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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solvent free reaction

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Academic literature on the topic 'Solvent free reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Solvent free reaction"

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Heydari, Somayyeh, Davood Habibi, and Alireza Faraji. "A Green and Efficient Solvent- and Catalyst-Free Ultrasonic Dibenzylation Procedure." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 16, no. 1 (February 20, 2022): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht16.01.126.

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A greener improvement was achieved for the synthesis of diverse N,N-dibenzylated compounds from the reaction of various aromatic amines with benzyl bromide using the ultrasound irradiation in solvent- and catalyst-free conditions. The dibenzylation reactions were carried out in different solvents and solvent-free conditions under ultrasound irradiation at various temperatures. The yields were very low in all applied solvents, while in the solvent-free condition and at room temperature, the yields were excellent. Due to obtaining the high reaction yields, the catalyst was not used.

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Aljuboori, Sahar Balkat, Nedaa Abdulhameed Abdulrahim, Shuhad Yassen, and Heba Hashim Khaleel. "Organic Synthesis under Solvent-free Condition (Green Chemistry): A Mini Literature Review." Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN: 2789-3219 ) 3 (December 17, 2022): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v3i.94.

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Solvents are important components in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, and they are increasingly being used in catalytic reactions. Solvents have a significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of reactions, and they can significantly change product selectivity. Solvents can influence product selectivity, conversion rates, and reaction rates. However, solvents have received a lot of attention in the field of green chemistry. This is due to the large amount of solvent that is frequently used in a process or formulation, particularly during the purification steps. However, neither the solvent nor the active ingredient in a formulation is directly responsible for the reaction product's composition. Because these characteristics have little bearing on how well or quickly the system in which the solvent is applied works, it appears unnecessary to use toxic, combustible, or environmentally hazardous solvents. However, the beneficial properties of the solvent required for the application are strongly linked to these unfortunate side effects of solvent use. Distillation can be used to recover and purify solvents because they are volatile; however, this process can produce unwanted air pollutants and be hazardous to workers during exposure. .

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Karolczak, Stefan, Hugh A. Gillis, Gerald B. Porter, and David C. Walker. "Solvent-dependent rate constants of muonium atom reactions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-009.

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The rates of reaction of muonium atoms with solutes, ionic and organic, were studied in solvents of wildly differing polarities (water, methanol, and hexane) and their rate constants were compared, where possible. In these reactions which are those of a highly reactive atom, an isotope of hydrogen it transpires that the reaction rates are higher in solvents in which the solute is more soluble and muonium diffuses faster. This study leads to various kinetic-solvent-effect ratios and to the observation of the reaction of muonium with free radicals being among the fastest reactions recorded so far between two neutral species in solution.Key words: muonium atoms, kinetic isotope effects, solvent-dependent rates, non-aqueous solvents, muon spin rotation technique.

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Braga, Dario, Stefano Luca Giaffreda, Fabrizia Grepioni, Michele R. Chierotti, Roberto Gobetto, Giuseppe Palladino, and Marco Polito. "Solvent effect in a “solvent free” reaction." CrystEngComm 9, no. 10 (2007): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b711983f.

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Away, Kenneth Charles West, and Zhu-Gen Lai. "Solvent effects on SN2 transition state structure. II: The effect of ion pairing on the solvent effect on transition state structure." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-056.

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Identical secondary α-deuterium kinetic isotope effects (transition state structures) in the SN2 reaction between n-butyl chloride and a free thiophenoxide ion in aprotic and protic solvents confirm the validity of the Solvation Rule for SN2 Reactions. These isotope effects also suggest that hydrogen bonding from the solvent to the developing chloride ion in the SN2 transition state does not have a marked effect on the magnitude of the chlorine (leaving group) kinetic isotope effects. Unlike the free ion reactions, the secondary α-deuterium kinetic isotope effect (transition state structure) for the SN2 reaction between n-butyl chloride and the solvent-separated sodium thiophenoxide ion pair complex is strongly solvent dependent. These completely different responses to a change in solvent are rationalized by an extension to the Solvation Rule for SN2 Reactions. Finally, the loosest transition state in the reactions with the solvent-separated ion pair complex is found in the solvent with the smallest dielectric constant. Keywords: ion pairs, transition state, solvent effects, nucleophilic substitution, isotope effects.

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Miyamoto, Hisakazu, Shotaro Kanetaka, Koichi Tanaka, Kazuhiro Yoshizawa, Shinji Toyota, and Fumio Toda. "Solvent-Free Robinson Annelation Reaction." Chemistry Letters 29, no. 8 (August 2000): 888–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2000.888.

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Zhou, Jinkui, and Thomas W. Swaddle. "Pressure effects and solvent dynamics in the electrochemical kinetics of the tris(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)ruthenium(III)/(II) couple in nonaqueous solvents." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 5-6 (May 1, 2001): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-184.

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Rate constants and reactant diffusion coefficients for the Ru(hfac)30/ electrode reaction have been measured at 25°C as functions of pressure (0-200 MPa) in acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, and propylene carbonate. In sharp contrast to the negative volumes of activation ΔVex found for the corresponding bimolecular self-exchange reaction in organic solvents, the volumes of activation ΔVel for the electrode reaction are markedly positive, ranging from 8 to 12 cm3 mol1. The volumes of activation ΔVdiff for reactant diffusion (which can be equated to the volume of activation ΔVvisc for viscous flow) range from 12 to 19 cm3 mol1. For the Debye solvents acetonitrile and acetone at least, ΔVel is given within the experimental uncertainty by ΔVdiff + (ΔVex/2). In this relation, the numerical value of ΔVdiff represents indirectly the dominant contribution of solvent dynamics (solvent friction) to ΔVel, and ΔVex/2 represents the pressure dependence of the free-energy barrier height for the electrode reaction. It is proposed that solvent friction is important in nonaqueous electrode processes but not in the corresponding bimolecular self-exchange reactions because the free-energy activation barrier is twice as high in the latter.Key words: electrode reaction kinetics, solvent dynamics, electron transfer mechanisms, pressure effects, volume of activation.

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Saikia, Monmi, and Jadab C. Sarma. "Baylis–Hillman reaction under solvent-free conditions — Remarkable rate acceleration and yield enhancement." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 12 (December 2010): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-133.

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A simple and efficient method has been developed for remarkable rate acceleration and yield enhancement of the Baylis–Hillman reaction under solvent-free “neat conditions” and solvent-less isolation of products. Reaction of equimolar quantities of aldehyde and olefin in the presence of 20 mol% of DABCO under neat conditions affords the highest yield in most cases within the shortest reaction time, giving support to the mechanisms of proton transfer in protic and aprotic solvents. Solvent-free conditions are found to be especially fast, selective, and high yielding for aromatic aldehydes.

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Choudhuri, Khokan, Arkalekha Mandal, and Prasenjit Mal. "Aerial dioxygen activation vs. thiol–ene click reaction within a system." Chemical Communications 54, no. 30 (2018): 3759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc01359d.

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By choosing appropriate reaction systems using solvents with additives or solvent free neat conditions, any one of the Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov selective thiol–ene click (TEC) reactions and the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides via aerial dioxygen activation could be achieved exclusively in excellent yields.

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Anbu, Nagarjun, Jacob, Kalaiarasi, and Dhakshinamoorthy. "Acetylation of Alcohols, Amines, Phenols, Thiols under Catalyst and Solvent-Free Conditions." Chemistry 1, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry1010006.

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In the present study, an easy and an efficient approach is reported for the acetylation of alcohols, amines, phenols, and thiols under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions. The experimental conditions were milder than conventional methods and the reactions were completed in shorter reaction time. The examined substrates afforded higher yields of the acetylated products under the short reaction time. Comparison of this work with earlier reported procedures reveals that this method offers some advantages than with reported catalysts and solvents. The as-synthesized products were characterized by 1H-NMR and GC-MS techniques to ensure their purity and identity. In addition, a possible mechanism was also proposed for this reaction.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solvent free reaction"

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Chen, Longrui. "Development of Solvent-free Catalyzed Organic Reaction under Mechanochemical Conditions." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1470044218.

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Mossaraf, Hossain. "Solvent free synthesis of some heterocycles and their applications." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2621.

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Grätz, Sven, Doreen Beyer, Valeriya Tkachova, Sarah Hellmann, Reinhard Berger, Xinliang Feng, and Lars Borchardt. "The mechanochemical Scholl reaction – a solvent-free and versatile graphitization tool." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70655.

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Herein, we report on the mechanochemical Scholl reaction of dendritic oligophenylene precursors to produce benchmark nanographenes such as hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC), triangular shaped C60 and expanded C222 under solvent-free conditions. The solvent-free approach overcomes the bottleneck of solubility limitation in this well-known and powerful reaction. The mechanochemical approach allows tracking the reaction process by in situ pressure measurements. The quality of produced nanographenes has been confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. This approach paves the way towards gram scale and environmentally benign synthesis of extended nanographenes and possibly graphene nanoribbons suitable for application in carbon based electronics or energy applications.

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Aono, Shinji. "Theoretical Study of Electrostatic Solvent Effects within Free Energy Expression and Application to Solvated Reaction." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126827.

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Botti, Luca. "Mechanochemical solvent-free synthesis of Sn-β Zeolite and Ag2O/TiO2 catalysts." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11941/.

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Preparations of heterogeneous catalysts are usually complex processes that involve several procedures as precipitation, crystallization and hydrothermal treatments. This processes are really dependent by the operative conditions such as temperature, pH, concentration etc. Hence the resulting product is extremely affected by any possible variations in these parameters making this synthesis really fragile. With the aim to improve these operations has been decided to exploit a new possible strong environment-respectful process by mechanochemical treatment, which permits to carry out solvent free-solvent synthesis exploiting the Mixer Mill MM400 (Retsch) in order to have reproducible results. Two different systems have been studied in this kind of synthesis: a tin β -zeolite tested in a H-trasnfer reaction of cyclohexanone and a silver on titania catalyst used in the fluorination of 2,2 dimethyl glucaric acid. Each catalyst has been characterized by different techniques in order to understand the transformations involved in the mechanochemical treatment.

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Liu, Pengyuan. "Development of Ambient Mass Spectrometry for Protein/Peptide Characterization, Solvent-Free Analysis, and Electrochemical Reaction Monitoring." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1419335862.

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Machover, Sarah B. "Understanding the Solvent-free Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Performed in the High Speed Ball Mill (HSBM): Reactions of Secondary Alkyl Halides and Alkali Metal-Halogen Salts." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1307043848.

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Strompen, Simon [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Liese. "Process development of a solvent-free, chemoenzymatic reaction sequence for the enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acid esters / Simon Strompen. Betreuer: Andreas Liese." Hamburg-Harburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1048542920/34.

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Mukherjee, P. "Solvent-free, triphase catalytic oxidation reactions over TS-1/H2O2 system." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2000. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2277.

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Hopgood, Heather M. "Substitution Reactions in the High Speed Ball Mill." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479816113315302.

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Books on the topic "Solvent free reaction"

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Zaikov, G. E. Influence of the solvents on some radical reactions. Edited by Zaikov Gennadiĭ Efremovich. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Atkins, Peter. Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.001.0001.

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Illustrated with remarkable new full-color images--indeed, one or more on every page--and written by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject, Reactions offers a compact, pain-free tour of the inner workings of chemistry. Reactions begins with the chemical formula almost everyone knows--the formula for water, H2O--a molecule with an "almost laughably simple chemical composition." But Atkins shows that water is also rather miraculous--it is the only substance whose solid form is less dense than its liquid (hence ice floats in water)--and incredibly central to many chemical reactions, as it is an excellent solvent, being able to dissolve gases and many solids. Moreover, Atkins tells us that water is actually chemically aggressive, and can react with and destroy the compounds dissolved in it, and he shows us what happens at the molecular level when water turns to ice--and when it melts. Moving beyond water, Atkins slowly builds up a toolkit of basic chemical processes, including precipitation (perhaps the simplest of all chemical reactions), combustion, reduction, corrosion, electrolysis, and catalysis. He then shows how these fundamental tools can be brought together in more complex processes such as photosynthesis, radical polymerization, vision, enzyme control, and synthesis. Peter Atkins is the world-renowned author of numerous best-selling chemistry textbooks for students. In this crystal-clear, attractively illustrated, and insightful volume, he provides a fantastic introductory tour--in just a few hundred colorful and lively pages - for anyone with a passing or serious interest in chemistry.

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Humpston, Giles, and David M. Jacobson. Principles of Soldering. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ps.9781627083522.

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Principles of Soldering serves as a problem-solving guide for engineers who work with soldering processes and soldered components and assemblies. It begins with a review of key process parameters, including surface energy and tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, dissolution of parent materials, and intermetallic growth. It then examines the factors that influence the functional integrity of soldered joints and the practicality of the process employed. It discusses the metallurgy of solder alloy systems, the effect of metallic impurities, and the use of phase diagrams to better understand and control the soldering process. It explains how joining atmospheres influence chemical reactions and how fluxes help remove surface oxides and other films. It describes the benefits of fluxless soldering and the role of materials in defining process constraints. It also covers lead-free solders, bump bonding, amalgams, and diffusion soldering as well as mechanical property testing, joint characterization and modeling techniques, and solderability standards. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-792-5, follow this link.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solvent free reaction"

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Loupy, André. "Solvent-free Reactions." In Modern Solvents in Organic Synthesis, 153–207. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48664-x_7.

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Mohammadi Ziarani, Ghodsi, Fatemeh Mohajer, and Razieh Moradi. "Green Reactions Under Solvent-Free Conditions." In Green Organic Reactions, 63–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6897-2_5.

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Manning, S. C., and R. B. Moore. "Solvent-Free Functionalization of Polypropylene by Reactive Extrusion with Acidic Peroxides." In Solvent-Free Polymerizations and Processes, 248–66. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0713.ch016.

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Pithawalla, Y. B., and M. Samy El-Shall. "Gas Phase and Cluster Studies of the Early Stages of Cationic Polymerization and the Reactions with Metal Cations." In Solvent-Free Polymerizations and Processes, 232–45. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0713.ch015.

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Tanko, James M., and N. Kamrudin Suleman. "Solvent Effects in the Reactions of Neutral Free Radicals." In Energetics of Organic Free Radicals, 224–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0099-8_8.

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Grampp, G., B. Herold, C. Shohoji, and S. Steenken. "The Role of Solvent Dynamics in Inter- and Intramolecular Electron Exchange Reactions." In Organic Free Radicals, 71–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_36.

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Janssen, Leon P. B. M. "Reactive Extrusion for Solvent-Free Processing: Facts and Fantasies." In Integrated Chemical Processes, 391–406. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605738.ch13.

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Braga, Dario, Daniela D'Addario, Lucia Maini, Marco Polito, Stefano Giaffreda, Katia Rubini, and Fabrizia Grepioni. "Applications of Crystal Engineering Strategies in Solvent-free Reactions: Toward a Supramolecular Green Chemistry." In Frontiers in Crystal Engineering, 1–23. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470022612.ch1.

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Ou, Wenlan, Zhengyu Gong, Qiwen Pan, Ling Zhang, Jianing Dai, and Zhixing Gu. "Verification of Solver for Coupled Simulation of Fluid and Fuel Pin in LFR Based on Openfoam." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 909–18. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_77.

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AbstractThe Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based thermal-hydraulics and safety analyses of Lead-based Fast Reactor (LFR) have attracted great attentions in recent years. Commercial CFD tools have been widely used in the 3D simulations of pool-type reactors owing to their powerful abilities in geometric modeling and meshing. Compared with the commercial CFD tools, OpenFOAM is a free open-source CFD code, which is more flexible to perform multi-physics coupling activities. In this paper, in order to develop a solver for simulating the coupled flow and heat transfer behaviors of fluid (coolant) and fuel pin in LFR, the fuel pin Heat Conduction (HC) model was coupled to the modified icoFoam solver of OpenFOAM. Verifications were conducted by the steady-state coupled simulation of fluid and fuel pin heat transfer behaviors, comparing with the MPC-LBE code which has been verified by the benchmarks for LFR fuel pin channel. The results simulated by the coupled solver proposed in this paper agreed well with the ones provided by the MPC-LBE code. This study lays a foundation for the further development of transient safety analysis code for LFR in our future work.

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Panunzio, Mauro, Maria Antonietta Lentini, Eileen Campana, Giorgio Martelli, and Paola Vicennati. "Multistep Microwave-Assisted Solvent-Free Organic Reactions: Synthesis of 1,6-Disubstituted-4-Oxo-1,4-Dihydro-Pyridine-3-Carboxylic Acid Benzyl Esters." In Advances in Microwave and Radio Frequency Processing, 386–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32944-2_41.

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Conference papers on the topic "Solvent free reaction"

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Walters, E. A., and J. R. Grover. "Photoionization and Photofragmentation Studies of Van Der Waals Complexes Using VUV Radiation." In Free-Electron Laser Applications in the Ultraviolet. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fel.1988.sb3.

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Van der Waals complexes are loosely bound clusters of atoms or molecules which can be made conveniently by free jet expansions of pure or mixed vapors through a supersonic nozzle. Although these complexes are bound only by 0-0.2 eV, they have unique geometries that can be determined by techniques such as microwave spectroscopy (1). These species are of considerable interest not simply from the perspectives of molecular structure and thermodynamics, but more so because they are, for chemically reactive pairs, frozen collision complexes which can be isolated long enough to permit inspection of features such as stepwise solvent effects, energy transfer in oriented reactants, induction of chemical reactions, preparation of cationic reaction intermediates, and nonstatistical effects in unimolecular decomposition of ionic complexes.

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Qiu, Jim. "Physical nitriding reaction of organic metal with solvent-free gallium nitride (GaN)." In Gallium Nitride Materials and Devices XVIII, edited by Hadis Morkoç, Hiroshi Fujioka, and Ulrich T. Schwarz. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2668731.

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Scott, T. W., and S. N. Liu. "Picosecond cage recombination measurements of polyatomic free radical pairs." In International Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ils.1986.thl51.

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Geminate free radical recombination is an important testing ground for current theories of chemical reaction dynamics in liquids. The work described here deals with the recombination of phenyl thiyl radicals in liquid hydrocarbons. Photolysis of diphenyl disulfides using near-ultraviolet light generates thiyl radicals which are detected by picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. We find that the rate and extent of cage recombination is controlled by solvent viscosity and by the dipole-dipole reorientation energy of a polar radical pair. In moderately viscous liquids such as decalin, for example, cage recombination occurs with a 50% yield and with a half-life of ~150 ps. The influence of both temperature and solvent composition on recombination can be explained by a simple hydrodynamic model of diffusion controlled reactions, using a radiation boundary condition that mimics the reorientation barrier. In polar liquids, cage escape is enhanced by solvation of the radical pair. Based on the interpretation of these experiments it appears that the use of chemical substituents to alter the dipole movement of the radical can be used to study the recombination dynamics in more detail.

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Badajoz, Mercedes, Alicia Chopa, and María Lockhart. "Synthesis of Benzyl Ketones through Indium-Mediated Solvent-Free Reaction of Acid Chlorides with Benzyltins under Ultrasound Irradiation." In The 18th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-18-a029.

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Chatterjee, Rana, Satyajit Samanta, Sougata Santra, and Adinath Majee. "An efficient method for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidines using Brønsted acidic ionic liquid: A solvent and heating free reaction." In PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT TRENDS IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING: ICRTMME 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0018527.

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Gumbyte, M., R. Kreivaitis, and T. Balezentis. "Enzymatic Synthesis of α-Propylene glycol with (9Z)-Octadecenoic Acid by Lipolytic Enzyme." In BALTTRIB 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2015.08.

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Enzymatic synthesis of bio-lubricant from (9Z)-octadecenoic acid with α-propylene glycol has been investigated in this article and the purpose of this study has been to find out the optimum reaction conditions of esterification. Lipolytic enzyme (Lipolase ®100L) has been used to catalyze esterification reaction in solvent-free systems. The optimum reaction conditions of esterification process were achieved. The assessment of the bio-lubricant production options was studied. Tribological properties of α-propylene glycol esters of (9Z)-octadecenoic acids as bio-lubricants were assessed.

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Kumar, Dinesh. "Modified Algar–Flynn–Oyamada Reaction for the Synthesis of 3-Hydroxy-2-styryl-chromen-4-ones under Solvent-Free Conditions." In International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-26-13558.

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Pons, B. Stanley. "Infrared Spectral Electrochemistry of Surface Reactions." In Microphysics of Surfaces, Beams, and Adsorbates. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msba.1985.tua2.

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In situ infrared vibrational spectroscopy of the electrode/solution interface has established itself as an efficient and informative method for study of the orientation and structure of adsorbed species. The method is growing rapidly in popularity due to is ease in implementation. Very high sensitivities (approximately 10-6 adsorbance) is attained with relatively simple instrumentation and by simple single external specular reflection. A range of related experimental techniques and their application has led to study of problems of wide electrochemical and general interest including: a) The detection and identification in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents of the potential dependent populations of solvent, simple ions, and organic solutes both in the adsorbed state and free in the double layer using a wide range of metallic and non-metallic electrode materials including well-defined single crystal surfaces. b) The investigation of the orientation, surface bonding, and intermolecular interaction of adsorbed species and the effects of electrode potential on these parameters. c) The identification and kinetics of reaction of adsorbed and non-adsorbed reaction intermediates such as radical anions and cations.

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SANTOS, Maricel del Valle, Alexis Rafael VELEZ, and Ivana Maria MAGARIO. "EFFECT OF MOLAR WEIGHT OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ON THE ENZYMATIC ESTERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL." In SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021 INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE. DR. D. SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.21scon.13_abstract_santos.pdf.

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Glycerol is a by-product in biodiesel synthesis, and its current market condition allows the possibility to transform into value-added compounds. In this work, the enzymatic esterification between glycerol and carboxylic acids of different molar weights was studied to obtain glycerides of industrial relevance. Therefore, eight different carboxylic acids were evaluated: formic, acetic, levulinic, caprylic, capric, lauric, stearic, and oleic. Immobilized lipase from Candida Antarctica was employed as a catalyst. Solvent-free reactions were carried out at 65 °C, 450 rpm, at a molar ratio of glycerol: carboxylic acid of 1:1 and a 1,6% enzyme concentration (based on reagents weight). Conversion of carboxylic acids was followed with time by titration. Under these conditions, acids from octanoic to oleic, which initially formed biphasic systems with glycerol, showed high conversions (68%-80%) and initial reaction rates in the same magnitude order. On the other hand, no enzymatic catalysis was observed with formic, acetic, and levulinic acids. Formic acid exhibited a higher rate and 58% of conversion without catalyst. However, for acetic and levulinic acids, conversion was low in uncatalyzed reactions. Then, for these acids, toluene was added as a reaction solvent. As a result, conversions and initial rates increased for these lighter acids, indicating the need for a non-polar media or a biphasic character to activate the enzyme.

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Movassagh, Barahman, Akbar Mobaraki, and Babak Karimi. "A novel water-tolerant organosulfonic acid-functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles as a hydrophobic, recyclable and magnetically separable catalyst for the solvent-free Biginelli reaction." In The 17th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-17-a009.

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