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Journal articles on the topic 'Solution mediated polymorphic transformations'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wantha, Lek. "Kinetics of the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Organic Compounds." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 21 (October 15, 2018): 2383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180601093228.

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Polymorphism is a behavior of a substance to crystallize into more than one district crystal structures. Preferential formation of a polymorph depends strongly on the kinetics of the relevant mechanisms. Solutionmediated polymorphic transformation is an important mechanism in crystallization of organic compounds from solution. Knowing its kinetics allows us to understand the process and control the polymorphic formation. In this review, concepts, kinetics, and process modeling of crystallization and solution-mediated polymorphic transformation are examined and summarized.

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2

O'Mahony, Marcus, Anthony Maher, Denise Croker, Ake Rasmuson, and Benjamin Hodnett. "Redefining Solution-Mediated Transformations: Pharmaceutical Systems." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084289.

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Engineering the isolation of a metastable or stable crystalline phase of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is of critical importance when crystallizing from solution as an uncontrolled outcome can directly affect API manufacture and performance. The theoretical framework for understanding solution-mediated crystal phase or polymorphic transformation (SMPT) was first established by Cardew & Davey.[1] The process is defined to consist of a metastable phase that dissolves and a stable phase that nucleates and grows independently from the solution. That paper also identified that in terms of a reaction pathway, SMPT could be controlled in either of two ways: by growth of the stable phase or dissolution the metastable phase. Studies concerning SMPT since then have brought the definition and those conclusions into question. Firstly, the recent case of the SMPT from FI to FIII carbamazepine and FII to FIII piractem were studied separately where data on both the solid state composition and solution concentration were collected during the transformation using powder X-ray diffraction and in situ infra-red spectroscopy, respectively. These studies, in combination with a brief review of the literature, reveal that SMPT can be controlled not only in the two ways described by Cardew & Davey but rather in 4 principal ways (Figure 1).[2] Secondly, many studies now identify that nucleation of the stable phase often occurs on the surface of the metastable phase during SMPT [3] and not independently from solution. Again when the literature is examined, this surface supported nucleation event is identified as being either epitaxial in nature or having no or inconclusive evidence of epitaxy. It is concluded that the term "independently" in the definition by Cardew & Davey be redefined to recognize that the crystallization of the stable phase during SMPT is often dependent on the surface of the metastable phase in solution.

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3

Munroe, Áine, Denise M. Croker, Åke C. Rasmuson, and Benjamin K. Hodnett. "Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of FV Sulphathiazole." Crystal Growth & Design 14, no. 7 (June 2, 2014): 3466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg500395e.

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4

Zhou, Yanan, Shuyi Zong, Jie Gao, Chunsong Liu, and Ting Wang. "Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of L-carnosine from Form II to Form I." Crystals 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12071014.

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In this study, L-carnosine was chosen as the model compound to systematically study solution-mediated polymorphic transformation by online experiment and theoretical simulation. Form II, a new polymorph of L-carnosine, was developed using an antisolvent crystallization method. The properties of form I and form II L-carnosine were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, polarizing microscope, thermal analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. In order to explore the relative stability, the solubility of L-carnosine form I and form II in a (water + DMAC) binary solvent mixture was determined by a dynamic method. During the solution-mediated polymorphic transformation process of L-carnosine in different solvents, Raman spectroscopy was employed to detect the solid-phase composition of suspension in situ, and the gravimetric method was used to measure the liquid concentration. In addition, the effect of the solvent on the transformation process was evaluated and analyzed. Finally, a mathematical model of dissolution–precipitation was established to simulate the kinetics of the polymorphic transformation process based on the experimental data. Taking the simulation results and the experimental data into consideration, the controlling step of solution-mediated polymorphic transformation was discussed.

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5

An, Ji-Hun, Wonno Youn, Alice Kiyonga, Changjin Lim, Minho Park, Young-Ger Suh, Hyung Ryu, Jae Kim, Chun-Woong Park, and Kiwon Jung. "Kinetics of the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of the Novel l-Carnitine Orotate Polymorph, Form-II." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040171.

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Research studies related to the polymorphs of l-Carnitine orotate (CO), a medication used for the treatment and prevention of liver diseases, are insignificant or almost nonexistent. Accordingly, in the present study, l-Carnitine orotate (CO) was prepared for investigating CO polymorphs. Here, a reactive crystallization was induced by reacting 1g of l-Carn (1 equivalent) and 0.97 g of OA (1 equivalent) in methanol (MeOH); as a result, CO form-I and CO form-II polymorphs were obtained after 1 h and 16 h of stirring, respectively. The characterization of CO polymorphs was carried out utilizing Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (solid-state CP/MAS 13C-NMR). The solution-mediated polymorphic transformation (SMPT) of CO polymorphs was investigated in MeOH at controlled temperature and fixed rotational speed. The results revealed that CO form-I is a metastable polymorph while CO form-II is a stable polymorph. From the same results, it was confirmed that CO form-I was converted to CO form-II during the polymorphic phase transformation process. Moreover, it was assessed that the increase in temperature and supersaturation level significantly promotes the rate of nucleation, as well as the rate of mass transfer of CO form-II. In addition, nucleation and mass transfer equations were employed for the quantitative determination of SMPT experimental results. Lastly, it was suggested that CO form-II was more thermodynamically stable than CO form-I and that both polymorphs belong to the monotropic system.

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6

Zhu, Manli, Yongli Wang, Fei Li, Ying Bao, Xin Huang, Huanhuan Shi, and Hongxun Hao. "Theoretical Model and Experimental Investigations on Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Theophylline: From Polymorph I to Polymorph II." Crystals 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9050260.

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In this work, theophylline was selected as the model compound to study and simulate the solution-mediated polymorphic transformation. The polymorph I and polymorph II of theophylline were prepared and fully characterized. Raman and UV spectra methods were carried out to observe the phase transformation of theophylline from polymorph I to polymorph II at different temperatures. The theoretical models, including dissolution model, nucleation model, and growth model, were established to describe and simulate the transformation processes. By combination of experiments and simulations, the controlling steps of the transformation processes were discussed. The effects of temperature and/or solvent on the transformation processes were evaluated. This work can shed light on the polymorphic transformation processes.

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7

Jing, Dingding, Yuan Gu, and Huiming Xia. "Solid-State and Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Rifampicin." Chemical Engineering & Technology 41, no. 6 (May 3, 2018): 1236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201700233.

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8

Davey, R. J., N. Blagden, S. Righini, H. Alison, and E. S. Ferrari. "Nucleation Control in Solution Mediated Polymorphic Phase Transformations: The Case of 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 106, no. 8 (February 2002): 1954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp013044i.

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9

Purba, Elida. "DETERMINATION OF REACTION KINETICS USING ONLINE X-RAY DIFFRACTION." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 3 (June 17, 2010): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21588.

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful technique for the study of polymorphism and polymorphic phase transformations. Monitoring of phase transformation directly has been very limited to-date. The XRD system used in this study was used to determine the rate of transformation of pure glutamic acid a form to b form in a solution mediated phase. On every run starting from the pure a form, the transformation process was monitored continuously at fixed temperature, and separate experiments were performed as a function of temperature. The operating temperature was varied from 36 to 57 °C with 10% w/w solid concentration. Data were taken every 200 seconds until the transformation was completed. This paper is concerned with a study of the transformation of the alpha (a) form of L-glutamic acid (L-GA) to the beta (b) form in order to determine the kinetic reaction. The rate constant (k), activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) were obtained. Sensitivity tests were also carried out to examine minimum detection limit when both a and b present in the mixture. In addition, effect of particle size on XRD patterns was also determined. The results show that XRD gives useful information to observe polymorphism for pharmaceutical industry. Keywords: XRD, polymorphism, glutamic acid, reaction kinetics

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10

Sheikhzadeh, M., S. Murad, and S. Rohani. "Response surface analysis of solution-mediated polymorphic transformation of buspirone hydrochloride." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 45, no. 2 (October 2007): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.001.

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11

Rusin, Michal, Bruce C. R. Ewan, and Radoljub I. Ristic. "The glycine-stimulated nucleation and solution-mediated polymorphic transformation ofl-glutamic acid." CrystEngComm 15, no. 12 (2013): 2192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ce26344k.

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12

Maher, Anthony, Denise M. Croker, Åke C. Rasmuson, and Benjamin K. Hodnett. "Solution Mediated Polymorphic Transformation: Form II to Form III Piracetam in Ethanol." Crystal Growth & Design 12, no. 12 (November 8, 2012): 6151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg301290z.

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13

Hong, Minghuang, Sai Guo, Kai Wang, Lei Ma, and Guobin Ren. "Influence Factor Investigation on the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Baricitinib Phosphate." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 644, no. 15 (June 28, 2018): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201800134.

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14

Pan, Bochen, Leping Dang, Zhanzhong Wang, Jun Jiang, and Hongyuan Wei. "Preparation, crystal structure and solution-mediated phase transformation of a novel solid-state form of CL-20." CrystEngComm 20, no. 11 (2018): 1553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ce02026k.

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15

O’Mahony, Marcus A., Anthony Maher, Denise M. Croker, Åke C. Rasmuson, and Benjamin K. Hodnett. "Examining Solution and Solid State Composition for the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Carbamazepine and Piracetam." Crystal Growth & Design 12, no. 4 (March 15, 2012): 1925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201665z.

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16

Sheikholeslamzadeh, Ehsan, and Sohrab Rohani. "Modeling and Optimal Control of Solution Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of l-Glutamic Acid." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 7 (February 7, 2013): 2633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie302683u.

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17

Du, Wei, Qiuxiang Yin, Hongxun Hao, Ying Bao, Xia Zhang, Jiting Huang, Xiang Li, Chuang Xie, and Junbo Gong. "Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Prasugrel Hydrochloride from Form II to Form I." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 14 (March 24, 2014): 5652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie404245s.

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18

Ferrari, Elena S., Roger J. Davey, Wendy I. Cross, Amy L. Gillon, and Christopher S. Towler. "Crystallization in Polymorphic Systems: The Solution-Mediated Transformation of β to α Glycine." Crystal Growth & Design 3, no. 1 (January 2003): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg025561b.

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19

Maher, Anthony, Denise M. Croker, Colin C. Seaton, Åke C. Rasmuson, and Benjamin K. Hodnett. "Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation: Form II to Form III Piracetam in Organic Solvents." Crystal Growth & Design 14, no. 8 (July 23, 2014): 3967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg500565u.

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20

Li, Zunhua, and Bowen Zhang. "Investigation of Glycine Polymorphic Transformation by In Situ ATR-FTIR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2022): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081141.

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The solution-mediated phase transformation of α-form to γ-form glycine, including dissolution of metastable α-form, nucleation, and growth of stable γ-form during polymorphic transformation, was investigated using in situ attenuated total-reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman). The mechanistic influence of operating parameters such as agitation speed, crystallization temperature, α-form seed concentration, and NaCl concentration on polymorphic phase transformation was examined. When the agitation speed, crystallization temperature, and NaCl concentration were increased, the polymorphic transformation process was improved due to the promotion of nucleation and growth of stable γ-form, in addition to the promotion of dissolution of metastable α-form. Moreover, the time to induce γ-form nucleation and complete conversion of α-form to γ-form was also reduced with increasing α-form seed concentration.

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21

Li, Xin, Na Wang, Chang Wang, Yingjie Ma, Xin Huang, Ting Wang, and Hongxun Hao. "Mechanism and Regulation Strategy of Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation: A Case of 5-Nitrofurazone." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 60, no. 5 (January 29, 2021): 2337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05660.

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22

Wantha, Lek, Neeranuch Punmalee, and Adrian E. Flood. "Influence of Solvents on Solution‐Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of the Polymorphs of L ‐Histidine." Chemical Engineering & Technology 42, no. 7 (May 8, 2019): 1505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201800699.

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23

Zou, Fengxia, Qiao Chen, PengPeng Yang, Jingwei Zhou, Jinglan Wu, Wei Zhuang, and Hanjie Ying. "Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation: From Amorphous to Crystals of Disodium Guanosine 5′-Monophosphate in Ethanol." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 29 (July 13, 2017): 8274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01190.

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24

Pan, Bochen, Hongyuan Wei, Jun Jiang, Shanghong Zong, Penghao Lv, and Leping Dang. "Solution-mediated polymorphic transformation of CL-20: An approach to prepare purified form ε particles." Journal of Molecular Liquids 265 (September 2018): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.121.

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25

Anzai, Yusaku, Takuya Higashi, Hirotake Kajii, Akihiko Fujii, and Masanori Ozaki. "Single-crystalline thin-film growth via solution-mediated polymorphic transformation of octahexyl-substituted phthalocyanine and its optical anisotropy." Organic Electronics 60 (September 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2018.05.029.

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26

Qi, Ming-Hui, Wan-Shang Chen, Hui Zhou, Jing-Yan Chen, and Guo-Bin Ren. "Solution-mediated polymorphic transformation of amorphous form to Form I of olmesartan medoxomil in methanol-water mixture solvents." Crystal Research and Technology 52, no. 4 (April 2017): 1700038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.201700038.

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27

Guo, Nannan, Baohong Hou, Na Wang, Yan Xiao, Jingjing Huang, Yanmei Guo, Shuyi Zong, and Hongxun Hao. "In Situ Monitoring and Modeling of the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Rifampicin: From Form II to Form I." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 107, no. 1 (January 2018): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2017.10.004.

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28

Yang, Xia, Jie Lu, Xiujuan Wang, and Chi Bun Ching. "In situmonitoring of the solution-mediated polymorphic transformation of glycine: characterization of the polymorphs and observation of the transformation rate using Raman spectroscopy and microscopy." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39, no. 10 (October 2008): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.2016.

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29

Chadha, Renu, Poonam Arora, and Swati Bhandari. "Polymorphic Forms of Lamivudine: Characterization, Estimation of Transition Temperature, and Stability Studies by Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Studies." ISRN Thermodynamics 2012 (November 14, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/671027.

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The present study is focused on estimation of transition temperature and stability of various forms of lamivudine. The forms were recrystallized from variety of solvents and preliminarily identification on the basis of SEM revealed existence of three forms (Forms I, II, III). DSC scans of Forms I and III show that these are metastable and undergo heat mediated transformation to Form IH and Form IIIH, respectively. Form II is phase pure with single sharp melting endotherm at 178.6°C. The thermal events are visually observed by hot stage microscopy. Enthalpy of solution of the forms is endothermic and magnitude varies in the order Form II > Form IL > Form IIIL suggesting Form IIIL to be least crystalline which is well correlated with XRPD data. The transition temperature of the polymorphic pairs IL/IH and IIIL/IIIH derived from enthalpy of solution and solubility data revealed monotropy whereas enantiotropy exists in IIIH/II. The slurry experiments showed Form II to be thermodynamically most stable. Forms IL and IIIL though stable in water are converted to Form II in ethanol, acetonitrile, and propanol after 1 day. Form IIIL is converted to Form IL in water after 7 days and the observation is of importance as this instability can effect the pharmaceutical preparations whereas Form IL shows a balance between stability and solubility.

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30

Thorat, Shridhar H., Christy P. George, Parth S. Shaligram, Suresha P. R., and Rajesh G. Gonnade. "Polymorphs and hydrates of the anticancer drug erlotinib: X-ray crystallography, phase transition and biopharmaceutical studies." CrystEngComm 23, no. 22 (2021): 3961–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce00032b.

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The anticancer drug erlotinib revealed two polymorphs and two hydrates. The metastable polymorph and hydrates converted to the stable polymorph, which displayed solution-mediated transformation into the monohydrate at the lowest water activity.

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31

Mandarić, Mirna, Biserka Prugovečki, Ivana Kekez, Danijela Musija, Jelena Parlov Vuković, Marina Cindrić, and Višnja Vrdoljak. "Counter Anion Effects on the Formation and Structural Transformations of Mo(vi)-Hydrazone Coordination Assemblies: Salts, Solvates, Co-Crystals, and Neutral Complexes." Crystals 12, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040443.

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Complex salts [1H]X and [1H](XA)0.5·2MeOH, and co-crystals [1H]X·0.5VA (X = chloride or bromide, XA = chloranilate or bromanilate, VA = o-vanillin azine), comprising [MoO2(HL)(MeOH)]+ ([1H]+) cation (H2L = 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone), were prepared either by solution-based synthesis or by mechanochemical synthesis. Whereas [1H]X salts were extremely sensitive to humidity, their stability could be reinforced by the azine incorporation into the complex network. Solvent-mediated transformations of [1H]X led to methanol co-ligand replacement and afforded complexes [MoO2(HL)X] (2Cl·MeOH, 2Cl, and 2Br·0.5MeCN). However, solvates [1H](XA)0.5·2MeOH, under the same conditions, gave stable complexes [1H](XA)0.5 in which methanol remained coordinated. The differences in the assembly’s behavior were attributed to the packing arrangements, the relative orientation of cations and anions, and interactions between them. Polymorph [MoO2(L)(MeOH)] (1), not attainable by other routes, was the only product when compounds [MoO2(HL)X] were treated with a weak base at low temperatures. Tetranuclear [MoO2(L)]4 and polynuclear [MoO2(L)]n (2) supramolecular isomers, concomitantly crystallized when the reaction was conducted solvothermally. All of the complexes were characterized using X-ray diffraction methods (SCXRD and PXRD), spectroscopic methods (ATR-IR and solution-state and solid-state MAS NMR), and elemental and thermal analyses. The cytotoxicity of the different types of compounds against THP-1 and HepG2 cells was also evaluated.

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32

Blagden, N. "Monitoring polymorphic transformations in solution." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305081602.

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33

Dharmayat, Spoorthi, Robert B. Hammond, Xiaojun Lai, Caiyun Ma, Elida Purba, Kevin J. Roberts, Zeng-Ping Chen, Elaine Martin, Julian Morris, and Richard Bytheway. "An Examination of the Kinetics of the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Phase Transformation between α- and β-Forms ofl-Glutamic Acid as Determined Using Online Powder X-ray Diffraction†." Crystal Growth & Design 8, no. 7 (July 2008): 2205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg0706215.

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34

Kobari, M., N. Kubota, and I. Hirasawa. "A population balance model for solvent-mediated polymorphic transformation in unseeded solutions." CrystEngComm 16, no. 27 (2014): 6049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00828f.

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35

Riekes, Manoela, Gislaine Kuminek, Gabriela Rauber, Silvia Cuffini, and Hellen Stulzer. "Development and validation of an intrinsic dissolution method for nimodipine polymorphs." Open Chemistry 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-014-0511-9.

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AbstractThe polymorphs of nimodipine, Modification I (Mod I), the metastable racemate, and Modification II (Mod II), the stable conglomerate, were evaluated by means of the intrinsic dissolution procedure. For this purpose, a hydro alcoholic solution (ethanol:water, 50:50, v/v) was selected as the dissolution medium, maintained at 37±0.5°C. Different rotation speeds were tested (50, 75 and 100 rpm) and the lower one was chosen for the test validation. Although the sample initially characterized as polymorph Mod I presented higher intrinsic dissolution rates in all the conditions tested, no statistical differences were noticed between the two polymorphs. This result can be attributed to the partial solution-mediated phase transformation from Mod I to Mod II, detected through X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Also, reliable intrinsic dissolution rate data were acquired for the polymorph Mod II. The dissolution method was validated, being considered stable, specific, linear, sensible, accurate and precise.

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36

O'Mahony, M., C. C. Seaton, D. M. Croker, S. Veesler, Å. C. Rasmuson, and B. K. Hodnett. "Investigating the dissolution of the metastable triclinic polymorph of carbamazepine using in situ microscopy." CrystEngComm 16, no. 20 (2014): 4133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00062e.

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Despite the tendency to undergo solution-mediated transformation, the dissolution behaviour of the metastable FI polymorph of carbamazepine was studied. The results are rationalized on the basis of its crystal structure.

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37

INOUE, Atsuyuki. "Solution-mediated Phase Transformations of Clay Minerals." Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan 25, no. 4 (1996): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/gkk1952.25.189.

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38

Croker, Denise M., Roger J. Davey, Åke C. Rasmuson, and Colin C. Seaton. "Solution mediated phase transformations between co-crystals." CrystEngComm 15, no. 11 (2013): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ce26801a.

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39

Dybeck, Eric C., Nathan S. Abraham, Natalie P. Schieber, and Michael R. Shirts. "Capturing Entropic Contributions to Temperature-Mediated Polymorphic Transformations Through Molecular Modeling." Crystal Growth & Design 17, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 1775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.6b01762.

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40

Févotte, G., and N. Sheibat-Othman. "MODELLING SOLVENT-MEDIATED POLYMORPHIC TRANSITIONS DURING COOLING SOLUTION CRYSTALLIZATION." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 38, no. 1 (2005): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20050703-6-cz-1902.02227.

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41

Tang, Lie-Gui, David N. S. Hon, and Yu-Qin Zhu. "Polymorphic Transformations of Cellulose Acetates Prepared by Solution Acetylation at an Elevated Temperature." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 33, no. 2 (February 1996): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329608010863.

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42

Jakubiak, Paulina, Franz Schuler, and Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez. "Extension of the dissolution-precipitation model for kinetic elucidation of solvent-mediated polymorphic transformations." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 109 (December 2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.08.019.

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43

Jiang, Shuqin, Haihua Pan, Yan Chen, Xurong Xu, and Ruikang Tang. "Amorphous calcium phosphate phase-mediated crystal nucleation kinetics and pathway." Faraday Discussions 179 (2015): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00212a.

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Generally, a solution nucleation model is used to study biomineralization kinetics. However, we found that the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-mediated hydroxyapatite (HAP) nucleation in simulated body fluids (SBF) had a different profile from the linear relationship between ln J and ln⁻² S (J, nucleation rate; S, supersaturation). This behaviour was alternatively explained by a developed heterogeneous nucleation theory, which indicated that HAP was nucleated at the ACP–solution interface via a polymorph transformation. Based upon this new model, we demonstrated experimentally that the embedded polymer molecules inside ACP were inert on HAP nucleation kinetics; rather, the polymers adsorbed on ACP surface could inhibit HAP nucleation from ACP. It further confirmed the heterogeneous nucleation pathway of HAP on the precursor phase. The present study provides an in-depth understanding of HAP formation for ACP-mediated crystallization.

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44

Raufaste, Christophe, Bjørn Jamtveit, Timm John, Paul Meakin, and Dag Kristian Dysthe. "The mechanism of porosity formation during solvent-mediated phase transformations." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2129 (November 24, 2010): 1408–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0469.

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Solvent-mediated solid–solid phase transformations often result in the formation of a porous medium, which may be stable on long time scales or undergo ripening and consolidation. We have studied replacement processes in the KBr–KCl–H 2 O system using both in situ and ex situ experiments. The replacement of a KBr crystal by a K(Br,Cl) solid solution in the presence of an aqueous solution is facilitated by the generation of a surprisingly stable, highly anisotropic and connected pore structure that pervades the product phase. This pore structure ensures efficient solute transport from the bulk solution to the reacting KBr and K(Br,Cl) surfaces. The compositional profile of the K(Br,Cl) solid solution exhibits striking discontinuities across disc-like cavities in the product phase. Similar transformation mechanisms are probably important in controlling phase-transformation processes and rates in a variety of natural and man-made systems.

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Khoj, Manal A., Colan E. Hughes, Kenneth D. M. Harris, and Benson M. Kariuki. "Polymorphic phase transformations of 3-chloro-trans-cinnamic acid and its solid solution with 3-bromo-trans-cinnamic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 74, no. 8 (July 13, 2018): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618009269.

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We have investigated the polymorphic phase transformations above ambient temperature for 3-chloro-trans-cinnamic acid (3-ClCA, C9H7ClO2) and a solid solution of 3-ClCA and 3-bromo-trans-cinnamic acid (3-BrCA, C9H7BrO2). At 413 K, the γ polymorph of 3-ClCA transforms to the β polymorph. Interestingly, the structure of the β polymorph of 3-ClCA obtained in this transformation is different from the structure of the β polymorph of 3-BrCA obtained in the corresponding polymorphic transformation from the γ polymorph of 3-BrCA, even though the γ polymorphs of 3-ClCA and 3-BrCA are isostructural. We also report a high-temperature phase transformation from a γ-type structure to a β-type structure for a solid solution of 3-ClCA and 3-BrCA (with a molar ratio close to 1:1). The γ polymorph of the solid solution is isostructural with the γ polymorphs of pure 3-ClCA and pure 3-BrCA, while the β-type structure produced in the phase transformation is structurally similar to the β polymorph of pure 3-BrCA.

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Do, Manh Huy, Tuo Wang, Dang-guo Cheng, Fengqiu Chen, Xiaoli Zhan, and Jinlong Gong. "Zeolite growth by synergy between solution-mediated and solid-phase transformations." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2, no. 35 (June 12, 2014): 14360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01737d.

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Tian, Beiqian, Zhiyong Ding, Shuyi Zong, Jinyue Yang, Na Wang, Ting Wang, Xin Huang, and Hongxun Hao. "Manipulation of Pharmaceutical Polymorphic Transformation Process Using Excipients." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 21 (June 24, 2020): 2553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200213122302.

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Background: In the pharmaceutical field, it is vital to ensure a consistent product containing a single solid-state form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the drug product. However, some APIs are suffering from the risk of transformation of their target forms during processing, formulation and storage. Methods: The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant category of excipients and demonstrate the availability and importance of using excipients as a key strategy to manipulate pharmaceutical polymorphic transformation. Results: The excipient effects on solvent-mediated phase transformations, solid-state transitions and amorphous crystallization are significant. Common pharmaceutical excipients including amino acids and derivatives, surfactants, and various polymers and their different manipulation effects were summarized and discussed. Conclusion: Appropriate use of excipients plays a role in manipulating polymorphic transformation process of corresponding APIs, with a promising application of guaranteeing the stability and effectiveness of drug dosage forms.

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Chadha, Renu, Poonam Arora, Anupam Saini, and Dharamvir Singh Jain. "An Insight into Thermodynamic Relationship Between Polymorphic Forms of Efavirenz." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, no. 2 (April 2, 2012): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3j30z.

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Purpose: The aim of the work is to study the crystallization of efavirenz to understand the preferential formation of various polymorphic forms, to establish their identity, to study the transformation between the polymorphic forms on heating and to determine their free energy. Methods: Slow crystallization from different solvents under controlled conditions was employed to prepare various crystalline forms. The TGA and DSC were used to study their thermal behavior and inter-conversion of these forms. The calorimetrically determined enthalpies of solution and solubility data are utilized to determine the transition temperatures. Results: Six polymorphic forms of efavirenz are identified and characterized completely. The TGA scans of all the forms did not show any mass loss indicating absence of hydrate or solvate. The thermally induced transformations are observed in the DSC scans of five forms II-VI indicating them to be metastable which are converted to stable higher melting forms. The melting temperature and enthalpy of fusion of lower melting (FormL) and higher melting forms (FormH) reveal that four of these polymorphic pairs are monotropically related. The enthalpies of solution of FormL are found to be more exothermic as compared to corresponding FormH. The transition temperature (Tt) determined using enthalpy of solution and solubility data was found to be higher than the melting of both the forms except for polymorphic pair VIL/VIH. The effect of ΔCp on transition temperature is also reported. Conclusions: The form I is found to be thermodymanically most stable but least soluble. The forms II-V are metastable and are converted irreversibly to stable forms. The enthalpy of fusion rule and virtual transition temperature provided complementary evidence for the existence of monotropy in these polymorphic pairs. However, enantiotropy is demonstrated in VIL/VLH pair and is well established in our study. Novelty: The present study reveals the thermodynamic aspects of various isolated polymorphic forms of efavirenz. Solution calorimetry along with other techniques is used to study the transformation of one form to another. The emphasis is laid on determination of transition temperature of various polymorphic pairs which has not been reported earlier. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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Mahata, Partha, Caroline-Mellot Draznieks, Partha Roy, and Srinivasan Natarajan. "Solid State and Solution Mediated Multistep Sequential Transformations in Metal–Organic Coordination Networks." Crystal Growth & Design 13, no. 1 (December 12, 2012): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg301306m.

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Nishigaki, Akari, Mihoko Maruyama, Shun-ichi Tanaka, Hiroshi Y. Yoshikawa, Masayuki Imanishi, Masashi Yoshimura, Yusuke Mori, and Kazufumi Takano. "Growth of Acetaminophen Polymorphic Crystals and Solution-Mediated Phase Transition from Trihydrate to Form II in Agarose Gel." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091069.

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The growth of acetaminophen polymorphic crystals and the solution-mediated phase transition from trihydrate to form II in agarose gel were investigated. The form II crystals grown in gels, presumably because of the agarose content, dissolved less rapidly at high temperatures and were more stable than in water. The trihydrate crystals in the gel were also expected to be stabilized by containing agarose, but in fact the fine morphology resulted in reduced stability. The solution-mediated phase transition from trihydrate to form II via form II seeding took longer in the gel because the gel slowed down the dissolution of the trihydrate by hindering the dispersion of the form II seeds and delayed the growth of form II by reducing the diffusion rate of the molecules dissolved from the trihydrate. Delays in solution-mediated phase transition and changes in stability for crystals grown in gels indicate the effectiveness of gels in controlling polymorphisms in pharmaceutical compounds.

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