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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solution (Chemistry)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Solution (Chemistry)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Solution (Chemistry)"

1

Sipos, Pal. "Solution Chemistry." Chemistry International 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2019-0121.

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Bešter-Rogač, Marija, and Slobodan Gadžurić. "Solution Chemistry." Chemistry International 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2024-0126.

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de Berg, Kevin Charles. "The significance of the origin of physical chemistry for physical chemistry education: the case of electrolyte solution chemistry." Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. 15, no. 3 (2014): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4rp00010b.

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Physical Chemistry's birth was fraught with controversy, a controversy about electrolyte solution chemistry which has much to say about how scientific knowledge originates, matures, and responds to challenges. This has direct implications for the way our students are educated in physical chemistry in particular and science in general. The incursion of physical measurement and mathematics into a discipline which had been largely defined within a laboratory of smells, bangs, and colours was equivalent to the admission into chemistry of the worship of false gods according to one chemist. The controversy can be classified as a battle betweendissociationistson the one hand andassociationistson the other; between theEuropeanson the one hand and theBritishon the other; between theionistson the one hand and thehydrationistson the other. Such strong contrasts set the ideal atmosphere for the development of argumentation skills. The fact that a compromise position, first elaborated in the late 19th century, has recently enhanced the explanatory capacity for electrolyte solution chemistry is challenging but one in which students can participate to their benefit.

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Yeston, J. "CHEMISTRY: Salt Solution." Science 314, no. 5796 (October 6, 2006): 19b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.314.5796.19b.

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Persson, Ingmar, Josephina Werner, Olle Björneholm, Yina Salamanca Blanco, Önder Topel, and Éva G. Bajnóczi. "Solution chemistry in the surface region of aqueous solutions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 1553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-1106.

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AbstractSolution chemistry is commonly regarded as the physical chemistry of reactions and chemical equilibria taking place in the bulk of a solvent, and between solutes in solution, and solids or gases in contact with the solution. Our knowledge about such reactions and equilibria in aqueous solution is very detailed such as their physico–chemical constants at varying temperature, pressure, ionic medium and strength. In this paper the solution chemistry in the surface region of aqueous solutions, down to ca. 10 Å below the water–air interface, will be discussed. In this region, the density and relative permittivity are significantly smaller than in the aqueous bulk strongly affecting the chemical behaviour of solutes. Surface sensitive X-ray spectroscopic methods have recently been applicable on liquids and solutions by use of liquid jets. This allows the investigation of the speciation of compounds present in the water–air interface and the surface region, a region hardly studied before. Speciation studies show overwhelmingly that neutral molecules are accumulated in the surface region, while charged species are depleted from it. It has been shown that the equilibria between aqueous bulk, surface region, solids and/or air are very fast allowing effective transport of chemicals over the aqueous surface region.

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Meyer, Michel, Claude P. Gros, and Laurent Plasseraud. "Equilibrium solution coordination chemistry." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 10 (2018): 7514–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj90042f.

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Merritt, A. T. "Solution phase combinatorial chemistry." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 1, no. 2 (June 1998): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138620730102220119151002.

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Combinatorial chemistry and parallel array synthesis techniques are now used extensively in the drug discovery process. Although published literature has been dominated by solid phase chemistry approaches, the use of solution phase techniques has also been widely explored. This review considers the advantages and disadvantages of choosing solution phase approaches in the various stages of drug discovery and optimisation, and assesses the practical issues related to these approaches. The uses of standard solution chemistry, the related liquid phase approach, and of supported materials to enhance solution phase chemistry are all illustrated by a comprehensive review of the published literature over the past three years.

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Hojo, Masashi. "Electrochemistry and Solution Chemistry." Review of Polarography 52, no. 2 (2006): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.52.79.

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Zhou, Yongquan. "Solution Chemistry in Action!" Chemistry International 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2020-0128.

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Lavine, M. S. "CHEMISTRY: A Silver Solution." Science 315, no. 5814 (February 16, 2007): 915b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5814.915b.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solution (Chemistry)"

1

King, Jennifer L. "Organometallic chemistry in supercritical fluid solution." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262952.

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King, Hannah Elizabeth. "Effect of Solution Chemistry on Schwertmannite Formation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54028.

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Natural nanominerals are abundant in Earth's critical zone and important in innumerable environmental processes that affect water quality. The chemical behavior of many natural nanominerals is related to their extreme small size (<10 nm) and high surface area. Atomic structural and chemical heterogeneity are also important factors affecting nanoparticle reactivity, and are a consequence of the mechanisms and complex (natural) conditions by which they form. The relationships between these factors remain poorly understood and limit our ability to predict the formation, transformation, and chemical behavior of natural nanominerals in the environment. We are using a poorly crystalline ferric hydroxysulfate nanomineral, schwertmannite, as a model system to understand the effect of formation conditions, specifically solution chemistry, on its physico-chemical characteristics. Previous studies indicate schwertmannite has highly variable bulk sulfate (Fe/S molar from 3-15) and water contents (Caraballo et al., 2013). In addition, both natural and synthetic schwertmannites have recently been described as "polyphasic" (i.e., consisting of sulfate-poor, goethite-like ordered domains embedded in a sulfate-rich, amorphous material) from observations using transmission electron microscopy (French et al., 2012). We hypothesize that solution chemistry at the time of schwertmannite formation directly affect its composition and structure. Using a factorial experiment design, we investigated the effects of increasing solution sulfate concentration ([SO4]/[Fe] at 1, 2, 3 and 5) and pH (2.4-5.6) on the crystallinity and composition of the products. Ferric hydroxide and hydroxysulfate solids were precipitated in batches by the rapid oxidation of Fe(II) by hydrogen peroxide, similar to what is seen in natural environmental systems. Sulfate and hydroxide concentrations were varied by addition of NaSO4 and NaOH, respectively. Solids were characterized using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high resolution- transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Our results show that schwertmannite is the only precipitate formed at low pH and that goethite rapidly becomes dominant at pH > 3.5. High-resolution TEM showed our synthetic schwertmannite samples consist of poorly crystalline goethite-like nanodomains within an amorphous solid, similarly seen in previous results. ICP-MS results reveal a narrow Fe/S molar ratio of 4.5 ±0.1 for our synthetic schwertmannite, which suggests that schwertmannite chemical composition does not depend strongly on pH or initial solution sulfate concentration. Increasing pH from 2.4 to 3.2 also has little effect on the crystallinity, bulk Fe/S ratio and water contents of schwertmannite. Increasing solution [SO4]/[Fe] also has little to no impact on crystallinity, water content or the amount of sulfate incorporated in schwertmannite. Thus, schwertmannite crystallinity and composition is not affected by initial solution sulfate and concentration under our experimental conditions. Thermal analysis allows us to independently measure OH and SO4 content in synthetic schwertmannite. In doing so, we propose a more accurate chemical formula (Fe8Oz(OH)24-2z-2x(SO4)x). The average stoichiometry based on thermal analysis of schwertmannite precipitated at [SO4]/[Fe] = 1 and pH ranging from ~2.4 2.9 is Fe8O6.51(OH)8.4(SO4)1.28. Interestingly, the calculated number of moles of oxygen is less than 8, which suggests that the standard formula Fe8O8(OH)8-2x(SO4)x is incorrect. These results for synthetic samples provide important constraints for future studies aimed at better understanding the formation, compositional variability and chemical behavior of natural schwertmannite.
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Silvester, Debbie Sue. "Electrochemical studies in room temperature ionic liquids." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be9e6269-f19a-48de-96e3-41c0c7143d6a.

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The work presented in this thesis involves the application of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as solvents for use in electrochemical experiments. Initially, the fundamentals of electrochemistry is presented, followed by a comprehensive overview of RTILs in terms of their properties, applications and their behaviour as electrochemical solvents compared to conventional aprotic solvents. The results of 8 original studies are then presented as follows: X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to quantify the concentration of bromide ions in an ionic liquid, and is independently confirmed by potential-step chronoamperometry. The reaction mechanisms and kinetics for the electrochemical reduction of some aromatic nitro compounds (namely nitrobenzene and 4-nitrophenol) are determined. The electrochemistry of phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus oxychloride is studied in detail for the first time, due to the unusual stability of these highly reactive compounds in RTILs. The reductions and oxidations of sodium and potassium nitrate are studied, giving rise to 'melt'-like behaviour. The electrodeposition of sodium oxide on platinum is also demonstrated. The electrochemical oxidation of nitrite and the oxidation and reduction of the toxic gas, nitrogen dioxide, is presented. The oxidation of hydrogen gas is studied in ten RTILs with a range of different cations and anions, and contrasting interactions with the RTIL anions are seen. The electrochemical oxidation of ammonia gas is studied in five RTILs with different anions and a general reaction mechanism is suggested. The reduction of benzoic acid is studied in six RTILs, and the kinetics of the dissociation step are found to be very fast. The first five studies are all carried out in one particular ionic liquid, and the reactions and mechanisms are compared to that observed in conventional aprotic solvents. The last three studies employ several RTILs with different cations and anions to look at the contrasting interaction of protons with the RTIL cation/anion and ultimately help to understand the pH properties of the solvent. The overall findings from the work in this thesis are that some reactions and mechanisms (e.g bromide, nitro derivatives and ammonia) are generally the same in RTILs as in conventional aprotic solvents, but other species (e.g. nitrates, phosphorus derivatives) show remarkably different behaviour. It has also been demonstrated that RTILs are suitable media for the detection of nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen and ammonia gases. This suggests that RTILs could potentially offer many advantages when employed as solvents in electrochemical reactions and in amperometric gas sensors.

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Lelli, Moreno. "Solution Structure and Solution Dynamics in Chiral Ytterbium(III) Complexes." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85804.

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Lough, Julie Ann. "Aqueous solution chemistry of ruthenium arene anticancer complexes." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35524/.

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Metal complexes currently are currently of much interest in the field of anticancer drug development. Platinum complexes such as cisplatin, are now widely used in the clinic and have led to a focus on the synthesis of new classes of other metal-based complexes, such as ruthenium anticancer drugs. In order to understand the mechanism of action of these complexes and to improve structureactivity relationships thereof, a comprehensive study of the solution chemistry is important. In this thesis the mechanism and kinetic detail of the exchange of amino protons on one such class of complex, [(η6-biphenyl)Ru(N,N’- ethylenediamine)Cl]+ was investigated in detail. Stereospecific assignment of NH protons was carried out by NOESY NMR on a pyridine adduct [(η6- biphenyl)Ru(N,N’-ethylendiamine)(N-pyridine)]2+. Using 1H and 2H NMR spectroscopy, rates of exchange were observed at different pH values, temperatures and ionic strengths a series of N-H/2H exchange reactions were studied and the data collected. The data are consistent with an exchange mechanism involving proton abstraction from the amine, followed by favourable reprotonation on the lowerface (relative to the overhanging arene) of the Ru(N,N’- ethylendiamine) five membered ring. In chlorido complexes this leads to the exchange of lower proton at a rate of three times that of those on the upperface at 298 K. To investigate the effects of electron density on the ruthenium on the exchange rates a series of π-donor pyridine ligands (pyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 4- tert-butylpyridine, and 4-methoxypyridine) in the place of the chloride were studied. The exchange rates were also investigated and showed a correlation between the basicity of the pyridine derivative and the favourability of exchange on the lower face, increasing this bias upto 11 fold. Density functional theory calculations suggests that there is an overlap between the p-orbital of the (ethylenediamine) nitrogen and the π*-antibonding orbital on the Ru-N(Pyridine) bond and σ*- antibonding orbital on the Ru-Cl bond, in their respective complexes. This overlap is proposed as a stabilising force on the deprotonated nitrogen allowing for a negative charge to be more stabile in one lobe of the p-orbital preferential to another. Following abstraction of the proton, the lone pair on the nitrogen is stabilised by an antibonding orbital, the top face less is susceptible to proton addition. Since DNA is a potential target for these complexes, the changes in shape induced by metal binding were investigated using Ion-Mobility Mass Spectrometry for the first time. Also in this work, the first ion-mobility mass spectrometry studies of the collisional cross sections (CCSs) of small complexes (<100 Å2) is also presented. This was developed using a new glycine based calibrant. Following binding of [(η6-biphenyl)Ru(N,N’- ethylenediamine)Cl]+ to the DNA hexamer d(CACGTG) changes in CCS values between ruthenated and non-ruthenated hexamers were studied. The change in CCS between these was not additive and suggestive of some folding or intercalation occurring upon ruthenium binding. Finally, attempts were madeto investigate shape change induced in DNA by binding to cisplatin using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Methods are described. To date these results are inconclusive but work in this field is ongoing.

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Clarke, Matthew J. "Chemistry and spectroscopy in supercritical and polymer solution." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307843.

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Palmer, J. W. "The solution chemistry of magnetite and mild steel." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371288.

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Dimmock, Paul W. "Aqueous solution chemistry of mixed-metal cluster complexes." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278725.

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Oulabi, M. "A spectroscopic study of uranium(IV) solution chemistry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235365.

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Patel, A. "Aqueous solution chemistry of molybdenum tungsten and ruthenium." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233793.

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Books on the topic "Solution (Chemistry)"

1

A, Turovsky A., and Zaikov Gennadiĭ Efremovich, eds. Correlation analysis in chemistry of solutions. Utrecht: VSP, 2004.

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Oss, Carel J. Van. Interfacial forces in aqueous media. New York: M. Dekker, 1994.

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John, Burgess. Ions in solution: Basic principles of chemical interactions. Chichester, England: E. Horwood, 1988.

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John, Burgess. Ions in solution: Basic principles of chemical interactions. 2nd ed. Chichester, England: Horwood, 1999.

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V, Bostrelli Darian, ed. Solution chemistry research progress. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2007.

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Nikolaevich, Koėlʹ Mikhkelʹ, ed. Ionic liquids in chemical analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.

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Lundblad, Roger L. Application of solution protein chemistry to biotechnology. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, 2009.

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1937-, Resch Gerhard, ed. Lecture notes on solution chemistry. Singapore: World Scientific, 1995.

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Torriero, Angel A. J. Electrochemical properties and applications of ionic liquids. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Nikolaevich, Koėlʹ Mikhkelʹ, ed. Ionic liquids in chemical analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solution (Chemistry)"

1

Yates, Paul C. "Solution Chemistry." In Chemical Calculations, 123–48. 3rd ed. New York: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003043218-4.

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Klostermeier, Dagmar, and Markus G. Rudolph. "Solution Scattering." In Biophysical Chemistry, 507–30. Names: Klostermeier, Dagmar, author. | Rudolph, Markus G., author. Title: Biophysical chemistry / Dagmar Klostermeier and Markus G. Rudolph. Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2017]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315156910-25.

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Rietman, Edward A. "Solution-Phase Chemistry." In Molecular Engineering of Nanosystems, 14–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3556-7_2.

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Warneck, Peter. "Aqueous Solution Chemistry." In Low-Temperature Chemistry of the Atmosphere, 175–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79063-8_8.

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Koltzenburg, Sebastian, Michael Maskos, and Oskar Nuyken. "Polymers in Solution." In Polymer Chemistry, 17–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49279-6_2.

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Bergethon, Peter R., and Elizabeth R. Simons. "Molecules in Solution." In Biophysical Chemistry, 171–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3270-4_13.

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Bergethon, Peter R., and Elizabeth R. Simons. "Macromolecules in Solution." In Biophysical Chemistry, 181–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3270-4_14.

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Veszprémi, Tamás, and Miklós Fehér. "Methods of Solution." In Quantum Chemistry, 83–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4189-9_5.

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Koltzenburg, Sebastian, Michael Maskos, and Oskar Nuyken. "Polymers in Solution." In Polymer Chemistry, 17–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64929-9_2.

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Bannwarth, Willi, and Steffen Weinbrenner. "Combinatorial Chemistry in Solution." In Combinatorial Chemistry, 5–46. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527614141.ch02.

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Conference papers on the topic "Solution (Chemistry)"

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Yoshida, Zenko, Takaumi Kimura, and Yoshihiro Meguro. "Recent Progress in Actinides Separation Chemistry." In Workshop on Actinides Solution Chemistry, WASC '94. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814530965.

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Supiandi, Ujang, Ferli Irwansyah, Widodo Azis, and W. Darmalaksana. "Green Chemistry Solution to Environmental Problems." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology, ICONISTECH 2019, 11-12 July 2019, Bandung, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.11-7-2019.2297557.

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"Pore Solution Chemistry and Alkali Aggregate Reaction." In SP-100: Concrete Durability: Proceedings of Katharine and Bryant Mather International Symposium. American Concrete Institute, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/2245.

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Sakakibara, Shumpei. "Solution synthesis of peptides." In Future Aspect in Peptide Chemistry - Ringberg Conference. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css199901001.

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Lubis, A. Rizkina, A. Sudrajat, and A. Wahyu Nugraha. "Development of chemistry practicum guidelines for XI grade of senior high school based on projects on solution materials and solution products." In 1ST INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTRY EDUCATION (1st ISCCE-2021). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110592.

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Chien, K. L. C., M. Golozar, and T. W. Coyle. "Effect of Solution Chemistry on Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Deposition of LiFePO4." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0394.

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Abstract Solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) is a thermal spray process in which deposits are formed by injecting solutions with the appropriate chemistry directly into the plasma. The deposits consist of grains or particles as small as ~20nm, and may be very porous or nearly dense, depending on the solution and deposition parameters. Recently, the potential of SPPS to deposit fine particle, porous coatings suitable for use as electrochemical electrodes for fuel cells and gas sensors has been demonstrated. This paper describes the efforts to deposit LiFePO4 coatings which may be of interest for Li ion battery electrodes with SPPS. In this case, along with the porosity, surface area, and microstructure of the deposited coatings, crystal structure also plays an important role in determining the performance of the LiFePO4 electrodes. Solution precursors with different solution chemistries containing lithium, iron and phosphorus ions are injected into hydrocarbon plasma issuing from a DC-arc torch. The effects of solution chemistries on coating morphologies and crystal structure were investigated. The results indicate that the porosity and crystal structure of the coatings can be tailored by selecting different additives.

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Zhu, Kai. "Solution Chemistry Engineering towards Large-Scale Perovskite Photovoltaics." In Optical Nanostructures and Advanced Materials for Photovoltaics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pv.2017.pm4a.1.

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Bertrán, J., J. M. Lluch, A. Gonzàlez-Lafont, V. Dillet, and V. Pérez. "Transition state structures in solution." In The first European conference on computational chemistry (E.C.C.C.1). AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47864.

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Skauge, A., and O. Palmgren. "Phase Behavior and Solution Properties of Ethoxylated Anionic Surfactants." In SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18499-ms.

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Phan, T., M. Faust, V. Balsamo, and Nalco Champion. "A More Effective Solution to Treat Paraffinic Crude Oil Wells." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/193591-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Solution (Chemistry)"

1

Clark, David L. Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Plutonium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119588.

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Brennan, J. G. Organoactinide chemistry: synthesis, structure, and solution dynamics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6147151.

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Procell, Lawrence, Matthew Shue, Jerry Pfarr, Todd Sickler, and Robert Nickol. Dial-A-Decon Solution Chemistry GAP Testing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada560475.

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Terah, E. I. Practical classes in general chemistry for students of specialties «General Medicine», «Pediatrics», «Dentistry». SIB-Expertise, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0556.13042022.

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Videos of 11 practical lessons on general chemistry are presented. The following topics are considered – chemical thermodynamics and kinetics, chemical equilibrium, methods of expressing the concentration of solutions, electrolyte solutions, pH, buffer solutions, hydrolysis, redox pro-cesses. For each topic, the main theoretical provisions are given, as well as a detailed solution of typical calculation problems is given. The total dura-tion of the video lessons is 8 hours 21 minutes.

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Virtanen, S., P. Schmuki, H. Boehni, H. S. Isaacs, M. P. Ryan, L. J. Oblonsky, and M. Vippola. Influence of solution chemistry on dissolution of artificial passive films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/537263.

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Spencer, Khalil J., Floyd E. Stanley, Donivan R. Porterfield, and Alonso Castro. Analytical Chemistry Developmental Work Using a ²⁴³Am Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1170710.

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Brown, Michael. Update on Activity 6: Target Solution Chemistry Determination of Iron Sulfate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157513.

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Kruger, A. A. Pore solution chemistry of simulated low-level liquid waste incorporated in cement grouts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/198836.

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Nechypurenko, Pavlo, Tetiana Selivanova, and Maryna Chernova. Using the Cloud-Oriented Virtual Chemical Laboratory VLab in Teaching the Solution of Experimental Problems in Chemistry of 9th Grade Students. [б. в.], June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3175.

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Abstract:

The article discusses the importance of the skills of primary school students to solve experimental problems in chemistry and the conditions for the use of virtual chemical laboratories in the process of the formation of these skills. The concept of “experimental chemical problem” was analyzed, classifications were considered, and methodological conditions for using experimental chemical problems in the process of teaching chemistry were described. The essence of the concept of “virtual chemical laboratories” is considered and their main types, advantages and disadvantages that define the methodically reasonable limits of the use of these software products in the process of teaching chemistry, in particular, to support the educational chemical experiment are described. The capabilities of the virtual chemical laboratory VLab to support the process of solving experimental problems in chemistry in grade 9 have been determined. The main advantages and disadvantages of the virtual chemical laboratory VLab on the modeling of chemical processes necessary for the creation of virtual experimental problems in chemistry are analyzed. The features of the virtual chemical laboratory VLab, the essence of its work and the creation of virtual laboratory work in it are described. The results of the study is the development of a set of experimental tasks in chemistry for students in grade 9 on the topic “Solutions” in the cloud-oriented virtual chemical laboratory VLab.

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Carroll, Susan A., and Peggy A. O'Day. Experimental Determination of contaminant Metal Mobility as a Function of Temperature, Time, and Solution Chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828097.

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