Journal articles: 'Solids'

1

Houot, Robert. "Séparation solide-solide. / Separation between solids." Sciences Géologiques. Bulletin 46, no. 1 (1993): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/sgeol.1993.1900.

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2

Gai, Pratibha L., and Michael W. Anderson. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 5, no. 5 (October 2001): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(01)00033-x.

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Gai, Pratibha L., and Michael W. Anderson. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 6, no. 5 (October 2002): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(02)00121-3.

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Davis, MarkE, and IanE Maxwell. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 1, no. 1 (February 1996): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(96)80010-6.

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5

Zones, Stacey, and Ian E. Maxwell. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2, no. 1 (February 1997): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(97)80105-2.

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6

Cheetham, Anthony K., and Sir John Meurig Thomas. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 3, no. 1 (February 1998): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(98)80066-1.

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Anderson, Michael W. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 7, no. 3 (June 2003): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.10.002.

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Anderson, M. W. "Solid Catalysts and Porous Solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 8, no. 6 (December 2004): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2005.05.001.

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Davies, J. W., D. Butler, J. L. Small, V. Sekuloski, and C. Jefferies. "Gross solids transport and degradation." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0016.

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The paper describes the first stages of a study of the origin, transport, and fate of sewer gross solids. The background to the project, its overall plan, and relevant previous studies are outlined. Progress to-date is described. A laboratory study of physical degradation of gross solids has confirmed general existing field observations that many sanitary solids undergo little degradation, whereas toilet paper and faeces are readily degraded. A study of solid advection and deposition in a laboratory pipe system has covered a wide variety of sanitary and artificial solids. The velocity at which sanitary solids are advected with the flow has been observed to be similar for most solids in spite of a considerable range of shapes and sizes. Pipe-full conditions, introducing the retarding effect of the pipe wall at the soffit, have tended to reduce solid velocities especially for floating solids. Generally the advective velocity of artificial solids of the same material and shape has not varied significantly with solid size. However size has had a clearer influence on deposition: with decreasing size, solids of the same density have been deposited at lower values of depth and velocity.

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10

TARASOV, VASILY E. "DYNAMICS OF FRACTAL SOLIDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 27 (October 30, 2005): 4103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205032656.

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We describe the fractal solid by a special continuous medium model. We propose to describe the fractal solid by a fractional continuous medium model, where all characteristics and fields are defined everywhere in the volume but they follow some generalized equations which are derived by using fractional integrals of fractional order. The order of fractional integral can be equal to the fractal mass dimension of the solid. Fractional integrals are considered as an approximation of integrals on fractals. We suggest the approach to compute the moments of inertia for fractal solids. The dynamics of fractal solids are described by the usual Euler's equations. The possible experimental test of continuous medium model for fractal solids is considered.

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Xiu, Shuangning, Yuanhui Zhang, and Abolghasem Shahbazi. "Swine manure solids separation and thermochemical conversion to heavy oil." BioResources 4, no. 2 (February 5, 2009): 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.2.458-470.

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Separation of solids from liquid swine manure and subsequent thermochemical conversion (TCC) of the solids fraction into oil is one way of reducing the waste strength and odor emission. Such processing also provides a potential means of producing renewable energy from animal wastes. Gravity settling and mechanical separation techniques, by means of a centrifuge and belt press, were used to remove the solids from liquid swine manure. The solid fractions from the above separation processes were used as the feedstock for the TCC process for oil production. Experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with a steady temperature 305 oC, and the corresponding pressure was 10.34 Mpa. Gravity settling was demonstrated to be capable of increasing the total solids content of manure from 1% to 9%. Both of the mechanical separation systems were able to produce solids with dry matter around 18% for manure, with 1% to 2% initial total solids. A significant amount of volatile solid (75.7%) was also obtained from the liquid fraction using the belt press process. The oil yields of shallow pit manure solids and deep pit manure solids with belt press separation were 28.72% and 29.8% of the total volatile solids, respectively. There was no visible oil product obtained from the deep pit manure solids with centrifuge separation. It is believed that it is the volatile solid content and the other components in the manure chemical composition which mainly determine the oil production.

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KAWAGUCHI, TAKAAKI, and HIROSHI MATSUKAWA. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF ATOMIC-SCALE FRICTION BETWEEN SOLID SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 08, no. 05 (October 2001): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0100121x.

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Atomic-scale frictional phenomena at solid surfaces, such as pinning and dissipative sliding of solids, are studied theoretically and numerically. The pinning behavior at realistic solid surfaces shows the universality determined by the spatial dimension of the interface between solids, regardless of the spatial dimension of solids. We find complicated sliding velocity dependence with peak structures in the kinetic frictional force. Using a perturbation technique, it is understood that such velocity dependence is caused by resonance effects between two solids.

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Shimizu, Y., N. Takei, and Y. Terashima. "Sorption of Organic Pollutants from Vapor Phase: The Effects of Natural Solid Characteristics and Moisture Content." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0388.

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The sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from vapor phase onto natural solids was investigated by batch sorption experiments. The effects of natural solid characteristics and moisture content on the sorption of TCE vapor were evaluated. As natural solids, six different US EPA soils and sediments were used. The moisture content of each natural solid was adjusted at four different values, including oven-dried condition. The linear sorption coefficients of TCE from the vapor phase (Kd’) were about one to four orders of magnitude greater than those from the aqueous phase. The Kd’ values for the oven-dried natural solids had poor correlation to the organic carbon content of natural solids. These results indicated that the sorption of TCE vapor was not controlled by the organic carbon referenced hydrophobic sorption. The Kd’ values for the oven-dried natural solids, however, correlate well with the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and swelling clay content of natural solids. The interaction of TCE molecules with the exchangeable cations on natural solid surface could be a dominant sorption mechanism. The Kd’ values decreased with increasing the moisture content of natural solids. The water on natural solid surface interferes the vapor-phase sorption of TCE onto the surface cations.

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Pramanik, Sudipta, Dennis Milaege, Kay-Peter Hoyer, and Mirko Schaper. "Additively Manufactured Nested and Non-Nested Cellular Solids for Effective Stress Distribution and Thermal Insulation Applications: An Experimental and Finite Element Analysis Study." Crystals 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091217.

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In this study, the design, additive manufacturing and experimental as well as simulation investigation of mechanical and thermal properties of cellular solids are addressed. For this, two cellular solids having nested and non-nested structures are designed and additively manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. The primary objective is to design cellular solids which absorb a significant amount of energy upon impact loading without transmitting a high amount of stress into the cellular solids. Therefore, compression testing of the two cellular solids is performed. The nested and non-nested cellular solids show similar energy absorption properties; however, the nested cellular solid transmits a lower amount of stress in the cellular structure compared to the non-nested cellular solid. The experimentally measured strain (by DIC) in the interior region of the nested cellular solid is lower despite a higher value of externally imposed compressive strain. The second objective of this study is to determine the thermal insulation properties of cellular solids. For measuring the thermal insulation properties, the samples are placed on a hot plate; and the surface temperature distribution is measured by an infrared camera. The thermal insulating performance of both cellular types is sufficient for temperatures exceeding 100 °C. However, the thermal insulating performance of a non-nested cellular solid is slightly better than that of the nested cellular solid. Additional thermal simulations predict a relatively higher temperature distribution on the cellular solid surfaces compared to experimental results. The simulated residual stress shows a similar distribution for both types, but the magnitude of residual stress is different for the cellular solids upon cooling from different temperatures of the hot plate.

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15

Ganter, M. A., and J. J. Uicker. "Dynamic Collision Detection Using Swept Solids." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258768.

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The detection of collisions in an environment composed of two three-dimensional bodies traversing independent general three-dimensional trajectories is accomplished through the use of swept solids and solid modeling techniques. A swept solid represents the space volumetrically swept out by the motion of a given body along a given trajectory. A swept solid is created for each of the bodies in the given environment. Using the swept solids created for each body, calculations (solid modeling boolean intersections) can be performed to determine if these swept solids intersect. If the original bodies will collide while traversing their given trajectories, then their swept solids will statically interfere. Further, an object comprising the volume of the intersection can be created if the bodies do, in fact, interfere. This object can be thought of as the “volume of interference.” Enhancements to this technique provide for the formation of swept solids using relative motion. Through these enhancements, only one swept solid need be created since the absolute motions can be converted to motion of one body relative to another body. Therefore, intersection calculations may be performed between one relative swept solid and the original body.

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16

Paige, C. R., W. J. Snodgrass, Ronald V. Nicholson, and J. M. Sharer. "Release of Arsenic from Model Wastewater Treatment Solids: A Mechanism Based on Surface Ligand Exchange." Water Quality Research Journal 29, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 507–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1994.032.

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Abstract The loss of arsenic from model wastewater treatment solids has been studied by neutron activation analysis. The data show that the loss of arsenic from unstirred solids is controlled by a surface exchange reaction and also clearly demonstrate that arsenic is not retained in a solid solution. This is in contrast to metal ions which are retained in crystalline solids as solid solutions. The activation energy Eafor the exchange reaction is calculated to be 40 kJ/mol. Data were retrieved for the half-time of arsenic exchanging from these solids. The presence of arsenic, either in the solid or in the aqueous phase contacting the solid, altered the kinetics of transformation to and the crystalline nature of the final products. These data have implications for the disposal of wastes to landfill.

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Hasegawa, Yasuhiro. "Solid Accretion onto Neptune-mass Planets. I. In Situ Accretion and Constraints from the Metallicity of Uranus and Neptune." Astrophysical Journal 935, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7b79.

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Abstract The currently available, detailed properties (e.g., isotopic ratios) of solar system planets may provide guides for constructing better approaches to exoplanet characterization. With this motivation, we explore how the measured values of the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratio of Uranus and Neptune can constrain their formation mechanisms. Under the assumption of in situ formation, we investigate three solid accretion modes: a dominant accretion mode switches from pebble accretion to drag-enhanced three-body accretion and to canonical planetesimal accretion, as the solid radius increases. We consider a wide radius range of solids that are accreted onto (proto)Neptune-mass planets and compute the resulting accretion rate as a function of both the solid size and the solid surface density. We find that for small-sized solids, the rate becomes high enough to halt concurrent gas accretion if all the solids have the same size. For large-sized solids, the solid surface density needs to be enhanced to accrete enough amounts of solids within the gas disk lifetime. We apply these accretion modes to the formation of Uranus and Neptune and show that if the minimum-mass solar nebula model is adopted, solids with a radius of ∼1 m to ∼10 km should have contributed mainly to their deuterium enrichment; a tighter constraint can be derived if the full solid size distribution is determined. This work therefore demonstrates that the D/H ratio can be used as a tracer of solid accretion onto Neptune-mass planets. Similar efforts can be made for other atomic elements that serve as metallicity indicators.

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Shimizu, Y., and H. M. Liljestrand. "Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons onto Natural Solids: Determination by Fluorescence Quenching Method." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0442.

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A fluorescence quenching method was used to determine the sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) onto natural solids in batch experiments. This method is based upon the observation that PAHs fluoresce in aqueous solution but not when associated with natural solids. It avoids problems of incomplete solid-liquid separation. As natural solids, eleven different USEPA soils and sediments were used. Anthracene and 2-aminoanthracene, which are respectively non-ionic and ionic PAHs, were chosen as sorbates. The fractional decrease in fluorescence intensity as a function of added natural solid concentration is referred to as Stem-Volmer plots. The plots were linear for all natural solids investigated. The conditional sorption coefficients (Ksc) at pH 6 through 8 and I=0.1 M were obtained as the slopes of the plots. While the Ksc values of anthracene were independent of pH, the values of 2-aminoanthracene decreased with increasing pH. The Ksc values of anthracene correlated well with the organic carbon content of natural solids. However, the values of 2-aminoanthracene did not depend on the content of organic carbon in natural solids. For 2-aminoanthracene, inorganic matrices of the natural solids may contribute to the sorption.

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Limas, Nidia Gabaldon, and Thomas A. Manz. "Introducing DDEC6 atomic population analysis: part 2. Computed results for a wide range of periodic and nonperiodic materials." RSC Advances 6, no. 51 (2016): 45727–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05507a.

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DDEC6 atomic population analysis gives excellent performance for small and large molecules, porous solids, dense solids, solid surfaces, organometallic complexes, nanoclusters, and magnetic materials.

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McCourt, James, and Larry Shier. "PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF OIL-SOLIDS INTERACTION IN EIGHT ALASKAN RIVERS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-845.

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ABSTRACT The formation of oil-mineral aggregates in rivers with high concentrations of suspended solids could be an important mechanism for transferring oil from a surface slick into the water column. Seven glacier-fed rivers in south-central Alaska were sampled three times in the summer of 1999 and tested to see how suspended solids in the water would interact with crude oil. Oil-mineral aggregates formed with all samples, which lead to the conclusion that similar oil-solids interaction should occur if oil is spilled into other glacier-fed rivers. The amount of oil associated with the solids after mixing was roughly proportional to the concentration of suspended solids in the samples. The oil-loading results ranged between 0.01 and 0.45 g oil/g solid, with most of the measurements falling between 0.03 and 0.24 g oil/g solid. The average loading for all tests was 0.13 g oil/g solid, which is consistent with the findings of a similar study done in 1998 on the Yukon River. This result indicates that the suspended solids in the streams studied—especially the larger Yukon, Copper, and Lowe Rivers—have a large oil-holding capacity and would be capable of scavenging a considerable volume of oil. The exact quantity would depend on several factors, including the volume and dimensions of the slick, concentration of suspended solids, and current velocity of the river. Historical data on stream flow, suspended-solids concentration, and particle-size distribution were gathered and used in conjunction with the laboratory oil-solids interaction results to identify the times of the year when such interaction could occur to a significant degree. This data indicated that oil-mineral aggregates are expected to form in all rivers tested, with the most significant periods being during the summer months.

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Bong, Eng Ying, Nicky Eshtiaghi, Jie Wu, and Rajarathinam Parthasarathy. "Optimum solids concentration for solids suspension and solid–liquid mass transfer in agitated vessels." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 100 (August 2015): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.05.021.

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22

Nieuwland, J. J., R. Meijer, J. A. M. Kuipers, and W. P. M. van Swaaij. "Measurements of solids concentration and axial solids velocity in gas-solid two-phase flows." Powder Technology 87, no. 2 (May 1996): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(95)03081-6.

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Shi, Yan-Fu, and L. T. Fan. "Lateral mixing of solids in gas—solid fluidized beds with continuous flow of solids." Powder Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1985): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(85)85070-1.

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Chowdhury, Bappi, Sarmad Bilal Magsi, Hok Nam Joey Ting, and Bipro Ranjan Dhar. "High-Solids Anaerobic Digestion Followed by Ultrasonication of Digestate and Wet-Type Anaerobic Digestion for Enhancing Methane Yield from OFMSW." Processes 8, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050555.

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High-solids anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste often shows inefficient biomethane recovery due to mass transfer limitations. Consequently, this study presents a two-stage anaerobic digestion process combining high-solids anaerobic digestion followed by ultrasonication of digestate and wet-type anaerobic digestion for effective biomethane recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The high-solids anaerobic digestion yielded methane production of 210 L CH4/kg volatile solids (VS). The digestate from the high-solids anaerobic digestion process was ultrasonicated at three different specific energy inputs (1000, 2500, and 5000 kJ/kg total solids (TS)). The increases in the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentrations (8%–32%) and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies (3.5%–10%) at different specific energy inputs were linearly correlated (R2 = 0.9356). Thus, ultrasonication led to the solubilization of particulate organics and released soluble organic matters. All ultrasonicated digestate samples showed significantly higher biomethane yields than that observed for the untreated digestate samples. The highest methane yield of 132 L CH4/kg VS was observed for a specific energy input of 5000 kJ/kg TS, which was 1.94 times higher than the control (68 L CH4/kg VS). Although specific energy inputs of 1000 kJ/kg TS and 2500 kJ/kg TS showed comparable methane yields (113–114 L CH4/kg VS), they were ~1.67 times higher than the control. Overall, our results suggest that an integrated system of high-solids and wet-type anaerobic digestion with pre-ultrasonication of digestate has the potential to provide a technically viable solution to enhance biomethane recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste.

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Rossem, Lenie van, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Caspar W. N. Looman, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Albert Hofman, Anita C. S. Hokken-Koelega, Johan P. Mackenbach, Henriëtte A. Moll, and Hein Raat. "Weight change before and after the introduction of solids: results from a longitudinal birth cohort." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 2 (April 5, 2012): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001055.

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We studied the association, and its direction, between the introduction of solids and weight-for-height (WFH) change between birth and 45 months. Pregnant women were asked to participate in a birth cohort during their first antenatal visit. Data from 3184 children were used. The timing of the introduction of solids was reported by the mother from a questionnaire at 12 months postpartum, and categorised into very early (0–3 months), early (3–6 months) and timely (after 6 months) introduction of solids. Anthropometric data were collected during standardised child health centre visits. WFH was converted into a z-score. Repeated-measurements analyses with splines positioned according to the moments of solid introduction were used to obtain estimates for WFH change before and after the introduction of solids. Analyses were adjusted for educational level, ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, mother's BMI, breast-feeding, history of food allergy and infant's hospital admission. Before solids were introduced, weight gain was higher in children introduced to solids early (z= 0·65, 95 % CI 0·34, 0·95) than in children introduced to solids very early (z= 0·02, 95 % CI − 0·03, 0·08) and timely (z= − 0·04, 95 % CI − 0·05, − 0·03). Shortly after the introduction of solids, children introduced to solids very early and early showed a relative decrease in WFH. WFH change did not differ between the solid introduction groups after 12 months, and at that time, weight change was as expected (i.e. z= 0). We therefore conclude that differences in WFH in childhood are not the result of early introduction to solids.

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Konopatskiy, E. V., K. V. Ryabinin, and A. A. Bezditnyi. "Visualization of Geometric Models of Faceted Solids in Point Calculus." Scientific Visualization 15, no. 1 (April 2023): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/sv.15.1.05.

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The paper considers the case of faceted solids and discusses visualisation of geometric solids in the form of a three-parameter set of points which belongs to a three-dimensional space. To visualize geometric solids, taking advantage of the modern GPU hardware acceleration, the Ray marching method is used. The implementation considers the definition of a signed distance function, which is reduced to the task of determining the set of intersection points of the projection rays with the rendered geometric solid. After that, for each pixel of the screen, its color is determined in accordance with whether the ray passes through the geometric solid or not. The analytical description of geometric solids and the solution of their intersection problem with projecting rays are solved within the framework of the point calculus mathematical apparatus. As a result, it was concluded that the proposed approach justifies itself, providing high rendering performance and the complete absence of visual artifacts when rendering faceted solids.

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Mueller, Julia S., Timothy B. Grabowski, Shannon K. Brewer, and Thomas A. Worthington. "Effects of Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids, and Total Suspended Solids on Survival and Development Rate of Larval Arkansas River Shiner." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/112015-jfwm-111.

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Abstract Decreases in the abundance and diversity of stream fishes in the North American Great Plains have been attributed to habitat fragmentation, altered hydrological and temperature regimes, and elevated levels of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids. Pelagic-broadcast spawning cyprinids, such as the Arkansas River Shiner Notropis girardi, may be particularly vulnerable to these changing conditions because of their reproductive strategy. Our objectives were to assess the effects of temperature, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids on the developmental and survival rates of Arkansas River Shiner larvae. Results suggest temperature had the greatest influence on the developmental rate of Arkansas River Shiner larvae. However, embryos exposed to the higher levels of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids reached developmental stages earlier than counterparts at equivalent temperatures. Although this rapid development may be beneficial in fragmented waters, our data suggest it may be associated with lower survival rates. Furthermore, those embryos incubating at high temperatures, or in high levels of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids resulted in less viable embryos and larvae than those incubating in all other temperature, total dissolved solid, and total suspended solid treatment groups. As the Great Plains ecoregion continues to change, these results may assist in understanding reasons for past extirpations and future extirpation threats as well as predict stream reaches capable of sustaining Arkansas River Shiners and other species with similar early life-history strategies.

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Ferreira, António, and Alireza Akhavan-Safar. "Editorial of the 1st Issue of Journal on Mechanics of Solids." Journal on Mechanics of Solids 1, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2975-8262_001-001_001853.

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This is the first issue of the Journal on Mechanics of Solids (JMS). The journal is published by the University of Porto. JMS is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality, cutting-edge research and review articles in various areas of solid mechanics that contribute to our understanding of the mechanics of solids and structures. JMS covers analytical, theoretical, experimental, and numerical studies that advance the practice of solid mechanics. The journal is expected to receive contributions from various areas of solid mechanics, including (but not limited to) biomechanics, contact mechanics, environmental influences, elasticity and plasticity, micro- and nanomechanics, fracture and damage mechanics, viscoelastic and viscoplastic materials, vibration and dynamics of solids and Structures, mechanics of composites and polymer materials. The scope of the journal also includes fatigue, impact, and creep of solids and structures. JMS also publishes articles on material characterization and mechanical behavior of engineered materials.

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Bardet, J. P., and S. Iai. "Axisymmetric Instability of Fluid Saturated Pervious Cylinders." Journal of Applied Mechanics 69, no. 6 (October 31, 2002): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1505624.

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The emergence of two-phase instability is investigated analytically for the axisymmetric cylinders made of a pervious solid matrix with pores filled with an interstitial fluid. General analytical solutions are derived for a broad range of constitutive models, and are illustrated for a few specific types of solids. For particular combinations of stresses and material moduli, saturated hypoelastic and elastoplastic solids are found to undergo two-phase instability, whereas their dry solid matrices remain stable. Two-phase instability can emerge within stable single-phase solids due to the interaction between solid matrix and fluid flow. The present analysis provides general analytical solutions useful for investigating the instabilities of axisymmetric soil samples subjected to the undrained triaxial tests of geomechanics.

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Barzee, Tyler J., Abdolhossein Edalati, Joshua L. Rapport, Hamed M. El-Mashad, and Ruihong Zhang. "Characterization of Nutrients and Pilot Biofertilizer Production from Food Waste and Dairy Manure Digestates." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 4 (2021): 1153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13767.

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HighlightsN, P, Ca, and Mg were mainly localized to fine digestate solids (0.45 µm to 1 mm).50% to 60% of NH4+-N was found in digestate solids between 0.45 and 75 µm.K and Na were mainly transferred to the ultrafiltration permeate (<0.45 µm).Mixing of coarse and fine solids can optimize nutrient and salt ratios in products.Abstract. Food waste and dairy manure digestates from commercial digesters were characterized in the lab for particle and nutrient distributions before pilot-scale processing (vibratory screen, ultrafiltration, sun drying) to produce solid and liquid biofertilizer products. Experimental results showed that the elemental compositions of the two digestates were different but shared similarities. The coarse solids of both digestates had lower concentrations of nutrients than the liquid fractions, which contained most of the K and Na. The dairy manure digestate had a higher amount of fine solids between 0.4 and 75 µm than the food waste digestate, but the majority of TKN was contained in the fine solids of both digestates. An optimization analysis concluded that optimal combinations of digestate fractions included over 70% coarse solids to obtain desired nutrient and salt ratios. The solid and liquid fertilizer products derived from the pilot-scale processing were similar to those expected from the lab-scale investigation. Keywords: Biofertilizer formulation, Digestate, Nutrient distribution, Pilot-scale processing, Ultrafiltration, Value-added products.

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Shimizu, Y., H. Sogabe, and Y. Terashima. "The effects of colloidal humic substances on the movement of non-ionic hydrophobic organic contaminants in groundwater." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0289.

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A controlled experimental study of the sorption of colloidal humic substances (humic acid) and a non-ionic hydrophobic organic compound (naphthalene) onto typical inorganic constituents of aquifer solids was performed using four types of model solid phases {i.e., individual model solids (montmorillonite, kaolinite, amorphous aluminosilicate gel, and amorphous iron oxides) and combined model solids (montmorillonite coated by amorphous aluminosilicate gel or iron oxides)}, which are synthesized in the laboratory. The batch experimental results indicated that the sorption of non-ionic hydrophobic organic compounds and colloidal humic substances onto the aquifer solids is significantly influenced by the solid composition. And it was also suggested that the non-ionic hydrophobic organic compounds which have greater hydrophobicity are considered to be sorbed and stabilized by the mobile colloidal humic substances in groundwater, and these colloids may act as a third phase that can increase the amount of compounds that the flow of groundwater can transport. On the other hand, the non-ionic hydrophobic organic contaminants of smaller hydrophobicity may be retarded significantly with the sorption of colloidal humic substances onto the aquifer solids.

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El-Shobaky, G. A., M. A. Shouman, and M. N. Alaya. "Effects of Li2O Doping on the Surface and Catalytic Properties of Co3O4–Fe2O3 Solids Precalcined at Different Temperatures." Adsorption Science & Technology 18, no. 3 (April 2000): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0263617001493413.

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The effects of Li2O treatment on the solid–solid interactions and the surface and catalytic properties of the Co3O4–Fe2O3 system have been studied using TG, DTA and XRD methods, nitrogen adsorption studies at −196°C and the catalytic oxidation of CO by O2 at 150–350°C. The results obtained showed that Li2O doping followed by precalcination at 500–1000°C enhanced the formation of cobalt ferrite to an extent proportional to the amount of dopant added (0.52–6.0 mol% Li2O). The solid–solid interaction leading to the formation of CoFe2O4 took place at temperatures ≥700°C in the presence of the Li2O dopant. Lithia doping modified the surface characteristics of the Co3O4–Fe2O3 solids, both increasing and decreasing their BET surface areas depending on the amount of dopant added and the precalcination temperature employed for the treated solids. The activation energy of sintering (ΔES) of cobalt/ferric mixed oxides was determined for the pure and doped solids from the variation in their specific surface areas as a function of the precalcination temperature. Both an increase and a decrease in the value of ΔES due to Li2O doping occurred depending on the amount of lithia added. The doping of Co3O4–FeO solids, followed by precalcination at 500°C, effected a significant increase (144%) in their catalytic activity towards CO oxidation by O2. Precalcination at 700–1000°C of the mixed oxide solids doped with Li2O (0.52 and 0.75 mol%) resulted in an increase in their catalytic activity which decreased upon increasing the amount of Li2O added above this limit. The activation energy of the catalyzed reaction was determined for the pure and variously doped solids studied.

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MATTIS, DANIEL C. "ABSENCE OF A GAP IN THE EXCITATION SPECTRUM (PHONONS) OF ANHARMONIC SOLIDS." Modern Physics Letters B 01, no. 01n02 (May 1987): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984987000028.

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Acoustic phonons are the suitably quantized low-lying normal modes of elastic solids. Their energies ε(k) are given by ε(k)=ħω(k), where the frequencies ω(k) are proportional to k (k=wavevector, or inverse wavelength) and vanish as w=sk (s=speed of sound) in the limit k→0. Here we prove a similar result for a reasonably general class of anharmonic solids, applicable even to such solids as the various He4 phases, H2 molecular solid, etc., which are in the extreme quantum limit. We show that the spectrum of elementary excitations in the harmonic solid provides an upper bound to the spectrum of elementary excitations in the similar anharmonic solid having the same ground state interatomic spring constantsK.

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Cherukuvada, Suryanarayan, and Ashwini Nangia. "Eutectics as improved pharmaceutical materials: design, properties and characterization." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 8 (2014): 906–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc47521b.

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The combination of isomorphous solids gives rise to continuous solid solutions and solids in which the adhesive interactions outweigh the cohesive ones lead to cocrystals. With weak adhesive, strong cohesive and a geometric misfit, the product is eutectic.

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Gandhi, B. K., S. N. Singh, and V. Seshadri. "Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Slurry Pumps." Journal of Fluids Engineering 123, no. 2 (January 31, 2001): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1366322.

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The performance of two centrifugal slurry pumps has been reported for three solid materials having different particle size distribution (PSD) in terms of head, capacity, and power characteristics. The results have shown that the values of head and efficiency ratios are not only dependent on solid concentration but are also affected by PSD of the solids and properties of the slurry. The addition of fine particles in the slurry of coarser material leads to reduction in the additional losses that occur in the pumps due to the presence of solids. It is also observed that with the increase in the pump size, the additional losses due to presence of solids reduce.

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Yang, Junfang, and Qian Peng. "Effects of intermolecular interactions on luminescence property in organic molecules." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 35, no. 1 (February 2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2112281.

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The organic solid-state light-emitting materials have attracted more and more attention owing to their promising applications in displays, lasers and optical communications. In contrast to isolated molecule, there are various weak intermolecular interactions in organic solids that sometimes have a large impact on the excited-state properties and energy dissipation pathways, resulting in strong fluorescence/phosphorescence. It is increasingly necessary to reveal the luminescence mechanism of organic solids. Here, we briefly review how intermolecular interactions induce strong normal fluorescence, thermally activate delayed fluorescence and room-temperature phosphorescence in organic solids by examining changes in geometry, electronic structures, electron-vibration coupling and energy dissipation dynamics of the excited states from isolated to aggregated molecules. We hope that the review will contribute to an in-depth understanding of the excited state properties of organic solids and to the design of excellent solid-state light-emitting materials.

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Penn, R., M. Schütze, and E. Friedler. "Assessment of the effects of greywater reuse on gross solids movement in sewer systems." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.555.

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Onsite greywater reuse (GWR) and installation of water-efficient toilets (WETs) reduce urban freshwater demand and thus enhance urban water use sustainability. Research on GWR and WETs has generally overlooked their potential effects on municipal sewer systems: GWR and WETs affect the flow regime in sewers, and consequently also influence gross solids transport. To asses these impacts, a gross solids transport model was developed. The model is based on approaches found in the literature. Hydrodynamic calculations of sewage flow were performed using the SIMBA6 simulator and then used for the gross solid movement models. Flow characteristics in the up- and downstream sections of the sewer network differ. Therefore different approaches were used to model solids movement in each of these two parts. Each model determines whether a solid moves as a result of a momentary sewage flow, and if it moves, calculation of its velocity is possible. The paper shows the adoption and implementation of two gross solids transport models using SIMBA6 and depicts the results of the effects of various GWR and WET scenarios on gross solids movement in sewers for a real case study in Israel.

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Gunathilake, S. P., D. A. Gayanjalee, D. A. S. Prathiraja, W. A. D. V. Weerathilake, and Dilan Dissanayake. "A preliminary study on milk composition of three buffalo breeds located in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 52, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v52i1.11750.

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Buffaloes have great potential to be developed as one of the main dairy animals in Sri Lanka because of their higher adaptability to local conditions compared to European dairy cattle breeds. Processing dairy products such as curd, cheese, and yoghurt from buffalo milk has several advantages due to its greater quantities of total solids, solid-nonfat, and protein. However, milk composition and coagulation properties largely depend on the breed. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the milk composition of three major buffalo breeds in Sri Lanka. The milk of the Lanka buffalo contained 18.1% total solids, 10.7% solid non-fat (SNF), 7.5% fat, 4.9% protein, 4.9% lactose, and 0.9% minerals. The milk of the Murrah crossbreed contained 15.4% total solids, 10.1% SNF, 5.3% fat, 4.2% protein, 5.1% lactose, and 1.1% minerals. The milk of the Nili-Ravi crossbreed contained 16.6% total solids, 10.2% SNF, 6.4% fat, 4.1% protein, 4.9% lactose, and 1.1% minerals. The results indicate that milk composition varies among the breeds in which the milk of the Lanka buffalo has significantly higher amounts of total solids, SNF, and fat. Protein, lactose, and mineral contents do not vary signiticantly.

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Duan, Guang Bin, Zong Ming Liu, and Wei Xiang Wu. "Flow Distribution Prediction of Gas-Solid Two-Phase Flow in Y-Shaped Branch Pipeline." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 2242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2242.

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This paper reported characteristics of gas-solid two-phase flow for a Y-shaped branch pipe. Y-shaped branch pipeline with one fixed and one adjustable branch angle was built up. Micro-glass bead and millet particles with similar diameter and different solid density were conveyed in this experimental system. As a result, trend of solids mass ratio flowing in changeable branch was used to predict flow distribution characteristics experimentally. It was found that the solids flow distribution of the two materials had similar trend and were significantly affected by the branch angle and gas velocity. Finally, a calculating equation to predict the solids flow distribution of branch pipe was achieved based on experimental data, which had good accuracy.

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Shapiro, V., and D. L. Vossler. "Efficient CSG Representations of Two-Dimensional Solids." Journal of Mechanical Design 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912782.

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Good methods are known for converting a Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) representation of a solid into a boundary representation (b-rep) of the solid, but not for performing the inverse conversion, b-rep→CSG, which is the subject of this paper. Important applications of b-rep→CSG conversion arise in solid modeling, image processing, and elsewhere. The problem can be divided into two tasks: (1) finding a set of halfspaces that is necessary and sufficient (but not unique) to represent a given solid, and (2) constructing an efficient CSG representation using those halfspaces. This paper solves the problem for curved planar solids, i.e., r-sets in E2, with or without holes, whose boundary is given by a collection of edges. The edges may be subsets of straight lines or convex curves (i.e., curves which intersect any line in at most two points). We prove a number of results and describe algorithms that have been fully implemented for solids bounded by line segments and circular arcs. Empirical results show that the computed CSG representations are superior to those produced by earlier algorithms, and produce superior three-dimensional CSG representations for mechanical parts defined by contour sweeping. A companion paper generalizes the results to higher dimensional solids.

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Littlewood, K., and D. Butler. "Movement mechanisms of gross solids in intermittent flow." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (February 1, 2003): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0217.

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Gross solids, such as used tampons, sanitary towels and faecal stools, are introduced into the sewer network via the WC. Although small diameter pipes (≤ 150mm diameter) make up a large proportion of most sewer networks, the transport behaviour of gross solids in these smaller pipes is not fully established. In particular, there are concerns about the effect of water conservation measures on the transport of gross solids in the intermittent flow regime prevalent in small pipes. This paper introduces a study carried out on the movement of solids in this flow regime. An extensive series of experiments has been carried out to investigate the movement mechanisms and behaviour in detail. It was found that there are three different mechanisms of movement, and photographic evidence is provided in the paper. The concept and implications of the “limiting solid transport distance” is also introduced. It is argued that solid movement is dependent on factors other than just WC flush volume and that increased blockage potential is not inevitable.

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42

Shimizu, Yoshihisa, Noboru Takei, and Yutaka Terashima. "Roles of solid components on the sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) onto natural solids from the vapor phase." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0291.

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The sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from the vapor phase was investigated by batch sorption experiments. The role of solid components in natural solids was evaluated with a model solid phase system, consisting of six individual model solid phases (humic acid, montmorillonite, kaolinite, amorphous aluminosilicate gel, amorphous iron oxides, and amorphous manganese oxides) and two binary model solid phases (montmorillonite with amorphous aluminosilicate gel and montmorillonite with amorphous iron oxides). Experimental results indicated that swelling clays, which are represented by the montmorillonite, are a dominant sorbent in natural solids. The amorphous metal oxides of aluminosilicate and iron effectively block the sorption site of the swelling clay. The water associated with model solid phases (i.e., moisture content) reduces the sorption. The reduction rate, normalized with respect to the sorption onto each model solid phase of zero moisture content, is greater for the inorganic model solid phases than for humic acid. The sorption experiments with natural solids observed a greater reduction rate for the natural solid of low organic carbon content. Therefore, it was hypothesized that moisture content of the swelling clays in a natural solid is smaller than that of the organic matter.

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Kurt, E., and M. S. Dokuz. "Load Ratios Carried by Each Constituent for Some Problems of a Particulate Composite Modeled as a Mixture of Two Linear Elastic Solids." Journal of Mechanics 36, no. 6 (October 14, 2020): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2020.51.

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ABSTRACTThe basic constitutive equations of theory of mixtures obtained for a mixture of two linear elastic solids can be used as an alternative way to describe the mechanical behavior of binary composite materials. Determining the load ratios carried by each constituent solid of a binary composite is one of challenges of this theory. In this study, the results of directly calculating the ratios of external load carried by each constituent solid for the case of perfectly bonded interface between binary mixture constituents are discussed. Thus, the effects of loading type and volume fraction of the constituent solids to the load ratios carried by each constituent solid are investigated by using three different loading cases and three different volume fractions. Finally, displacement, stress and diffusive force results of two constituent solids using the calculated load ratios are given.

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Le Pera, Adolfo, Miriam Sellaro, Massimo Migliori, Micaela Bianco, and Giuseppe Zanardi. "Dry Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Separately Collected Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: Two-Year Experience in an Industrial-Scale Plant." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020213.

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In this paper, performance analysis over two years’ operation of an industrial anaerobic digestion (AD) plant of a separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste is presented. The continuous plug-flow AD plant is still regularly operating and it has been fully operational since September 2018. Since then, it has been supplied with 40,000 t/y of pretreated separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste from municipalities of the Calabria region in Southern Italy. The AD process is carried out in a mesophilic regime at 40 ± 0.5 °C, using a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 22 days and a substrate with average total solids and average total volatile solids of 30.0% and 22.2%, respectively. In the last two years, the plant produced an average of 191 m3 and 860 m3 of biogas per tonne (t) of organic input material and of total volatile solids, respectively, with an average methane specific production of 508 m3/t (total volatile solids). The average CH4 percentage in the biogas was of 59.09%. The obtained results came out from the combination of high organic content of separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste, optimized pretreatment system and operating conditions adopted.

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Gupta, Prabhat K. "Non-crystalline solids: glasses and amorphous solids." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 195, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(95)00502-1.

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El-Shobaky, G. A., G. A. Fagal, and N. H. Amin. "Thermal solid-solid interaction between CuO and pure Al2O3 solids." Thermochimica Acta 141 (March 1989): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)87055-8.

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Garelli, B. A., E. L. Kokat, and B. J. Schwartz. "Improved Centrifuge Sludge Dewatering by Automatic Backdrive Torque Control." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0124.

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An investigation of different automatic torque control systems for performance optimization of solid bowl centrifuges was conducted at the Stickney Water Reclamation Plant of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (District). Two automatic hydraulic backdrives and a direct current automatic torque controlled backdrive were tested on centrifuges used for dewatering digested sludge conditioned with a polymer and a combination of polymer and ferric chloride. The centrifuge unit of an advanced design coupled with the direct current automatic torque controlled backdrive produced a cake having a solids content of 30% and a solids capture of 97%. The regular production unit produced a cake having a solids content of 15% and a solids capture of 85%.

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Fasano, Julian, Eric E. Janz, and Kevin Myers. "Design Mixers to Minimize Effects of Erosion and Corrosion Erosion." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/171838.

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A thorough review of the major parameters that affect solid-liquid slurry wear on impellers and techniques for minimizing wear is presented. These major parameters include (i) chemical environment, (ii) hardness of solids, (iii) density of solids, (iv) percent solids, (v) shape of solids, (vi) fluid regime (turbulent, transitional, or laminar), (vii) hardness of the mixer's wetted parts, (viii) hydraulic efficiency of the impeller (kinetic energy dissipation rates near the impeller blades), (ix) impact velocity, and (x) impact frequency. Techniques for minimizing the wear on impellers cover the choice of impeller, size and speed of the impeller, alloy selection, and surface coating or coverings. An example is provided as well as an assessment of the approximate life improvement.

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Ghanaatpishehsanaei, Ghazaleh, and Rajinder Pal. "Rheology of Suspensions of Solid Particles in Liquids Thickened by Starch Nanoparticles." Colloids and Interfaces 7, no. 3 (July 24, 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids7030052.

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The rheology of suspensions of solid particles in aqueous matrix liquids thickened by starch nanoparticles (SNP) was investigated. The SNP concentration varied from 9.89 to 34.60 wt% based on the aqueous matrix phase. The solids concentration of suspensions varied from 0 to 47 wt% (0 to 56 vol%). The suspensions at any given SNP concentration were generally Newtonian at low solids concentrations. At high solids concentrations, the suspensions were non-Newtonian shear-thinning. With the increase in the SNP concentration, the suspensions become non-Newtonian at a lower solids concentration. The rheological behavior of non-Newtonian suspensions could be described adequately with a power-law model. The consistency index of the suspension increased with the increase in solids concentration of the suspension at any given SNP concentration. The flow behavior index of suspensions was well below unity at high solids concentrations, indicating non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior. The value of the flow behavior index decreased with the increase in solids concentration indicating an enhancement of shear-thinning in suspensions. The experimental viscosity and consistency data for Newtonian and non-Newtonian suspensions showed good agreement with the predictions of the Pal viscosity model for suspensions.

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Reichert, Peter, and Oskar Wanner. "Movement of solids in biofilms: significance of liquid phase transport." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0070.

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In the one-dimensional mixed-culture biofilm model, volume expansion due to microbial growth leads to a displacement of biomass towards the biofilm surface, where solids (cells and particles) can be detached and attached. In this model there are no suspended solids in the pore volume of the biofilm. In a growing biofilm, this description makes a significant penetration of solids from the bulk fluid into the biofilm impossible and it leads to a fast elimination of attached inert particles from the biofilm. Recent experiments with fluorescent microbeads used as solid tracers are in disagreement with this description. The inert tracer particles added to the bulk fluid penetrate the biofilm quite fast and they show a residence time in the film that is much larger than that of the bacteria. For this reason the processes “transport of solids suspended in the biofilm pore volume” and “attachment to” and “detachment from the solid matrix in the biofilm interior” were added to the mixed-culture biofilm model. These processes were also implemented in the biofilm reactor compartment of the simulation program AQUASIM which is used here to demonstrate that the new processes make a qualitative simulation of the observed behavior possible. Therefore, the mixed-culture biofilm model with these processes added can be used as a tool for further research on the mechanisms which determine the development of the biofilm solid matrix and on transport of solids in the biofilm pore volume.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solids'

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