsify, though extraction kinetics pointed out differences. The most hydrated solvents behaved equally, with extraction yields in the same range and a similar but limited emulsifying capacity of only few fractions.
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Rukavina, Iva, Maria João Rodrigues, Catarina G. Pereira, Inês Mansinhos, Anabela Romano, Sylwester Ślusarczyk, Adam Matkowski, and Luísa Custódio. "Greener Is Better: First Approach for the Use of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) to Extract Antioxidants from the Medicinal Halophyte Polygonum maritimum L." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206136.
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In this study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) formed by choline chloride (ChCl), sucrose, fructose, glucose, and xylose, were used to extract antioxidants from the halophyte Polygonum maritimum L. (sea knotgrass) and compared with conventional solvents (ethanol and acetone). NADES and conventional extracts were made by an ultrasound-assisted procedure and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant properties by the radical scavenging activity (RSA) on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and copper chelating activity (CCA). Samples were profiled by liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-QTOF-MS analysis. ChCl:fructose was more efficient in the DPPH assay, than the acetone extract. ChCl:sucrose and ChCl:fructose extracts had the highest ORAC when compared with the acetone extract. NADES extracts had higher CCA, than the acetone extract. The phenolic composition of the NADES extracts was less complex than the conventional extracts, but the proportions of major antioxidants, such as flavonols and flavan-3-ols, were similar in all the solvents. Myricitrin was the major flavonoid in all of the samples, while gallic acid was the main phenolic acid in the conventional extracts and present in a greater amount in ChCl:fructose. Results suggest that NADES containing ChCl and sucrose/fructose can replace conventional solvents, especially acetone, in the extraction of antioxidants from sea knotgrass.
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Chandrawansh, Nagendra Kumar, Devendra Kumar Tandia, and S. K. Jadhav. "Determination of Anti-Diabetic Property of organic and nonorganic solvent extracts of Schizophyllum commune." NewBioWorld 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/nbw-jaab.2019-1-1-2.
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Schizophyllum commune is well-known, non-consumable split gill mushroom having a variety of nutraceutical properties, due to the presence of various bioactive components. In this study, antidiabetic potency of Schizophyllum commune was evaluated using different extraction solvents. Results revealed the extract of methanol solvent showed high antidiabetic potency (IC50 =50.98 μg/ml), followed by another solvents such as ethanol and hot water extracts respectively. Antidiabetic activity of extracts was compared with standards and positive correlation was observed. In conclusion, based on accumulated data Schizophyllum commune may be used as natural antidiabetic substance and a better alternative to synthetic chemicals. It can be prospective source of potent constituent for fighting against human metabolic disorder.
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Rinto, I. Widiastuti, G. D. Nugroho, and Y. Liastri. "Solvent selection for extraction of bioactive compound from bekasam with antioxidant and anticholesterol activities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1137, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1137/1/012042.
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Abstract Heart disease and hypertension are two of the main causes of human mortality worldwide. Both can be caused by the oxidation of cholesterol, causing plaque and narrow blood vessels. The purpose of this research was to determine the solvent for the extraction of antioxidant and anticholesterol bioactive compounds from bekasam extracts. Bekasam was extracted by polar solvents, i.e., aquabides, methyl alcohol (methanol), and ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The parameters observed in this research were the yield of crude extract, antioxidant assay, lovastatin assay, and peptide profile analysis (SDS-PAGE). The result of this study indicated that the yields of crude extract of bekasam using aquabides, methanol, and ethanol were 17.00%, 9.00%, and 2.83%, respectively. The antioxidant activities of bekasam extracts produced using methanol, ethanol, and aquabidest were 69.09%, 64.09%, and 53.43%, respectively. Lovastatin contents of bekasam extracts produced using ethanol, aquabides, and methanol were 442.53 ppm, 168.67 ppm, and 158.19 ppm, respectively. Peptides were detected on bekasam extract by aquabidest in the range of 5.60-29.26 kD but undetected when extracted using the other solvents.
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Matrose, Neliswa A., Zinash A. Belay, Kenechukwu Obikeze, Lucky Mokwena, and Oluwafemi James Caleb. "Bioprospecting of Helichrysum species: Chemical Profile, Phytochemical Properties, and Antifungal Efficacy against Botrytis cinerea." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010058.
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Variation in plant species and extraction solvents play a crucial role in the recovery of their bioactive compounds and antifungal efficacy. Thus, in this study, a comparative investigation was carried out using extraction solvents: 70% acetone and 95% ethanol to obtain crude aqueous extracts from Helichrysum odoratissimum and H. patulum. Crude aqueous extracts were screened using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), to gain insight into their chemical composition. Phytochemical properties (total polyphenols (TP) and radical scavenging capacity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)), and antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea of the crude extracts were evaluated. Fungicide (Rovral® WP) and extraction solvents were used as controls. Variation in Helichrysum spp. and extraction solvent had influence on the chemical composition, phytochemicals, and antifungal activities. Metabolites such as γ-terpinene (≈0.1%), α-amorphene (≈0.6%) α-gurjunene (≈1.4%), β-selinene (2.2–3.2%), γ-gurjunene (≈3.3%), and methyl cinnamate (≈20%) were detected only in extracts of H. patulum. Crude extract of H. odoratissimum using 70% acetone had the highest TP (19.3 ± 0.76 g GA 100 g-1), and DPPH capacity (13251.5 ± 700.55 µmol Trolox g-1) compared to H. patulum (p ≤ 0.05). Ethanolic extracts of H. patulum showed highest antifungal efficacy (≈65%) against B. cinerea (p ≤ 0.05) compared to other crude extracts. This study showed that Helichrysum spp. differ in their potential as a source for bioactive compounds and antifungal treatments/formulations.
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Popoola, Oluwaseyi. "Phytochemical Status of Different Solvent Extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev Leaves." International Annals of Science 8, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.62-69.
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The choice of suitable solvent is essential in the extraction of much needed bioactive phytochemicals present in medicinal plants. This study assessed the phytochemical status of four solvents (methanol, hexane, ethylacetate and aqueous) extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis, leaves of the plants were extracted with the solvents by cold maceration for three days; screening and quantitative determination of saponin, alkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids phenols and terpenoids was done using standard methods. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of all the phytocompound in the methanol extract, while other extracts shows variation in the availability of different phytochemicals, quantitative results shows alkaloid ranged from 1.79-18.90 mg/100g, flavonoids: 2.54-10.53 mg/100g, saponin: 2.00-12.23 mg/100g, tannin: ND-4.83 mg/100g, phenol: ND-6.65 mg/100g, cardiac glycoside: ND-2.08 mg/100g, and terpenoids: ND-1.98 mg/100g; significant difference (p<0.05) exist in each phytochemicals across the solvents where methanol and the aqueous extracts gave the best extraction efficiency for the phytochemicals. Consequently, the optimum extraction of useful phytochemicals from A. djalonensis could be achieved using either methanol and water.
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Grobe, George L., Joseph A. Gardella, Roland L. Chin, and Lawrence Salvati. "Characterization of Solution-Cast Extracts from Biomer® by FT-IR and ESCA." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 6 (August 1988): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884430489.
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Biomer® extracts have been cast from varying polarity solvents in an attempt to control surface composition and morphology. This polymer has previously been described as a block copolymer. FT-IR has been utilized to probe bulk and surface bonding and composition in these resulting extract cast films. FT-IR data was combined with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements to provide a detailed description of the surface composition. Results will show that a polydimethysiloxane contaminant in Biomer® can be preferentially segregated to the surface as a function of the Hildebrand parameter of the solvent that Biomer® extracts are cast from. Extracts of Biomer ® as solution-cast from varying polarity solvents had many different components. This suggests that Biomer® resembles a blend of copolymerized segments with different compositions and molecular weights, with a significant number of impurities including DMS.
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Messina, Concetta Maria, Angelo Troia, Rosaria Arena, Simona Manuguerra, Theodora Ioannou, Eleonora Curcuraci, Giuseppe Renda, Claire Hellio, and Andrea Santulli. "Species-Specific Antioxidant Power and Bioactive Properties of the Extracts Obtained from Wild Mediterranean Calendula Spp. (Asteraceae)." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (October 31, 2019): 4627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214627.
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In this study we focused on four taxa of the genus Calendula (C. maritima, C. suffruticosa subsp. fulgida, C. arvensis, and the hybrid between the first two ones), collected in Mediterranean area (Sicily). Six extracts for each species were obtained using solvents with increasing polarity (hexane, ethanol 80%, acetone 70%, and water) and through extraction by supercritical fluids (SFE). It has been observed that the solvent with the highest extraction efficiency was ethanol 80% for all species. However, SFE extracts showed high antioxidant activity comparable to the ethanol 80% extract (polyphenol, DPPH, and reducing power method). These findings were confirmed by in vitro analysis (MTT assay) where it was observed that the tested concentration (24 µg/mL), obtained from ethanol 80% and SFE extracts, showed a protective effect comparable to that induced by a synthetic antioxidant. Extraction with SFE ensured a great selectivity by avoiding the use of toxic organic solvents and thus consisted of a promising technique for sustainable production of Calendula extracts.
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Khalil, Noha, Mokhtar Bishr, Mohamed El-Degwy, Mohamed Abdelhady, Mohamed Amin, and Osama Salama. "Assessment of Conventional Solvent Extraction vs. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Khella (Ammi visnaga L.) Furanochromones and Their Cytotoxicity." Molecules 26, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051290.
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Background: Khella (Ammi visnaga Lam.) fruits (Apiaceae) are rich in furanochromones, mainly khellin and visnagin, and are thus incorporated in several pharmaceutical products used mainly for treatment of renal stones. Methods: The objective of this study was to compare the yield of khellin and visnagin obtained using different conventional solvents and supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) with carbon dioxide (containing 5% methanol as co-solvent). Water, acetone and ethanol (30% and 95%) were selected as conventional solvents. Results: Highest extract yield was obtained from 30% ethanol (15.44%), while SCFE gave the lowest yield (4.50%). However, the percentage of furanochromones were highest in SCFE (30.1%), and lowest in boiling water extract (5.95%). HPLC analysis of conventional solvent extracts showed other coumarins that did not appear in supercritical fluid extraction chromatogram due to non-selectivity of solvent extraction. Ammi visnaga extracts as well as standard khellin and visnagin were tested for their cytotoxic activity using sulforhodamine B assay on breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines. Results revealed a strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 < 20 µg/mL) for the SCFE and standard compounds (khellin and visnagin) (IC50 ranging between 12.54 ± 0.57 and 17.53 ± 1.03 µg/mL). However, ethanol and acetone extracts had moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 20–90 µg/mL) and aqueous extract had a weak activity (IC50 > 90 µg/mL). Conclusions: Thus, supercritical fluid extraction is an efficient, relatively safe, and cheap technique that yielded a more selective purified extract with better cytotoxic activity.
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Sun, Chen, Guang Yu Liu, and Pei Xia Zhao. "Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction Versus Conventional Solvent Extraction of Glycyrrhizic Acid from Licorice Root." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1659.
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Conventional solvent extraction and microwave-assisted techniques were used to extract glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice root, using different solvents including polar and non-polar solvents. For both extraction techniques, higher glycyrrhizic acid yields were consistently obtained with water than with other solvents from the same samples. Solubility of glycyrrhizic acid or salts in water is the major cause of this observation. For microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with water, glycyrrhizic acid yield increased to 3.10% in 7min. Similar observations were made with conventional solvent extraction, glycyrrhizic acid yield was raised to 3.12% in 90min. The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with an ultraviolet detector. The kinetic studies were supplemented by scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and a mechanism based on the mass transfer between the solvents and matrix had been proposed to account for the acceleration extraction made with MAE.
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Riaz, Muhammad, Humaira Fatima, Muhammad Misbah ur Rehman, Rahman Qadir, Shabbir Hussain, Abdul Hafeez, and Abu Bakar Siddique. "Appraisal of antioxidant potential and biological studies of bogan bail (Bougainvillea glabra) leaf extracts using different solvents." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 39, No. 3 (June 29, 2021): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/273/2020-cjfs.
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Current research work was performed to evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic potential of Bougainvillea glabra leaf extracts with different solvents. Extraction of leaves was carried out by maceration using solvents of various polarity such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol. The highest values of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed in methanolic extract, such as 58.57% and 29.41%, respectively. Antioxidant potential was measured by DPPH free radical, showing 65.16% scavenging activity in methanolic extract. Similarly, the reducing power of methanolic extract was also measured. Hemolytic activity of B. glabra leaf extracts was evaluated, and maximum percentage lysis was found as 6.86% in chloroform extract. The thrombolytic activity of B. glabra leaf extracts was evaluated against human red blood cells, and the maximum percentage of clot lysis was 59.10% in chloroform extract. Maximum antidiabetic activity (16.20%) was observed in methanolic extract. Overall, the presented results reveal that bogan bail extract is capable of being employed in nutra-pharmaceutical industry.
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Alexander B.A.M, Kinyoda, Mghalu Joseph Mwafaida, Guyo Paul Mwashimba, and Muti Simon Mbuvi. "Effects of Solvent Extracted Bioactive Compounds from the Bark, Roots and Leaves of Croton jatrophoides on Tomato Wilt Disease (Fusarium. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)." Journal of Natural Products and Resources 8, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jnpr.103.22080101.
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Fusarium wilt of tomatoes, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is a major and most prevalent soil borne disease in tomato plants both in the field and green house. The economic impact of this disease cannot be underestimated. All recommended control strategies have proved to be ineffective in controlling the pathogen. Studies have shown that Croton jatrophoides has medicinal activity against the phytopathogens. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of extracts from Croton jatrophoides to suppress Fusarium oxysporum. Specific objectives were to extract bioactive compounds from C. jatrophoides for use against F. oxysporum; to determine the minimum inhibition concentration of crude extract that could elucidate response against F. oxysporum; to test in-vitro the efficacy and levels of bioactive compounds extracted using selected solvents from bark, the leaves and the root; to determine interaction effects between the treatments and the crude extracts. The experiment involved the isolation of bioactive crude extracts from the roots, bark and leaves of Croton jatrophoides plant using three solvents, namely hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (moderately polar) and methanol (highly polar). The isolated crude extracts from each solvent were concentrated using rotary evaporator, then purified using micro-filters. These extracts were then used for testing their antifungal activity in Potatoes Dextrose Agar (PDA) petri-plates containing Fusarium oxysporum inoculum. The results indicated that the quantity of the solvent required for exhaustive extraction of bioactive compounds from the ground material was at 180 mL. The minimum inhibition concentration that elucidated response against F. oxysporum was found to be 50.0 mg/mL. Non-polar solvents such as hexane and ethyl acetate were found to have the highest abilities in extracting bioactive compounds from C. jatropoides materials since most of these compounds that had antifungal activity were non-polar. Hexane derived extracts had the highest significant efficacy in control of Fusarioum oxysporum, comparable to Rindomil, a positive control. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) had the least effect on Fusarioum oxysporum. In the absence of hexane, ethyl acetate was the second most suited solvent for extraction of bioactive compounds from C. jatrophoides. Methanol had the least abilities in extraction of bioactive compounds from C. jatrophoides. There were interaction effects between the parts of the plants from which bioactive compounds were derived and the type of solvents used.
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Bezbradica, Dejan, Jela Milic-Askrabic, Slobodan Petrovic, and Slavica Siler-Marinkovic. "An investigation of influence of solvent on the degradation kinetics of carotenoids in oil extracts of Calendula officinalis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 1 (2005): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0501115b.
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The stability of carotenoids was studied in marigold oil extracts prepared with following solvents: Myritol 312?, paraffin oil, almond oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, grape seed oil, and soybean oil. The concentration of the carotenoids was determined by spectroscopic measurement at 450 nm. Degradation rate showed a first order dependence on the concentration of carotenoids with a faster first stage (which lasted 35-50 days, depending on the solvent) and a slower second stage. The highest degradation rates were observed in extracts prepared with linoleic acid rich solvents (sunflower oil, soybean oil and grape seed oil), while the lowest were found in oil with saturated fatty acids (Myritol 312?) and paraffin oil. These results confirm the connection between the degradation of carotenoids and lipid autoxidation, and suggest that the influence of the oil solvents on the stability of oil extracts of Calendula officinalis is a factor that must be considered when selecting a solvent for the production of marigold oil extracts.
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Kennas, Abderrezak, and Hayat Amellal-Chibane. "Comparison of five solvents in the extraction of phenolic anti-oxidants from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 3, no. 5 (February 19, 2019): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.3.5.140-147.
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Background: Pomegranate peels are rich in bioactive compounds and could be an alternative natural source such as antioxidants. Aims: The aim of the present study was to assess the abilities of five solvents to extract phenolic antioxidants from pomegranate peels. Methods and Material: Pomegranate peels powder was subjected to extraction and the extraction yield was compared. The total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed and hydrolysable tannins contents were analyzed. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by two methods (DPPH* and ABTS•+ scavenging capacities) and results were then compared. Results: Results showed that the mixture methanol/water (50:50) allowed higher extraction yield (37.33±5.3%) than the others solvents (P<0.05). Further, the total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannins contents were the highest in mixture water/methanol (50:50) extract. Phenolic antioxidants showed a distinct reducing capacity and a high DPPH* inhibition values were recorded for all extracts with no significant differences (P>0.05) between ethanol and mixture water/methanol (50:50) extracts. All extracts exhibited high inhibition against ABTS•+ but with a considerable variation. Phenolic content and antioxidant activities were well positively correlated with each other. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the choice of the extracting solvent affects considerably the extraction of phenolic antioxidants from pomegranate peels. Keywords: Pomegranate peels, solvent extraction, antioxidant activity, phenolic antioxidants.
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Atmiyanti, Ni Kadek, Pasjan Satrimafitrah, Abd Rahman Razak, Nov Irmawati Inda, Indriani, and Dwi Juli Puspitasari. "Potensi Ekstrak Batang Kayu Gempol (Nauclea orientalis L.) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2022.v8.i2.15962.
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The study of the potential of Gempol wood stem extract (Nauclea orientalis L.) with three solvent polarities has been exercised to determine the extract with a certain polarity and the smallest concentration that can inhibit the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coil. Extraction is performed using the maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. Furthermore, the potency in inhibiting the growth of bacteria was observed by the diffusion method with a range of extract concentrations from the largest to the smallest. The extract's ability to inhibit bacterial growth in the time range of up to 24 hours was measured using the turbidimetric method. The results showed that ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were able to inhibit the growth of both bacteria in a wide concentration range (100 %– 5%), although n-hexane extracts showed the highest percentage in inhibiting both bacteria (15.27 mm and 16.89 mm, respectively). Turbidimetric assays showed the extract was stronger in inhibiting S. aureus compared to E. coli in the logarithmic phase range of 12 hours. This study showed that semipolar and polar extracts can inhibit the growth of bacteria with a wider concentration range compared to non-polar extracts despite having a higher inhibition capability.
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FALANA, Mansurat B., and Quadri O. NURUDEEN. "Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial activities of leaves extracts of Calotropis procera against certain human pathogens." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12210699.
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Calotropis procera, a well-known and commonly used plant in Nigeria to treat many infectious diseases, has been documented to possess constituents with proven antimicrobial potentials. The type of solvent used in herbal extraction determines the number of phytoconstituents extracted, therefore it was investigated the effect of some solvents selected based on polarity on the phytoconstituents and antimicrobial efficacy of leaves of C. procera. Phytochemical screening of extracts from leaves of C. procera obtained from five solvents (acetone, hexane, ethylactate, mixture “acetone, hexane, ethyl acetate 50/30/20 v/v/v” and sterile distilled water) was carried out. Disc diffusion assay, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the extracts were compared with those of commercial drugs (chloramphenicol, gentamicin and griseofulvin) against Candida albicans, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922. Tannins, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, proteins, flavonoids, coumarins and anthraquinones were detected in higher numbers in ethyl acetate and sterile distilled water extracts, while the least number of constituents were detected in hexane extracts. A dose- dependent broad spectrum of bacteriostatic/fungistatic and bactericidal activities was produced by the extracts against the tested pathogens. Wider inhibition zone (19.80 mm) was produced at 100 mg/mL concentration by the mixture of solvents and ethylacetate extract, respectively, while the lowest inhibition zone (7.6 mm) was produced by sterile distilled water extract at 25 mg/mL. The present study provided plausible information to corroborate the medicinal value of the investigated plant, as claimed by herbal medicine users.
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Mittal, Amita, Manpreet Manpreet, and Geeta Dhania. "Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Five Medicinal Plants Against Different Microbes." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2960.
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The present study aims to assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants (Achyranthes bidentata, Linum usitatissimum, Pedalium murex, Sphaeranthus indicus and, Terminalia bellirica) extracts against seven different microorganisms Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Streptococcus mutants. Leaf, root, and flower extracts of plants were prepared in different solvents like methanol, distilled water, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether, propanol, benzene, and hexane. All the prepared extracts showed very good antimicrobial activity except distilled water extract. Most of the extracts were found to have antimicrobial potential against pathogens but Linum usitatissimum and T. bellirica leaf and seed extract prepared in methanol and chloroform solvents show a higher zone of inhibition against E. coli. Only Linum usitatissimum shows activity aganist Candida albicans. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for Achyranthes bidentata extracts varied from 150µl/ml to 200µl/ml in different solvents. Antioxidant studies were carried out in methanolic extracts of all the plants. The maximum scavenging activity of methanolic leaf extracts was observed between 80 -100 μg/ml concentrations.
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Popescu (Popiniuc), Candice, Carmen Popescu, Stefan Manea, Valentin Vladut, Iulian Voicea, Cristina Covaliu, Hazem Abbas, Alina Dune, and Dumitru Lupuleasa. "The Influence of Extraction Solvent on the Active Principles Content of Portulaca Oleracea Native Species." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 10 (November 15, 2018): 2682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.10.6604.
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In this paper, a study on the influence of extraction solvent on the active principles content of purslane - Portulaca oleracea extracts was performed. For the study were used both fresh and dried plants, chopped by plant chopping machine. The following extracts were obtained and analysed in the solvent systems mentioned below: (fresh) purslane extract in Ethanol 30%, (dry) purslane extract in Ethanol 30%; (fresh) purslane extract in EtOH 70%, (dry) purslane extract in EtOH 70%; (fresh) purslane extract in propylene glycol 20%, (dry) purslane extract in propylene glycol 20%; (fresh) purslane extract in PG 100%, (dry) purslane extract in PG 100%; (fresh) purslane extract in glycerine 20%, (dry) purslane extract in glycerine 20%; (fresh) purslane extract in R glycerine, (dry) purslane extract in R glycerine; purslane hydro-alcoholic glycerine extract. The results obtained in the study performed on purslane extracts in different solvents show that the capitalization of purslane can become very profitable and with beneficial effects on economy in our country, both in terms of food and as medicinal plant.
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V., Sailaja, Madhu M., and Neeraja V. "Evaluation of anti-fungal activity of selected medicinal plant seed extracts of India." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (May 6, 2016): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v2i5.3186.
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In the present study aqueous, acetone, petroleum ether and chloroform solvents extracts of 6 selected plant seeds (Acacia catechu, Sida cordifolia, Momordica fotida, Albiziz procera, Mesua ferrea and Lantana camare ) are screened for their anti-fungal potential against 4 important fungal species(Candida albicans, Cryptococcus luteotus, Aspergillus niger and Mucor heimalis). Among the six plant seed extracts tested, petroleum ether and acetone extracts showed highest to moderate levels of anti-fungal activity when compared to standard anti-fungal drugs (fluconazole(1mg/ml) and Amphotericin B (150 Units/disc).). The chloroform extracts of Albizia procera seed extract failed to inhibit the growth of Candida and Cryptococcus species. Among the solvent extracts tested, petroleum ether recorded highest significant anti-fungal activity when compared to aqueous, chloroform and acetone extracts.
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Swamy, Mallappa Kumara, Greetha Arumugam, Ravinder Kaur, Ali Ghasemzadeh, Mazina Mohd Yusoff, and Uma Rani Sinniah. "GC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Different Solvent Extracts of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus Leaves." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1517683.
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This study evaluates the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of Plectranthus amboinicus leaves extracted in different solvents. The methanol extract contained the highest total phenolic (94.37±1.24 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (26.90±1.35 mg RE/g) and exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity (90.13 ± 3.32%) followed by the acetone extract (80.23 ± 3.26%) at 500 μg/mL concentration. Similarly, the highest ferric ion reduction potential (849.63±30.95 μM of Fe (II)/g dry weight) was exhibited by the methanol extract followed by the acetone extract (695.92±25.44 μM of Fe (II)/g dry weight). The methanol extract showed greater antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens (Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans). However, both hexane and acetone extracts failed to inhibit E. coli. S. aureus and C. albicans were more susceptible to all the extracts. Further, GC-MS analysis confirmed the occurrence of a total 46 phytocompounds in different solvent extracts. Some of the major compounds included carvacrol (37.7%), tetracontane (16.6%), squalene (15.6%), tetrapentacontane (13.7%), and Phytol (12.9%). In conclusion, extraction solvents influenced the recovery of phytocompounds and the highest pharmacological activities of the methanol extract could be correlated to the presence of additional bioactive compounds.
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Scherer, R., and HT Godoy. "Effects of extraction methods of phenolic compounds from Xanthium strumarium L. and their antioxidant activity." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 16, no. 1 (March 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722014000100006.
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The effect of extraction methods and solvents on overall yield, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the composition of the phenolic compounds in Xanthium strumarium extracts were studied. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and the composition of the phenolic compounds was determined by HPLC-DAD and LC/MS. All results were affected by the extraction method, especially by the solvent used, and the best results were obtained with the methanol extract. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity, and the chlorogenic and ferulic acids were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extracts.
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Dwipayana, I. Made, Ni Made Wartini, and Luh Putu Wrasiati. "Pengaruh Perbandingan Bahan Pelarut dan Lama Ekstraksi terhadap Karakteristik Ekstrak Pewarna Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.)." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 7, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2019.v07.i04.p09.
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Dyes from fragrant pandan leaves contain chlorophyll obtained through the extraction process. The purpose of this study were to determine the effect of the ratio of ingredients to solvents and the length of extraction on the characteristics of natural coloring extracts of fragrant pandan leaves and determine the best treatment from the comparison of ingredients with solvents and extraction time to produce natural coloring extracts of fragrant pandan leaves. This study used a 2 factor factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the comparison of materials with solvents consisting of 3 levels, namely 1:13, 1:15, and 1:17. The results showed that the comparative treatment of the material with the solvent and the extraction time greatly influenced the extract yield, chlorophyll a levels, chlorophyll b levels, total chlorophyll levels, brightness level L *, redness level a *, yellowish level b *, interactions greatly influenced the levels chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b level, total chlorophyll content, redness level (a *), yellowish level (b *) but have no effect on extract yield and brightness level (L *). Comparison of material treatment with solvent 1:15 and extraction time for 36 hours, is the best treatment to produce pandanus fragrant leaf extract coloring with extract yield characteristics of 10.32%, chlorophyll a levels of 3402.04 ppm, chlorophyll b levels of 612.23 ppm, total chlorophyll content of 4013.42 ppm, brightness level (L *) 35.27, redness level (a *) 17.15, yellowish level (b *) 30.43.
Keywords: Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb., chlorophyll, nature color, extraction.
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Syahruni, Reny, Syamsu Nur, Akhmad Amrullah, Novianti Tonapa, and Vivi Shelina. "Korelasi Kajian Fisikokimia Ekstrak Klika Faloak (Sterculia populifolia DC.) Menggunakan Variasi Pelarut Terhadap Penghambatan Bakteri Patogen." Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) 4, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2018.v4.i1.9170.
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Faloak (Sterculia populifolia DC.) is one of species of sterculiaceae found in East Nusa Tenggara which has potential as a medicinal plant mainly as an antimicrobial. This study aims to determine the correlation of physicochemical study of faloak bark extracts with variation of solvents in inhibiting of pathogenic bacteria. The sample was extracted by maceration method with different polarity level of solvents i.e acetone, acetone 70%, water, ethanol 96%, ethanol 70% and ethanol 50%. The results of extraction through maceration indicate the difference of yield recovery from each of the extraction solvents. The highest yield was obtained from 70% ethanol extract, while the lowest yield of acetone extract. The increase of solvent polarity in this study did not give effect to the amount of recovery of yield. It is also seen from the highest total phenolic content obtained from 70% acetone extract while the lowest in aquadest extract. The antibacterial activity of faloak bark extract on Salmonella typhi was tested using agar diffusion method with 1% of extract solution. Both of ethanol 96% and acetone extracts did not show any inhibitory activity. The largest inhibitory activity was demonstrated by 50% ethanol extract. The polarity level of the extract, the level of total phenolic content and the magnitude of rendement did not show correlation of increased inhibitory activity on Salmonella thypi as well.
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Ding, Yubin, Ksenia Morozova, Matteo Scampicchio, Angelo Morini, and Massimiliano Ferrari. "A novel cascade approach to extract bioactive compounds from officinal herbs." Italian Journal of Food Science 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v34i2.2137.
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This research aims to compare a novel cascade extraction method with a conventional solid–liquid extraction method, both assisted by ultrasounds. The cascade extraction method consists of a sequential series of extractions performed with the same hydroalcoholic solvent, which is reused from one herb to the other. In practice, a hydroalcoholic solution is firstly used to extract one botanical herb. The resulting extract is then reused for the extraction of a second herb. The process is repeated as many times as the number of herbs composing the final formulation. The main advantage of this approach is firstly the lower need of solvents compared with the individual extraction procedures, where a fresh solvent is needed on each extraction step. Furthermore, extracts of the two methods (solid liquid vs cascade extraction) were characterized with several antioxidant assays (DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP) and total phenolic content (TPC). The results show that the solid–liquid extraction method achieves similar yields to total phenols and similar TAC in comparison to the extracts obtained by the cascade extraction method. Also, the HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that both methods lead to similar chromatographic profiles either when analyzed by an electrochemical detector (CoulArray) or by a spectrometric diode array detector (DAD). However, our findings support the idea that the cascade extraction method obtains extracts richer of minor peaks, showing a more complex bioactive profile. Such results could be explained considering that the solvent used during the series of cascade extractions was enriched not only by antioxidants but also by plant surfactants, like saponins, which increase the solvent solubility. Overall, this research shows that the cascade extraction method can not only provide officinal herb extracts with similar phenolic yield and antioxidant capacity than conventional solid–liquid extraction but also with a more complex bioactive profile compared to traditional solid–liquid extraction and with a minor consumption of solvents.
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FALANA, Mansurat B., and Quadri O. NURUDEEN. "Analysis of secondary metabolites and in vitro evaluation of extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica leaves on selected human pathogens." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12110541.
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Extraction of the leaves of Carica papaya (family Caricaceae) and Azadirachta indica (family Meliacea) were done using solvents with varying polarities (acetone, hexane and ethylacetate). The crude extracts were screened for phytoconstituents using the preliminary method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation and quantification of the constituents. Susceptibility of three medically important microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida alblicans) to the solvent extracts was tested at 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL concentrations the disc diffusion technique. Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and anthraquinone were present in all the solvent extracts of A. indica and C. papaya. Protein was present in all the solvent extracts of A. indica but absent in all the solvent extracts of C. papaya. Terpenoid was only present in hexane extract of A. indica but absent in other solvent extracts of A. indica and C. papaya. Flavonoid was present in all but only absent in ethylacetate extract of A. indica. Glycoside was present in all but absent in hexane extract of A. indica. Coumarin was only present in acetone extracts of both plants and absent in other solvent extracts of the two plants. Extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica displayed varying inhibitory activities (between 5.00-15.00 mm) against the organisms at all the tested concentrations. Acetone extract of A. indica produced zones of inhibition ranging from 5.00-14.00 mm while acetone extract of C. papaya produces a range of 4.00-10.00 mm. Also, hexane extract of A. indica produced inhibition range of 7.00-10.00 mm whereas hexane extract of C. papaya produces a range of 5.00-15.00 mm. However, ethylacetate extract of A. indica produced inhibition range of 5.00-13.67 mm, while ethylacetate extract of C. papaya produce a range of 5.00-15.00 mm. Different compounds quantified as different peaks by HPLC in the different solvent extracts of Carica papaya are acacic acid, genistein, protodioscin, betulinic acid, phorbolester, creptolepinone, brusatol and alpha ionone while the fractions from the solvent extracts of Azadirachta indica are myricetin, azadirachtol, azadirachtin a, pentadecane, phytol, azadirachnol, quercetin, b caryophyllen, alpha ionone, ascaridole, trams.b.farnes. Results obtained in this work indicated that all the solvent extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica contained active phytoconstituents and the extracts displayed good potentials at preventing diseases associated with the microorganisms tested in this work.
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Ngadiran, Sulaiman, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Ramlan Aziz, Harisun Yaakob, Nor Farahiyah Aman Nor, Maizatulakmal Yahayu, Nor Rashidah Ahmed, and Mailina Jamil. "Effect of Solvent Types on Gaharu (Aqualaria malaccensis) Extract Quality and its Chemical Compound." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.202.
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Gaharu oleoresin is a mixture of wood resin and essential oil substances that naturally accumulates in the gaharu plants species. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate solvent types and the contents of oleoresin and oil as well as the chemical compounds present in the gaharu extracts. Gaharu oleoresin can be extracted from gaharu powder using polar solvents and the essential oil can be separated using non-polar solvents. The extraction was done by Soxhlet method using methanol and ethanol for oleoresin extraction, and n-hexane and toluene for oil extraction from which the most appropriate solvents, extraction yields and the extracts quality were determined. The percentage of oleoresin extraction yield was found highest in methanol (6.97 %) followed by ethanol (6.85 % w/w). Meanwhile, the gaharu oil was found higher in toluene extract (1.06 %) compared to n-hexane (0.38 % w/w). The GC-MS results showed the extracts from ethanol and n-hexane solvents are the best quality due to the present of key compounds of 4-phenyl-2-butanone, β-guaiene, agarospirol, α–bisabolene, alloaromadendrene oxide, γ-Gurjunen and aromadenderene oxide. Different chemical component in gaharu oil determines the characteristic or quality of the gaharu. Meanwhile, the sesquiterpene compounds in gaharu produce its specialty aroma characteristics. Therefore, ethanol and n-hexane solvents are suitable to be used for oleoresin and oil extraction beside less expensive and more environmental-friendly.
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RHETSO, Thejanuo, Roopa M. SESHADRI, Shubharani RAMNATH, and Sivaram VENKATARAMEGOWDA. "GC-MS based metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of Allium chinense G Don leaves." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 10791. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13210791.
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Allium chinense, a main source of “Xiebai” drug in Chinese traditional medicine and commonly known as Ganoderma lucidum belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. The main focus of this research was to quantify the secondary metabolites, antioxidant potential and study the GC- MS based metabolite profile of different solvent leaf extracts of A. chinense. The reports on the bioactive compounds of A. chinense leaves are still insufficient compared to the bulb; hence this study was carried out to understand the bioactive compounds present in A. chinense leaves using different solvents of varying polarity. Our investigation showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest saponin, flavonoid, phenol, and DPPH scavenging activity. Further, metabolite profiling revealed a total of forty-eight compounds, indicating a diverse range of phytochemicals present in the four extracts. The highest number of compounds were observed in ethanol extract (15) followed by chloroform extract (13), petroleum ether extract (11) and methanol extract (9). Some of the major compounds identified in the four solvents are octacosane (27.11%), heptadecane (19.66%), eicosane (18.51%), ethyl palmitate (18.50%), phytol (17.68%) and phytol acetate (17.30%). In conclusion, this study highlights that A. chinense leaf extracts contain high saponins, terpenes and alkanes which could be a potential source of a new beneficial drug.
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& et al., Altaee. "ACTIVITY OF Annona Squamosa PEELS EXTRACTS AGAINST TWO PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND TWO BLOOD CANCER CELL LINES." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, no. 6 (December 23, 2020): 496–1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i6.1177.
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This research project was designed to assess the antibacterial and antitcancer activity by using the crude extracts of fresh and dried peels of Annona squamosa fruit. The fresh and dried peels were extracted by using three solvents, inculded (water, ethanol, and methanol) at different concentrations (stock, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25) µg/ml. The antibacterial activity was estimated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram - negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well-diffusion method. Results showed the appearance of different regions of inhibition. Antibacterial activity of alcoholic solvent extracts of the dry and fresh peels showed noticeable inhibitory activity against both tested bacteria when comparing the last one with the aqueous extract of peels. The results of anticancer activity estimation against two hematological blood cancer cell lines showed that the three solvents for fresh and dried peels caused a remarkable inhibitory effects and the ethanolic extracts of dried peels was the best. This encourage for the possibility of using peels extracts of Annona. squamosa as a natural resources for growth inhibiting of different types of bacteria and cancer cells.