Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Teneur en carbone – Évaluation'
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Maillard, Émilie. "Évaluation des changements quantitatifs et qualitatifs du stock de carbone du sol après l’application d’effluents d'élevage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25374.
Full textFor both agronomic and environmental purposes, it is important to quantify the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks to animal manure application. The objectives of this PhD thesis were : 1/ To quantify the response of SOC stocks to manure application from a large worldwide pool of individual studies, and to assess the impact of explanatory factors such as climate, soil properties, land use and manure characteristics; 2/ To determine the influence of tillage and cropping systems on the response of SOC stocks to the application of liquid dairy manure (LDM); 3/ To determine the impact of LDM on SOC stocks in the whole soil and specific physical fractions corresponding to different levels of protection. The meta-analysis (chapter 1) suggests that overall, at the global scale, animal manure application results in significantly larger SOC stocks compared to mineral fertilization or unamended control. The magnitude of SOC stock response to manure application depends mainly on the cumulative manure-C input. Climate also influenced the SOC stock response but its effect could not be decoupled from that of manure-C input. At a local scale, 15 and 21 years of LDM application resulted in significantly higher SOC stocks compared to an unamended control (chapter 3) or mineral fertilization (chapters 2 and 3). For both sites, the LDM effect was limited to the topsoil (down to 20- or 30-cm). In Normandin (QC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response to LDM was dependent on crop sequence, with a much greater effect of LDM application in SOC stocks in the perennial-based rotation than in the cereal monoculture (chapter 2). In Agassiz (BC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response was dependent on manure C input and this response seemed to be smaller with the combined application of LDM and mineral fertilization (chapter 3). In addition, LDM application favoured the incorporation of C in relatively protected fractions of organic matter.
Kanari, Eva. "Understand and use the estimation of soil organic carbon persistence by Rock-Eval® thermal analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS037.
Full textSoils store twice the amount of carbon that is found in atmosphere and vegetation combined. They act as a buffer between solid earth and atmosphere and exercise a major control on the atmospheric concentration of CO2 through the release or sink of greenhouse gases. Organic carbon in soils in the form of organic matter is essential to soil health and fertility, to nutrient availability and water quality. The performance of the most valuable tool at our disposal for understanding and predicting the evolution of this reservoir, soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics models, is currently limited by a missing key: the ability to estimate the proportion of SOC that will remain unchanged over projection-relevant timescales. This important amount of carbon present in soils for centuries or millennia, and therefore considered “stable”, can vary greatly from one location to another. The goal of my thesis was to explore a new approach based on thermal analysis and machine learning, to characterise SOC, estimate the proportion of “stable” carbon in soil samples, and use this information to improve the accuracy of SOC dynamics models. In a second step, I focused on the thermal analysis technique in the heart of this approach to understand better the important information it offers, based on model laboratory experiments. Finally, the main results of my thesis consist of a complete and validated operational approach improving the accuracy of SOC models with a clear and significant value for “climate-smart” soil management, while the experimental part offers new insights into the working principle, limitations and possibilities of the thermal analysis technique at the heart of this approach
Paul-Delmas, Isabelle. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et évaluation de l'efficacité agronomique de phosphates bruts ou partiellement acidifiés provenant d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10405.
Full textScheiner, Javier David. "Spéciation du carbone, de l'azote et du phosphore de différentes boues de stations d'épuration au cours de leurs incubations contrölées dans deux types de sol." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000379/.
Full textSallih, Zaher. "Relations entre activité rhizosphérique et décomposition de la matière organique des sols au niveau de la biomasse microbienne et de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20138.
Full textTrinsoutrot-Gattin, Isabelle. "Influence de la qualité biochimique et de la teneur en azote de résidus de colza (Brassica napus L) sur les biotransformations du carbone et de l'azote au cours de leur décomposition dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10070.
Full textRogeon, Hervé. "Influence de la gestion des sols sur la structure et la dynamique du carbone organique." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Rogeon-Herve/2010-Rogeon-Herve-These.pdf.
Full textCarbon dioxide sequestration in plant and carbon storage in soil and biomass could be considered as a complementary solution against the increase in concentration of gases responsible for climate change. The aim of this work is to understand the mechanisms of organic matter stabilization in the deepest horizons of soils. The influence of landuse, minerals and amendment with organic matter (compost) on the carbon dynamic has been studied. Four soils representing different landuses (grassland, forest and arable soil) were characterized. The organic matter decreases in amount with depth and becomes more refractory. The relatively high amount of organic matter in deep horizons is probably related to the strong presence of clays and to the low biological activity. The different vegetations seem to influence strongly the quantity of soil organic carbon while affecting slightly its quality. Indeed, the structural study of organic matter shows weak differences whereas the amount of carbon and lipids are more important in arable soil. The study of organomineral associations revealed that the bacterial contribution is more important in fine fractions. Amendment with organic matter of an arable soil affects the biological activity and improves its structural stability. The distribution of the different forms of organic matter has been modified and the presence of molecules originating from the compost in lipids and humic substances show an incorporation of exogenous carbon
Dembélé, Oupré Claude. "Dynamique de l’azote et du carbone lors de la décomposition de trois légumineuses utilisées comme cultures de couverture." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40302.
Full textNéel, Catherine. "Modélisation couplée du transfert et des transformations de l'azote : paramétrisation et évaluation d'un modèle en sol nu." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066308.
Full textJreich, Rana. "Distribution verticale du carbone dans les sols - Analyse bayésienne des profils des teneurs en carbone et de C14." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV060.
Full textGlobal warming is a major issue for both the scientific world and societies. The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by 45% since the pre-industrial era (Harris, 2010) as a consequence of human activities, unbalancing the global carbon cycle. This results in global warming with dramatic impacts on the Earth, particularly for fragile populations.Amongst mitigation solutions, a better use of soil is proposed. Soils have the largest capacity of carbon exchanges with the atmosphere and contain a large stock of carbon. A tiny increase in this soil carbon stock and in carbon exchanges between atmosphere and soil would be more favorable to soil carbon sequestration and would compensate for carbon emissios from burning fossil fuel. However, soil carbon dynamics still suffers from insufficient knowledge. There remains therefore a huge uncertainty about the soil carbon response to climate and land-use changes.While several mechanistic models have been developed to better understand the dynamics of soil carbon, they provide an incomplete view of the physical processes affecting soil organic matter (OM). It will be long before a complete and updated soil dynamics model becomes available.In my thesis, I propose a Bayesian statistical model aiming at describing the vertical dynamics of soil carbon. This is done thanks to the modeling of both soil organic carbon and of radiocarbon data as they illustrate the residence time of organic matter and thus the soil carbon dynamics. The purpose of this statistical approach was to better represent the uncertainties on soil carbon dynamics and to quantify the effects of climatic and environmental factors on both surface and deep soil carbon.This meta-analysis was performed on a database of 344 profiles, collected from 87 soil science papers and the literature in archeology and paleoclimatology, under different climate conditions (temperature, precipitation, etc.) and environments (soil type and type of ecosystem).A hierarchical non-linear model with random effects was proposed to model the vertical dynamics of radiocarbon as a function of depth. Bayesian selection techniques, recently published, were applied to the latent layers of the model, which in turn are linked by a linear relationship to the climatic and environmental factors. The Bayesian Group Lasso with Spike and Slab Prior (BGL-SS), the Bayesian Sparse Group Selection (BSGS) and the Bayesian Effect Fusion model-based clustering (BEF) were tested to identify the significant categorical explanatory predictors (soil type, ecosystem type) and the Stochastic Search Variable Selection method to identify the influential numerical explanatory predictors. A comparison of these Bayesian techniques was made based on the Bayesian model selection criteria (the DIC (Deviance Information Criterion), the Posterior Predictive Check, etc.) to specify which model has the best predictive and adjustment power of the database profiles. In addition to selecting categorical predictors, the BSGS allows the formulation of an a posteriori inclusion probability for each level within the categorical predictors such as soil type and ecosystem type (9 soil types and 6 ecosystem types were considered in our study). Furthermore, the BEF made it possible to merge the types of soil as well as the types of ecosystem, which according to the BEF, are considered to have the same effects on the responses of interest here, such as the response of the topsoil radiocarbon.The application of these techniques allowed us to predict, on average and on a global level, the vertical dynamics of the radiocarbon in the case of a temperature increase of 1, 1.5 and 2 °C, and in the case of a change in vegetation cover. For example, we studied the impact of deforesting tropical forests and replacing them by cultivated land on soil carbon dynamics. The same statistical analysis was also done to better understand the vertical dynamics of soil carbon content
Marone, Diatta. "Étude du potentiel de stock de carbone d’espèces agroforestières et de leurs traits fonctionnels en lien avec les systèmes d’utilisation des terres au Sénégal." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25721.
Full textIn Africa, agroforestry technologies play a major socio-economic role, but their potential and that of the principal woody species to contribute to carbon stocks is still poorly understood. As well, the potential of these species to respond to a changing environment is poorly documented. We measured the carbon stock of five local tree species (Acacia raddiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Euphorbia balsamifera, Faidherbia albida and Neocarya macrophylla) and soil-plant carbon storage associated with three agroforestry technologies (fallow, park land, and rangeland) in three contrasting soil textures (clay, sandy and sandy loam). We evaluated the root depth distribution profile (RDD) and the specific root length (SRL) of these species under these conditions. Intraspecific variation in leaf traits (specific leaf area (SLA); leaf dry matter content (LDMC); leaf carbon and nitrogen content (LCC LNC); SRL, root carbon and nitrogen content (RCC, RNC) ) of these species was also investigated in three soil textures and over three seasons: rainy season (SP), hot dry season (SSC), and cool dry season (SSF). The carbon stored in biomass was higher in sandy soils, while clay soil showed the highest soil carbon stocks. Carbon stored in the soil-plant system was highest in fallow, compared to park land and to rangeland. The RDD did not change with either soil texture or agroforestry technology, and a maximum of root biomass was consistently observed between 40 and 60 cm deep. The SRL was higher in park lands, rangelands and sandy soils, with low soil organic matter, and in the SSC, the most stressful season. Evergreen species generally showed greater variability of traits in response to soil texture and season. Intraspecific variability of SLA was higher in SSC, while the opposite was observed for the SRL. During the SP, a positive correlation was noted between SLA and SRL. Short periods of fallow enriched by evergreen and deciduous nitrogen fixing species would contribute to increase the carbon stocks of degraded lands in these study sites.
Gobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Full textNaisse, Christophe. "Potentiel de séquestration de carbone des biochars et hydrochars, et impact après plusieurs siècles sur le fonctionnement du sol." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066518.
Full textBiochars and hydrochars production can form amendments enriched in aromatic carbon, potentially recalcitrant against microbial degradation, while massively producing renewable energy. These amendments are aimed to increase soil organic matter (SOM) quantity, and soil fertility. However, due to the diversity of their feedstock and production processes, misunderstandings exist on the potential of these materials to store C in soil at short and long term. In addition, methods to rapidly evaluate the long-term stability of these materials remain to be developed, in order to allow users to determine the quality of these new amendments. This work was consisted for assessing the stability of biochar and hydrochars, biologically by soil incubations, and chemically by oxidation with acid dichromate. The biochar showed a high level of biological and chemical stability, allowing to storage a large amount of carbon throughout the century. In opposite, the hydrochars might not allow sequestering massively carbon beyond the decade, due to its lower biological and chemical stability. The hydrochars induced a positive priming effect (stimulation) while biochar induced a negative priming effect (protection). Physical weathering of both materials led to an increase of stability and a decrease of the priming effect, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in evaluation of strategies for sequestering carbon. Charcoal kiln soils were used as a model for long-term study of the input of biochar in soil after several centuries. Their analysis showed that the contribution of biochar sustainably improves the physicochemical properties of the soil, such as clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and soluble carbon. However, after several centuries of biochar amendment, microbial communities showed no specific adaptation to the degradation of a new biochar input. In this soil model, the input of plant residues resulted in a negative priming effect. Thus, the contribution of biochar in generating specific conditions, allows the maintenance of microbial communities with the ability to switch of substrates, for a new source of substrates more easily degradable. Further works are needed to assess the stability of biochar in soil-plant system
Forest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Full textCauwet, Gustave. "Dynamique de la matière organique dans les milieux marin et polyhalins : son rôle dans les processus géochimiques aux interfaces." Perpignan, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PERP1066.
Full textMaillard, Émilie. "Impacts à moyen terme (20 ans) de traitements sylvicoles intensifs sur la séquestration et la stabilité du carbone du sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20734.
Full textJreich, Rana. "Distribution verticale du carbone dans les sols - Analyse bayésienne des profils des teneurs en carbone et de C14." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV060/document.
Full textGlobal warming is a major issue for both the scientific world and societies. The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by 45% since the pre-industrial era (Harris, 2010) as a consequence of human activities, unbalancing the global carbon cycle. This results in global warming with dramatic impacts on the Earth, particularly for fragile populations.Amongst mitigation solutions, a better use of soil is proposed. Soils have the largest capacity of carbon exchanges with the atmosphere and contain a large stock of carbon. A tiny increase in this soil carbon stock and in carbon exchanges between atmosphere and soil would be more favorable to soil carbon sequestration and would compensate for carbon emissios from burning fossil fuel. However, soil carbon dynamics still suffers from insufficient knowledge. There remains therefore a huge uncertainty about the soil carbon response to climate and land-use changes.While several mechanistic models have been developed to better understand the dynamics of soil carbon, they provide an incomplete view of the physical processes affecting soil organic matter (OM). It will be long before a complete and updated soil dynamics model becomes available.In my thesis, I propose a Bayesian statistical model aiming at describing the vertical dynamics of soil carbon. This is done thanks to the modeling of both soil organic carbon and of radiocarbon data as they illustrate the residence time of organic matter and thus the soil carbon dynamics. The purpose of this statistical approach was to better represent the uncertainties on soil carbon dynamics and to quantify the effects of climatic and environmental factors on both surface and deep soil carbon.This meta-analysis was performed on a database of 344 profiles, collected from 87 soil science papers and the literature in archeology and paleoclimatology, under different climate conditions (temperature, precipitation, etc.) and environments (soil type and type of ecosystem).A hierarchical non-linear model with random effects was proposed to model the vertical dynamics of radiocarbon as a function of depth. Bayesian selection techniques, recently published, were applied to the latent layers of the model, which in turn are linked by a linear relationship to the climatic and environmental factors. The Bayesian Group Lasso with Spike and Slab Prior (BGL-SS), the Bayesian Sparse Group Selection (BSGS) and the Bayesian Effect Fusion model-based clustering (BEF) were tested to identify the significant categorical explanatory predictors (soil type, ecosystem type) and the Stochastic Search Variable Selection method to identify the influential numerical explanatory predictors. A comparison of these Bayesian techniques was made based on the Bayesian model selection criteria (the DIC (Deviance Information Criterion), the Posterior Predictive Check, etc.) to specify which model has the best predictive and adjustment power of the database profiles. In addition to selecting categorical predictors, the BSGS allows the formulation of an a posteriori inclusion probability for each level within the categorical predictors such as soil type and ecosystem type (9 soil types and 6 ecosystem types were considered in our study). Furthermore, the BEF made it possible to merge the types of soil as well as the types of ecosystem, which according to the BEF, are considered to have the same effects on the responses of interest here, such as the response of the topsoil radiocarbon.The application of these techniques allowed us to predict, on average and on a global level, the vertical dynamics of the radiocarbon in the case of a temperature increase of 1, 1.5 and 2 °C, and in the case of a change in vegetation cover. For example, we studied the impact of deforesting tropical forests and replacing them by cultivated land on soil carbon dynamics. The same statistical analysis was also done to better understand the vertical dynamics of soil carbon content
Gagnon, Mikaël. "Impact de l'avancée des arbustes sur les stocks de carbone des sols d'Umiujaq, Nunavik." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34952.
Full textThe microbial respiration of ancient carbon stored in permafrost represents a positive feedback to climate warming. However, the recent expansion of shrubs in circumpolar latitudes may partly compensate for this carbon release, due to greater biomass and litter inputs than that of tundra vegetation. Quantifying this carbon sink is challenging, as the concomitant mineralization of ancient carbon often renders the attribution of changes in soil carbon stocks uncertain. Here, we measure the contribution of shrubs to the terrestrial carbon reservoir in a Low-Arctic tundra site in Nunavik where soil ancient carbon stocks are among the lowest in the Arctic. We find that the emergence of Betula glandulosa Michx. shrubs increased the terrestrial carbon stocks by 3.9 ± 1.3 kg m-2. Further increases in carbon were mostly found along water tracks, where the more massive shrubs and the replacement of the lichen understory by mosses resulted in an addition of 6.6 ± 3.6 kg m-2 of carbon. From 1994 to 2010, we estimate the carbon sink provided by shrub expansion in our study area to be of 2.4 ± 0.8 Gg. The analysis of soil organic matter (SOM) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyGCMS) revealed that this recent shrub expansion has modified the chemical nature of the soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoir. Lastly, two potential biomarkers for shrub and lichen biomass, betulinic acid and usnic acid, were studied using pyGCMS in hopes of developing a method to compare the lability of the various soil carbon pools of the region. This natural case study in Umiujaq shows that shrub expansion represents a carbon sink. However, further studies throughout the Arctic are needed to evaluate the significance of this sink with respect to permafrost ancient carbon emissions, as the result of one local study cannot be extrapolated to the entire Arctic.
Paul, Alexia. "Dynamique couplée de l’hydrogène et du carbone organiques des sols : approches par isotopes stables pour la prévision du devenir du 3H, 2H, 13C et 14C." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0068/document.
Full textRadiocarbon (14C) and tritium (3H) are naturally released into the environment but also through nuclear activities. The releases are expected to persist for the next decades, it is important to predict their fate and their residence time in soils. The objective of this thesis is to propose a quantitative prediction and a simple modeling of the fate of 14C and 3H in soil organic matter (SOM). The originality of this work is twofold: first, we hypothesize that the incorporation and fate of NEH atoms in the soil are coupled to the carbon dynamics. Second, we chose to trace carbon and hydrogen by natural or artificial 13C and 2H tracing.Through natural in situ 13C tracing, we quantified the carbon recently incorporated by vegetation in few decades. Deep horizons contain a large part of this carbon (typically 20 to 30%). We adapted the RothC model to the deep soil C dynamics. This allowed us to predict that 10% of C will persist for several centuries in the deeper layers. The labelling experiments showed that the microbial activity is driving the incorporation of hydrogen from water into SOM, and allowed us to establish the CH stoichiometry of biotransformations. These experiments were a mean to propose a model of the coupled C and H dynamics of the SOM in the short and medium term (decades). The results of this thesis contribute as well to the improvement of the interpretation of natural abundances in 13C and 2H stable isotopes. A meta-analysis of the correlations between the 13C and 14C concentrations of global soils has demonstrated that the 13C enrichment of deep organic matter can be fully explained by the 13C/12C ratio of the vegetation from which they are derived
Leviel, Bruno. "Évaluation des risques et maîtrise des flux d'azote au niveau d'une parcelle agricole dans la plaine roumaine et bulgare : application aux cultures de mai͏̈s, blé, colza et betterave." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT021A.
Full textQueyrel, Wilfried. "Modélisation du devenir des pesticides dans les sols à partir d'un modèle agronomique : évaluation sur le long terme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066566.pdf.
Full textA pesticide fate module was implemented in the crop model STICS (SimulateurmulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) in order to simulate pesticidetransfer in agricultural soils. Then the model has been evaluated with three studysites datasets. In order to study the fate of pesticides at the scale of the Orgeval catchment, simulations of four herbicides (atrazine, simazine,isoproturon chlortoluron) and one metabolite (DEA) were carriedout with the crop model STICS over a 23-year period (1990-2012). The objectives of the study were i) to highlight the main processes implied in pesticide fate and transfer at long-term; ii) to assess the influence of the dynamics of the remaining mass of pesticide in soil on transfer; iii) to determine the most sensitive parameters related to pesticide losses by leaching over a 23-year period.Simulations were compared against available observations at the catchment scale. The findings of the study show that the dynamic of the remaining mass ofpesticide in soil is a relevant issue to understand pesticide dissipation at longterm. Attention must be paid on parameters influencing sorption and availabilityof the pesticide for leaching. To conclude, the significant discrepancies in the simulated pesticide leaching for the two types of crops (maize and wheat) highlight the interest of using a crop model to simulate the fate of pesticides at the catchment scale
Lavaud, Aurélien. "Extraction et caractérisation de la matière organique soluble des horizons profonds d'un sol arable." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lavaud-Aurelien/2010-Lavaud-Aurelien-These.pdf.
Full textThe increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration due to the combustion of the fossil resources and deforestation is the major environmental problems today. To store carbon and thus to decrease the concentration of CO2 emitted by human activity in the atmosphere, it would be necessary to be able to operate the carbon sinks located in the continental biosphere. The largest carbon surface reservoir of the continental biosphere is the soil, which stores 1500 Mt carbon. The potential of French soil to store carbon is currently being evaluated for the plowed horizon, i. E the first 30 cm. However, recent studies showed that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored in horizons B and C. The precise role of soluble organic carbon or DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) in the stabilization and / or destabilization of carbon deep horizons is indispensable to adapt the methods of land management and cropping systems to increase the stock of carbon in soils. Despite abundant literature, studies on DOC are mainly limited to soils of forest ecosystems and especially in laboratory scale. The results were never confirmed on the ground. The overall objective of this thesis is to better define the proportion of soluble organic matter of different horizons of arable soil and indicate their main structural features. This work takes into account the importance of the mode of cultural practice and the impact of prolonged drought particularly in deep horizons. Different analytical techniques (spectrofluorimetry, chromatography size exclusion, pyrolysis GC / MS, 13C NMR) were used on waters collected at the lysimeter plates and porous candles but also HPO, TPH and HPI extracts, for characterizing the OM of deep horizons, while being based on existing work on surface water. The work showed that the OM of the deep horizons was characterized by low aromaticity, a lower molecular weight and by the presence of compound lignins types and terpenoids
Legros, Samuel. "Évaluation multi-échelle de l'impact environnemental de l'épandage de lisier de porc sur un sol tropical, île de La Réunion : spéciation et modélisation du comportement du cuivre et du zinc." La Réunion, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LARE0012.
Full textDuring this thesis we studied Cu and Zn behavior in a tropical water-sol-plante system further to pig slurry spreading by a multi-scale approach. On the experimental plot scale, we quantified : i) the Cu and Zn uptacking by the plant (trainasse osterdamia pungens) ii) the Cu and Zn accumulation in soil, iii) the soluble Cu and Zn flux. On the molecular scale, we studied the Cu and Zn speciation in pig slurry by several analytical techniques combination (SEM, µ-XRF, XAS, etc. ). First, we observed an accumulation of Cu and Zn in soil between 0 and 20 cm and 20 and 60 cm deep respectively. This observation was confirmed by a very weak Cu and Zn uptaking by the Trainasse, and by the fact that soluble Cu and Zn flux in pig slurry plot are comparable to those of the control plot. These results underline the very weak mobility of Cu and Zn. Then, while pig slurry is a complex matrix, we realized a size fractionation before analyses. The majority of Cu and Zn (respectively 78 and 75 % of thé total concentration) is found in thc size fraction between 0. 45 and 20 µm. In pig slurry Cu is under Cu sulfide form (Cu2S) where Cu oxîdation state is I. The Zn speciation in pig slurry can be described on the basis of 3 constituents: 41 % of Zn bound to the organic matter, 39 % of Zn hydroxide and 20 % of Zn sulfide. This Cu and Zn spéciation in pig slurry allows to understand the results obtained on thé experimental plot scale
Doupoux, Cédric. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la dynamique des stocks de matière organique profonde des sols amazoniens." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0003/document.
Full textRecent results have shown that equatorial podzols store large amounts of carbon in their deep Bh horizons. This leads to two main questions: (1) how and at what kinetics these soils were formed, (2) how climate change could induce atmospheric carbon production that could impact the global climate system.In this context, we have developed a model that allows to constrain carbon fluxes both by the observed C stocks and their 14C age. In a sufficiently simplified situation, we have established a formal relationship between the C stock evolution and its 14C age. Applied to Amazonian podzols, our model has brought new and unexpected results. It has been shown that the surface horizons of the most hydromorphic podzolized areas are the largest contributors of MOD transferred to the hydrographic network then to the sea. It is observed that the formation of Bh is only possible by considering two compartments, fast and slow. The estimate of their formation time (low estimate) allowed to differentiate between relatively young podzols (formation time 15 – 25 ky) developed on relatively recent Holocene sediments and old podzols (formation 180 – 290 ky) developed on older sediments. The carbon accumulation rate in the studied podzols ranges from 0.54 to 3.17 gC m-2 y-1, which corresponds to a carbon sequestration around 3 1011 gC an-1, which is significant at the geological scales.Column percolation experiments allowed us to show the reactivity of the Bh material and the presence, despite very high C/N ratios (63 on average), of a significant bacterial activity which modifies the nature of the MOD which percolates through it. This MOD has the capacity to transport Al and Fe in the form of complex organometallic complexes capable of migrating through very kaolinitic materials. These results contribute to the understanding of the transfers of pedologically formed MOD in the deep aquifers.Under the hypothesis of the appearance of a climate with contrasting seasons, we have been able to show that a 90-day period without rain after the disappearance of the perched water-table would not allow to reach the point of entry of air by drying of superficial horizons. Nevertheless, assuming an air entry, the extrapolation of the experimentally measured mineralization rates under oxic conditions results in a production of atmospheric C around 2.0 1014 g of CO2 per year, which may involve a positive feedback from the global climate system
Poirier, Vincent. "Séquestration du carbone dans un sol agricole du Québec : influence du travail du sol et de la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24793/24793.pdf.
Full textBonzi, Moussa. "Évaluation et déterminisme du bilan de l'azote en sols cultivés du centre Burkina Faso : étude par traçage isotopique [exposant]15N au cours d'essais en station et en milieu paysan." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL057N.
Full textFontaine, Sébastien. "Rôle des composés énergétiques sur la minéralisation des matières organiques du sol : Conceptualisation, modélisation expérimentales et conséquences." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0052.
Full textCardinael, Rémi. "Stockage de carbone et dynamique des matières organiques des sols en agroforesterie sous climat méditerranéen et tempéré." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA003/document.
Full textAgroforestry is a land use type where trees are associated with crops and/or animals within the same field. This agroecosystem could help mitigating climate change, and also contribute to its adaptation. The goal of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of soil organic carbon storage under agroforestry systems. This study was performped at the oldest experimental site in France, a trial supervised by INRA since 1995, but also at farmers' fields. Soil organic carbon stocks were compared between agroforestry and agricultural plots, down to 2 m soil depth. All organic inputs to the soil were quantified (tree roots, leaf litter, crop roots and residues). The stability of additionnal stored carbon was caracterised with soil organic matter fractionation, and soil incubations. A model of soil organic carbon dynamic was described in order to better undrestand this dynamic in agroforestry, especially in deep soil layers. This study revealed the interest and the potential of agroforestry systems in increasing soil organic carbon stocks, with accumulation rates of 0.09 to 0.46 t C ha -1 yr -1. It also reveals the role of tree rows in this storage, and the importance of carbon inputs from root mortality. However, it raises concerns about the stability of this storage
Stemmler, Sébastien. "Altération microbienne des minéraux dans les sols hydromorphes : incidence du couplage entre les cycles du carbone et du fer." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10234.
Full textMicrobial weathering phenomenons have been studied in 5 tropical waterlogged soils representing two sequences. The results show the fundamental role of the bacterial iron-reducing processes, where the bacterial activities coupled the biodegradation of organic matter and the reduction-dissolution of oxidised forms of iron. The bacterial ferri-reducing activities are significant and strong in the soils of the slopes and near the swamp (at a minor degree). In waterlogged conditions, the autochthonous bacterial communities grow by using the soil organic matter as carbon and energy sources, and transform them into bacterial biomass and soluble organic compounds. The ferric iron is used as electron acceptor, going to its reduction under the soluble ferrous form, that can be exported in the drainage waters. This weathering process appears to be a major phenomenon of the tropical soil evolution, in which iron plays an important role as cement of the structure, and can induce a non reversible degradation of the soil
Queyrel, Wilfried. "Modélisation du devenir des pesticides dans les sols à partir d'un modèle agronomique : évaluation sur le long terme." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066566/document.
Full textA pesticide fate module was implemented in the crop model STICS (SimulateurmulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) in order to simulate pesticidetransfer in agricultural soils. Then the model has been evaluated with three studysites datasets. In order to study the fate of pesticides at the scale of the Orgeval catchment, simulations of four herbicides (atrazine, simazine,isoproturon chlortoluron) and one metabolite (DEA) were carriedout with the crop model STICS over a 23-year period (1990-2012). The objectives of the study were i) to highlight the main processes implied in pesticide fate and transfer at long-term; ii) to assess the influence of the dynamics of the remaining mass of pesticide in soil on transfer; iii) to determine the most sensitive parameters related to pesticide losses by leaching over a 23-year period.Simulations were compared against available observations at the catchment scale. The findings of the study show that the dynamic of the remaining mass ofpesticide in soil is a relevant issue to understand pesticide dissipation at longterm. Attention must be paid on parameters influencing sorption and availabilityof the pesticide for leaching. To conclude, the significant discrepancies in the simulated pesticide leaching for the two types of crops (maize and wheat) highlight the interest of using a crop model to simulate the fate of pesticides at the catchment scale
Bernoux, Martial. "Stocks de carbone des sols de l’Amazonie occidentale et leur dynamique lors de la conversion de la foret en pâturage." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2004.
Full textMiquelajauregui, Graf Yosune. "An integrated model of stand dynamics, soil carbon and fire regime : pplications to boreal ecosystem response to climate change." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27659.
Full textBoreal black spruce forests (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) store great amounts of carbon in the living biomass and in the soil. Fire regime characteristics (e.g. fire return interval, fire intensity, fire season and severity) play a central role in the storage and flow of carbon, by modifying the distribution and transfer of material among pools. There is little doubt in the scientific community that climate change will cause changes in the temporal and spatial variables that control the frequency and severity of fires. A demographic diameter-class structured model was developed to simulate boreal carbon storage under different fire regimes. This approach incorporates the effect of fire intensity and stand structure measures to simulate fire severity, measured as the proportion of overstory tree mortality. The model allows quantifying and mapping average regional estimates of current and future carbon stocks for the black spruce-feathermoss bioclimatic domain of northern Québec. Simulation results suggest that fire severity increases with fire the intensity. Stand structure is one of the factors that explains the observed variation in boreal fire severity. We simulated carbon stocks and fluxes under seven levels of fire return interval (FRI) and two fire seasons. We tested for an effect of these parameters on average carbon stocks. Carbon stocks were sensitive to IRF's between 60 and 300 years. Soil C stocks were lower for summer fires that occurred during shorter IRF. Finally, we investigated the short-term impacts of climate change under four climatic periods: 1980-2010, 2010-2040, 2040-2070 and 2070-2100. Historical and future FRI maps and historical and forecasted weather data estimated by CanESM2 RCP8.5 were used to drive the growth of forests, decomposition rates, fire regime and C dynamics. In our simulation experiments, the accumulation of carbon in the ecosystem was reduced by 11% by the end of 2100. The results of this study suggest that black spruce forest could be losing their capacity to sequester and store organic C over the next coming decades due to climate change effects on the fire regime and on forest growth.
Quilici, Laeticia. "Le carbone organique dans les mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : extraction, structures et rôle sur l'environnement." Toulon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUL0010.
Full textLn France, about 50 % of municipal solid wastes are incinerated (with or without energy recuperation). The main solid residue from incineration process is bottom ash. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash storage or valorisation poses an ecological and economic problem for industrials and local communities. This study is about characterisation of organic fraction present in MSWI bottom ash as well as its influence in short and long term behaviour of bottom ash. Differentia] Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is applied to speciation and evaluation of carbon in MSWI residues. This innovative recognition approach highlights and quantifies different types of carboned materials in bottom ash: Labile Organic Carbon (LOG) and Refractory Carbon (RC). Characterisation and dosage of organic compounds (paraffins, carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are realised with various extraction (traditional extraction (Soxhlet) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)) and identification (Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MSD)) methods. This fine characterisation of organic matter has permitted to evaluate the short and long term available and mobilisable organic reservoir, and also the complexation possibility of some metals with carboxylic acids generously present in bottom ash. Moreover, any ecotoxicity tests performed on studied residues gets a new approach of bottom ash characterisation. A direct correlation with bottom ash physico-chemical parameters (usually studied) and its biotests responses is not possible. In opposite, a relation with carboxylic acids content and ecotoxic indice bottom ash is highlight
Zaouche, Mounia. "Modélisation spatiale multi-sources de la teneur en carbone organique du sol d'une petite région agricole francilienne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS080.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested in the spatial estimation of the topsoil organic carbon(SOC) content over a small agricultural area located West of Paris. The variability of the SOC contenthas been identified as one of the main sources of prediction uncertainty of SOC stocks, whose increasepromotes soil fertility and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions. We use data issued from heterogeneoussources defined at different spatial resolutions (soil samples, soil map, multispectral satellite images, etc)with the aim of providing on the one hand an exhaustive spatial information, and on the other accurateestimates of the SOC content in the study region and an assessment of the related uncertainties. Severaloriginal models, some of which incorporate the change of support, are built and several approaches andprediction methods are considered. These include recent and powerful Bayesian methods enabling notonly the inference of sophisticated models integrating jointly data of different spatial resolutions butalso the exploitation of large data sets. In order to optimize the quality of prediction of the multi-sourcedata modellings, we also propose an efficient and fast approach : it allows to increase the influence of animportant but under-represented type of data, in the set of all initially integrated data
Venkatapen, Corinne. "Étude des déterminants géographiques et spatialisation des stocks de carbone des sols de la Martinique." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0513/document.
Full textSoils elements stocks, and particularly those of carbon, are in constant evolution under natural factors effect (climate, vegetation, clays content, etc) and anthropic factors effect (soils uses, etc). Our objective is thus, (i) to better understand the relations between soil, farming system and stored carbon quantity, (ii) to study the consequences of soils uses changes and of soils managements changes on organic matter shapes in soil and (iii) to specify organic matter role on soil properties physics.Representative agri-pedological situations of the three great mineralogical models of tropical soils (allophonic soils (not crystallized clays), 1:1 clay soils and 2:1 clay soils) and presenting agricultural systems of various levels of intensification (intensive monocultures intended for export, slightly intensified farming systems, etc) were thus selected in the soils of Martinique. In addition, to limit the effects of their former uses, we generally chose to the minimum 3 years old farming situations.The analysis of the various lands carbon stocks reveals different behaviors: in allophonic soils, a correlation exists between carbon content (or organic stock) and texture (or fine elements content), as well for not cultivated as for cultivated situations. Variations ranges (reduction) of carbon stocks observed under various management soils systems effect, also depends on texture: in sandy soils, carbon sequestration potentiality is low or null, on the other hand, carbon storage potentialities are higher in clay soils.The estimation of total carbon stocks on the scale of Martinique, for one meter of depth and for and average situation between the use soils charts of 1969/70 and 1979/80, rises to 11,859 Mt of C calculated for 95,8% of the surface.Soil organic matter distribution varies with soil texture: in sandy soils, with low contents of organic matter, organics matters are mainly associated with the sandy fractions; in clay soils, richer in organic matters, 50 to 60% of the organic matters are associated with the argillaceous fraction. In the same way, the organic matter dynamics also depends on soil texture: in sandy soils, organic stocks variations are primarily due to carbon loss or accumulation of the sandy fraction; in clay soils, the argillaceous fraction takes part in a dominating way in organic stocks variations of these soils at the time of their setting in culture or meadow; the sand-clay soils have an intermediate behavior between these two poles.Structural stability varies with mineralogy. Andosols (or ALL) present a high degree of aggregation and stability, due to the presence of allophones and their particular association with the organics compounds. In crystallized clay soils, aggregation stability is higher in 1:1 clay soils (or LAC); the lowest values are generally observed in the lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC). Moreover, culture setting generally results in aggregation stability reduction.Cultures intensification (frequent ploughings, low organic matter restitutions to the soil, etc) accentuates aggregation stability loss caused by culture setting, particularly in lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC)
Naisse, Christophe. "Potentiel de séquestration de carbone des biochars et hydrochars, et impact après plusieurs siècles sur le fonctionnement du sol." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066518/document.
Full textBiochars and hydrochars production can form amendments enriched in aromatic carbon, potentially recalcitrant against microbial degradation, while massively producing renewable energy. These amendments are aimed to increase soil organic matter (SOM) quantity, and soil fertility. However, due to the diversity of their feedstock and production processes, misunderstandings exist on the potential of these materials to store C in soil at short and long term. In addition, methods to rapidly evaluate the long-term stability of these materials remain to be developed, in order to allow users to determine the quality of these new amendments. This work was consisted for assessing the stability of biochar and hydrochars, biologically by soil incubations, and chemically by oxidation with acid dichromate. The biochar showed a high level of biological and chemical stability, allowing to storage a large amount of carbon throughout the century. In opposite, the hydrochars might not allow sequestering massively carbon beyond the decade, due to its lower biological and chemical stability. The hydrochars induced a positive priming effect (stimulation) while biochar induced a negative priming effect (protection). Physical weathering of both materials led to an increase of stability and a decrease of the priming effect, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in evaluation of strategies for sequestering carbon. Charcoal kiln soils were used as a model for long-term study of the input of biochar in soil after several centuries. Their analysis showed that the contribution of biochar sustainably improves the physicochemical properties of the soil, such as clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and soluble carbon. However, after several centuries of biochar amendment, microbial communities showed no specific adaptation to the degradation of a new biochar input. In this soil model, the input of plant residues resulted in a negative priming effect. Thus, the contribution of biochar in generating specific conditions, allows the maintenance of microbial communities with the ability to switch of substrates, for a new source of substrates more easily degradable. Further works are needed to assess the stability of biochar in soil-plant system
Lacherez-Bastin, Sabine. "Contribution à l'étude de la migration des nitrates dans le sol et la zone non saturée de la nappe de la craie dans le Nord de la France : modélisation intégrée des nitrates dans le bassin versant de l'Escrebieux." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Lacherez-Bastin.pdf.
Full textEn période sèche, l'écoulement se fait à 85 % par effet piston au sein de la matrice poreuse crayeuse, avec une vitesse de l'ordre de 0. 6 rn/an sous un recouvrement argileux supérieur à 5 m, 1. 0 rn/an sous un recouvrement limoneux et enfm 1. 25 m sous un recouvrement sableux. Dans des conditions de saturation importante, l'écoulement par les fissures peut venir égaler voire supplanter le mode d'écoulement par effet piston. Les vitesses de migration des nitrates sont " brusquement" accélérées, pendant une courte période, au droit de la zone fissurée. On observe en général un décalage de l'ordre de 5 m d'une fraction du front de pollution azotée par l'intermédiaire des fissures. La modélisation intégrée des cycles de l'eau et de l'azote au droit du bassin versant de l'Escrebieux montre que le module nitrates, que nous avons développé, restitue correctement les observations de terrain effectuées aux droit des différents piézomètres de suivi de la qualité de la nappe de la craie de ce bassin
Lefèvre, Romain. "Matière organique stable du sol : dynamique et mécanismes de (dé)stabilisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066261.
Full textTo understand the fate of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) in a warmer world is a major challenge to be able to predict future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. To do so, it is of prime importance to understand what the stable SOC is exactly and how its mineralization rate is modulated by temperature. This thesis proposed to study (1) the temperature sensitivity of stable SOC mineralization; (2) the response of soil microbial communities to temperature and (3) to establish a link between SOC decomposability and its age. Soil samples from four long term bare fallow experiments were used for work. We incubated soils sampled at the beggining of each experiment and after several decades of bare fallow at different temperatures for 427 days and we regularly monitored soil respiration. At the end of the incubation, soil microbial communities were assessed using pyrosequencing techniques. Finally, we determined the age of soil organic carbon by radiocarbon dating in soil samples from the chrono-sequence located at Versailles, France. The results obtained brought evidence for a general relationship between the mineralization rate of soil organic carbon and its temperature sensitivity. We also found that microbial communities linked to stable organic carbon are more diverse but also more sensitive to a temperature increase. Some bacterial phyla were particularly impacted by the temperature increase and the organic resource rarefaction. Finally, this thesis highlighted the difficulties met with the radiocarbon dating technique
Payandi-Rolland, Dahédrey. "Biogéochimie du carbone organique dans les eaux de tourbières à pergélisols : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30266.
Full textThe anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere are held responsible for the current global warming experienced by the Earth. Given the amplified effect of warming in the northern regions, the main objective of this thesis is to assess the factors that could influence the organic matter (OM) degradation within a carbon-rich permafrost peatland. For this purpose, we studied the effect of biological and geochemical parameters, which are directly or indirectly influenced by climate change, on the degradation of OM. Field studies and experiments were carried out in discontinuous permafrost areas of Eastern Siberia and Sweden, along with laboratory experiments using substrates from these regions and from peatlands of NE Europe. Experiments were conducted as a function of temperature, bacterial biomass, OM origins, water bodies heterogeneity, vegetation type, freezing and thawing cycles, anoxic conditions and soil depths. The originality of this work consists in the combination of various (bio)geochemical analyses using both fieldwork and laboratory approaches linking the different systems controlling OM degradation in the natural environment (mainly microbiology and geochemistry). After an introduction dealing with possible positive feedback of OM degradation in northern peatlands on climate warming, the first chapter is dedicated to a general context giving an insight of the OM in the arctic region under climate change challenges and presenting all the techniques, analyses and methods employed for this thesis. The second chapter describes the three studied sites and the general fieldwork, which involved the study of OM behaviour during diel cycles. The third chapter tackles the origin of OM and the water bodies heterogeneity effect on the biodegradation of OM. The fourth chapter investigates the impact of freeze-thaw cycles of peatland water bodies on OM degradation during transitional periods, such as early spring and late autumn. Finally, the last chapter reports the result of aerobic and anaerobic experiments. The aerobic experiment tests the effect of temperature and heterotrophic bacteria on biodegradation, while the anaerobic experiment deals with the potential production of greenhouse gases from a soil profile collected in a peatland. The main results of this thesis highlight that i) during the night, small thermokarst lakes release up to three times more CO2 compared to day-time, and big lakes become a source of CO2 rather than a sink; ii) along a hydrological continuum, from supra-permafrost water to rivers through thermokarst lakes, the degradation rate of OM decreases and the biodegradability of waters increases; iii) recurrent freeze-thaw cycles during early spring and late autumn do not influence the degradation of carbon but favor the OM-metals complexes in neutral pH waters of large lakes and rivers; iv) temperatures during these transitional periods (4 °C) exhibit the same effect on biodegradation than the summer temperatures (25 °C); and v) when frozen peat thaws, it does not release a significantly different amount of CH4 and CO2 from biodegradation processes compared to the active layer. The studies carried out in this work bring an overview of the various direct and/or indirect effects of climate change on the OM transformation by biotic and abiotic factors in a discontinuous permafrost area. Furthermore, the study of carbon behaviour in wetlands soils and waters, as well as CO2 and CH4 emissions, may help to determine the influence of climate change on the interactions of biodegraded carbon from pedo- and hydrosphere with the atmosphere
Texier, Michèle. "Régulation des transferts d'azote dans la rhizosphère de plantes non fixatrices d'azote (cas du blé)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20042.
Full textVoisin, Anne-Sophie. "Etude du fonctionnement des racines nodulées du pois (Pisum sativum L. ) en relation avec la disponibilité en nitrates du sol, les flux de carbone au sein de la plante et la phénologie : croissance des racines nodulées et activité fixatrice des nodosités." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS005.
Full textBelhadj, Brahim Ali. "Influence des constituants alumineux et ferriques non cristallins sur les cycles du carbone et de l'azote dans les sols montagnards acides." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376027521.
Full textCourte, Amandine. "Le carbone des sols, la petite agriculture, ses systèmes de production et pratiques, témoins des enjeux environnementaux et agricoles de la Guyane." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0010.
Full textGuyanese soils as those of Amazonian bioma, have for agrosystems, strong edaphic constrains which are accentuated by land uses changes. Carbon stocks are the center of fertility and environmental management issues that involves emerging systems and low impact practices. In order to estimate the value of such practices, we studied the stocks evolution after cultivation using the data provided by the creation of two repositories, one of the production systems of small-scale agriculture and the other one of soil carbon stocks under natural vegetation. Our study on Guiana's agricultural production systems showed that carbon can be a recognized indicator that order space management patterns. This work also confirms the spontaneous development of low-impact practices by farmers. Measurements in the forest environment and mapping showed that soil organic carbon stocks under natural vegetation are high and could constitute an important carbon reservoir for France, estimated between 11 and 22 % of the national stock. Measurements of agricultural stocks and simulations (RothC) of the stock value among time, indicated that stocks vary rapidly and strongly after clearing and cultivation. Indeed, 50 % stocks decreases have been observed with intensive crop systems after 5 years’ cultivation. Low-impact practices reveal economical and environmental efficiency. In fact, they present an interest by being low GHG emitters and being able to increase the initial SOC under natural vegetation by 20 % after 5 years. However, beyond the farmers acceptability, there are many obstacles for agriculture development and these issues require global public policies in order to encourage these low-impact practices
Razafimbelo, Tantely. "Stockage et protection du carbone dans un sol ferrallitique sous systèmes en semis direct avec couverture végétale des Hautes Terres malgaches." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772088.
Full textSoto, Gerardo. "Statut organique des sols en milieu aride : étude de la région de Coquimbo (Chili)." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444588.
Full textBrassard, Mariane. "Développement d'outils diagnostiques de la nutrition azotée du maïs-grain pour une gestion optimale de l'engrais azoté /cMarianne Brassard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18923.
Full textValé, Mathieu. "Quantification et prédiction de la minéralisation nette de l'azote du sol in situ, sous divers pédoclimats et systèmes de culture français." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000301/.
Full textVedere, Charlotte. "Impact du potentiel matriciel sur la biodégradation de résidus végétaux - Evolution spatio-temporelle de la détritusphère." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB014.
Full textAs a result of the heterogeneous spatial distribution of microorganisms and substrates in soil and restricted accessibility, biodegradation occurs mainly in hot-spots, such as in the detritusphere induced by decomposing plant residues. Knowing the characteristics of the volume of soil involved in decomposition of a given organic substrate would help understand and predict biodegradation, while this information is not yet known for given soil characteristics. Our objectives were: (i) to identify the volume of soil involved in the biodegradation of plant residues and (ii) to determine to what extent this volume is affected by soil moisture under diffusive conditions, by monitoring the mineralisation and spatio-temporal evolution of residues-C and microorganisms in soil at the scale of the microbial habitat. We incubated repacked soil cores, with a central layer of 13C labelled maize residues at three different matric potentials. We monitored the 13C and total C mineralisation over 601 days of incubation, we separated soil slices with increasing distances from the residues at 3, 7, 15 and 45 days and analysed therein the 13C from the residue, the microbial community structure and its activity by processing PLFA and 13C-PLFA but also prepared thin sections for fluorescence and nanoSIMS observations. Mineralisation and priming effect increased with soil moisture, but beyond 70 days, they both become higher than expected in dry conditions. A few mm thick detritusphere was established as fast as the soil humidity was important, with an increasing gradient of 13C, total, 13C PLFA and observed colonies towards the residues layer. Most 13C from the residues was located in the first two millimetres of the detritusphere and little impacted by matric potential. The degrading microbial communities were different from the total communities but similar in wet and dry conditions. Both bacteria and fungi were involved in biodegradation after 7 days of incubation. The use of analysis methods of points repartition between them and according to macropores allowed us to obtain little widespread micro-scale data in soil sciences on the distribution of soil microorganisms. The aggregation of microorganisms seems little affected by the water content and the proximity of the residue. On the other hand, distribution gradients of microorganisms around the macropores were stronger in dry than wet conditions and in contact with the residue. The NanoSIMS observations could not give very reliable results but were consistent with a rapid assimilation of the resources available after a few days of incubation. It seems more generally that in the case of dry soil, part of the processes are slower (establishment of the detritusphere, development of fungi, biodegradation, priming effect, distribution of microorganisms around the pores, etc.), however, their intensity is not lessened
El, Mekdad Fatima. "La rhizodéposition dans les horizons profonds du sol peut-elle permettre de stocker du carbone ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS086.pdf.
Full textIncreasing anthropogenic emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere are accelerating climate change. These emissions could be partially compensated by carbon fixation in the oceans, vegetation and soils. In particular, soils contain three times more carbon than the atmosphere, and therefore play a crucial role in climate regulation. It has been suggested that storing carbon in the deep layers of the soil, via rhizodeposition of plants, may be a useful avenue to pursue in order to mitigate climate change. We therefore conducted an experiment at CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-de-France to quantify the input and persistence of rhizodeposited carbon by plants using a continuous 13C-CO2 label. Two wheat varieties with contrasting root systems were planted in mesocosms and grown for a full growing season in a 13C-enriched atmosphere. Our objectives were to quantify the rooting-dependent flux of carbon from the atmosphere to the soil by isotopic tracing with 13C, and to measure its short-term persistence. The results showed that the old variety Plantahof rhizodeposited a larger amount of carbon than the more recent variety Nara, especially at depth. However, the carbon supplied to the soil by these two varieties led to similar amounts of organic C mineralization and priming effects. Thus, the total carbon balance was more related to the effect of soil depth than to the varieties used in the study. Furthermore, I carried out a meta-analysis of the distribution of enzymatic activities as a function of soil depth for hydrolases and oxidoreductases involved in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycle. The results of this analysis showed that the activity profiles depended very strongly on the way these activities were expressed, with activities mostly decreasing when expressed per soil mass, but remaining rather stable or even increasing with depth when expressed per unit microbial biomass. Taken together, these results show that considering the functioning of the entire soil column is essential to understand the dynamics of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems
Rajot, Jean-Louis. "Dissolution des oxydes de Fert (hématite et goethite) d'un sol ferralitique des llanos de Colombie par des bactéries ferri-réductrices : implication sur le jaunissement des matériaux pédologiques rouges." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10401.
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