Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols résiduels'
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Antseleve, Michel. "Comportement mécanique des sols résiduels tropicaux : cas des latérites et des saprolites de la Nouvelle-Calédonie." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL095N.
Full textMouali, Lila. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du comportement hydromécanique des sols résiduels tropicaux : application à la modélisation sismique d'un barrage en remblai aux Antilles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0606.
Full textThe use of residual tropical soils for the construction of embankment dams is an important issue. Dams located in tropical regions are often subject to seismic risk. Most often, foundations with weak characteristics are purged and replaced with compacted soils. Thus, the seismic behavior of the dams located in these regions depend on the dynamic properties of the compacted residual soils. The evaluation of the seismic behavior of a dam is based on the capacity of the models to predict the evolution of the rigidity of the structure during the seismic stress. It is therefore important to have models allowing to predict the shear modulus at small strains, the reduction curve of the normalized shear modulus and the damping curve. The objectives of our research work are to contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the cyclic mechanical behavior of compacted residual tropical soils and to propose models making it possible to predict their behavior. To answer these, an experimental study of the cyclic properties of soils sampled from the site of a dam under construction in the French West Indies was carried out using undrained cyclic triaxial test objectives and resonant column tests. It is thus shown that the existing equations in the literature are not adapted to our experimental results. Predictive equations for the determination of Gmax, G / Gmax and D are developed. On the basis of the results obtained, nonlinear dynamic numerical simulations were obtained at the scale of the sample and of the structure using the flac software
Schiavon, José Antonio. "Behaviour of helical anchors subjected to cyclic loadings." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDN0014/document.
Full textHelical anchors, used widely to resist uplift loading for a variety of applications, including in transmission towers, pipelines, offshore structures, etc., are subjected to environmental cyclic loads that influence the anchor performance and may induce fatigue failure. However, the influence of cyclic loading on helical anchor behaviour is unknown. A comprehensive evaluation of the effect of cyclic loading on the load-displacement response of single-helix anchors in sandy soils is presented here, including an interaction diagram to help designers evaluate the impact of different conditions in cyclic loadings. The experimental work of this thesis includes geotechnical centrifuge modelling and field load tests. The centrifuge model tests were carried out with reduced scale models of helical anchors in sand, at IFSTTAR (Nantes, France). The field load tests were performed on hekical anchors installed in a tropical residual soil of the Experimental Site of the University of Sao Paulo (Sao Carlos, Brazil). In addition, numerical modelling was used to predict the pre- and post-cyclic responses of the single-helix anchors tested in a centrifuge. The main findings of this research are : (a) helical anchor behaviour is governed by helix bearing resistance and no loss of helix bearing capacity was observed in the range of cyclic loadings tested, (b) the degardation of shaft resistance was noticed mainly during the first 100 cycles, when the accumulation of permanent displacements is more significant, (c) an interaction diagramshowing the different conditions of cyclic stability is proposed from the results of the experimental data, (d) modified values of the bearing capacity factor in tension (Nq) are suggested for the estimation of post-cyclic uplift capacity of single-helix anchors in sand, (e) the installation effect of the anchor should be taken into account in the numerical model in order to obtain reliable predictions of the helical anchor performance
Vedere, Charlotte. "Impact du potentiel matriciel sur la biodégradation de résidus végétaux - Evolution spatio-temporelle de la détritusphère." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB014.
Full textAs a result of the heterogeneous spatial distribution of microorganisms and substrates in soil and restricted accessibility, biodegradation occurs mainly in hot-spots, such as in the detritusphere induced by decomposing plant residues. Knowing the characteristics of the volume of soil involved in decomposition of a given organic substrate would help understand and predict biodegradation, while this information is not yet known for given soil characteristics. Our objectives were: (i) to identify the volume of soil involved in the biodegradation of plant residues and (ii) to determine to what extent this volume is affected by soil moisture under diffusive conditions, by monitoring the mineralisation and spatio-temporal evolution of residues-C and microorganisms in soil at the scale of the microbial habitat. We incubated repacked soil cores, with a central layer of 13C labelled maize residues at three different matric potentials. We monitored the 13C and total C mineralisation over 601 days of incubation, we separated soil slices with increasing distances from the residues at 3, 7, 15 and 45 days and analysed therein the 13C from the residue, the microbial community structure and its activity by processing PLFA and 13C-PLFA but also prepared thin sections for fluorescence and nanoSIMS observations. Mineralisation and priming effect increased with soil moisture, but beyond 70 days, they both become higher than expected in dry conditions. A few mm thick detritusphere was established as fast as the soil humidity was important, with an increasing gradient of 13C, total, 13C PLFA and observed colonies towards the residues layer. Most 13C from the residues was located in the first two millimetres of the detritusphere and little impacted by matric potential. The degrading microbial communities were different from the total communities but similar in wet and dry conditions. Both bacteria and fungi were involved in biodegradation after 7 days of incubation. The use of analysis methods of points repartition between them and according to macropores allowed us to obtain little widespread micro-scale data in soil sciences on the distribution of soil microorganisms. The aggregation of microorganisms seems little affected by the water content and the proximity of the residue. On the other hand, distribution gradients of microorganisms around the macropores were stronger in dry than wet conditions and in contact with the residue. The NanoSIMS observations could not give very reliable results but were consistent with a rapid assimilation of the resources available after a few days of incubation. It seems more generally that in the case of dry soil, part of the processes are slower (establishment of the detritusphere, development of fungi, biodegradation, priming effect, distribution of microorganisms around the pores, etc.), however, their intensity is not lessened
Boupassia, Christian. "Etude des sols et des résidus miniers de la région de Moanda au Sud-Est du Gabon : perspectives de réhabilitation du plateau manganésifère de Bangombé." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS017.
Full textSauvadet, Marie. "Impacts de la qualité et quantité des résidus de culture sur la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés du sol. Application aux systèmes de grandes cultures du Nord-Est de la France." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS041.
Full textCrop residues decomposition is an essential process in cultivated lands since it constitutes the main source of organic matter in these systems. Although the underlying mechanisms of residues degradation of varying qualities and quantities are well-known, their consequences on soil biota and the related functions are less understood. To better understand this process, we chose to follow at key steps of decomposition the evolution of major components of soil diversity (microorganisms, nematodes, micro-arthropods and macrofauna), the evolution of litter quality, the main carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes and enzyme activities associated, for different quantities and qualities of litter added. The experiments were set up at different spatial and temporal scales (field, mesocosm and microcosm experiments) in function of our objectives.Litter quantity and quality have distinct effects on soil biota. Litter quantity influences the detritivores, and litter quality influences more generally the main functional groups. Labile litter impacts more the bacterial energy channel and the macrodetritivores at the first stages of decomposition, and recalcitrant litter impacts more the fungal energy channel and the mesodetritivores at the latter stage of decomposition. These evolutions are mirrored by the enzymatic dynamics. More specifically, fauna top-down regulations (L.terrestris and nematodes manipulations) exhibit high effects on soil enzymes. Similarly, soil micro-food web initial composition drives enzymatic dynamics. Contrastingly, litter C mineralization depends mainly on its initial quality. This PhD shows the importance of litter management on the biological functions of cultivated soils. Varying litter quality and quantity appear as a mean to influence soil health and some ecosystem services on the long term
Dubé, Jean-Sébastien. "Modifications hydrodynamiques du comportement des métaux lourds dans un sol hétérogène présentant une contamination résiduelle en NAPL : étude sur la contamination mixte des sols." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65448.pdf.
Full textTonnelat, Stéphane. "Interstices urbains Paris - New York : entre contrôles et mobilités, quatre espaces résiduels de l'aménagement." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002133370204611&vid=upec.
Full textSanchez-Hachair, Arnaud. "Solution de remédiation de terrains pollués aux "charrées de chrome" : élaboration d’une méthode d’électrocinétique couplée à la réduction chimique." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R011.
Full textChromite Ore Processing Residues (COPR) are materials with strongly alcaline pH (>10) containing fairly soluble cement phases bearing hexavalent chromium as a substituted anion. The pore water contains high concentrations of mobile Cr(VI) often above 100 mg/L. The bulk concentration of Cr(VI) is 4 - 7 g /kg COPR. Hexavalent chromium is a toxic compound. Historically, COPR was used for embankments and backfills in construction works. This was the case for an infrastructure in the north of France. In this study we aimed to develop a remediation method suitable for treatment of this backfills in-situ. We coupled the electrokinetics technique with in situ chemical reduction of Cr(VI). In this method, the added reductive compound migrates through the material under the effect of an electric field. We show that Cr(VI) reduction to the less toxic Cr(III) is possible with as high as 97% efficiency. Results show that the crystallized mineral phases are not impacted by the treatment. However, 60 to 70% of the mineral phases are amorphous as quantification studies show. The pH change during treatment fragilizes them, resulting in some dissolution, reprecipitation, electromigration and electrophoretic transport phenomena. Cr(III)-hydroxide, produced during the treatment, also appear to be in a mobile colloidal form. Optimisations of the technique are possible, in particular the control of pH changes and the suppression of colloidal Cr(III) mobility. Industrial perspectives are promising. This method can be adapted to other materials and redox sensitive pollutants
Vian, Jean-François. "Comparaison de différentes techniques de travail du sol en agriculture biologique : effet de la structure et de la localisation des résidus sur les microorganismes du sol et leurs activités de minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005158.
Full textAmin, Bilal Ahmad Zafar. "Rôle des enzymes lignocellulolytiques dans le processus de biodégradation de résidus végétaux dans les sols : Influence de la qualité des résidus sur l’efficacité des enzymes et leur dynamique." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS029/document.
Full textPlant residue decomposition plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and influences ecosystem functioning. The intrinsic biochemical composition of plant residues is a key factor influencing decomposition processes in soil while the majority of biochemical reactions in soil, related to the biodegradation of plant residues, are catalyzed by extracellular enzymes produced by microorganisms. The overall goal of this research study was to gain fundamental knowledge regarding the impact of residue quality on soil microbial functions and the principles by which soil enzymes mediate plant residue decomposition. This goal was achieved in three parts: 1) to determine the role of the initial residue community i.e. microorganisms and enzymes from the epiphytic and endophytic compartments and effect of plant residue quality on the extracellular enzyme kinetics during the decomposition process in soil 2) to investigate the effect of soil microbial functions (microbial biomass and extracellular enzymes) on the subsequent residue decomposition in the same soil 3) to explore the interactions between nitrogen availability and the decomposition of phenolic compounds through the action of oxydo-reductase enzymes activities and to develop a method to measure these activities in contrasted soils using a single substrate. The general approach of this study was to select plant residues with variations in their chemical quality to obtain contrasted C mineralization kinetics. Maize (Zea mays L.) was selected as a model plant because of variations in chemical and structural characteristics (Mexxal, F2, F2bm1, F292bm3) of aerial (leaves, internodes) and underground parts (roots). 13C-labeled flax stems were used to quantify accurately carbon mineralization in different carbon pools. To assess the relationships between plant residue quality and associated soil biological functions, controlled microcosm experiments were performed using agricultural and forest soils. Carbon mineralization and chemical characteristics (C and N contents, total sugars and lignin contents) of the plant residue, microbial biomass and enzyme activities (L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), cellobiohydrolase (CBH-1), xylanase, cellulase and laccase) were determined at different stages of decomposition. The results of first study indicated that activities of epiphytic and endogenic microorganisms were of the same order of magnitude in case of roots while the activities of specific enzymes (cellulase, xylanase and laccase) were highly correlated to the degradation of their target substrates (glucans, xylans and lignin, respectively). In the second study, little effect of repeated residue addition was observed on microbial biomass and enzyme dynamics except LAP and laccase. These results suggest that plant residue quality is the main factor which determines the fate/patterns of microbial biomass and their extracellular enzymes during decomposition process in soil. The results of last study demonstrated that nitrogen addition repressed the carbon mineralization of less lignified residues (F2, F2bm1) but did not affect more lignified residue (F292bm3) in long term decomposition. For estimation of phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities, ABTS appeared as a better substrate than L-DOPA, pyrogallol and TMB.Key words: decomposition, microbial biomass, extracellular enzymes, residue quality, maize
Loiseau, Ludovic. "Processus de stabilisation des pesticides dans les sols : mécanismes impliqués, caractérisation et bio-disponibilité des résidus liés (ou non-extractibles) de l'atrazine." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066328.
Full textLi, Zhi. "Devenir des résidus de médicaments dans les sols, biodégradation-sorption : discussion dans un contexte de réutilisation des eaux usées." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13523/document.
Full textWastewater irrigation represents great interest in arid and semi-arid regions where water demand is important. However, wastewater irrigation results in, for example, soil contamination by emerging organic pollutants such as pharmaceuticals. Transport and transformation mechanisms of these substances are still poorly understood. The objective of this thesis was to study the processes of biodegradation and sorption of pharmaceutical products in laboratory experiments, with a special reflection in the context of wastewater irrigation. Firstly, we exploited the chiral signature of the antidepressant venlafaxine (VEN) and its major human metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV) in order to discriminate the biological processes from other processes. Laboratory experiment showed a correlation between the biodegradation rate and the change in enantiomer fraction. The VEN was then monitored at the outlet of a WWTP and in the river receiving the discharge. A change in enantiomer fraction showed the interest for a better development of this application to investigate in situ biodegradation. Secondly, the sorption of cationic molecules VEN and ODV, as well as the neutral molecules antiepileptic carbamazepine and its human metabolite trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine, was studied in batch and soil column leaching experiments. The pH and ionic strength conditions in batch experiment influenced the sorption of VEN and ODV, while there was little impact for neutral compounds. The cationic exchange should play an important role in the sorption process of cationic molecules. Leaching study showed that neutral compounds are much more mobile than cationic compounds; therefore they may contaminate groundwater in the case of wastewater irrigation
Mora, Torres Rocio. "Recherche de résidus d'un fongicide chloré (le pentachloronitrobenzène) dans les végétaux et les sols : étude des moyens de biodégradation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE18013.
Full textNiknahad, Ghar Makher Hamid. "Minéralisation du soufre associée à la décomposition des matières organiques dans les sols et relations avec les dynamiques du carbone et de l'azote." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0051.
Full textCriquet, Stéven. "La litière de chêne vert (Quercus ilex L. ) ; aspects méthodologiques, enzymologiques et microbiologiques ; étude préliminaire des relations in situ entre microorganismes, enzymes et facteurs environnementaux." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30052.
Full textBeaudette, Vincent. "Caractérisation des liquides issus du compostage de résidus agroalimentaires végétaux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25340.
Full textAydi, Souad. "Procédés d'oxydation dydrothermale pour le traitement des résidus provenant des huileries (margines)." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13360.
Full textTrinsoutrot-Gattin, Isabelle. "Influence de la qualité biochimique et de la teneur en azote de résidus de colza (Brassica napus L) sur les biotransformations du carbone et de l'azote au cours de leur décomposition dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10070.
Full textMontigny, Laurence. "Contribution à l'étude de la mobilité des métaux lourds contenus dans les résidus d'incinération des déchets ménagers, sur le moyen et long terme." Toulon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUL0014.
Full textThe incineration of municipal solid wastes in France releases 70% of the material as fumes, while 27% remains as bottom ashes and 3% as APC -(Air Pollution Control) residues. Because of new strict national regulations, we examined both the short and long-term behaviour of these solid residues. Extraction methods, including a column percolation test and soxhlet extraction, were developed to accelerate weathering processes and to predict the long-term environmental impact of these residues. With both methods, similar leaching behaviour was observed for different residues. Initially, leaching of very soluble compounds such as NaCl, KC1 and CaCl; along with dissolution of slightly soluble compounds such as CaS04 and Ca(OH)2 occurs. After depletion of K+, Na+ and Cl" from the residues, Ca2+ and SO42" ions continue to be leached at low but steady levels. Most of heavy metals released were dissolved in the first liters of water, then concentrations rapidly declined throughout the experiment, indicating that these metals are either slightly or not at all mobilized. Less than 10% of these metals contained by residues were released into the water, indicating that they occur as slightly soluble forms. Using these results, a predictive model was developed in which removal of soluble species occurs during the first several years 1 in a landfill disposal followed by slow migration of less species over a period of two to three hundred years. A quantity of dissolved carbon is also removed during leaching and multidimensional excitation/emission matrix fluorescence was used to identify different types of fluorophores mobilized during the leaching tests
Schneider, Olivier. "Analyse des effets du mode de gestion des résidus de colza sur l'initiation du cycle de Leptosphaeria maculans." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INAP0007.
Full textWatt, Sarah. "Étude comparative des effets de différents résidus organiques sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques reliées à la qualité des sols." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61367.pdf.
Full textMrad, Fida. "Décomposition de résidus de culture et de matériaux biosourcés : impact sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR109/document.
Full textWaste management is a major problem worldwide. In agriculture, the return of crop residues to the soil is a common practice and represents an interesting opportunity to maintain soil fertility and / or to store carbon. The decomposition of plant materials in soils is influenced by several factors (such as microbial composition, plant material’s nature and quality), and soil microorganisms are its main actors. Moreover, other ways of valorization of non-harvested plant materials are possible, such as their transformation for non-food applications. In the building industry, the interest in using biobased materials (for thermal insulation) is growing and encouraged by the public authorities in construction or renovation projects. However, to our knowledge, the issue of management of these materials end-of-life is not yet addressed, after deconstructing the buildings. In order to better understand different crop residues (wheat straw, rapeseed straw and sunflower stems) decomposition in agricultural soils, we have combined different biochemical / physicochemical characterizations such as biochemical fractionation, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy, with microbial dynamics monitoring (abundance, diversity, function), supplemented by carbon and nitrogen mineralization measures during 3 months incubation in microcosms. Crop residues mineralization is mainly governed by initially different microbiodiversities (derived from permanent grassland or conventional cropping system), and to a lesser extent by their biochemical quality. However, microbial dynamics are influenced by both, types of soils and nature of inputs. As for the sunflower stem coproducts (pith and bark), C mineralization is mainly dictated by their initial quality. Concerning the manufacturing process of a sunflower pith biobased material, it seems to favor its mineralization in soil. The return of this type of material to soil could thus constitute an interesting means of managing its end-of-life
Zaher, Hafida. "Analyses expérimentales et théoriques de la mouillabilité et de l'occlusion porale dans la stabilisation structurale d'agrégats de sols amendés en résidus organiques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65439.pdf.
Full textMadrigal, monarrez Ismael. "Rétention de pesticides dans les sols des dispositifs tampon, enherbés et boisés: rôle des matières organiques." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001214.
Full textBrunel, Célia. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques (Pb, Zn, Cd) sur un petit bassin versant amont contaminé par des déchets miniers - cas du bassin versant amont du Lez (Ariège, Pyrénées)." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30025.
Full textOn the orphan Sentein mining district (Pyrénées), the Zn, Cd and Pb dynamics is studied at the scale of the Lez upstream catchment, with geochemical and mineralogical approaches. From the primary and natural mineralization, mining exploitation has lead to the redistribution of metal into several secondary sources (contaminated soils, extraction wastes and tailings). Tailings are the main storage compartment of metals. Submitted to erosion, they constitute the principal source. In this carbonated context, the metal exportation under dissolved form is limited by the formation of secondary minerals. Runoff and erosion are dominant processes for metal mobilization. At the catchment outlet, particulate dispersion is dominant specially, during storm events. The contribution of this mining site to Garonne metal fluxes is assessed
Niknahad, ghar makher Hamid. "Minéralisation du soufre associée à la décomposition des matières organiques dans les sols et relations avec les dynamiques du carbone et de l'azote." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004764.
Full textOuassel, Fadéla. "Contribution à l'étude de l'hydroconversion thermique des huiles lourdes et résidus pétroliers en régime discontinu." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ECAP0043.
Full textHellequin, Eve. "Effets des biostimulants sur le fonctionnement biologique de sols d’agrosystèmes : réponses des communautés microbiennes et dynamique de minéralisation du carbone organique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B029.
Full textModern agriculture is undergoing important changes toward agroecological practices that rely on biodiversity and ecological processes. In agrosystems, the organic matter is the key of the soil fertility and an important reserve of carbon. Organic fertilization by crop residues is therefore an agricultural practice that improve the organic matter content in soil. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the organic carbon (orgC) dynamic because they are key players of its mineralization and are involved in the nutrients recycling. Thus, the use of agricultural biostimulant (BS) intended to enhance this microbial function is proposed as an alternative solution to improve indirectly plant growth while reducing chemical inputs. This thesis aimed to i) identify the effect of soil biostimulant on heterotrophic microbial communities, the orgC mineralization and the nutrient releases, ii) evaluate its genericity by testing different experimental conditions and iii) identify the environmental filters that control both the microbial communities and the mineralization function. We showed that the orgC dynamic was different according to contrasted physico-chemical and biological characteristics of different soils. We showed that plants can also influence the orgC dynamic by returning litter to the soil and through its root effect on the bacterial and fungal communities. Unlike plants, the amount of orgC provided by the two tested BS was negligible. However, we evaluated the effect of one BS as at least similar or even higher than those of plant on active bacterial and fungal abundances, richness and diversity. Among the two BS tested we showed that one enhanced the orgC mineralization by recruiting indigenous soil bacterial and fungal decomposers and that the other did not affect the orgC mineralization but activated indigenous soil plant-growth-promoting bacteria as well as soil bacterial and fungal decomposers. Furthermore, our study call for new normative methodological and systemic approach by monitoring simultaneously several descriptors for advancing our knowledge on BS action on microbial soil functioning
Rageul, Pierre. "Etude de l'influence des traitements mécaniques sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des résidus de distillation sous vide pétroliers." Mulhouse, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MULH0409.
Full textMarchal, Charles. "Étude de la contribution catalytique à la stabilité des effluents en hydroconversion des résidus sous vide." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576702.
Full textMary, Nicolas. "Influence des contraintes résiduelles sur la corrosion par piqûres des aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques : approche mécanique et électrochimique à l'échelle locale." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS058.
Full textVollet, Marson Gabriela. "Concentration et fractionnement par membranes d'hydrolysat protéique de levure résiduelle de bière." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG015.
Full textThe valorisation of agro-industrial by-products and the search for alternative sources of protein to produce peptides are of great importance. This work proposes the development of a process enabling the production of fractions rich in bioactive peptides from the by-product from brewing called “spent brewer’s yeast”. The motivation of this subject of research is based on the increasing demand to reuse agro-industrial by-products such as spent yeasts and on the production bioactive peptides using clean and efficient technologies. Spent brewer’s yeast slurry was collected after maturation and was submitted to cell wall disruption methods. Autolysis, glass bead milling and enzymatic hydrolysis using Brauzyn® were compared, and enzymatic hydrolysis presented a higher protein recovery and improved antioxidant activity. A simultaneous cell wall disruption and peptide production was proposed using a mixture design employing Brauzyn®, Protamex™ and Alcalase™ (pH 7.0, 50 °C, 2000 U g-1 for 2 h), being able to reduce steps during the processing of spent brewer’s yeast. Protein hydrolysates characteristics varied with the proportion of enzymes used, changing the extent of the release of hydrophobic residues, the degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant properties, browning extent and yield of solids and peptides. Membrane separation of the complex protein hydrolysate was studied firstly using polymeric membranes of regenerated cellulose and polyethersulfone and then in ceramic ones. A smaller susceptibility to fouling was observed for more hydrophilic surfaces, and at higher feed pH values. Results confirmed that the main foulants during ultrafiltration of spent brewer’s yeast protein hydrolysate are peptides that adsorb easily onto the membrane surface. Fractionation using ceramic membranes of 50-1 kg mol-1 of molecular weight cut-off was able to separate multi-active peptides from total sugars and ribonucleic acids. Spent brewer’s yeast peptides presented antioxidant activity by different mechanisms, in vitro anti-diabetic activity (inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase) and anti-Alzheimer activity (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase). Sequential processing of spent brewer’s yeast using enzymatic and membrane separation technologies was able to recover peptides with multiple bioactivities from an underused by-product from brewing. Fractions produced represent an alternative as peptide-rich ingredients in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Greffard, Laurence. "Potentiel de terreaux de restauration à base de biochar, de cendre et de matières résiduelles fertilisantes pour la croissance d'Alnus incana ssp. rugosa et Calamagrostis canadensis : une stratégie de mise en végétation de rejets miniers." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27578.
Full textMining operations produce a large amount of tailings, sludges and acid rocks, changing the environment. Revegetation of residues helps restor ecological services on mining sites. The main objective of this study was to develop low cost, environmentally sound substrates made of biochar, ash, fertilizing residual matter and lime sludge for revegetation of mining wastes. Physical, chemical and biological characterization of the substrates have been completed in addition to bioassays with Alnus incana subsp. rugosa and Calamagrostis canadensis. Ash in the substrates had an impact on pH and Mn content while Fe content was related to biochar. Porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were higher in the substrates with biochar in lower with ash. Fertilizing residual matter blend made the more porous and permeable substrates and very high content in P and K. Liming sludge increased electrical conductivity, Ca and Mg contents and did not significantly affect physical properties of substrates. After 4 months of growth in greenhouses, Alders showed the best growth in the substrates 7 (biochar, fertilizing residual matter and liming sludge) and 8 (biochar and liming sludge). Biochar seems better than ash for Alder growth, followed by liming sludge. We cannot conclude for Calamagrostis canadensis because of the lack of data due to its poor germination.
Claquesin, Julien. "Propriétés des actinides en sels fondus à base CaF2 : application au traitement de résidus." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30129.
Full textThis thesis aims to develop a pyrochemical process to treat contaminated by-products composed of a CaF2 matrix with a significant CaO amount and Pu inclusions (oxides, fluorides, oxi-fluorides, ...). The process feature consists in extracting Pu by metallothermic reduction with Ca addition in a molten medium made from the by-product. Plutonium, reduced in a metallic liquid form, settles and coalesces before being separated from the matrix after cooling and solidification. As a result, the clean salt, meeting the radiological requirements of the France's National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA), could be discarded to the dedicated way. As the melting point of the matrix is higher than 1400°C, the selected approach is to lower the temperature at around 1000°C by CaCl2 addition. To minimize CaCl2 amount, melting point of the mixture has to be investigated as a function of its composition. In order to build CaCl2-CaF2-CaO ternary phase diagram, preliminary binary diagrams are required (CaCl2-CaF2, CaCl2-CaO, and CaF2-CaO). The two first were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and results are in agreement with the calculated models from FactSage® databases. CaF2-CaO diagram was calculated using available databases as melting temperatures are very high. CaCl2-CaF2-CaO phase diagram was then calculated and compared to experimental values: a low discrepancy was observed, suggesting that data from CaF2-CaO phase diagram can be optimized. From these results, it was showed that addition of 50 wt. % CaCl2 leads to the matrix fusion at T < 1000°C. After CaCl2 addition, the by-product can be melted in a magnesia crucible, commonly used in pyrochemical processes. The container was qualified through MgO solubility, investigated in CaCl2-CaF2-CaO by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP); values measured at 1000°C are negligible (< 0,1 wt. %) and do not show any crucible/molten medium chemical interaction. After melting, Pu extraction has to be performed in a chloro-fluoride medium, but only few investigations are available in the literature. Since the only published data concern chloride solvents, a detailed electrochemical study was performed in molten fluorides. The main results are: * Pu(III) is reduced into Pu in one step, * Pu(III)/Pu standard potential (0.69 V vs. solvent) and Pu(III) activity coefficient were determined at 840°C, as well as diffusion coefficient between 820 and 880°C. Pure CaCl2-CaF2 (50-50 mol. %) solvent was characterized and presents an electroinactivity domain around 3,45 V corresponding to the CaCl2 decomposition into Ca and Cl2(g). Unfortunately, Pu behavior could not be experimentally investigated in this medium but a thermodynamic approach, using a comparison system Zr(IV)/Zr, was used to assess the Pu(III) reduction potential. The expected Pu(III) reduction potential is in between 0.43 and 0.61 V vs. solvent, meaning that the extraction efficiency is higher than 99.9997 %. The proposed process fulfills then all the requirements: a melting temperature lower than 1000°C and a complete Pu recovery. These results have to be experimentally verified as a prospect of this work
Ibrahima, Adamou. "Approches expérimentale et spectroscopique de la décomposition de litières méditerranéennes." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20216.
Full textCordova, Lopez Jesus Antonio. "Isolement, identification et physiologie des champignons thermophiles en vue de la production de lipases par fermentation en milieu solide." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20037.
Full textIqbal, Akhtar. "Effets de la nature et décomposition des mulchs de résidus végétaux sur les services assurés par les sols en agriculture de conservation : Étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS001.
Full textIn conservation agriculture (CA), crop residues mulches are associated to reduction or suppression of soil tillage and are an intrinsic component of CA. The objective of this work was to understand the effects of nature and decomposition of crop residue mulches on the provisioning and regulating services of agrosystems provided by soils under temperate (France) and tropical (Madagascar and Brazil) conditions. Experimental studies were realized to get decomposition parameters for a large range of residue quality representative of the agrosystems studied and to test and improve a MULCH model. Then we used PASTIS_MULCH model which simulates the C and N biotransformations and solutes transport in soils during mulch decomposition.For a range of plant-stem residues tested, the maximal water retention varied greatly and was only explained by the physical features of the residue. With a series of decomposition incubations, we proposed a single set of biological parameters for CANTIS decomposition module, simulating a large range of crop residue quality. Experimental study in soil columns showed that maize+dolichos mulch decomposed faster than wheat+alfalfa mulch. Frequent and light rain enhanced mulch decomposition compared to infrequent and heavy rain and this was due to the mulch remaining wetter with frequent rain.The simulations of scenarios with PASTIS showed that rain and evaporation conditions ranked crop residues decomposition when placed as mulches while the residue chemical characteristics ranked crop residues decomposition when incorporated. None of the situations studied would be defined as suitable in all pedo-climatic and agricultural conditions
Dupeyron, Stéphane. "Analyse multi-résidus de micropolluants organiques en traces - comparatif et adaptation à l'étude des sols pollués : apport de la méthode de balayage par spectrométrie de masse." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-233.pdf.
Full textBoucher, Karl. "Biofiltration et captage des métaux lourds de lixiviat de lieu d'enfouissement de matières résiduelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27888/27888.pdf.
Full textRenaut, Maxime. "Calcination des déchets industriels : synthèse de ciment et stabilisation/solidification des résidus de combustion." Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0203/document.
Full textSince 20th century’s end, our society started to take conscience of environmental protection and sustainable development are required to our future blooming. Directives have obliged public authorities, communities, such as industry to be reacted particularly while being implied in research. The cement-manufacturers are also concerned. The process cement-manufacturer requires large quantities of raw materials. The main objective of the thesis is to value industrial by-products by cementitious materials. Context and problem of wastes were discussed, as well as the possibility of valorization such as the cements. The methodology set up for the thesis and its originality are explained. First, the protocol of characterization of mineral wastes was developed. The results in laboratory are promising for the replacement of limestone and clay in the cement’s raw meal and different formulations. The cookings in laboratory allowed obtaining a cement containing 4 phases of Portland. The synthesis in bigger quantity of a formulation in laboratory highlighted good mechanical performances on mortars at the young age. In a second stage, the best formulations were tested on an industrial scale in the ARF’s kiln. The raw meal, mixed by hoppers agitators, was a success. Finally, immobilization of pollutants in a cement matrix of the residues after combustion, resulting from secondary fuels of ARF, was studied to be able to downgrade the waste stabilized/solidified by grading reduction of the material before stabilization/solidification
Tassart, Annabella. "Valorisation en génie civil de scories L. D. Et de résidus calciques issus des centrales thermiques équipées de système de désulfuration." Artois, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ARTO0204.
Full textTemperville, Francis. "Formalisme simplifié de calcul des puissances résiduelles en fonction des différents paramètres de fonctionnement d'un réacteur à eau pressurisée." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112499.
Full textBérubé, Benoit. "Impact à long terme de la conservation des résidus de culture et des effluents d'élevage sur les communautés bactériennes et fongiques du sol selon une approche métagénomique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66551.
Full textSoil microbiome is involved in many ecological services contributing to sustainable agriculture. Metagenomic techniques now allow a whole new level of comprehension of soil microbial communities. The aim of our research project was to define the impacts of tillage (plowing or reduced tillage), fertilization (poultry manure, dairy cattle slurry, pigs lurry, NPK and PK mineral fertilizers) and residues management (returned or exported)on bacterial and fungal soil communities on two soils with contrasting texture (sandy loam [LS] and silty clay [AL]) after seven and eight years. Residues conservation increased bacterial diversity in the sandy loam each year and fungal diversity in each soil type and year. Residues conservation also impacted Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Cyanobacteria and Nitrospirae, more in 2016 than 2015, and differently according to soil types. Pig slurry application reduced fungal diversity. This type of fertilizer was furthermore linked to higher relative abundance of Pyronemataceae compared to other fertilizers for each soil type and year. These effects were correlated to high copper concentration in soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity was not clearly impacted by the treatments. Glomus, Paraglomus and Claroideoglomus, the three more abundant mycorrhizal genera, were affected by soil tillage in LS each year, by fertilization in AL each year and by residues management in AL for 2015 and in LS for 2016. In conclusion, bacterial and fungal communities were influenced the most by residues conservation. Fertilization via pig slurry applications was correlated with high soil copper concentration and impacted the most fungal community.
Hu, Bo. "Contribution des colloïdes à la mobilité des contaminants (Pb, As et Sb) : étude spatio-temporelle in situ et test de lixiviation sur un anthroposol développé sur résidus miniers." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/e488201a-6bab-4bd5-8d52-494f75f4b5b1/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4029.pdf.
Full textThe problem of the evolution of technosols developed upon mine tailings is of major interest for risk assessment related to metal and metalloid transfer, and then, to the environment pollution. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of colloids to the mobility of lead, arsenic and antimony in a technosol developed on mine taillings from a French former gold mine. For that, two different, but complementary methodologies were carried out: in situ spatio-temporal study and in laboratory leaching tests. In the former study, the fluctuations of physico-chemical and chemical parameters of soil solutions were observed according to the depth and over time. The behavior of these elements is different from each other through the soil profile, despite of great geochemical similarity between As and Sb over time. These can be explained by the different nature of their bearing phases and the fact that the reactivities of the latters are not the same during the pedogenesis. However, these phases are infra-micrometric and/or nanometric particles and their mobility is dependent on physical and chemical medium conditions, as well as soil organic matter characteristics. These results highlight the importance of understanding the mobility of metals and metalloids in complex and high organic matter content mediums, with the help of in situ monitoring, in order to evaluate pollution risks associated with contaminated sites and soils. The leaching tests not only partially reproduced in situ study, but also could predict both the nature of leached organic matters and the more important contribution of colloids on the mobility of metal and metalloids in the long term. The complementarity of laboratory leaching tests vis-à-vis in situ study has been proven
Bonté, Eric. "Étude du seuil de non-propagation de fissures et de la cinétique de fissuration, dans un milieu de type marin, sur des joints soudés d'un acier à haute résistance : rôle des contraintes résiduelles et de l'hydrogène." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0382.
Full textQueyrel, Wilfried. "Modélisation du devenir des pesticides dans les sols à partir d'un modèle agronomique : évaluation sur le long terme." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066566/document.
Full textA pesticide fate module was implemented in the crop model STICS (SimulateurmulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) in order to simulate pesticidetransfer in agricultural soils. Then the model has been evaluated with three studysites datasets. In order to study the fate of pesticides at the scale of the Orgeval catchment, simulations of four herbicides (atrazine, simazine,isoproturon chlortoluron) and one metabolite (DEA) were carriedout with the crop model STICS over a 23-year period (1990-2012). The objectives of the study were i) to highlight the main processes implied in pesticide fate and transfer at long-term; ii) to assess the influence of the dynamics of the remaining mass of pesticide in soil on transfer; iii) to determine the most sensitive parameters related to pesticide losses by leaching over a 23-year period.Simulations were compared against available observations at the catchment scale. The findings of the study show that the dynamic of the remaining mass ofpesticide in soil is a relevant issue to understand pesticide dissipation at longterm. Attention must be paid on parameters influencing sorption and availabilityof the pesticide for leaching. To conclude, the significant discrepancies in the simulated pesticide leaching for the two types of crops (maize and wheat) highlight the interest of using a crop model to simulate the fate of pesticides at the catchment scale
Lerch, Thomas. "Apports du traçage moléculaire au 13C à l'étude de la dissipation des pesticides dans le sol : cas du 2, 4-D." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066291.
Full textDuquet, Bernard. "Étude comparée de l'humification d'une paille marquée à l'azote 15 dans différents sols du plateau calcaire de Besançon." Nancy 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NAN10382.
Full textCosentino, Diego Julian. "Contribution des matieres organiques À la stabilite de la structure des sols limoneux cultives. effet des apports organiques a court terme." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004754.
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