Academic literature on the topic 'Solventless processing'

There are many ways to coat tablets. Coatings are a very important part in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage form to achieve excellent formulation quality (e.g., color, texture, mouth feel, and taste masking), physical and chemical protection for the drugs in the dosage forms, and modification of drug release characteristics. Most film coatings are applied as aqueous or organic-based polymer solutions. Such film coating brings their own disadvantages. Solventless coatings are alternative technique of coating. Solventless coating technologies can overcome many of the disadvantages associated with the use of solvents (e.g., solvent exposure, solvent disposal, and residual solvent in product) in pharmaceutical coating. Solventless processing reduces the overall cost by eliminating the tedious and expensive processes of solvent disposal/treatment. In addition, it can significantly reduce the processing time due to reduction of step of drying/evaporation. These environment-friendly processes are performed without any heat in most cases (except hot-melt coating) and thus can provide an alternative technology to coat temperature-sensitive drugs. This review includes various solventless coating methods like magnetic assisted impaction coating , hotmelt coating, supercritical fluid spray coating, electrostatic coating, dry powder coating, and photocurable coating that can be used to coat the pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Despite many reports on ball milling (BM) of chitin, the effect of cryomilling of chitin has not yet been reported, even though it is a solventless and environmentally-friendly method for the processing of chitin polymer.

In this paper, we discuss the chemorheology of epoxy based syntactic foams containing glass microballoons of varying density, with an aim of establishing the effect of microballoon loading on its processability. The primary objective is to determine the maximum microballoon loading that disperses uniformly in the resin without the aid of any diluent. The viscosity and dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy formulations containing varying amounts of glass microballoons were established by parallel plate rheometry. Our studies reveal that solventless processing of formulations with microballoon loading > 60% poses practical difficulties due to prohibitively high viscosities, although a packing efficiency of 74% is theoretically allowed in the case of hexagonal close packing. The presence of microballoons does not alter the curing mechanism. The mechanical properties of syntactic foams were inversely proportional to the loading and type of glass microballoons.

Despite its use by humans for thousands of years, the technology of cannabis usage and extraction is still evolving. Given that the primary pharmacological compounds of interest are cannabinoid and terpenoids found in greatest abundance in capitate glandular trichomes of unfertilized female inflorescences, it is surprising that older techniques of hashish making have received less technological advancement. The purpose of this study was to employ organically grown cannabis and to isolate pure trichomes from freshly picked flowers via exposure to vapor from solid CO2, commonly known as “dry ice”, followed by their isolation via sifting through a 150 µ screens while maintaining the cold chain. Biochemical analysis was undertaken on fresh flower, frozen-sifted flower by-products, treated trichomes (Kryo-Kief™), dried flower, dried sifted flower by-product and dried kief. The dry ice process successfully concentrated cannabinoid content as high as 60.7%, with corresponding concentration and preservation of monoterpenoids encountered in fresh flower that are usually lost during the conventional cannabis drying and curing process. The resulting dried sifted flower by-product after dry ice processing remains a usable commodity. This approach may be of interest to pharmaceutical companies and supplement producers pursuing cannabis-based medicine development with an eye toward full synergy of ingredients harnessing the entourage effect.

ABSTRACT It is demonstrated that the concept of thermoreversible cross-linking of functionalized maleic anhydride grafted ethylene–propylene (EPM-g-MA) rubber using Diels–Alder chemistry is limited neither to laboratory scale using a solvent route nor to gum rubber. The use of an internal mixer is the first step toward an industrial process, since it greatly reduces the processing time and allows for a solventless process for the furan-functionalization and subsequent bismaleimide cross-linking of EPM rubber. Practical rubber compounds were prepared by mixing thermoreversibly cross-linked EPM with carbon black and mineral oil in the same batch mixer. This resulted in reinforcement of the rubber without affecting the thermoreversible character of the cross-linking. The pendant furan groups of the (non)cross-linked EPM-g-furan interact with the carbon black filler. Finally, crystalline EPM rubber compounds were prepared, which show excellent material properties and property retention over multiple reprocessing cycles.

Bulk, solventless anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of ε-caprolactam (CPL) with high yields, without side products and with short reaction times, initiated by caprolactamate-carbamoylcaprolactam initiating systems belong to green polymerization processes, leading to poly(ε-caprolactam) (Polyamide 6, PA6, Nylon 6). However, the effect of post-polymerization heat (i.e., slow, technically feasible cooling) on the fundamental characteristics of the resulting polymers such as yield and molecular weight distributions (MWDs) have not been revealed thus far. Significant post-polymerization effect was found by us in terms of both monomer conversions and MWDs by carrying out CPL polymerization with industrial components under conditions mimicking thermoplastic reaction transfer molding (T-RTM). Remarkably, higher monomer conversions and molecular weights (MWs) were obtained for Polyamide 6 samples prepared without quenching than that for the quenched polymers at the same reaction times. Independent of quenching or non-quenching, Mn of the resulting polymers as a function of conversion fell in the theoretical line of quasiliving AROP of CPL. At high monomer conversions, significant increase of the MW and broadening of the MWDs occurred, indicating pronounced chain–chain coupling. These findings have fundamental importance for designing processing conditions for in situ polymerization processes of ε-caprolactam by various techniques such as T-RTM, reaction injection molding (RIM), and other processing methods of Polyamide 6.

L'enrobage à l'état fondu en lit fluidisé consiste à déposer du lipide fondu sur la surface des particules de substrat en mouvement et à le laisser refroidir à l'aide de l'air de fluidisation. La mise en forme n'a pas évidemment recours aux solvants. Ainsi, cette technologie fait économiser du temps et des ressources financières et est dite écologique. Les lipides constituent une catégorie d'excipients « généralement reconnus inoffensifs ». Malgré ces avantages, les challenges résident dans le fait que leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et biopharmaceutiques n'ont pas été explorées à fond. Cette thèse traite de ces défis en considérant la manufacturabilité, la stabilité et les propriétés de relargage du produit. Dans la première phase “développement de formulations”, une approche expérimentale facile et agile a été conçue pour la caractérisation de procédé et produits dans un premier temps. L'utilisation de NaCl, comme noyau actif, permet un conduit de recherche très fluide. Dotées des propriétés diverses (e.g. mélange complexe vs. substance pure, polymorphisme et cristallisation, adaptabilité aux approches de mise en forme différentes), la cire d'abeilles, la tristéarine et la trilaurine ont été sélectionnées comme matières enrobantes à l'étude. L'addition d'additif(s) a été indispensable et les additifs de nature différente ont été testés sur ces trois systèmes lipidiques : (I) polysorbates, (II) sorbitanes, (III) vitamine E TPGS et (IV) talc. D'ailleurs, plusieurs techniques de caractérisation physiques et in vitro ont été mises en place, pour l'instant, en vue de cribler rapidement des combinations lipide-additif, d'observer in situ la transformation polymorphique et la croissance cristalline, de coupler des tests de digestion et relargage dans le milieu biologiquement simulé. Dans la seconde phase “applications pharmaceutiques”, trois formulations contenant de la cire d'abeilles, de la tristéarine et de la trilaurine ont été choisies afin d'enrober les dispersions solides amorphes du praziquantel. Les objectifs sont (i) d'étudier la bioaccessibilité de ce principe actif amorphe enrobé des lipides dont la digestibilité est différente et (ii) d'investiguer la stabilité à long-terme des produits ainsi enrobés. En conclusion, le choix de bons additifs s'avère important pour le développement des produits formulés à base de lipides solides. En effet, ils peuvent aider à améliorer la productivité d'opérations d'enrobage ainsi que la performance du produit (stabilité, propriétés de relargage)
Hot-melt coating by fluidised bed consists of delivering molten lipids onto surface of substrate particles in suspension and let them solidify with air-cooling. The process is evidently solventless and therefore time-, cost-efficient and eco-friendly. Lipids constitute a generally-regarded-as-safe class of excipients. Despite those advantages, challenges reside in the fact that their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties have not been thoroughly investigated. This thesis dealt with these challenges by considering manufacturability, product stability and release properties. In the first phase “formulation development”, a simple and nimble experimental approach was developed for process and product characterisation in early stage. NaCl, as active substance, allows for fast-track research conduct. With their diverse properties (e.g. complex-mixture vs. pure substance, polymorphism and crystallisation, adaptability to different processing approaches), beeswax, tristearin and trilaurin were chosen as coating materials under research. Additive addition was indispensable and additives of different types were tested with those three lipid systems: (I) polysorbates, (II) sorbitans, (III) vitamin E TPGS and (IV) talc. Besides, several physical and in vitro characterisation techniques have been established, for instance, for rapid screening of solid lipid-additive combinations, in situ monitoring of polymorphic transformation and crystal growth, coupling of digestion and release testing in biologically simulated media. In the second phase “pharmaceutical applications”, three beeswax-, tristearin- and trilaurin-based formulations were selected for coating amorphous solid dispersions of praziquantel. The objectives are (i) to study bioaccessibility of the amorphous active substance coated with lipids of varying digestibility and (ii) to investigate long-term stability of these hot-melt coated products. In conclusion, selection of good additives is important for development of solid lipid-based formulated products. In effect, they can improve productivity of coating operations as well as product performance (stability, release profile)

Abstract Thermal spray has traditionally been used for depositing metallic, carbide and ceramic coatings, however, it has recently been found that the high kinetic energy of the High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process also enables the solventless processing of high melt viscosity polymers, eliminating the need for harmful, volatile organic solvents. A primarily goal of this work was to develop a knowledge base and improved qualitative understanding of the impact behavior of polymeric particles sprayed by the HVOF combustion spray process. Numerical models of particle acceleration, heating and impact deformation during HVOF spraying of polymer particles have been developed. A Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) computational fluid mechanics package, Flow3D®, was used to model the fluid mechanics and heat transfer during particle impacts with a steel substrate. The radial temperature profiles predicted using particle acceleration and heat transfer models were used as initial conditions in Flow3D® together with a temperature-dependent viscosity model to simulate polymer particles with a low temperature, high viscosity core and high temperature, lower viscosity surface. This approach predicted deformed particles exhibiting a large, nearly hemispherical, core within a thin disk, and was consistent with experimental observations of thermally sprayed splats made using an optical microscope.