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Journal articles on the topic 'Soluble lead redox flow battery'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Shittu, Emmanuel, Rathod Suman, Musuwathi Krishnamoorthy Ravikumar, Ashok Kumar Shukla, Guangling Zhao, Satish Patil, and Jenny Baker. "Life cycle assessment of soluble lead redox flow battery." Journal of Cleaner Production 337 (February 2022): 130503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130503.

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2

An, Sang-Yong, and Eung-Jin Kim. "Characteristics of Redox Flow Battery Using the Soluble Lead Electrolyte." Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society 14, no. 4 (November 30, 2011): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5229/jkes.2011.14.4.214.

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3

Nandanwar, Mahendra, and Sanjeev Kumar. "Charge coup de fouet phenomenon in soluble lead redox flow battery." Chemical Engineering Science 154 (November 2016): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.07.001.

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4

Jaiswal, Nandini, Harun Khan, and R. Kothandaraman. "Review—Recent Developments and Challenges in Membrane-Less Soluble Lead Redox Flow Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 040543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac662a.

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Soluble lead redox flow battery (SLEFB) is attractive for its undivided cell configuration over other flow battery chemistries, which require an expensive membrane/separator. In the SLRFB, lead metal and lead dioxide are plated on the negative and positive electrodes from a single electrolyte reservoir containing soluble lead(II) species. Although the membrane-less cell configuration bestows SLRFB cost-effectiveness over other flow batteries, there are challenges associated with the plating of PbO2, Pb dendrite formation and the presence of parasitic reactions. This review mainly focuses on the present status and major challenges of the SLRFB. The solutions to prevent the dendritic growth of Pb metal, accelerate the redox kinetics of Pb2+/PbO2 redox couple, and suppress the oxygen evolution at cathode have been discussed in detail. The role of electrolyte concentration, electrolyte additives, current density, charging time and temperature on the phase change and surface morphology of the PbO2 electrodeposit has been extensively reviewed. Besides, the modification to the electrolyte in terms of the additive chemistry improving the electrochemical performance and cycle life of SLRFB has been discussed in this review. Finally, the aspects of cell design on improving the performance at a lab-scale as well as stack level are highlighted.

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5

Rathod, Suman, Nandini Jaiswal, M. K. Ravikumar, Satish Patil, and Ashok Shukla. "Effect of binary additives on performance of the undivided soluble-lead-redox-flow battery." Electrochimica Acta 365 (January 2021): 137361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137361.

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6

Nandanwar, Mahendra N., Kottu Santosh Kumar, S. S. Srinivas, and D. M. Dinesh. "Pump-less, free-convection-driven redox flow batteries: Modelling, simulation, and experimental demonstration for the soluble lead redox flow battery." Journal of Power Sources 454 (April 2020): 227918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227918.

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7

Nandanwar, Mahendra, and Sanjeev Kumar. "A modelling and simulation study of soluble lead redox flow battery: Effect of presence of free convection on the battery characteristics." Journal of Power Sources 412 (February 2019): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.070.

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8

Sarigamala, Karthik Kiran, Yu-Hsiu Lin, Kai Rui Pan, and Hsun-Yi Chen. "Life span enhancement of low cost soluble-lead-redox-flow battery using high performance meso-graphite spherules/AC anode." Journal of Energy Storage 70 (October 2023): 107957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107957.

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9

BANERJEE, A., D. SAHA, T. N. GURU Row, and A. K. SHUKLA. "A soluble-lead redox flow battery with corrugated graphite sheet and reticulated vitreous carbon as positive and negative current collectors." Bulletin of Materials Science 36, no. 1 (February 2013): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-013-0426-7.

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10

Nandanwar, Mahendra N. "Effect of porous nature of anode on the performance of the soluble lead redox flow battery: A modeling and simulation study." Journal of Power Sources 571 (July 2023): 233029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233029.

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11

Romadina, Elena, and Keith J. Stevenson. "(Digital Presentation) Novel Organic Materials for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Implementation of Triarylamine and Phenazine Core Structures." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (July 7, 2022): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482039mtgabs.

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The rapid growth of the role of renewable energy sources dictates new requirements for the efficiency, stability and scales of electrochemical energy storage devices for stationary applications [1]. Among the storage systems, redox flow batteries (RFBs) are regarded as a promising technology, since their advantages of excellent scalability, low cost, easy fabrication and operation, long lifetime, and safety. Today inorganic RFBs are penetrating the market, however, low specific capacity in conjunction with low electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes (≈1.5 V) and safety issues, hinders their wide-scale commercialization. [2]. Replacing the inorganic materials with environment-friendly organic redox-active molecules may solve the capacity problems and safety issues. Moreover, the application of non-aqueous electrolytes provides a wide electrochemical stability window (e.g., up to 5 V for acetonitrile) enabling high-voltage batteries with increased energy density [3]. Within the framework of the current project, we implemented a comprehensive study for a large group of novel highly soluble organic materials based on aromatic amines with general formulas of NPh3RnBrm (M1-M4) and N2Ph5RnBrm (M5-M7) where R=-(OCH2CH2)2-OCH3 (Fig. 1a). All the compounds demonstrated high solubility in MeCN (from >2.2 M up to complete miscibility), which can potentially enable outstanding specific capacities of organic RFBs approaching 134 Ah L-1 [4]. Compounds demonstrated one or two quasi-reversible electron transition processes with redox potential up to 0.6 V vs. Ag/AgNO3 electrode, which makes them perspective for the investigation in the RFBs as catholyte materials. For the RFB investigation butylviologen perchlorate (-0.75V vs. Ag/AgNO3, ~1.15 V battery voltage) was chosen as the redox pair (Fig. 1b, d). On the first step, the selection of the most appropriate electrolyte was performed: it was shown that the usage of electrolytes that contained lithium cations (Li+) and hexafluorophosphate anions (PF6 -) leads to fast decreasing of all the parameters of the RFBs, whereas the usage of the tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4) and NaClO4 produces the stable characteristics (Fig. 1e). Final RFB tests proved that the most promising systems are capable to exhibit 65% of maximum capacities and more than 95% coulombic efficiency after 50 cycles [4] (Fig. 1f). In the next step, we focused on the creation of low-voltage anolyte material: thus, we synthesized and investigated novel phenazine derivative with oligomeric ethylene glycol ether substituents as promising anolyte material for non-aqueous organic RFBs (Fig. 1c) [5]. The designed compound undergoes a reversible and stable reduction at -1.72 V vs. Ag/AgNO3 and demonstrates excellent (>2.5 M) solubility in MeCN. A non-aqueous organic redox flow battery assembled using novel phenazine derivative as anolyte and substituted triarylamine derivative as a catholyte exhibited high specific capacity (~93% from the theoretical value), >95% coulombic efficiency, 65% utilization of active materials and good charge-discharge cycling stability (Fig. 1g). To summarize, triarylamine-based and phenazine-based materials establish themselves attractive for future research: obtained redox potentials, high solubility, fast diffusion and kinetics opens promising future directions for their usage as organic cathodic and anodic materials for non-aqueous RFBs. References [1] Panwar N., Kaushik, S., Kothari S. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011, 15 (3), 1513-1524. [2] Placke T., Heckmann A., Schmuch, R., Meister P., Beltrop K., Winter, M. Joule 2018, 2 (12), 2528-2550. [3] Elgrishi N., Rountree K., McCarthy B., Rountree E., Eisenhart T., Dempsey J. J. Chem. Educ. 2018, 95 (2), 197-206 [4] (a) Romadina E., Volodin I., Stevenson K., Troshin P. JMC-A, 2021, 9, 8303-8307; (b) Romadina E., Troshin P., Stevenson K., Patent RU 2 752 762 C1 “Highly soluble triphenylamine-based catholyte and electrochemical current source based on it” [5] Romadina E., Komarov D., Stevenson K., Troshin P. ChemComm, 2021, 57, (24), 2986-2989 Acknowledgements Romadina Elena acknowledges the support provided by Haldor Topsøe A/S Scholarship 2021. Figure 1

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12

Claus, Ana, Alexandra Berkova, Osama Awadallah, and Bilal El-Zahab. "Seawater Battery: Strategies to Enable High Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642330mtgabs.

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Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and tide energy have been implemented to decrease air pollution due to common fossil fuel-generated electricity [1]. However, those systems are intermittent; creating the need for an energy storage system (ESS) that stores over-generated energy for later use and effectively matches the power fluctuation generated because of the sporadic demand throughout the day [2]. A possible solution to this problem is to couple renewable sources with rechargeable batteries. The most widespread electrochemical battery in the market is Lithium-ion, owing to its high energy density and lifetime and capability to resist frequent changes in charging-discharging rates [3]. Nevertheless, the current battery industry already requires 50% of the world's available lithium [4]. Foremost, lithium-ion battery is composed of critical metals such as cobalt, nickel, and manganese. The anticipated growing demand for these metals will lead to their scarcity [5]. Therefore, this study aims to develop strategy to enable a sodium-ion battery based on soluble seawater sodium and address the electrochemical and engineering problems. Seawater batteries have an open cathode compartment that can utilizes Na+ infinite source in the ocean as the active material [6]. There are three main components in this open structure seawater battery design. First is the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte facilitating the sodium ions transfer and deposition on the anode compartment [7-8]. Subsequently, the solid-state electrolyte (SSE) enables the flow of sodium ions from the sweater cathode to the anode which is typically copper current collector [9]. Lastly, a current collector that provides reaction sites for cathode reactions that could be made of carbon-based materials, such as carbon paper, carbon felt, or carbon cloth [10]. The Solid-state electrolyte is the component that requires the most attention. It must have high ionic conductivity to increase sodium-ions transfers and maintain good mechanical and physical properties as it represents the interface between cathode and anode, preventing the water from penetrating the anode compartment and short-circuiting the cell. To increase its ionic conductivity, it is necessary to reduce its thickness as much as possible. Through the palletization and sintering process, a ceramic SSE was fabricated with a thickness of ~ 250 µm and ionic conductivity of 0.62 mS/cm. Subsequently, symmetric cells (Na||SSE||Cu) were assembled to further test the pellet's performance. Cells that were tested under continuous charge/discharge cycling for 360 cycles showed stable charge capacity and high Coulombic efficiency (> 95%). Performance of full cells using seawater at the cathode was also demonstrated. Addressing various issues such as water permeation through the SSE, electrode corrosion, Na deactivation in the anode, and catalytic activity of the carbon cathodes are also investigated. Figure 1. Charge/discharge profile of a symmetric Na||SSE||Cu cell at a current density of 0.10 mA/cm2. References: [1] Hussain, Akhtar, et al. “Emerging Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies: State of the Art.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Pergamon, 8 Jan. 2017, [2] CAISO, 2016. Fast Facts: What the Duck Curve Tells Us about Managing a Green Grid. https://www.caiso.com/Documents/FlexibleResourcesHelpRenewables_FastFacts.pdf [3] Schmuch, R., Wagner, R., Hörpel, G. et al. Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries. Nat Energy 3, 267–278, 2018. [4] Vaalma, C., Buchholz, D., Weil, M. et al. A cost and resource analysis of sodium-ion batteries. Nat Rev Mater 3, 18013 (2018). [5] Prior, Timothy, et al. “Sustainable Governance of Scarce Metals: The Case of Lithium.” Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 12 June 2013, [6] Hwang, S. M., Park, J.-S., Kim, Y., Go, W., Han, J., Kim, Y., Kim, Y. “Rechargeable Seawater Batteries—From Concept to Applications” Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1804936. [7] S. Lee, I. Y. Cho, D. Kim, N. K. Park, J. Park, Y. Kim, S. J. Kang, Y. Kim, S. Y. Hong, “Redox-Active Functional Electrolyte for High-Performance Seawater Batteries” ChemSusChem 2020, 13, 2220. [8] Kim, Y., Kim, G.-T., Jeong, S., Dou, X., Geng, C., Kim, Y., & Passerini, S. (2018, April 26). Large-scale stationary energy storage: Seawater batteries with high rate and reversible performance. Energy Storage Materials. [9] Wang, Yumei, et al. “Development of Solid-State Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Battery–A Short Review.” Nano Materials Science, Elsevier, 21 Mar. 2019, [10] Park, Jehee, et al. “Hybridization of Cathode Electrochemistry in a Rechargeable Seawater Battery: Toward Performance Enhancement.” Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier, 18 Dec. 2019. Figure 1

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13

Gong, Ke, Fei Xu, Jonathan B. Grunewald, Xiaoya Ma, Yun Zhao, Shuang Gu, and Yushan Yan. "All-Soluble All-Iron Aqueous Redox-Flow Battery." ACS Energy Letters 1, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00049.

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14

Krishna, M., R. G. A. Wills, A. A. Shah, D. Hall, and J. Collins. "The separator-divided soluble lead flow battery." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 48, no. 9 (July 7, 2018): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-018-1230-2.

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15

Koenig, Gary, Devanshi Gupta, Jing Wang, and Yuxuan Zhang. "Assessing Mediated Redox Flow Battery Reaction Progression." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024549mtgabs.

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One potential next generation battery system is mediated redox flow batteries (RFBs). With mediated RFBs, soluble electroactive species (redox shuttles) deliver power via electrochemical reactions in a flow-through stack reactor much like a conventional RFB. However, the redox shuttles then undergo chemical redox in a coupled chemical reactor system with solid electroactive materials. The use of solid electroactive material for chemical energy storage results in substantial increases in volumetric energy density for the system. Mediated RFBs with different configurations for the chemical redox reactor have previously been reported. In this work, a packed bed reactor system will be described, where the impact of varying different experimental parameters on the chemical redox progression will be highlighted. Generally, the progression of the chemical redox can be tracked in the lab by taking advantage of electrochemical analytical techniques. However, additional assessment of the reaction progression using neutron imaging will also be discussed. Neutron imaging offered a unique opportunity to access the spatial progression of the chemical redox in the packed bed reactor. The combination of techniques for assessing the chemical redox progression provides insights into the limiting processes in the reactor systems.

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16

Wills, R. G. A., J. Collins, D. Stratton-Campbell, C. T. J. Low, D. Pletcher, and Frank C. Walsh. "Developments in the soluble lead-acid flow battery." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 40, no. 5 (March 1, 2009): 955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9815-4.

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17

Wang, Hao, Sayed Youssef Sayed, Yuqiao Zhou, Brian C. Olsen, Erik J. Luber, and Jillian M. Buriak. "Water-soluble pH-switchable cobalt complexes for aqueous symmetric redox flow batteries." Chemical Communications 56, no. 25 (2020): 3605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00383b.

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18

Ziegler, Christopher J. "(Keynote) Zwitterionic Ferrocenes As Redox Flow Battery Components." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (July 7, 2022): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482021mtgabs.

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Ferrocenes play increasingly important roles as cathodic components in redox flow battery designs. Peripheral functionalization has become an key tool in the development of ferrocenes as catholytes, as they can impart significant aqueous solubility. In this talk, two new aqueous soluble ferrocene compounds will be introduced that have zwitterionic functional groups pendant to the cyclopentadienyl ring. These compounds can be produced in one step from commercially available reagents and exhibit good stability and reversible electrochemistry in aqueous solution. We tested two such compounds in redox flow battery devices, and both exhibit superior performance characteristics. Notably, there is an observable difference in stability which corresponds to the length of the aliphatic chain between the cationic and anionic units, and we interrogated the factors behind this difference using computational methods.

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19

Suman, Rathod, Satya Prakash Yadav, M. K. Ravikumar, Satish Patil, and A. K. Shukla. "Developing Shunt-Current Minimized Soluble-Lead-Redox-Flow-Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac436c.

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Shunt currents in membrane-less soluble-lead-redox-flow-batteries (SLRFB) are observed in open-circuit condition and found to depend on size of the stack, manifolds, flow rates and charge/discharge parameters. Ramifications of shunt currents on the performance of membrane-less SLRFB stacks with internal and external manifolds are reported. In the case of stacks with 3, 5 and 7-cells and internal manifold design, the charge current for the middle cell decreases by 3.3%, 6%, and 8.5%, while the discharge current increases by 2.6%, 5.5%, and 6.6%, respectively, for 3 A charge/discharge current. By contrast, no such adverse effect is observed for external manifold design. The current—potential studies show that while the stacks comprising 3 and 5-cells deliver a maximum power density of 35 mW cm−2, which declines to 15 mW cm−2 for the 7-cell stack with internal manifold design, while the power density remains invariant at 50 mW cm−2 for stacks with external manifold design. An 8-cell stack of 12 V, 50 mAh/cm2 specific capacity and 273 Wh energy storage capacity with 64% energy efficiency is also reported which shows good cyclability over 100 cycles with 95% coulombic efficiency when cycled at 20 mA cm−2 current density for 1 h duration.

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20

Wang, Wei. "(Invited) Accelerating Material Design for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461701mtgabs.

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Aqueous soluble organic (ASO) redox-active materials have recently shown great promise as alternatives to transition metal ions to be employed as energy-bearing active materials in redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage because of their structural tunability, cost-effectiveness, availability, and safety features. Development so far however has been limited to a small palette of organics that are aqueous soluble. How to quickly identify and design organic molecules for the targeted properties became a critical challenge in accelerating the aqueous organic flow battery development. In this presentation, a data-driven material design process is discussed. This process incorporates database building, machine learning modeling for properties prediction, and the subsequent material synthesis and testing. Examples including Fluorenone and Phenizane derivative development for the flow battery application will be discussed.

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21

Wang, Wei. "(Invited) Accelerating Material Design for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013487mtgabs.

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Aqueous soluble organic (ASO) redox-active materials have recently shown great promise as alternatives to transition metal ions to be employed as energy-bearing active materials in redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage because of their structural tunability, cost-effectiveness, availability, and safety features. Development so far however has been limited to a small palette of organics that are aqueous soluble. How to quickly identify and design organic molecules for the targeted properties became a critical challenge in accelerating the aqueous organic flow battery development. In this presentation, a data-driven material design process is discussed. This process incorporates database building, machine learning modeling for properties prediction, and the subsequent material synthesis and testing. Examples including Fluorenone and Phenizane derivative development for the flow battery application will be discussed. Reference: Feng et al., Science 372, 836–840 (2021)

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22

Stracensky, Thomas, Sandip Maurya, Rangachary Mukundan, and Sanjeev Mukerjee. "Novel Anolyte Redox Active Organic Molecules for Redox Flow Battery Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02147mtgabs.

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Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) offer several advantages over traditional aqueous electrolyte-based redox flow batteries, such as higher cell voltage, potentially higher energy density, and flexible operating temperatures. However, the current aqueous chemistries use toxic metals such as Vanadium and Chromium and highly acidic and oxidative acid mixtures. The efforts to develop metal-ligand based chemistries to tap the benefits of NARFBs have met with mixed success and only V(acac)3 based symmetric NARFBs have shown potential for long term operations. Even so, the solubility of V(acac)3 in non-aqueous solvents is low to compete with their aqueous counterpart. Moreover, modification of V(acac)3 to enhance the solubility has resulted in poor redox cyclability. As a result, recent research trends have shifted from the development of Metal-ligand complexes to small redox-active organic molecules (ROMs), which could provide higher solubility. However, due to the developing field, a few ROMs have been reported as stable electron donors and acceptors in their oxidized and reduced states. Therefore, we have focused on developing highly soluble anolyte materials with stable redox states. This presentation will discuss the design principle, synthesis, and electrochemical analysis of novel anolyte ROMs. The additional information about the kinetics, bulk electrolysis, and the performance in the full cell will also be discussed.

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23

Freeman, Matthew B., Le Wang, Daniel S. Jones, and Christopher M. Bejger. "A cobalt sulfide cluster-based catholyte for aqueous flow battery applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 44 (2018): 21927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05788e.

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24

Dong-Yang, LIU, CHENG Jie, PAN Jun-Qing, WEN Yue-Hua, CAO Gao-Ping, and YANG Yu-Sheng. "All-Lead Redox Flow Battery in a Fluoroboric Acid Electrolyte." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 27, no. 11 (2011): 2571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20111105.

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25

Hazza, Ahmed, Derek Pletcher, and Richard Wills. "A novel flow battery: A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(ii)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6, no. 8 (2004): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b401115e.

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26

Pletcher, Derek, and Richard Wills. "A novel flow battery: A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(ii)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6, no. 8 (2004): 1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b401116c.

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27

Pletcher, Derek, Hantao Zhou, Gareth Kear, C. T. John Low, Frank C. Walsh, and Richard G. A. Wills. "A novel flow battery—A lead-acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(II)." Journal of Power Sources 180, no. 1 (May 2008): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.024.

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Pletcher, Derek, Hantao Zhou, Gareth Kear, C. T. John Low, Frank C. Walsh, and Richard G. A. Wills. "A novel flow battery—A lead-acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(II)." Journal of Power Sources 180, no. 1 (May 2008): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.025.

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29

Pletcher, Derek, and Richard Wills. "A novel flow battery—A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(II)." Journal of Power Sources 149 (September 2005): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.048.

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30

Hazza, Ahmed, Derek Pletcher, and Richard Wills. "A novel flow battery—A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(II)." Journal of Power Sources 149 (September 2005): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.049.

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31

Li, Xiaohong, Derek Pletcher, and Frank C. Walsh. "A novel flow battery: A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(II)." Electrochimica Acta 54, no. 20 (August 2009): 4688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.075.

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32

Shah, A. A., X. Li, R. G. A. Wills, and F. C. Walsh. "A Mathematical Model for the Soluble Lead-Acid Flow Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 5 (2010): A589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3328520.

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33

Schrage, Briana R., Baosen Zhang, Stephen C. Petrochko, Zhiling Zhao, Ariana Frkonja-Kuczin, Aliaksei Boika, and Christopher J. Ziegler. "Highly Soluble Imidazolium Ferrocene Bis(sulfonate) Salts for Redox Flow Battery Applications." Inorganic Chemistry 60, no. 14 (July 2, 2021): 10764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01473.

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34

Li, Yun, Jeroen Sniekers, João Malaquias, Xianfeng Li, Stijn Schaltin, Linda Stappers, Koen Binnemans, Jan Fransaer, and Ivo F. J. Vankelecom. "A non-aqueous all-copper redox flow battery with highly soluble active species." Electrochimica Acta 236 (May 2017): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.039.

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35

Liu, Ping, Yu-liang Cao, Guo-Ran Li, Xue-Ping Gao, Xin-Ping Ai, and Han-Xi Yang. "A Solar Rechargeable Flow Battery Based on Photoregeneration of Two Soluble Redox Couples." ChemSusChem 6, no. 5 (April 4, 2013): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201200962.

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36

Hengesbach, Charley, Jessica Scott, Sharmila Samaroo, Chase Bruggeman, David Hickey, and Thomas F. Guarr. "Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries Incorporating Novel Pyridinium Anolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013480mtgabs.

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While the use of nonaqueous solvents in redox flow batteries (RFBs) offers the promise of higher cell voltages than can typically be obtained in aqueous electrolytes, suitable compounds that are sufficiently soluble and stable to permit extended operation has proven challenging. Viologen anolytes have been successfully employed in aqueous systems, but their first reduction occurs at very modest potentials, thus limiting their advantage in nonaqueous systems. We have previously reported flow battery chemistry employing a series of extended bis(pyridinium) species with reduction potentials ca. 300-400 mV more negative than viologens and very long-lived, durable reduced states. However, these materials were difficult to access via common synthetic routes and often exhibited limited solubility. In this presentation, we describe an extension of those studies to new pyridinium compounds that provide still more negative reduction potentials (ca. -1.6 to -1.7 V vs Fc/Fc+). Moreover, these compounds are readily synthesized in good yield from inexpensive raw materials, are highly soluble, display excellent electrochemical kinetics, and are extremely persistent in the reduced state. The synthesis and electrochemical characterization of compounds incorporating these groups will be presented, along with preliminary RFB cycling results.

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Zhang, C. P., S. M. Sharkh, X. Li, F. C. Walsh, C. N. Zhang, and J. C. Jiang. "The performance of a soluble lead-acid flow battery and its comparison to a static lead-acid battery." Energy Conversion and Management 52, no. 12 (November 2011): 3391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.07.006.

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Zeng, Y. K., T. S. Zhao, X. L. Zhou, L. Wei, and Y. X. Ren. "A novel iron-lead redox flow battery for large-scale energy storage." Journal of Power Sources 346 (April 2017): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.018.

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Fischer, Peter, Petr Mazúr, and Joanna Krakowiak. "Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020560.

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an increasingly attractive option for renewable energy storage, thus providing flexibility for the supply of electrical energy. In recent years, research in this type of battery storage has been shifted from metal-ion based electrolytes to soluble organic redox-active compounds. Aqueous-based organic electrolytes are considered as more promising electrolytes to achieve “green”, safe, and low-cost energy storage. Many organic compounds and their derivatives have recently been intensively examined for application to redox flow batteries. This work presents an up-to-date overview of the redox organic compound groups tested for application in aqueous RFB. In the initial part, the most relevant requirements for technical electrolytes are described and discussed. The importance of supporting electrolytes selection, the limits for the aqueous system, and potential synthetic strategies for redox molecules are highlighted. The different organic redox couples described in the literature are grouped in a “family tree” for organic redox couples. This article is designed to be an introduction to the field of organic redox flow batteries and aims to provide an overview of current achievements as well as helping synthetic chemists to understand the basic concepts of the technical requirements for next-generation energy storage materials.

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Fraser, E. J., J. P. Le Houx, L. F. Arenas, K. K. J. Ranga Dinesh, and R. G. A. Wills. "The soluble lead flow battery: Image-based modelling of porous carbon electrodes." Journal of Energy Storage 52 (August 2022): 104791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104791.

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Wang, Caixing, Zhen Yang, Bo Yu, Huaizhu Wang, Kaiqiang Zhang, Guigen Li, Zuoxiu Tie, and Zhong Jin. "Alkaline soluble 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone with high reversibility as anolyte for aqueous redox flow battery." Journal of Power Sources 524 (March 2022): 231001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231001.

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Sun, Hong, Feiyang Hu, Zirui Jiang, Zhiwen Cui, Mahalingam Ravivarma, Hao Fan, Jiangxuan Song, and Duanyang Kong. "Advancements of non-viologen-based anolytes for pH-neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries." Chemical Synthesis 3, no. 4 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2023.07.

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Aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) is regarded as the most promising next-generation technology for energy storage that stores electricity in redox-active organics lysed in mild salt-electrolytes. Composed of abundant elements such as C, H, O, and N, the adapted organics have a high degree of structural diversity and tunability, endowing it possible to modulate the physicochemical properties of water solubility, redox potential, and stability, and resulting in potential cost-effectiveness, ecological and environmental safety. Therefore, the designable organics consumedly expand the distance for exceeding battery behaviors in comparison with the inorganic counterparts. Herein, this study presents an overview of pH-neutral AORFBs that employ nonflammable water-soluble molecules with cheap inorganic salts as supporting electrolytes. Particular emphasis is given to the progress of molecular engineering design and synthesis of non-viologen-based organic anolytes and their respective AORFB performance. Additionally, some comments on present opportunities and perspectives of this ascendant domain are also demonstrated.

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Li, Bin, and Jun Liu. "Progress and directions in low-cost redox-flow batteries for large-scale energy storage." National Science Review 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nww098.

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Abstract Compared to lithium-ion batteries, redox-flow batteries have attracted widespread attention for long-duration, large-scale energy-storage applications. This review focuses on current and future directions to address one of the most significant challenges in energy storage: reducing the cost of redox-flow battery systems. A high priority is developing aqueous systems with low-cost materials and high-solubility redox chemistries. Highly water-soluble inorganic redox couples are important for developing technologies that can provide high energy densities and low-cost storage. There is also great potential to rationally design organic redox molecules and fine-tune their properties for both aqueous and non-aqueous systems. While many new concepts begin to blur the boundary between traditional batteries and redox-flow batteries, breakthroughs in identifying/developing membranes and separators and in controlling side reactions on electrode surfaces also are needed.

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Ghufron, Muhammad, Pranata Budi Kurriawan, Istiroyah Istiroyah, and Perwita Anik Cholisina. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI ENERGI FLOW BATERAI LEAD ACID KEADAAN STATIS DAN DINAMIS." ROTOR 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/rotor.v10i2.5912.

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Charging-discharging research was conducted on Redox Flow battery (RFB) using Pb as cathode, PbO as anode, and H2SO4 solution as electrolyte. The research was done by using static and dynamic methode. The experimental shows that RFB was succesfully created and show secondary battery characteristic (charge and discharge graph). According to the charge-discharge characteristic for 5 cycles RFB, shows that the RFB capacity is 1800 mAh when RFB on the static mode while RFB in dynamic mode, the capacity is 2900 mAh. Based on the graph, it was found that the energy efficiency of RFB in the static mode is 50,1% and 71,1% for dynamic mode. Keywords: Charging, discharging, RFB, Energy eficiency

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Na, Zhaolin, Shengnan Xu, Dongming Yin, and Limin Wang. "A cerium–lead redox flow battery system employing supporting electrolyte of methanesulfonic acid." Journal of Power Sources 295 (November 2015): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.115.

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Stonawski, Julian, Simon Thiele, and Jochen Alfred Kerres. "Novel Anion-Exchange Blend Membranes Comprised of a Commercially Available & Water-Soluble Ionomer for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351408mtgabs.

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The All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery is a promising technology for solving the problem of cost-efficient and safe large-scale storage of renewable energies [1]. One key component of the batteries, which alters the performance and long-term stability of those systems, is the membrane. For this purpose, Nafion based membranes are often used. However, these membranes are high in cost and show a significant capacity fading and reduction of coulombic efficiency mainly due to crossover of vanadium species [2]. One way around this is to use commercially available, low-cost materials with positively charged ammonium groups, which can effectively repel positively charged vanadium species due to the Donnan exclusion effect [3, 4]. In this work we present novel anion-exchange blend membranes comprised of a commercially available and water-soluble ionomer and a PBI blend matrix, which can be used in All-Vanadium Redox Flow batteries. For this approach the water-soluble ionomer was modified to achieve solubility in organic solvents and miscibility with the matrix polymer. The resulting membranes show good mechanical properties even at high IECs and can be modified in a wide range of properties by adjusting the amounts of ionomer and matrix polymer and/or by the addition of crosslinking agents. The above-mentioned membranes were characterised ex-situ by using EIS, NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, DMA, TGA, tensile tests and permeability tests. In addition, first promising in-situ characterisations were performed in a VRFB single-cell test station. Literature [1] Fan, X; Liu, B; Liu, J; Ding, J; Han, X; Deng, Y; Lv, X; Xie, Y; Chen, B; Hu, W; Zhong, C.: Battery Technologies for Grid-Level Large-Scale Electrical Energy Storage. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 2020, 92 – 103. [2] Düerkop, D; Widdecke, H; Schilde, C; Kunz, U; Schmiemann, A.: Polymer Membranes for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Review. Membranes 2021. [3] Xi, J; Wu, Z; Teng, X; Zhao, Y; Chen, L; Qiu, X.: Self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayer modified Nafion membrane with suppressed vanadium ion crossover for vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 1232. [4] Mohammadi, T; Kazacos, M.: Modification of anion-exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications. Journal of Power Sources 1996, 179 – 186.

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Nguyen, Trung Van, and Yuanchao Li. "New Developments in the High-Energy-Density Solid-Liquid Storage Technology for Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02143mtgabs.

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The environmental impact of the use of fossil fuels for energy can be reduced if electricity, which represents one-third of all energy uses, can be generated totally from renewable/sustainable sources such as wind and solar. However, this is only possible if cost-effective long-duration storage technologies are available to allow the highly variable and unpredictable wind and solar energy sources to become reliable baseline energy sources like coal, nuclear or natural gases. Redox flow battery (RFB) energy storage systems are highly suitable for this large-scale, long-duration storage application because while their power output scales with the size of the battery, their energy content resides in the amount of active materials that are stored in external tanks and can be easily scaled up for longer duration.1 The conventional redox flow batteries store electrical energy in the form of some aqueous or non-aqueous soluble ions or compounds in the electrolyte solution. Because of the low solubility (< 2M) of most ions and compounds in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, these redox flow battery systems have low energy density.2–4 For example, the commercialized all-vanadium RFB system has an average energy density of 20 Wh/kg while that of the lithium-ion battery system is 100-265 Wh/kg.5 To store enough energy for 3-5 days in these RFBs requires a very large volume of solution in a large number of tanks, making these RFB systems expensive due to the cost of tanks and the fluid distribution system and floor space. Our group recently developed a new storage approach that can greatly increase the energy storage density while still enabling the flow battery concept.6 In this approach, the reactants are stored as both soluble ions and their undissolved solid forms and only the liquid containing the soluble ions is circulated through the batteries. This approach potentially enables >4X increase in the storage energy density. This technology was recently demonstrated in a hydrogen-vanadium (VI/V) system, and new test results and findings in this area will be presented in this talk. References H. Zhang, W. Lu, and X. Li, Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 1–15 (2019). D. G. Kwabi et al., Joule, 2, 1894–1906 (2018). M. Wu, T. Zhao, H. Jiang, Y. Zeng, and Y. Ren, Journal of Power Sources, 355, 62–68 (2017). C. Ding, H. Zhang, X. Li, T. Liu, and F. Xing, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 4, 1281–1294 (2013). A. Manthiram, ACS Central Science, 3, 1063–1069 (2017). Y. Li and T.V. Nguyen, “A Solid-Liquid High-Energy-Density Storage Concept for Redox Flow Batteries and Its Demonstration in an H2-V System,” Paper ID APEN-MIT-2021_023, Applied Energy Symposium: MIT A+B, Aug. 11-13, 2021, Cambridge, MA, USA.

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Fraser, E. J., K. K. J. Ranga Dinesh, and R. G. A. Wills. "A two dimensional numerical model of the membrane-divided soluble lead flow battery." Energy Reports 7 (May 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.02.056.

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LI, Liyu, and Qingtao Luo. "Near Neutral Aqueous Fe-Cr Complex Flow Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013476mtgabs.

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A redox-flow battery (RFB), as schematically shown is a unique type of rechargeable battery in which the electrochemical energy is stored in soluble redox couples contained in electrolyte tanks, and the electrical energy and the chemical energy are converted back and forth inside a device called “stack”. This unique structure successfully separates the power (stack) and the energy (electrolyte) of the battery system and can be economically designed for long-duration energy storage applications. While vanadium flow batteries have achieved initial commercial deployments, the cost of a four-hour system at deployment-scale is still more than $300/kWh, more than 50% of which comes from the cost of the energy storage media – Vanadium element. DOE’s multiple programs clearly indicates that future capital cost reductions will require replacing vanadium with lower cost raw materials to approach the $100/kWh targets required for wider-scale deployment of energy storage systems. Since 2018, attracted by its low electrolyte cost, our team have been working on the legendary Fe-Cr redox flow battery system, which was first invented by Dr. Lawrence Thaller of US NASA in 1975, to develop a low[1]cost flow battery product. The energy storage capacity decay caused by H2 generation, which comes from the negative electrode due to the low standard potential of Cr 2+ /Cr 3+ , makes it not practical for long-term energy[1]storage operations. After two years’ research, we have successfully developed an advanced Fe-Cr redox flow battery system. In this system, no capacity decay over continuous charge and discharge operation has been successfully achieved by an extremely low H2 generation design and a unique capacity recovery technology using a reductant and a homogeneous catalyst. Continuous operation of a test stand using a kW-scale stack and 100L electrolyte for a total 1000 cycles has been successfully achieved. Related information and results were published in the granted US patents US 10,826,102 and US 10,777,836, and the US patent applications 20200373594, 20200373595, 20200373600, 20200373601. During our previous development of the advance Fe-Cr redox flow battery, we discovered that the stability and electrochemical activity of Fe- and Cr-containing species in the aqueous solution can be remarkably improved by complexing them with some ligands. The acidity of this novel electrolyte solution is much weaker than that of the traditional Fe-Cr flow battery system, i.e., ~0.1M vs. >2M, which largely reduces the corrosivity of the electrolyte and allows for wider applications of this system with minimal environmental impact, especially for residential users and small-scale commercial and industrial users. Several different complexing ligands were identified. All showed very stable performance and low side reactions. Up to now, the test has been continuously carried out for more than three months and more than 500 cycles, using a kW-scale stack and 100 L electrolyte solution. Much-improved electrochemical reactivity of the Fe- and Cr-complex also eliminates the need for metal catalysts for the Cr 2+ +e ↔ Cr 3+ reaction, significantly improved the stability of the system for long-term operation.

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Hendriana, Dena, Mochamad Hamdan Aziz, Yohanes Acep Nanang Kardana, Muhamad Lutfi Rachmat, Gembong Baskoro, and Henry Nasution. "Self-Discharging and Corrosion Problems in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Reaktor 22, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.22.3.77-85.

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Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has a potential for large energy storage system due to its independence of energy capacity and power generation. VRFB is known to have challenges of high price, corrosion problem and lower energy efficiency. In this work, VRFB prototype with all components from existing parts sold in the market has been assembled and tested. Estimated electrochemical reactions are discussed for initial charging process with Vanadium Pentoxide powder as initial state to obtain fully charged battery state with V2+ ion in anolyte and VO2 + ion in catholyte. Material corrosion testes were done by immersing the material in a Vanadium electrolyte and by using the material as a bipolar plate in the VRFB system. Immersion test showed that copper, steel, lead and zinc were corroded badly. In bipolar plate material test, stainless steel 316, aluminum and silver plates were corroded after some hours of electric charging process. Simple carbon plastic composites and 3-mm thickness graphite plates were tested in the bipolar plate material test and failed due to corrosion problem as well. In the VRFB prototype, corrosion problems occurred on brass nipples, polyurethane plastic pipes and porous silicone seals. Stronger plastic components and better quality of silicone seals are needed for VRFB. Significant finding of this study is possible spontaneous chemical reaction within anolyte tank as a potential of self-discharging reaction which other researchers have not identified. Also, another finding from this study is that good bipolar plate for VRFB is not easily available in the market.

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