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Journal articles on the topic 'Solutal melting'

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Published: 8 June 2024

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1

Mergui, S., and D. Gobin. "Transient Double Diffusive Convection in a Vertical Enclosure With Asymmetrical Boundary Conditions." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 3 (April 11, 2000): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286673.

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This study deals with the numerical analysis of transient heat and species transfer by natural convection in a binary fluid vertical layer. The cavity is differentially heated and a solutal buoyancy force is created by imposing a concentration step at one vertical wall: This refers to the experimental situation where the composition gradient inducing the solutal buoyancy force is created by melting of pure ice in a salty solution. The constitution of the flow structure and the time evolution of the heat and mass transfer characteristics are studied for opposing body forces over a range of thermal and solutal Rayleigh numbers. The numerical results allow to provide a better insight into the mechanisms driving the heat and species transfer at high Lewis number thermohaline convection. [S0022-1481(00)00303-0]
2

Wells, Andrew J., and M. Grae Worster. "Melting and dissolving of a vertical solid surface with laminar compositional convection." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 687 (October 6, 2011): 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.322.

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AbstractWe consider laminar compositional convection of buoyant melt released by ablation of a vertical solid surface into a two-component fluid. Asymptotic solutions are used to describe separate cases: the ablation rate is either controlled by thermal transport, corresponding to melting, or by solutal transport, corresponding to dissolution. Melting is faster and generates a stronger flow than dissolving. We determine the temperature and solute concentration conditions leading to either melting or dissolving and find that these conditions do not vary with the strength of the buoyancy that drives convective flow.
3

Rettenmayr, Markus, and Martin Buchmann. "Solidification and Melting – Asymmetries and Consequences." Materials Science Forum 508 (March 2006): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.508.205.

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Solidification and melting are phase transitions from the liquid to solid state or vice versa and are thus often assumed to be similar processes with only opposite direction. However, they can be fundamentally different, i.e. asymmetric, in aspects of both thermodynamics and kinetics. It is known that superheat in the solid is difficult to obtain, unlike supercooling in the liquid. This is often attributed to the fact that nucleation in the liquid can occur (homogeneously or heterogeneously) in the bulk, in the solid it will occur at outer or inner surfaces of the crystal. A further asymmetry is evident as the growing phase is a phase with fast diffusion kinetics in the case of melting, with slow diffusion kinetics in the case of solidification. Two types of experiments (solutal melting and melting/resolidification in a temperature gradient) are presented that allow an evaluation and quantification of the consequences of these asymmetries.
4

Ren, Neng, Jun Li, Chinnapat Panwisawas, Mingxu Xia, Hongbiao Dong, and Jianguo Li. "Simulation of the solute transport and microstructure evolution during the selective laser melting process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1281, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1281/1/012003.

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Abstract Selective laser melting is of great expectation to be used in additive manufacturing of aerospace components with complex geometry. However, there are still defects in the built parts, such as solutal segregation and unexpected microstructure, which contribute to cracks and lead to failure. At present, most of the simulations focus on the macroscopic grain structure, and the solute transport process has not been well demonstrated yet. In the present work, we develop a two-way fully coupled model based on cellular automaton and finite volume method to simulate the solute transport and dendritic structure evolution during the melting and solidification of the SLM process. The results reveal the microstructural evolution and solute transport during the melting, spreading, and smearing of the powder. The proposed model framework shows good potential to be applied to further numerical investigation on the solidification behaviours of the SLM process.
5

S. Idowu, A., and J. O. Olabode. "Dynamics of Heat Generating Upper-Convected Maxwell Fluid in a Porous Medium Over Melting Stretching Sheet with Stratification." Journal of Applied Science, Information and Computing 2, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/jasic-2021-2-1-03.

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The flow of heat-generating Upper-Convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid in a porous medium over a melting stretching sheet with stratification is studied. The effects of viscous dissipation, magnetic field, heat generation/absorption, and stratification were considered on velocity, temperature, and concentration. The momentum, energy, and mass distribution models governing the fluid flow are solved numerically via the Spectral Collocation Method. The effects of various pertinent parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles were presented in graphs and tables. The results reveal that the heat-generating parameter, Eckert number, solutal, and thermal Grashof numbers heighten the velocity field. The temperature of the fluid is geared up with the variational increase in Eckert number and heat-generating parameter. Also, the heat absorption parameter and Eckert number reduce the temperature and concentration boundary layers accordingly.
6

Deillon, L., J. Zollinger, D. Daloz, M. Založnik, and H. Combeau. "In-situ observations of solutal melting using laser scanning confocal microscopy: The Cu/Ni model system." Materials Characterization 97 (November 2014): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.09.004.

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7

Ghoneim, A. "A meshfree interface-finite element method for modelling isothermal solutal melting and solidification in binary systems." Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 95 (March 2015): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2014.10.002.

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8

Shayesteh, G., A. Ludwig, M. Stefan-Kharicha, M. Wu, and A. Kharicha. "On the conditions for the occurrence of crystal avalanches during alloy solidification." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012199.

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Abstract Experimental studies on the solidification of ammonium-chloride-water alloys in relatively large containments reveal conditions that lead to the formation of numerous crystal avalanches. Columnar segments that occasionally slide downwards along a vertical mushy zone further fragmentate and so crystal multiplication occurs. As a condition for this phenomenon solidification-induced solutal buoyancy that leads to a rising interdendritic flow was identified for the present case. The interaction with sedimentation-induced downward flow ahead of a vertical columnar region results in a redirection of the interdendritic flow and thus, to local conditions that slow down further solidification or even lead to remelting. Gravity is then pulling loose segments downwards. In larger containment, the flow in the bulk melt is generally unsteady and even turbulent. Thus, the outlined flow-solidification/melting interplay happens frequently at numerous positions but in a stochastic manner.
9

Mishra, S. R., and Priya Mathur. "Williamson nanofluid flow through porous medium in the presence of melting heat transfer boundary condition: semi-analytical approach." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 17, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-12-2019-0225.

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PurposePresent investigation based on the flow of electrically conducting Williamson nanofluid embedded in a porous medium past a linearly horizontal stretching sheet. In addition to that, the combined effect of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, thermal radiation and chemical reaction is considered in both energy and solutal transfer equation, respectively.Design/methodology/approachWith suitable choice of nondimensional variables the governing equations for the velocity, temperature, species concentration fields, as well as rate shear stress at the plate, rate of heat and mass transfer are expressed in the nondimensional form. These transformed coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved semi-analytically using variation parameter method.FindingsThe behavior of characterizing parameters such as magnetic parameter, melting parameter, porous matrix, Brownian motion, thermophoretic parameter, radiation, Lewis number and chemical particular case present result validates with earlier established results and found to be in good agreement. Finally reaction parameter is demonstrated via graphs and numerical results are presented in tabular form.Originality/valueThe said work is an original work of the authors.
10

Simpson, James E., Suresh V. Garimella, Henry C. de Groh, and Reza Abbaschian. "Bridgman Crystal Growth of an Alloy With Thermosolutal Convection Under Microgravity Conditions." Journal of Heat Transfer 123, no. 5 (March 13, 2001): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1389058.

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The solidification of a dilute alloy (bismuth-tin) under Bridgman crystal growth conditions is investigated. Computations are performed in two dimensions with a uniform grid. The simulation includes the species concentration, temperature and flow fields, as well as conduction in the ampoule. Fully transient simulations have been performed, with no simplifying steady state approximations. Results are obtained under microgravity conditions for pure bismuth, and for Bi-0.1 at.% Sn and Bi-1.0 at.% Sn alloys, and compared with experimental results obtained from crystals grown in the microgravity environment of space. For the Bi-1.0 at.% Sn case the results indicate that a secondary convective cell, driven by solutal gradients, forms near the interface. The magnitude of the velocities in this cell increases with time, causing increasing solute segregation at the solid/liquid interface. Finally, a comparison between model predictions and results obtained from a space experiment is reported. The concentration-dependence of the alloy melting temperature is incorporated in the model for this case. Satisfactory correspondence is obtained between the predicted and experimental results in terms of solute concentrations in the solidified crystal.
11

Ghoneim, A., J. Hunedy, and O. A. Ojo. "An Interface-Enriched eXtended Finite Element-Level Set Simulation of Solutal Melting of Additive Powder Particles during Transient Liquid Phase Bonding." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 44, no. 2 (October 17, 2012): 1139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1412-1.

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12

Amberg, Gustav, and G. M. Homsy. "Nonlinear analysis of buoyant convection in binary solidification with application to channel formation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 252 (July 1993): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112093003672.

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We consider the problem of nonlinear thermal-solutal convection in the mushy zone accompanying unstable directional solidification of binary systems. Attention is focused on possible nonlinear mechanisms of chimney formation leading to the occurrence of freckles in solid castings, and in particular the coupling between the convection and the resulting porosity of the mush. We make analytical progress by considering the case of small growth Péclet number, δ, small departures from the eutectic point, and infinite Lewis number. Our linear stability results indicate a small O(δ) shift in the critical Darcy-Rayleigh number, in accord with previous analyses. We find that nonlinear two-dimensional rolls may be either sub- or supercritical, depending upon a single parameter combining the magnitude of the dependence of mush permeability on solids fraction and the variations in solids fraction owing to melting or freezing. A critical value of this combined parameter is given for the transition from supercritical to subcritical rolls. Three-dimensional hexagons are found to be transcritical, with branches corresponding to upflow and lower porosity in either the centres or boundaries of the cells. These general results are discussed in relation to experimental observations and are found to be in general qualitative agreement with them.
13

Song, Ying-Qing, Hassan Waqas, Kamel Al-Khaled, Umar Farooq, Sami Ullah Khan, M. Ijaz Khan, Yu-Ming Chu, and Sumaira Qayyum. "Bioconvection analysis for Sutterby nanofluid over an axially stretched cylinder with melting heat transfer and variable thermal features: A Marangoni and solutal model." Alexandria Engineering Journal 60, no. 5 (October 2021): 4663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.056.

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14

Swanson, Brian D. "How Well Does Water Activity Determine Homogeneous Ice Nucleation Temperature in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid and Ammonium Sulfate Droplets?" Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 741–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2542.1.

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Abstract Frozen fraction measurements made using a droplet free-fall freezing tube apparatus are presented and used, along with other recent laboratory measurements, to evaluate how well both the water activity idea and the translated melting-point curve idea of Koop et al. predict homogeneous freezing-point temperatures for aqueous ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid solution droplets. The new freezing-point temperature datasets agree with the previous lowest-temperature results for both solutes. The lowest measured freezing-point temperatures for aqueous ammonium sulfate solutions agree with a curve shaped like the translated melting-point curve. However, those for aqueous sulfuric acid solutions are significantly lower than predicted by the translated melting-point curve idea, and a single water activity freezing-point temperature curve does not represent the lowest-temperature freezing-point temperature data for both solutes. A linear extrapolation of the new aqueous sulfuric acid solution freezing data to low temperatures predicts that high critical supersaturations in cloud-free regions of the upper troposphere will occur when homogeneous ice nucleation in an aqueous sulfuric acid aerosol is the primary ice formation mechanism.
15

Harrington, Robert, and Roger C. Bales. "Modeling ionic solute transport in melting snow." Water Resources Research 34, no. 7 (July 1998): 1727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98wr00557.

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16

Gamsjäger, E., J. Svoboda, F. D. Fischer, and M. Rettenmayr. "Kinetics of solute driven melting and solidification." Acta Materialia 55, no. 8 (May 2007): 2599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.12.002.

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17

Salerno, Franco, Michela Rogora, Raffaella Balestrini, Andrea Lami, Gabriele A. Tartari, Sudeep Thakuri, Danilo Godone, Michele Freppaz, and Gianni Tartari. "Glacier Melting Increases the Solute Concentrations of Himalayan Glacial Lakes." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 17 (August 8, 2016): 9150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02735.

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18

Sanders, P. G., M. O. Thompson, T. J. Renk, and M. J. Aziz. "Liquid titanium solute diffusion measured by pulsed ion-beam melting." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 32, no. 12 (December 2001): 2969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-001-0171-1.

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19

Roos, Yrjö H. "Glass Transition and Re-Crystallization Phenomena of Frozen Materials and Their Effect on Frozen Food Quality." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020447.

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Noncrystalline, freeze-concentrated structures are formed during food freezing. Such freeze-concentrated food materials often exhibit crystallization and recrystallization phenomena which can be related to the state of solutes and water. State diagrams are important tools in mapping the physical state and time-dependent properties of frozen materials at various storage temperatures. Transition of simple solutions, such as sucrose, can be used to describe vitrification and ice melting in freeze-concentrated materials. A maximally freeze-concentrated material often shows glass transition at Tg′. Ice melting occurs at temperatures above Tm′ These transitions at temperatures above Tm′ can be used to estimate crystallization and recrystallization phenomena and their rates in frozen foods. Furthermore, frozen food deterioration accelerates above Tm′ and particularly as a result of temperature fluctuations during frozen food distribution and storage.
20

Li, N., C. A. Andorfer, and J. G. Duman. "Enhancement of insect antifreeze protein activity by solutes of low molecular mass." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 15 (August 1, 1998): 2243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.15.2243.

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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) lower the non-equilibrium freezing point of water (in the presence of ice) below the melting point, thereby producing a difference between the freezing and melting points that has been termed thermal hysteresis. In general, the magnitude of the thermal hysteresis depends upon the specific activity and concentration of the AFP. This study describes several low-molecular-mass solutes that enhance the thermal hysteresis activity of an AFP from overwintering larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis. The most active of these is citrate, which increases the thermal hysteresis nearly sixfold from 1.2 degrees C in its absence to 6.8 degrees C. Solutes which increase activity approximately fourfold are succinate, malate, aspartate, glutamate and ammonium sulfate. Glycerol, sorbitol, alanine and ammonium bicarbonate increased thermal hysteresis approximately threefold. Interestingly, 0.5 mol l-1 sodium sulfate eliminated activity. Solute concentrations between 0.25 and 1 mol l-1 were generally required to elicit optimal thermal hysteresis activity. Glycerol is the only one of these enhancing solutes that is known to be present at these concentrations in overwintering D. canadensis, and therefore the physiological significance of most of these enhancers is unknown. The mechanism(s) of this enhancement is also unknown. The AFP used in this study (DAFP-4) is nearly identical to previously described D. canadensis AFPs. The mature protein consists of 71 amino acid residues arranged in six 12- or 13-mer repeats with a consensus sequence consisting of Cys-Thr-X3-Ser-X5-X6-Cys-X8-X9-Ala-X11-Thr-X1 3, where X3 and X11 tend to be charged residues, X5 tends to be Thr or Ser, X6 to be Asn or Asp, X9 to be Asn or Lys and X13 to be Ala in the 13-mers. DAFP-4 is shorter by one repeat than previously described D. canadensis AFPs.
21

Waldner, Astrid, Luca Artiglia, Xiangrui Kong, Fabrizio Orlando, Thomas Huthwelker, Markus Ammann, and Thorsten Bartels-Rausch. "Pre-melting and the adsorption of formic acid at the air–ice interface at 253 K as seen by NEXAFS and XPS." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 37 (2018): 24408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03621g.

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22

Lam, N. Q., P. R. Okamoto, and J. K. Heuer. "Applications of disorder-induced melting concept to critical-solute-accumulation processes." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 175-177 (April 2001): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(00)00538-3.

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23

Leonard, J. P., T. J. Renk, M. O. Thompson, and M. J. Aziz. "Solute diffusion in liquid nickel measured by pulsed ion beam melting." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 35, no. 9 (September 2004): 2803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0227-0.

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24

ICHIKAWA, Eri, Kazuki SHITARA, Junko UMEDA, Shufeng LI, Biao CHEN, and Katsuyoshi KONDOH. "Microstructures and Strengthening Mechanism of Oxygen Soluted Titanium by Selective Laser Melting." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 68, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.68.67.

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25

Ren, Diandong, and Lance M. Leslie. "Three positive feedback mechanisms for ice-sheet melting in a warming climate." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 206 (2011): 1057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311798843250.

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AbstractThree positive feedback mechanisms that accelerate ice-sheet melting are assessed in a warming climate, using a numerical ice model driven by atmospheric climate models. The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is the modeling test-bed under accelerated melting conditions. The first feedback is the interaction of sea water with ice. It is positive because fresh water melts ice faster than salty water, owing primarily to the reduction in water heat capacity by solutes. It is shown to be limited for the GrIS, which has only a small ocean interface, and the grounding line of some fast glaciers becomes land-terminating during the 21st century. The second positive feedback, strain heating, is positive because it produces further ice heating inside the ice sheet. The third positive feedback, granular basal sliding, applies to all ice sheets and becomes the dominant feedback during the 21st century. A numerical simulation of Jakobshavn Isbræ over the 21st century reveals that all three feedback processes are active for this glacier. Compared with the year 2000 level, annual ice discharge into the ocean could increase by ∼1.4 km3 a−1 (∼5% of the present annual rate) by 2100. Granular basal sliding contributes ∼40% of this increase.
26

Sobolev, Sergey L., Mikhail G. Tokmachev, and Yuri R. Kolobov. "Rapid Multicomponent Alloy Solidification with Allowance for the Local Nonequilibrium and Cross-Diffusion Effects." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041622.

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Motivated by the fast development of various additive manufacturing technologies, we consider a mathematical model of re-solidification of multicomponent metal alloys, which takes place after ultrashort (femtosecond) pulse laser melting of a metal surface. The re-solidification occurs under highly nonequilibrium conditions when solutes diffusion in the bulk liquid cannot be described by the classical diffusion equation of parabolic type (Fick law) but is governed by diffusion equation of hyperbolic type. In addition, the model takes into account diffusive interaction between different solutes (nonzero off-diagonal terms of the diffusion matrix). Numerical simulations demonstrate that there are three main re-solidification regimes, namely, purely diffusion-controlled with solute partition at the interface, partly diffusion-controlled with weak partition, and purely diffusionless and partitionless. The type of the regime governs the final composition of the re-solidified material, and, hence, may serve as one of the main tools to design materials with desirable properties. This implies that the model is expected to be useful in evaluating the most effective re-solidification regime to guide the optimization of additive manufacturing processing parameters and alloys design.
27

Wang, Yifang, Mahroo Baharfar, Jiong Yang, Mohannad Mayyas, Mohammad B. Ghasemian, and Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh. "Liquid state of post-transition metals for interfacial synthesis of two-dimensional materials." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 2 (June 2022): 021306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089232.

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The nascent field of liquid metals, metals, and alloys of low melting points has provided opportunities for synthesizing low-dimensional materials. Located between transition- and non-metals in the periodic table, post-transition elements exhibit unique properties in particular low melting points. Taking on a liquid form at low temperature, post-transition liquid metals can be used as solvents for metallic solutes. The enigmatic surface of liquid metals is also ultra-active and smooth, offering opportunities for fabricating and templating two-dimensional (2D) films. So far, various 2D materials have been harvested from the surface of liquid metals including 2D metal compounds and nonmetallic materials. Utilizing different extraction and transfer techniques, the produced 2D films can be uniformly deposited on desired substrates at large lateral dimensions. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals underlying post-transition-elements-based liquid metals and alloys and explain the effect of atomic level electron configurations on their characteristics. We discuss the key physical properties of liquid metals including the origin of their low melting points and their high thermal and electrical conductivities. We illustrate their boundary-induced layering and oxidation as essential traits for creating 2D films. Afterward, the interfacial synthesis of 2D materials is depicted with the discussion of surface oxidation, reduction and exfoliation. We present different types of devices using liquid metal-induced 2D synthesis processes, including field-effect transistors, optoelectronic devices, systems that use 2D dielectric and conductive layers, and piezoelectric devices. Eventually, we discuss future prospects and outline how liquid metals can contribute to exciting future applications.
28

Haynes, Frederick M. "Fluid-inclusion evidence of basinal brines in Archean basement, Thunder Bay Pb–Zn–Ba district, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1884–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-177.

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Fluid inclusions from three quartz–galena–sphalerite–barite–calcite veins in the Thunder Bay district of western Ontario contain liquid + vapor ± halite and homogenize by vapor disappearance or halite dissolution at temperatures of 90–200 °C. Cyclically frozen, liquid + vapor (type I) inclusions undergo four melting events upon gradual warming (initial melting at −55 to −46 °C; ice disappearance at −30.2 to −25.4 °C; inversion of hydrohalite to halite at −8.0 to 0.7 °C; and halite melting at 14.0 to 56.3 °C. Liquid + vapor + halite (type II) inclusions behave similarly but have higher Tm ice (−27.2 to −21.7 °C) and Tm halite (105–203 °C). Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of fluid-inclusion-derived decrepitates indicate that the solutes consist of NaCl > CaCl2 [Formula: see text] KCl and are consistent with the low-temperature phase observations in that they define two distinct populations based on CaCl2/(CaCl2 + NaCl) ratios.The temperatures and compositional trends defined by the inclusion results are similar to those documented for basinal brines and from fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley type ore deposits. The Thunder Bay veins cross the basal unconformity of the Middle Proterozoic Sibley basin and extend into Archean basement granites, such that the fluid inclusions results provide direct evidence that basinal waters infiltrated basement rock in western Ontario. The inclusion fluids and associated mineralization are thought to result either from dewatering of the Sibley basin during Keweenaw age rifting or from the introduction of exotic Paleozoic basinal waters when the Michigan basin extended over the region.
29

Kim, Woo-Jin, Dong-Wha Kum, and Ha-Guk Jeong. "Interface structure and solute segregation behavior in SiC/2124 and SiC/6061 Al composites exhibiting high-strain-rate superplasticity." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 8 (August 2001): 2429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0333.

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Interface structure and solute-segregation behavior in the high-strain-rate superplastic SiCp/2124 and SiCp/6061 Al composites were investigated. Evidence for interfacial reaction between reinforcement and Al matrix, which was evident in the superplastic Si3N4p,w/2124 Al and Si3N4p,w/6061 Al composites, could not be detected in the current SiC-reinforced Al composites. Instead, strong solute segregation was observed at SiC/Al interfaces. Extensive formation of whiskerlike fibers was observed at the fractured surface of tensile samples above the critical temperature where particle weakening began to be seen. These results suggest that partial melting occurs at the solute-enriched region near SiC interfaces and is responsible for the particle weakening. The absence of reaction phase in the SiC-reinforced composite may explain why no endothermic peak for partial melting appears in its differential scanning calorimetry curve and why its optimum temperature for superplasticity is generally higher than that of the Si3N4-reinforced composite.
30

Mali, K. S., G. B. Dutt, R. Ganguly, and T. Mukherjee. "Effect of “inverse melting transition” of aqueous triblock copolymer solutions on solute rotational dynamics." Journal of Chemical Physics 123, no. 14 (October 8, 2005): 144913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2056550.

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31

Maeshima, Takashi, and Keiichiro Oh-ishi. "Solute clustering and supersaturated solid solution of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting." Heliyon 5, no. 2 (February 2019): e01186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01186.

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32

HARRINGTON, ROBERT F., ROGER C. BALES, and PATRICK WAGNON. "VARIABILITY OF MELTWATER AND SOLUTE FLUXES FROM HOMOGENEOUS MELTING SNOW AT THE LABORATORY SCALE." Hydrological Processes 10, no. 7 (July 1996): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199607)10:7<945::aid-hyp349>3.0.co;2-s.

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33

Wu, Yu, Fu Sheng Pan, Bin Jiang, Xiao Ke Li, and Qi Tao Fu. "Solute Distribution and Segregation during Solidification of Mg-6Al Alloys." Materials Science Forum 686 (June 2011): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.686.310.

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Solute distribution and segregation in solidification will largely influence the characteristics of solidification microstructure and precipitation order of the second phase. In this paper, the solid-liquid interfaces of Mg-6Al alloy with different temperature were obtained by rapid quenching based on a special melting furnace and were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction spectrum and Thermo-Calc calculation tool. It was found that the primary α-Mg phase grew through cystiform dendrite interface. The solute partition coefficient and dendrite segregation rate for Al in the solid phase of Mg-6Al alloy basically had little change with decrease of the temperature. The dendrite become fine, and the solute partition coefficient decreased, while dendrite segregation rate of Al in the dendrite boundaries increased, because of the addition of Zn to Mg-6Al alloys.
34

Idrus-Saidi, Shuhada A., Jianbo Tang, Stephanie Lambie, Jialuo Han, Mohannad Mayyas, Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Francois-Marie Allioux, et al. "Liquid metal synthesis solvents for metallic crystals." Science 378, no. 6624 (December 9, 2022): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm2731.

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In nature, snowflake ice crystals arrange themselves into diverse symmetrical six-sided structures. We show an analogy of this when zinc (Zn) dissolves and crystallizes in liquid gallium (Ga). The low-melting-temperature Ga is used as a “metallic solvent” to synthesize a range of flake-like Zn crystals. We extract these metallic crystals from the liquid metal solvent by reducing its surface tension using a combination of electrocapillary modulation and vacuum filtration. The liquid metal–grown crystals feature high morphological diversity and persistent symmetry. The concept is expanded to other single and binary metal solutes and Ga-based solvents, with the growth mechanisms elucidated through ab initio simulation of interfacial stability. This strategy offers general routes for creating highly crystalline, shape-controlled metallic or multimetallic fine structures from liquid metal solvents.
35

Zobrist, B., C. Marcolli, D. A. Pedernera, and T. Koop. "Do atmospheric aerosols form glasses?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 22, 2008): 9263–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-9263-2008.

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Abstract. A new process is presented by which water-soluble organics might influence ice nucleation, ice growth, chemical reactions and water uptake of aerosols in the upper troposphere: the formation of glassy aerosol particles. Glasses are disordered amorphous (non-crystalline) solids that form when a liquid is cooled without crystallization until the viscosity increases exponentially and molecular diffusion practically ceases. The glass transition temperatures, Tg, homogeneous ice nucleation temperatures, Thom, and ice melting temperatures, Tm, of various aqueous inorganic, organic and multi-component solutions are investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. The investigated solutes are: various polyols, glucose, raffinose, levoglucosan, an aromatic compound, sulfuric acid, ammonium bisulphate and mixtures of dicarboxylic acids (M5), of dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulphate (M5AS), of two polyols, of glucose and ammonium nitrate, and of raffinose and M5AS. The results indicate that aqueous solutions of the investigated inorganic solutes show Tg-values that are too low to be of atmospheric importance. In contrast, aqueous organic and multi-component solutions readily form glasses at low but atmospherically relevant temperatures (≤230 K). To apply the laboratory data to the atmospheric situation, the measured phase transition temperatures were transformed from a concentration to a water activity scale by extrapolating water activities determined between 252 K and 313 K to lower temperatures. The obtained state diagrams reveal that the higher the molar mass of the aqueous organic or multi-component solutes, the higher Tg of their respective solutions at a given water activity. To a lesser extent, Tg also depends on the hydrophilicity of the organic solutes. Therefore, aerosol particles containing larger and more hydrophobic organic molecules (≳150 g mol-1) are more likely to form glasses at intermediate to high relative humidities in the upper troposphere. Our results suggest that the water uptake of aerosols, heterogeneous chemical reactions in aerosol particles, as well as ice nucleation and ice crystal growth can be significantly impeded or even completely inhibited in organic-enriched aerosols at upper tropospheric temperatures with implications for cirrus cloud formation and upper tropospheric relative humidity.
36

Zobrist, B., C. Marcolli, D. A. Pedernera, and T. Koop. "Do atmospheric aerosols form glasses?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 17 (September 3, 2008): 5221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5221-2008.

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Abstract. A new process is presented by which water soluble organics might influence ice nucleation, ice growth, chemical reactions and water uptake of aerosols in the upper troposphere: the formation of glassy aerosol particles. Glasses are disordered amorphous (non-crystalline) solids that form when a liquid is cooled without crystallization until the viscosity increases exponentially and molecular diffusion practically ceases. The glass transition temperatures, Tg, homogeneous ice nucleation temperatures, Thom, and ice melting temperatures, Tm, of various aqueous inorganic, organic and multi-component solutions are investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. The investigated solutes are: various polyols, glucose, raffinose, levoglucosan, an aromatic compound, sulfuric acid, ammonium bisulfate and mixtures of dicarboxylic acids (M5), of dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulfate (M5AS), of two polyols, of glucose and ammonium nitrate, and of raffinose and M5AS. The results indicate that aqueous solutions of the investigated inorganic solutes show Tg values that are too low to be of atmospheric importance. In contrast, aqueous organic and multi-component solutions readily form glasses at low but atmospherically relevant temperatures (≤230 K). To apply the laboratory data to the atmospheric situation, the measured phase transition temperatures were transformed from a concentration to a water activity scale by extrapolating water activities determined between 252 K and 313 K to lower temperatures. The obtained state diagrams reveal that the higher the molar mass of the aqueous organic or multi-component solutes, the higher Tg of their respective solutions at a given water activity. To a lesser extent, Tg also depends on the hydrophilicity of the organic solutes. Therefore, aerosol particles containing larger (≳150 g mol−1) and more hydrophobic organic molecules are more likely to form glasses at intermediate to high relative humidities in the upper troposphere. Our results suggest that the water uptake of aerosols, heterogeneous chemical reactions in aerosol particles, as well as ice nucleation and ice crystal growth can be significantly impeded or even completely inhibited in organic-enriched aerosols at upper tropospheric temperatures with implications for cirrus cloud formation and upper tropospheric relative humidity.
37

Divinski, Sergiy V., and Christian Herzig. "Solute Segregation Studied by Grain Boundary Diffusion." Defect and Diffusion Forum 237-240 (April 2005): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.237-240.499.

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Diffusion of 64Cu, 59Fe, and 63Ni radiotracers has been measured in Cu–Fe–Ni alloys of different compositions at 1271 K. The measured penetration profiles reveal grain boundary-induced part along with the volume diffusion one. Correction on grain boundary diffusion was taken into account when determining the volume diffusivities of the components. When the Cu content in the alloys increases, the diffusivities increase by order of magnitude. This behaviour correlates well with decreasing of the melting temperature of corresponding alloys, as the Cu content increases. Modelling of interdiffusion in the Cu–Fe–Ni system based on Danielewski-Holly model of interdiffusion is presented. In this model (extended Darken method for multi-component systems) a postulate that the total mass flow is a sum of the diffusion and the drift flows was applied for the description of interdiffusion in the closed system. Nernst-Planck’s flux formula assuming a chemical potential gradient as a driving force for the mass transport was used for computing the diffusion flux in non-ideal multi-component systems. In computations of the diffusion profiles the measured tracer diffusion coefficients of Cu, Fe and Ni as well as the literature data on thermodynamic activities for the Cu–Fe–Ni system were used. The calculated interdiffusion concentration profiles (diffusion paths) reveal satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.
38

Mochizuki, Kenji, and Masakazu Matsumoto. "Collective Transformation of Water between Hyperactive Antifreeze Proteins: RiAFPs." Crystals 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9040188.

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We demonstrate, by molecular dynamics simulations, that water confined between a pair of insect hyperactive antifreeze proteins from the longhorn beetle Rhagium inquisitor is discontinuously expelled as the two proteins approach each other at a certain distance. The extensive striped hydrophobic–hydrophilic pattern on the surface, comprising arrays of threonine residues, enables water to form three independent ice channels through the assistance of hydroxyl groups, even at 300 K. The transformation is reminiscent of a freezing–melting transition rather than a drying transition and governs the stable protein–protein separation in the evaluation of the potential of mean force. The collectivity of water penetration or expulsion and the hysteresis in the time scale of ten nanoseconds predict a potential first-order phase transition at the limit of infinite size and provide a new framework for the water-mediated interaction between solutes.
39

Mackey, Terrence M., and Thomas F. Kelly. "A Study of Solute Trapping During Rapid Solidification of Binary Alloys." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117352.

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BACKGROUNDThe very high crystal growth rates which can be produced during pulsed-laser melting provide the opportunity to study non-equilibrium solidification effects under well-defined experimental conditions. In particular, incorporation of solute into the growing crystal in excess of equilibrium solubilities may be achieved. This solute trapping may be pronounced at the highest crystal growth rates and may lead to the absence of microsegregation in non-planar solidification fronts.Crystal/liquid interface kinetics have been treated by considering the diffusive motion of atoms in the liquid. In this treatment, the crystal growth speed can never exceed the maximum diffusive speed of solute in the liquid, hence solute trapping is not possible. More recently, the collision-limited growth model indicates that for metallic and other simple molecular systems, the speed of sound in the liquid should be the upper limit to crystal growth rates. Consequently, in this latter model of solidification, the crystal growth rate can greatly exceed the maximum solute diffusive speed and solute trapping is possible.
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Wołczyński, W. "Inverse Model for the Solute Micro-Field Formation during Self-Propagating High Temperature Reaction." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0019.

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AbstractA new thermodynamic description for the self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS - reaction) is presented in the “inverse” version. This description is worked out for the diffusion barrier, thickness of which is at the limit, i.e. its value is infinitesimally small. The solution to the diffusion equation delivered in the description can be easily extended for the diffusion barrier of a greater thickness. The Ni/Al multi-layers system is treated as a virtual eutectic alloy solidifying with the rate equal to that involved by the self-propagating reaction. It is suggested to inverse the curves obtained for solidification in order to characterize the melting completed by the formation of the AlNi - intermetallic phase required in the self-propagating synthesis.
41

Turkeli, Altan, and David H. Kirkwood. "The Effect of Temperature Gradient Zone Melting on Solute Profile during Solidification of 0.8 % C Steel." Materials Science Forum 215-216 (June 1996): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.215-216.149.

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42

Yang, Yaohua, Ruirun Chen, Qi Wang, Jingjie Guo, Yanqing Su, Hongsheng Ding, and Hengzhi Fu. "Dominant dimensionless parameters controlling solute transfer during electromagnetic cold crucible melting and directional solidifying TiAl alloys." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 90 (January 2018): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.10.013.

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43

Luo, Guoyun, Hui Xiao, Simeng Li, Cunshan Wang, Qiang Zhu, and Lijun Song. "Quasi-continuous-wave laser surface melting of aluminium alloy: Precipitate morphology, solute segregation and corrosion resistance." Corrosion Science 152 (May 2019): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.01.035.

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McQueen, H. J. "Failure at Elevated Temperatures: Influence of Dynamic Restoration." Materials Science Forum 604-605 (October 2008): 285–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.604-605.285.

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Inherent failure mechanisms at elevated temperature are primarily wedge crack growth at triple junctions arising from differential grain boundary (GB) sliding at higher stresses and pore formation on sliding boundaries due to vacancy diffusion at lower stresses and higher T. The behaviours of these mechanisms have been ascertained in creep where they can be studied over long periods. They continue to operate in hot working although their effects per unit strain have been reduced by decrease in fractional contribution of GB sliding. Dynamic recovery (DRV) significantly develops a stable substructure that strongly mitigates stress concentration. In alloys of austenitic steel, Ni and Cu, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) aids DRV in reducing stress concentrations and the migrating GB isolate fissures so they cannot propagate. Solutes and precipitates generally reduce ductility by diminishing DRV and DRX. Large particles and inclusions, notably on GB, introduce new sources of fissure nucleation, lowering ductility; solidification segregation and low melting constituents, especially if they spread along the GB, create severe problems.
45

Krasin, V., and S. Soyustova. "An Analysis of the Solute Interactions in Multicomponent Metallic Solution to Study the Liquid Metal Corrosion Mechanisms in Sodium." Materials Science Forum 1083 (April 6, 2023): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-7xr5x4.

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It is demonstrated that using the mathematical formalism of the interaction parameters for multicomponent metallic solution, it is possible to predict mass transfer in a system consisting of two dissimilar metals separated by low-melting one containing non-metallic impurities. The calculation of the interaction parameters in three-and four-component systems was carried out using the equations of the coordination-cluster model. Comparison between theory and data reported in the literature for corrosion in sodium loop led to the conclusion about the most probable mechanism of the influence of the oxygen impurity content on the corrosion rate of iron under non-isothermal conditions.
46

Christoffersen, Poul, and Slawek Tulaczyk. "Thermodynamics of basal freeze-on: predicting basal and subglacial signatures of stopped ice streams and interstream ridges." Annals of Glaciology 36 (2003): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756403781816211.

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AbstractWe have constructed a numerical model that simulates the response of subglacial sediments to basal freeze-on. The model is set up to emulate the basal zone of drilling sites in the Ross Sea sector of the West Antarctic ice sheet. We treat basal freeze-on at an ice–sediment interface as a thermodynamic process that couples the flow of water, heat and solutes in unfrozen subglacial sediments underlying a freezing ice base. The coupling of these flows occurs through the Clapeyron equation, which specifies the dependence of the basal freezing/melting temperature on ice pressure, water pressure, solute concentration and surface tension effects. Thermally driven water flow is induced when an ice base becomes supercooled below the pressure-melting point because ice–water surface tension inhibits ice growth in small pore spaces of fine-grained subglacial sediments. Our model results show that basal freeze-on is capable of inducing considerable changes in the basal zone of both ice streams and interstream ridges. These changes are associated with specific signatures that compare with borehole observations and geophysical surveys. Water-pressure levels are reduced, and thick layers of debris-laden basal ice develop. These basal ice layers and underlying sediments contain a distinct isotopic signal. The predicted stable-isotope ratios reflect Rayleigh-type isotopic fractionation whose significance increases with increasing freezing rates. Supercooling of the ice base induces also measurable changes in the ice-temperature profile of the glacier. Till porosity represents another quantity whose evolution is influenced strongly by basal freeze-on. In particular, measurements of vertical porosity distribution beneath stopped ice streams could be used to back-calculatethe timing of the onset of basal freezing. Our model results show that the basal zone of ice streams and interstream ridges responds sensitively to changes in basal melting/freezing rates. This sensitivity may allow reconstruction of past conditions beneath ice streams and interstream ridges from measurements made on basal ice samples and subglacial sediment samples. Our model results also indicate that meltwater from fast-flowing ice streams may be driven towards the freezing ice base of interstream ridges.
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Kaul, Michael J., Diab Qadah, Victoria Mandella, and Mark L. Dietz. "Systematic evaluation of hydrophobic deep-melting eutectics as alternative solvents for the extraction of organic solutes from aqueous solution." RSC Advances 9, no. 28 (2019): 15798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01596e.

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48

Nettuwakul, Choochai, Nunghathai Sawasdee, and Pa-thai Yenchitsomanus. "Rapid detection of solute carrier family 4, member 1 (SLC4A1) mutations and polymorphisms by high-resolution melting analysis." Clinical Biochemistry 43, no. 4-5 (March 2010): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.12.010.

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Jen, Tien-Chien, Yuning Jiao, and Thomas Hwang. "A Parametric Study of Solute Redistribution During Transient Liquid Phase Diffusion Bonding Process." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 7, no. 6 (2001): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x01000331.

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A parametric study is performed to investigate the solute redistribution during the transient liquid phase (TLP) diffusion bonding process. The macroscopic solute diffusion in the liquid and the solid phase, as well as the solid transformation to the liquid due to solute macrosegregation, are considered in this study. The effects of the following parameters are considered: ratio of solute diffusivity in liquid and solid state alloy(ξ=Dl/Ds), holding temperatures(θ), a combined parameter related to solidus and liquidus slopes in the phase diagram(ϕ), and the re-melting and re-solidification time(τ). The thickness of the pure liquid zone and the mushy zone of the TLP diffusion bonding process are demonstrated with respect to the above-mentioned parameters. It is shown numerically that the holding time, the holding temperature, and solute diffusivity ratio influence the solute distribution strongly, which in turn influences the liquid zone and mushy zone thickness significantly. It is concluded that for the TLP diffusion bonding process, the optimal technique parameters are high holding temperature, long holding time, and a large liquidus and solidus temperature slope ratio(ml/ms)of the interlayer material.
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Elgammal, Ramez A., Shane Foister, and Thomas A. Zawodzinski. "Unusual Cation-Pi Solute Interactions with Deep Eutectic Solvents." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461727mtgabs.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as an alternative to both common organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs). DESs share physicochemical properties with ILs such as low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, high viscosity while offering advantages such as low toxicity, lower cost, and ease of preparation. Moreover, DESs are attractive candidates for electrochemical applications due to their large voltage windows and solubility properties. DESs as a solvent class share a general composition of a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), typically a polyol, amide, or acid, and a hydrogen box acceptor (HBA), usually a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt. At a specific molar composition of a HBD and HBD, the DES forms a eutectic mixture resulting in a large melting point depression due to extensive hydrogen bonding between the components. Despite being widely studied, the use and subsequent characterization of DESs as solvents for aromatic phenols and related aromatics has only recently received attention. In this study we have investigated the solubility of a broad class of aromatic solutes as a function of DES composition and solute concentration using 1H, 13C, pulsed field gradient (PFG), and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) NMR. The degree to which homogenous mixtures versus heterogeneous and/or multi-phase systems are formed as a function of solute, temperature, and DES composition is examined. Two classes of DESs glyceline (glycerol + choline chloride) and ethaline (ethylene glycol + choline chloride) were investigated. As many as three distinct phases depending on the nature of the aromatic solute are observed by NMR. {1H-1H}-NOESY measurements show strong correlations between the choline chloride ammonium cation and the aryl protons with cation-pi interactions disrupting the hydrogen bonding network of the DES. We will discuss the implications for these systems as green solvents and comment on how clustering of solutes on the nanoscale may find use in catalysis and self-assembly.

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