Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Pollution par les métaux lourds – Pologne'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Sols – Pollution par les métaux lourds – Pologne.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Kierczak, Jakub. "Spéciation solide du nickel et du chrome dans un site minier et industriel à usage agricole (Szklary, Pologne)." Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9a2fbfbb-1238-4d3e-af9f-c2d3e533d23f/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4034.pdf.
Full textThe geological unit called Szklary Massif comprises two environments containing Ni and Cr from diverse origins: lithogenic (serpentine soils) and anthropogenic (pyrometallurgical waste) origins. The study was dedicated to investigate the distribution and mobility of Ni and Cr occurring within this small area. The approach is first based on mineralogical characterization of the Ni and Cr bearing minerals using analytical instrumental methods (XRD, SEM-EDS, EPMA, micro Raman, TEM, ICP-MS). Later complementary chemical extractions not only provide information about the actual solid speciation of Cr, Ni. They also allow discussing about potential mobility and forthcoming environmental impact induced by the abundance of Ni and Cr and by the presence of other elements (Co, Cu, Pb and Zn), especially in soils cultivated in the dump vicinity. The multidisciplinary approach gives concordant and complementary results. The direct mineralogical approach, consisting in characterization of primary and secondary mineral phases, provides qualitative information about the stability of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in minerals in the present weathering conditions (well drained soils, enriched in organic matter, within neutral to basic pH, submitted to transitional temperate climatic conditions). The chemical extractions specify the solid speciation of PTE in a quantitative way and evidence implication of organic and amorphous phases in the PTE immobilization. In addition, mineralogical investigations of the solid residues after sequential extractions allow assessment of the real effect of the chemical extractants used on the studied materials. The use of combined approach evidenced relative stability of Cr compared to Ni. Moreover, the study confirms contamination of the cultivated soils located next to the waste dump. The environmental risk is related not only with Ni and Cr but also with other PTE such as Zn and Cu, which are present in significant proportions within biodisponible fractions
Kostecka, Alicja A. "Adaptations of Arabidopsis halleri to habitats rich in heavy metals in southern Poland." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10014/document.
Full textThis study attempted to provide a better description and understanding of the origin and the evolution of Zn tolerance and accumulation ability in Arabidopsis halleri populations from southern Poland. The research was carried out on 15 populations from both metalliferous (M) and non-metalliferous (NM) sites. Physic-chemical analyses of field soil and plant samples were performed in order to characterize A. halleri habitats and plants' behavior. Genetic analyses aimed to resolve genetic structure and to reconstruct phylogeography of A. halleri populations from investigated area. Tolerance and accumulation tests in controlled conditions aimed to check if relationships between tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals abilities exist in studied species. Variation of soil properties and population behavior within M sites was higher than within NM and both types of sites differed significantly in terms of heavy metal concentration as well as other physic-chemical parameters. The neutral genetic structure assessed with 10 nuclear microsatellite markers showed that populations were clustered according to their geographic location. Moreover, for the first time it was shown that NM populations might be founded from M populations. The selected genetic structure assessed in controlled conditions showed that NM populations are less tolerant and accumulated Zn to significantly higher concentration as compared to M populations. Nevertheless no relationship between traits was detected at the level of the plant individuals
Dubé, Jean-Sébastien. "Modifications hydrodynamiques du comportement des métaux lourds dans un sol hétérogène présentant une contamination résiduelle en NAPL : étude sur la contamination mixte des sols." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65448.pdf.
Full textCharlatchka, Rayna. "Mobilité des métaux dans un sol contaminé : influence des conditions réductrices." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120014.
Full textFerlin, Nadège. "Synthèse et propriétés de tensioactifs chelatants des métaux dérivés de glucose." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0106.
Full textHeavy metals pollution of water and soils is a problem for the environment and public health. One possibility to treat the contaminated areas is flotation. This process evacuates the pollutants in a foam formed by the addition of surfactants and air bubbling. Sugar-based chelating surfactants seem to be good candidats for a use. The compounds were obtained with good yields through a simple, fast and not expensive synthesis. The surfactants are all derivates from alkylglucosides obtained by micro-waves assisted synthesis. The oxidation of the primary alcohol to carboxylic acid permitted the addition of a chelating function by coupling reactions. Another possibility to form chelating surfactants was the substitution of the primary alcohol by a more nucleophilic function. Interfacial properties were determined by the maximum bubble pressure method. The critical micellar concentration of the surfactants goes from 13 to 36 mmol. L-1 and the compounds showed good properties for flotation. Flotation tests were performed at laboratory scale with different metal salts (Fe3+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, As3+) and the metal concentrations were measured by ICP. Ca2+ extraction was also studied for use in detergency. The extracting capacity of the compounds depends of the structure of the surfactant, but also of the involved metal. In fact, a good foaming capacity in presence of metal salts is a very important factor. Depending of the chelating function, selective or general estractive chelating surfactants were obtained
Hargé, Jean-Claude. "Spéciation comparée du zinc, du plomb et du manganèse dans les sols contaminés." Grenoble 1, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743936.
Full textBouvet, Mickaël. "Transfert dans les sols routiers de métaux lourds issus de l'utilisation de déchets." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPL021N.
Full textEconomic stakes on raw materials and harmful effects linked to waste landfill, lead to the re-use of
Brohon, Bertrand. "Utilisation d'indicateurs d'activités microbiennes telluriques et de biotests pour l'évaluation du niveau de pollution d'un sol : application à un sol pollué par des hydrocarbures et à un sol agricole soumis à l'épandage de boues et déchets de nature variée." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0114.
Full textThe aim of this present study is to evaluate whether the information given by the measures in eco-toxicology could be used in diagnosis of sail pollution. The sail bio-indicators (sail respiration measurement, enzyme activities measurements represented by Dehydrogenase activity, Phosphatase activity, Esterase activity and Urease activity) and the bio-essays used require a great care about handling and storage of the sail samples. Preliminary investigations have therefore focused on the laboratory practices to be used in order to minimize the bias introduced by handling and storage of the sail samples. One case of chronic pollution represented by an industrial site polluted by hydrocarbons and one case of a punctual pollution represented by sail polluted by different sludges and wastes have been analysed. We have shown the pertinence of bath bio-indicators and bio-essays simultaneously used. The followed processes help to reduce the probability of « false negative results » and provide useful information for the diagnosis of sail pollution. However, the use of microbial activity measurements on sail polluted by sludges and wastes showed a greater sensibility than the Microtox bio-essay. From our study, the results demonstrated the advantages and inconvenient of the eco-toxical measurements. Notably, on slightly polluted soils, the phosphatase activity didn't seem sensitive enough to the level of sail pollution
Flores, Velez Luisa Maria. "Essai de spéciation des métaux dans les sols : cas du Cu dans les vignobles." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120027.
Full textAsmeta, Ahmed-Fayez. "Comportement hydrodynamique et ohysico-chimique des métaux lourds dans les sols." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS014.
Full textPalaprat, Stéphane. "Couplage géochimie / transport lors de la dépollution électrocinétique d'une terre polluée par des métaux lourds." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL043N.
Full textFendeleur, Sylvie. "Métaux lourds et incinération de déchets industriels : spécification et localisation des éléments métalliques dans les différentes phases (solides, liquides, gazeuses) issues du traitement." Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0517.
Full textHlaváčková, Petra. "Evaluation du comportement du cuivre et du zinc dans une matrice de type sol à l'aide de différentes méthodologies." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0066/these.pdf.
Full textThe usual experimental risk assessment methodologies of polluted soils have been applied for the investigation of the physico-chemical behaviour of Copper and Zinc in a synthetic soil. Two types of batch tests have been performed: continuous stirred reactor for equilibrium and extraction and micro column for kinetic experiments. Equilibrium tests have been performed in parallel with synthetic soil and with peat, main responsible for metal binding in the experimental pH range. Continuous laboratory column tests have been performed at different scales: its good reproducibility is due to strict preparing rules. The soil composition, particularly its carbonate content changes during the tests. This process controls pH and metal distribution in the soil
Reynal, Preud'homme Caroline. "Comportement du chrome et de l'arsenic dans une nappe libre sous un site industriel." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3025.
Full textThe main goal of this work is to identify the geochemical mechanisms controlling the solubility and mobility of As and Cr in a superficial aquifer under an industrial plant (production of sulphuric acid and copper sulphate. In this context, we used three approaches: water and solids sampling campaigns, laboratory experiments (batch and column experiments) and geochemical modelling (software PHREEQC). The contaminated zone is characterised by high concentrations of Cu, As and Cr and a strong acidic water. The unpolluted area is characterised by neutral to basic pH and low concentrations of elements. This neutral pH is probably due to carbonate dissolution. The buffer capacity of the solids induce the As and Cr sorption in the medium (especially in lack of chelating agent). The As and Cr solubility seems to be controlled by precipitation and adsorption onto iron hydroxides. Cr seems to precipitate in form of hydroxide and As in form of coprecipitate with Fe(III) and copper arsenates
Bert, Valérie. "Tolérance aux métaux lourds et accumulation chez Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae)." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-69.pdf.
Full textToutes ces populations sont tolerantes et accumulatrices de quantites tres importantes de zn et de cd. La tolerance a ces metaux ainsi que leurs accumulations semblent etre des proprietes constitutives de l'espece. L'etude de la descendance (f2) d'un croisement interspecifique, (a. Halleri tolerant-hyperaccumulateur) x (a. Petraea non-tolerant-non-accumulateur), a montre que la tolerance au zn semblait etre sous le controle d'un gene majeur tandis que la variation du degre de tolerance au zn semblait etre sous le controle de genes modificateurs. La tolerance au zn n'est pas due aux metallothioneines. Elles pourraient, cependant, contribuer a modifier le degre de tolerance au zn et ainsi intervenir au titre de modificateur. Les resultats preliminaires obtenus sur la tolerance et l'accumulation du cd en relation avec la tolerance et l'accumulation du zn suggerent l'independance des mecanismes lies au cd et au zn
Bouhamed-Masmoudi, Farah. "Traitement de micropolluants minéraux par phytoremédiation et par adsorption sur charbon actif dérivé de noyaux de dattes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10203.
Full textThis work aims to evaluate and optimize the use of an activated carbon derived from date stones as an adsorbent material to remove Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+. This material was also used for retention of arsenic (III). The same activated carbon was impregnated with ferrihydrite and also used for the adsorption of these metallic elements. The first stage consisted in preparing and determining the physic-chemical characteristics of materials using several methods including X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy and specific surface area. The batch adsorption studies were carried out for several metal ions, namely Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+. The adsorption equilibrium was reached at the end 120 minutes for the two prepared adsorbent. The metal experimental data fitted well with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption model. The based maximum adsorption capacities (qm) affinity order corresponds to Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ for both activated carbon and impregnated activated carbon. One of the possible implementation of this process consists in metals laden plating factory effluents treatment. Understanding how the metals are immobilized at the molecular level is critical for formulating effective metal containment strategies, such as chemical immobilization. In this work, exchangeable metal contents and metal accumulation by plants in a contaminated soil, untreated or amended with activated carbon, were investigated
Xavier, de Assis Fernando. "Etude du transfert réactif de métaux lourds en mélange dans les sols de systèmes compensatoires d'infiltration pluviale de la ville de Recife au Brésil : expérimentation et modélisation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU015.
Full textIn the rainiest months of the year, floods often cause significant damage, especially in large tropical cities, such as in Brazil. Compensatory Rainwater Infiltration Systems (RWIS) have been developed to support conventional macro- and micro-drainage systems, accelerating infiltration and minimizing runoff. The advantage of improving rainwater infiltration is associated with significant disadvantages such as rapid infiltration of pollutants such as heavy metals which are known to be mobilized by rainwater, especially in urban areas, and can therefore infiltrate into urban soils. The main concern regarding the mobility of these pollutants is the risk of groundwater contamination. As the city of Recife is only a few metres above sea level, the groundwater is shallow and is largely exploited through numerous wells. This easily accessible drinking water resource is therefore particularly vulnerable to water of poor chemical quality, especially in connection with the presence of inorganic pollutants, which are very frequent in urban areas due to the nature of the construction materials and the population's discharges. Heavy metals such as zinc, copper, chromium and cadmium are considered as representative model pollutants because they are often detected in mixtures and in high concentrations in runoff water. In order to assess the reactivity and mobility of metals in flooded urban areas, the behaviour of the three metals Zinc, Chromium and Cadmium was studied. The sorption of these metals was studied on 2 horizons of a soil supporting a SCIEP: the surface soil (0-20cm, SS) and the deep soil (60-80cm, SP). The two soils vary in terms of composition and thus in terms of reactivity. In particular, the SS soil has a higher organic matter content and CEC than the SP soil. Adsorption isotherms were carried out and modelled with the Langmuir model, as well as soil column metal transfer tests. Metal competition effects for sorption sites were investigated by comparing the sorption isotherms of (i) Zn, Cr and Cd alone (single metal MM condition), (ii) 2 combined metals (DM : Zn[+Cd]; Zn[+Cr]; Cd[+Zn]; Cd[+Cr]; Cr[+Cd] and Cr[+Zn]; and (iii) three combined metals (TM: Zn[+Cd+Cr]; Cd[+Zn+Cr] and Cr[+Cd+Zn]). Competition was observed between Cd and Zn (thus increasing their mobility) but not chromium. On the other hand, Cr showed a very high mobility in both soils and especially in the surface soil, which is more reactive. Our results clearly show the risk associated with the mobilization of metals entrained by runoff water and infiltrated in SCIEP
Bonazebi, Antoine. "Extraction des composés de métaux lourds contenus dans la jarosite décomposée par des déchets organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL059N.
Full textFloch, Carine. "Les enzymes du sol : étude de leurs potentialités bioindicatrices de contaminations par des métaux et des polluants organiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30070.
Full textThe main objective of this research was to determine the potential bioindicator of certain enzymatic activities to characterize the functioning and quality of soil in the context of metal and organic pollutions (i. E. Pesticides and conventional, organic or biological, and integrated management strategies). In a first step, a methodology for the quantification in soils of phenol oxidase activities has been developed, and further study on its sensitivity towards certain metals has been performed. Thereafter, different approaches have been apprehended through incubation under controlled laboratory conditions and field observations, made at scales ranging from plot to landscape. The enzymes studied are involved in the functioning of the major biogeochemical cycles of C (cellulase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase), N (arylamidase), P (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase) and S (arylsulfatase). The results have clearly demonstrated the variability of response patterns of enzyme activities, with the type of contamination and physical and chemical characteristics of soils. This underlines the difficulty for selecting universal enzymatic bioindicators of soil quality for a wide range of perturbations. However, some enzymes, such as arylamidases and phenol oxidases, proved repeatedly to be indicators especially sensitive to disturbance applied to the different soils of this study. An interesting continuation of this work would be to integrate such kind of study of these potential bioindicators in networks of soil quality measurement. Finally, other microbial parameters were also studied, the functional diversity of bacterial communities (Biolog® Eco) and bacterial and fungal densities, but they have proved to be less relevant as soil quality indicators with regards to enzyme activities
Etien, N'Dah. "Contribution à l'étude des effets d'un polluant métallique (le Cadmium) sur la physiologie respiratoire des communautés mino et meiobenthiques de microcosmes sédimentaires expérimentaux." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10537.
Full textVenditti, Danielle. "Sols industriels contaminés par les métaux : caractérisation biogéochimique, approche biomoléculaire de la diversité microbienne et faisabilité d'un traitement de dépollution." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10325.
Full textRedon, Paul-Olivier. "Rôle de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules dans le transfert du cadmium (Cd) du sol à la luzerne (Medicago truncatula)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10015/document.
Full textAccumulation of trace metals, such as cadmium (Cd), in soils and their transfer to plants are serious environmental problems because of their acute toxicity. Metal mobility in soil depends on various abiotic and biotic factors. Among them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to influence metal transfer by transporting metals to roots and also by improving plant growth. However, diverging results were reported and the global role of AM fungi thus needed more investigation. The influence of an AM fungus (Glomus intraradices) on Cd uptake and transfer to leachates was studied with Medicago truncatula as a host plant. Experiments were performed in pot cultures and in compartmented devices. The dynamic of Cd in the soil-plant system was indirectly influenced by the fungus via a strong increase of plant biomass, in interaction with nodulating rhizobacteria, leading to a higher total quantity of Cd transferred to shoots although Cd plant concentration was lower than in non mycorrhizal plants. This fungal influence was complex, and was variable according to soil conditions and to the fungal isolate studied. The AM fungus also contributed directly to Cd transfer thanks to its sorption capacity and its ability to transport soluble-exchangeable Cd via the extraradical mycelium, but this direct contribution seemed to be low as compared to the influence of roots
Issaro, Nongrat. "Etude de quelques réactifs chimiques pour l'extraction du mercure des sols." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077137.
Full textThe risk related to the presence of mercury in soils could be estimated thanks to the determination of the "speciation" in which the most critical step is the choice of the appropriated reagent(s) in the extraction protocol. Unfortunately, nowadays, no consensus currently exists on either the specific reagents or protocols for the particular isolation of some mercury species. Consequently, this work proposed a preliminary criterion concerning the stability of mercury in soils for choosing a suitable single chemical reagent to extract mercury from the medium. Basing on this criterion, several reagents were selected and studied under the thermodynamic aspect. This enabled us to determine the best single chemical extractant, sodium-thiosulfate, for releasing mercury from our samples. The advantage of this single extraction compared to a series of reagents using in sequential extractions that are the most usually referred procedures, is to extract simply a majority fraction of mercury without any well-known artefacts occurring in the others protocols. Once the experimental conditions appropriating to the soil-mercury extraction had been optimised, the kinetic extraction methodology was applied as a specifying tool of mercury mobility in the soils. By using a two-compartments kinetic model, the selected reagent seemed to extract mercury bound to two different sulfur-functional groups containing in soil organic matter
Sagna, Bacary. "Effet d’une pollution (métaux lourds et pesticides) et d’amendement (Fumier) sur les activités enzymatiques de différents sols." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0076.
Full textFertility and pollution of the soil ecosystem have become today’s concern and major ecologicalproblems. The objective ofthis study is to estimate through microbial activity (hydrolysis ofFDA) and a wide range of 16 enzymes (phosphatases, heterosidases, polysacchridases,oligosaccharidases, oxydase), the impact of pollutants and amendment in soil. The five soilsstudied are different regarding their physical and chemical characteristics. This soils are areexposed to different treatments in microcosms. These treatments consist to pollute our soilswith heavy metals (zinc, cadmium), pesticides (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, nematicide)or to add manure.Our results showed that the expression of enzymatic activities depends on soil type.Thus, the silt fraction of soil plays a crucial role in this expression of soil enzymes. The soilswith physico-chemical characters are very similars, have not necessarily the same enzymaticprofile and expression or microbial activity.The presence of manure on our differents soils greatly increased the enzymatic andmicrobial activities. The stimulatory effect of manure depends on soil parameters but also theinitial enzymatic and microbial soil activities. The results showed that the positive impact ofmanure is less pronouncing in soils where the initial enzyme activity and organic matterquantity are low.The impact of heavy metals on microbial activity and enzymes tested depends on soilparameters (clay, organic matter, pH, ...) and nature of heavy metal. Cadmium is more toxicand longer decreases enzymatic and microbial activities than zinc. The presence of heavymetals in soils has reduced most of enzymes activity. Other enzymes are also unchanged orincreased by the pollutants.Soil pollution by pesticides show a large disparity and diversity of results. Dependingon soil type or the enzyme tested, the diffrents results showed an increase, neutral effect ordecrease by pesticides of enzymes and microbial activities.Watever the type of soil considered, this study has shown that soil enzymes are verysensitive and responsive to human disturbance. The reactivity of telluric enzymes is manifestedby a very large diversity of responses. Diversity responses of soil enzymes is depended tophysico-chemical characters and also soil biological parameters. In this study, it is verydifficult to define one or group of enzymes as a bioindicator for all soil disturbances
Delorme, Thierry. "Tolérance aux métaux lourds des bactéries de sédiments fluviatiles : acclimatation au zinc d'une souche d'Alcaligenes piechaudii." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10134.
Full textBoussard, Marc. "Dynamique du mercure dans un sol industriel de la plaine de la Crau : étude en conditions contrôlées des mécanismes de circulation en phases aqueuse et gazeuse." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30065.
Full textThe forecast of the short and medium term’s behavior of mercury in a surface soil requires the determination, on the one hand, the main mechanisms characterizing its potential migration and, on the other hand, the evolution of its speciation, in this environment. The industrial site studied here, located in the plain of Crau (south of France), was initially polluted with metalic mercury. Chemical extractions highlighted the presence of methylmercury up to 1 mg/kg of soil, pointing out the transformation of metal mercury. They’ve also shown the presence of potential labile mercury in the soil solution, reaching 16% of the total depending of the layer, this mobility increasing with depth. Moreover, the development of specific columns made it possible to show an ascending mouvement of mercury, in the gas phase, and its strong re-fixation, in the surface layer. Finally, the existence of a double circulation of mercury inside the soil of this particular site has been shown : one ascending, in gas phase, leading to a tight segregation of mercury; the other, in aqueous phase and downward, where the element
Grelle, Claire. "Impact des métaux lourds sur les peuplements de macroinvertébrés de la faune du sol : influence du cadmium et du plomb sur différents aspects de la physiologie de deux modèles biologiques : Lithobius forficatus (myriapode chilopode) et Eisenia fetida (annelide oligochete)." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-293.pdf.
Full textWeissenhorn, Ingrid. "Les mycorhizes à arbuscules dans des sols pollués par des métaux lourds : tolérance aux métaux et rôle dans leur transfert aux plantes." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10009.
Full textLi, Yong-tao. "Spéciation de métaux et de leur impact sur les caractéristiques microbiologiques dans un sol pollué par le drainage minier acide." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077046.
Full textSoil samples were collected from two agricultural sites near Dabao Shan poly-metallic mine of China. Our aim was to characterize activity and speciation of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in soil and solution, and their relationships with soil mineralogical, physical and chemical properties. We further were to assess long-term impact of metals on microbial biomass, hydrolyses, organic matter mineralization, bacterial and fungal composition in relation to organic C, N and P turnover. The results indicate acid mine drainage irrigation resulted in strong soil acidity and metal solubility. Fe and Mn oxides bound metals were the major extractable fractions. Free and complexed cations were related to exchangeable, partially to oxides bound fractions. Hydrous oxides and clay minerais were pre-eminent sorbents controlling cation exchange and specific adsorption. Moreover, the metal variables were correlated to microbiological datasets. They inhibited microbial biomass C, N and P, FDA and C-related polysaccharidases and heterosidases, nitriflcation and P mineralization, while activated N-related enzymes, ammonification, total N mineralization and metabolic quotient. Furthermore, Metal stress inhibited fungal and bacterial populations and caused a decreased ratio of bacteria to fungi. The inhibition was more significant on bacterial DNA bands diversity than fungal taxa. Dissolved metal cations showed higher bio-availability than total contents. We demonstrate that linked microbiological and biochemical indices and their combined uses are reliable indicators of change in soil organic nutrient cycles exposed to long-term acid metal stress
Ais, Zoubir. "Modélisation du comportement des argiles saturées en température : Application aux ouvrages de stockage de déchets radiactifs." Rennes, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAR0004.
Full textWithin the framework of deep geological repository for nuclear waste, we study the thermal effect induced by high-level radioactive waste, on the behavior of the engineered clay barrier. After a synthesis of the published experimental results concerning the effects of heating on the behavior of the clay, we propose an elastoplastic model, of Cam Clay type, extended to temperature and coupled to the damage with a variable of damage. Thus we can better describe the behavior of the clay in temperature, on the whole pallet of states of the clay, from normally consolidated to strongly overconsolidated. Finally, we realize heating test on normally consolidated clays for a better identification of the behavior of clays in temperature
Baron, Jean. "Etude sur les interactions des métaux lourds avec des boues d'épuration et les sols : Complexation de Cu et Cd par des boues et spéciation dans des solutions de sols." Pau, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PAUU3008.
Full textPenilla, Sonia. "Evaluation des risques liés aux émissions d'industries métallurgiques : impact sur les sols, influence d'un milieu réducteur." Limoges, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIMO0064.
Full textNsanganwimana, Florien. "Influence du phytomanagement sur un écosystème contaminé par des métaux : application à Miscanthus × giganteus." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10175/document.
Full textPhytoremediation is considered as an option for management of degraded soils. The potential of Miscanthus × giganteus were assessed in ex situ and in situ conditions, with the aim of producing biomass on agricultural soils heavily contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. The study mainly focused on the behavior of M. × giganteus growing on soils presenting a contamination gradient, and included seasonal variations and different agronomic practices, i.e., choice of the cultivar, planting density, biological soil amendment and nitrogen fertilization. The influence of the plant on metal mobility in soils was also assessed. The results show that soil contamination does not affect M. × giganteus growth and shoot yields. Cadmium, Pb and Zn are mainly accumulated in roots and in general M. × giganteus reduces their transfer to the aboveground organs. This plant presents therefore a great potential for metal phytostabilisation, and in a more comprehensive way, for phytomanagement. Taken individually, agronomic practices did not affect the plant behavior. However, nitrogen fertilization on one hand, and the interaction between the cultivar ad the endomycorrhizal inoculum on the other hand, increase the Cd and Zn accumulation in miscanthus organs. Given the perennial nature of the plant, long-term studies are needed to validate the present results, to assess the effects of metal-induced stress on the plant health as well as the fate of contaminants in relation to the accumulation of soil organic matter in miscanthus plantations
Dazy, Marc. "Caractérisation de la colonisation spontanée par les plantes de sols pollués : rôle des systèmes cellulaires de détoxication." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ027S/document.
Full textWe studied the revegetation of an industrial wasteland soil polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Different approaches were chosen in order to characterize the first steps of a plant succession and to elucidate the cellular mechanisms involved in plant metal tolerance. Experiments on plots filled with a soil collected from the former coke factory site of Neuves-Maisons (54, France) highlighted the importance of soil seed banks and seed rains in the establishment of a pioneer community on a polluted soil. The study of the plots flora allowed us to prove that the pioneer community, essentially composed of annuals and biannuals during the first year, was gradually colonized by perennials and clonal plants which dominated the second successionnal year. In addition, the comparison of communities established on control and polluted soil suggested a soil phytotoxicity leading to losses of species richness and diversity. Nevertheless, such differences seemed to decrease progressively during the succession process. At last, in the species that survived and grew in the polluted soil, leaf antioxidant enzymes responded, confirming their putative crucial role in the colonization success of these species. However, we showed that this success could also be due to a production of seeds more tolerant toward soil contaminants. Moreover, the study of transects in the industrial wasteland of Homecourt (54, France), a former coke factory site, gave supplementary data, highlighting the relationship between community descriptors (species richness, Shannon-Weaver s diversity indice) and soil Cd and Hg concentrations. Moreover, for the species present along the transects (Arrhenaterum elatius, Euphorbia cyparissias or Tanacetum vulgare), the measurements of antioxidants defences and phytochelatin levels revealed a metallic stress. Nevertheless, the abundance of the species was not related to soil pollutant concentrations. The possible environmental applications of these results will be also discussed
Schwartz, Christophe. "Phytoextraction des métaux des sols pollués par la plante hyperaccumulatrice Thlaspi caerulescens." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_SCHWARTZ_C.pdf.
Full textHébrard-Labit, Céline. "Influence du compartiment bactérien sur le transfert du zinc en milieu poreux non saturé : expériences et modélisation." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0119.
Full textMost of the numerous models developed in the recent years to simulate the fate of chemicals in porous media only rely on hydrodynamic and physico-chemical processes. Although biological mechanisms have been clearly identified to modify metallic ions transport properties, microorganism / metal interactions have hardly ever been related to transfer hydraulics and chemistry. The aim of the present work was to assess the influence bacteria/metal interaction mechanisms can have on metal fate in unsaturated medium. We have investigated the role of a bacterium strain, Pseudomonas putida, in zinc transfer through a non saturated sandy medium, as a function of pH (4 to 7) and metal concentration (2 to 20 mg Zn/L). Our experimental approach was based on batch and column experiments, both with and without biofilm. Zinc retention has been found to be more important in the presence of bacteria cells. Microflora influence, clearly identified in the tested conditions, increased with cell number and pH, to reach a maximum at pH 6. Under acidic conditions, the retention was subject to a linear isotherm whereas at pH 7 a good agreement was found with a Freundlich type equation. Zinc is retained at pH 4 and 5 by reversible processes while irreversible physico-chemical retention mechanisms (precipitation) seemed to be involved at pH 6 and 7, and to predominate on biosorption at neutrality. In sterile medium as well as in colonized one, cation transport was correctly described by coupling a two-region model (mobile/immobile) with a first order kinetic linear retention and a consumption term
Barkouch, Yassir. "Etude du transfert des éléments traces métalliques (Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se et Zn) dans une chaîne alimentaire d'une zone minière de la région de Marrakech – Maroc." Nantes, 2007. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=94e74876-89f6-4559-9b82-3dec10a7b079.
Full textLike any mining industry, the exploitation of the mineral resources (extraction and valorization) in the region of Haouz-Marrakech, generated probably at all the stages a certain number of environmental impacts and undermined the various elements of the environment by its direct and indirect effects. Our study aimed to study the incidence of the still active mining center of Drâa Lasfar (13 km to the North-West of Marrakech city in Morocco) on the environment. It concerned, on one hand, the diagnosis of the current state of surface and the major harmful effects caused by mining, and on the other hand, the evaluation of the level of contamination cased by the toxic metallic trace elements (ETM) of treatment residues and water rejected by the mine, surface and underground water, the sediments, the grounds, the plants, the animals and the human population living sedentarily around the mine. The study made it possible to highlight the high degree of metal pollution of water and of the residues of treatment rejected by the mine and consequently constitute the principal source of metal pollution and harmful effect in this zone. The diffusion of this metal pollution towards water of the Tensift Wadi, being the principal source of water for irrigation, constitutes a starting point of the transfer of ETM through the grounds (irrigated) polluted towards the links of the trophic chains to finally reach the Man living sedentarily in this area via the animal and vegetable foodstuffs. In our study, we tried to facilitate the comprehension of these transfers between the various food chain links via the establishment of mathematical relations connecting the various concentrations in ETM from a trophic level to another
Sobanska, Sophie. "Étude de la spéciation du plomb et du zinc dans des poussières industrielles et dans un sol contaminé : approche par méthodes spectroscopiques." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-7.pdf.
Full textFifi, Urbain. "Impacts des eaux pluviales urbaines sur les eaux souterraines dans les pays en développement : mécanismes de transfert des métaux lourds à travers un sol modèle de Port-au-Prince, Haïti." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0122/these.pdf.
Full text[Direct infiltration of urban stormwater towards superficial formations in developing countries constitutes a contamination risk for both those formations and/or subjacent groundwater. This thesis was focused a round this environ mental issue in which we have studied the three heavy metals (Pb, Cu and Cd) reactivity du ring their transfer related to urban stormwater infiltration in the alluvial formations of the Cul-de-sac Plain in Port-au-Prince. A "model soil " from the area study, with grain size s 2 mm considered as the most reactive, have been used and subjected to metal ions solutions according two different experimental conditions : static (batch) and dynamic (column) experiments. Results from these experimental deviees highlighted the retention or release mechanisms of these metal ions in the pedological medium of Port-au-Prince. Results from batch studies have showed that the competition between two or several cations for the sa me active sites in soils can inhibit the ir sorption individually. Results from columns proved the reactive character of the soil sample for the three metal ions, where approximately 99, 94 and 92% respectively for Cd, Pb and Cu have been retained on the soil. The study of the interactions between metals and the soil sample using PHREEQC code have showed that metals precipitation in a carbonated (cerrusite and otavite) and hydroxides forms and the ion exchange reactions are strongly contributed to this retention. However, these metals can be released or remobilized in the soil related to an abrupt change of the acido-basic conditions of the porous media, then representing a pollution risk for groundwater. ]
Manouchehri, Nastaran. "Contribution à l'étude de la disponibilité des éléments traces métalliques (Pb,Cu, Cd) des sols à l'aide du réactif EDTA." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077137.
Full textThe risk related to the presence of trace metals in soil could be estimated by determining the "speciation" of these metals in both soil solid phase and soil solution. In this work the availability of three trace metals (cadmium, copper and lead) in the two phases and under two aspects, kinetics and thermodynamic, was studied for 15 soils of Burgundy. The thermodynamic study enabled us to achieve a better knowledge about the reactivity of soil trace metals as well as the influence of the major cations on trace metal extractability in presence of EDTA which is a reagent commonly used in soil sciences. This study has shown that trace metal extractability decreases in soils with high level of calcium carbonates. With regard to the kinetic study, the principal aim was to determine the limiting stage, from the kinetic point of view, in the transfer of metal from the soil solid phase towards the plants. For this purpose, the kinetic constants of metal extraction from both solid and liquid phases were calculated. The metal transfer was also simulated by the simplified soil-EDTA-resin model for 15 soil samples. The application of this model and the comparison between the kinetic constants, the results obtained from the model and the metal contents in the plants cultivated in the studied soils permitted us to identify the stage limiting the transfer of the trace metal from the soil towards the plant. Three different typologies were observed for the kinetics transfer of lead, copper and cadmium from the soil solid phase towards the plant
François, Matthieu. "Prédiction de la mobilité du cadmium, du plomb et du zinc dans des sols contaminés par des usines métallurgiques : influence des paramètres physico-chimiques." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-231.pdf.
Full textCrosnier, Jérôme. "Devenir de la pollution métallique drainée par les eaux pluviales : influence du compartiment microbien et des alternances de dessiccation-réhumectation sur le transfert du zinc dans la zone non saturée du sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10101.
Full textGodet, Jean-Philippe. "Intérêt des isopodes terrestres dans l’évaluation de la qualité des sols : recherche de paramètres indicateurs de la pollution par des éléments traces métalliques et contribution à la mise au point d’un outil écotoxicologique de terrain." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10160/document.
Full textSoil pollution by metals traces elements (MTE) is a worldwide concern in industrialized countries. For biomonitoring, it is necessary to develop indicator tools to evaluate the quality of terrestrial medias. The aim of this thesis was to research in Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda), indicator parameters of soil contamination by MTE, and especially of litter, to contribute to the development of ecotoxicological field tool to assess soil quality and terrestrial ecosystems. First, studies performed in situ, have concerned characterisation of woodlouse populations from ligneous habitats (abundance, age structure, reproduction, biometrical parameters, bioaccumulation) with the regard to physicochemical parameters of soil (pH, CaCO3 and MO contents, ratio C/N, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations). Secondly, studies ex situ were also performed in controlled conditions in laboratory. Parameters have concerned growth rate, bioaccumulation, behavioural avoidance or population dynamics in P. scaber exposed to field litter contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. Field studies didn’t show any difference between woodlouse populations from contaminated sites or not. Actually, although MTE body burdens in woodlice from massively contaminated sites were high, it seemed that field populations were physiologically adapted to contaminants. In other hand, laboratory investigations were shown the interest of the use of P. scaber in ecotoxicity tests to assess litter quality. These studies have notably shown the sensitivity of growth rate and behavioural avoidance of P. scaber as endpoints in ecotoxicity tests
Viard-La, Rocca Bénédicte. "Mise au point et validation sur sites contaminés (ETM-HAP) d'un test de biosurveillance en microcosme : croissance et bioaccumulation par gastéropode terrestre Helix Aspersa Aspersa." Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Viard_LaRocca.Benedicte.SMZ0435.pdf.
Full textEcotoxicology is important for the evaluation of ecosystem quality : she studies interactions between chemical and environment and includes several endpoints like establishment of the bioindicator Helix aspersa aspersa. In order to tramspose on field the snail growing test (AFNOR), microcosms previously used were improved to allow the transfer of snails on adverse sites. In the same time, different food combinations were tested to detemine the best compromise between growth and metal bioaccumulation : the combination clover-snail feed was chosen. Several experiments of active biomonitoring were realised on different sites in order to test the efficacy of this new transfer protocol on microcosms: growing rates were significant and accumulation of metals occured Moreover, Helix aspersa aspersa seerns to present interesting capacities for PAH bioindication. In addition to these field experiments, an ecotoxicological study on copper was performed. Results obtained food but don't allow us to conclude on the relationship between metal levels in snail viscera, bacateriological profile evolution and methality. At cellular level, copper intake occurs in degestive cells of the digestive gland then it is transported by some blood cells (phagocytosis and sulphur formation), before excretion by apica vacuoles of nephrocytes
Ferraro, Alberto. "Optimal design and operation of HMs removal from soil by EDDS enhanced washing." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1194/document.
Full textThe object of the present research work is the optimization of soil-washing processes applied to heavy metal contaminated soils. The work focuses on the whole cycle of these treatments, including the possible recovery and the proper disposal of the used washing solution. Both the design and the exploitation of a soil washing treatment are investigated, in order to maximize their efficacy, in terms of cost and process efficiency. At this aim process parameters and reactor configurations are studied in details through lab-scale tests, and the observed kinetics are simulated through mathematical modeling. Soil samples used for the experimental activity were collected from an agricultural field located in Southern Italy, mainly contaminated by copper. Among several Aminopolycarboxylate (APC) chelating agents, Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) was selected, for its recognized biodegradability, widely reported in literature works, and its efficiency as extracting agent towards several heavy metals, including Cu. Literature review allowed determining the two most important process parameters to be investigated for washing optimization. The two parameters were identified as EDDS : Cu molar ratio and liquid to soil ratio (L/S). In order to investigate the effect of these parameters on process kinetics and Cu extraction yield, batch washing tests in continuous-stirred tank reactor configuration (CSTR) were carried out. EDDS : Cu molar ratio increase was found to be able to enhance process efficiency more than L/S increase. Batch tests clearly displayed a first fast kinetic step at the beginning of the treatment, followed by a second slower kinetic extraction step, which lasted until the end of the treatment. According to this observation, an empirical mathematical model based on two-kinetic terms was formulated. Model parameters were firstly calibrated and then validated using two different sets of experimental data. The derived mathematical model was useful to assess the validity of the two-kinetic steps process hypothesis, and to provide a tool for process efficiency prediction depending on EDDS : Cu molar ratio and treatment time length. Exploitation costs of the process were minimized studying different treatment configurations. In details two Plug-Flow configurations were analyzed and compared to the CSTR one. The two Plug-Flow configurations were simulated using several reactors in series, varying the detention time of the reactors, and fractionating the injection of the washing solution. Achieved results displayed improvements in terms of Cu extraction yield and process kinetic for the tested Plug-Flow conditions compared to the CSTR one, and showed that the use of a Plug-Flow reactor allows to reduce the amount of required washing solution. Finally, an electrochemical process was tested for the treatment and the recovery of the spent EDDS solution. Batch tests were carried out to optimize electrochemical process parameters (e.g. current density, washing solution pH and conductivity). The recovered solution was also used for a multi-washing test. Results proved the effectiveness of the electrochemical treatment for EDDS solution recovery and its potential application as technique for EDDS-enhanced soil washing costs reduction
Bidar, Géraldine. "Intérêt du phytomanagement dans la gestion durable des sols pollués : recherche des mécanismes biologiques de transfert et de localisation de Cd, Pb, Zn dans les strates herbacées et arborées." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0191.
Full textIn the mining area of the Nord-Pas de Calais council, two Pb and Zn smelters have led by their atmospheric emissions to a high metal contamination of soils, in particular Cd, Pb and Zn. This pollution generates risks for the environment and the population living near the smelters. Risks have been highly reduced in 2003 after the stop of Metaleurop industrial activities. However the risk has not disappeared due to the high soil contamination and its mobilisation via dust re-suspension, particles run-off or plant dismantling. Because of the large contaminated area, phytostabilization appears as an inexpensive technique, easy to set up and environmental friendly. This method consists in a perene vegetal cover established in order to physically and biochemically stabilize pollutants in soils. The objective of this work was to evaluate the behaviour of herbaceous species (Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Melilotus alba) and tree species (Robinier pseudoacacia, Alnus glutinosa, Salix alba, Sambucus nigra) for their use in the phytostabilization of Cb, Pb and Zn polluted soils. Experiments realised in pots located in three different environmental conditions (greenhouse, in situ exposed or not exposed to contaminated dusts) and in an experimental field confirmed that root was the main contamination pathway for the herbaceous vegetation. In the presence of a dense vegetal cover, the dust contribution of herb contamination seemed to be secondary. It was shown that metals were weakly transferred to aerial parts of T. Repens and L. Perenne and that these species were relatively tolerant to metals. During the experimentation, a reduction of metal mobility in soil was shown. These findings suggest that studied species could represent good candidates for phytostabilization. It could be the case as well for M. Alba. Among the studied species, R. Pseudoacacia is the one that accumulate lesser metals in its aerial parts (leaves and stems). In contrary to the roots, the stems are the least contaminated organs. In comparison to S. Alba, the species R. Pseudoacacia and A. Glutinosa seem to be less sensitive to the metallic contamination. According to our results, R. Pseudoacacia seems to be a species to give preference for phytostabilization. The preliminary results obtained on S. Nigra showed the weak capacity of this species to transfer metal to aerial parts, bringing this species as a potential candidate for the phytostabilization of metal highly contaminated soils
Plassard, Frédéric. "Influence de la complexation sur la rétention de trois cations métalliques par un sol alcalin : application à un bassin d'infiltration d'eaux pluviales." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10005.
Full textBekaert, Émilie. "Gestion des chlorures de métaux lourds : stabilisation d'un phosphate d'étain dans un vitrifiat silicaté." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-Bekaert.pdf.
Full textJanus, Adeline. "Intérêt d’un amendement organo-minéral pour remédier des sols de friches industrielles multicontaminés en milieu urbain." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10175/document.
Full textNowadays, soil contamination by the organic and inorganic pollutants represent a major issue. Gentle remediation options, comprising plants and microorganisms, and linked with the use of amendments or not, are implemented to manage these soils. Among the different amendments, the biochar is presented in the literature as being able to meet these expectations. This study aims at evaluating the impacts of pyrolysis parameters on the characteristics of eight biochars derived from Miscanthus x giganteus, grown on metal contaminated soils, and selecting the one which may be the most efficient to remediate metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) and/or PAHs contaminated soils. A strong influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar characteristics was detected. Moreover, biochars showed strong sorption capacity for the three metals and PAHs in aqueous solution, especially for those produced at 600°C. Experiments realized with an artificial soil, and an agricultural soil, both artificially contaminated, demonstrated the efficiency of some biochars to decrease the environmental availability, bioavailability and oral bioaccessibility of the metals and PAHs. Based on the results, one biochar was selected as being the most efficient to manage the contaminated soils. In view of the structural modifications of biochars in soils, these results should be validated in situ on long term basis, while ensuring the harmless effects of the studied biochar and integrating the socio-economic aspects
Bellion, Marc. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans la tolérance au stress métallique chez les champignons ectomycorhiziens par agrotransformation d'Hebeloma cylindrosporum." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0103_BELLION.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of my work was to develop a method of genetic transformation through Agrobacterium tumefaciens (agrotransformation) of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum to characterize the function of target genes. These genes were the zinc transport protein HcZnT1 of H. Cylindrosporum, the thioredoxin PiTrx and the metallothionein PiMt1, from the fungus Paxillus involutus. The method of agrotransformation, which has a relatively easy setup compared to other methods of transformation, has proved to be effective and it was possible to obtain stable transformants with reproducible rates of transformation. The cloning of genes in the plasmide pFAT3 revealed to be more favourable to carry out the transformation than the other binary vectors tested (pBGgHg, pBINplus) which could not be used to clone the target genes. For each gene it was possible to harvest stable transformants harboring the transgene. The analysis by RT-PCR of transcripts revealed that transgenes were expressed. The phenotypical analysis revealed that the PiMt1 gene is able to increase the tolerance capacity of H. Cylindrosporum to copper, but not to the other tested metals (Zn, Cd, Ni)