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Journal articles on the topic 'Solids with microstructure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Mo, Jingyi, Enyu Guo, D. McCartney, David Eastwood, Julian Bent, Gerard Van Dalen, Peter Schuetz, Peter Rockett, and Peter Lee. "Time-Resolved Tomographic Quantification of the Microstructural Evolution of Ice Cream." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102031.

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Ice cream is a complex multi-phase colloidal soft-solid and its three-dimensional microstructure plays a critical role in determining the oral sensory experience or mouthfeel. Using in-line phase contrast synchrotron X-ray tomography, we capture the rapid evolution of the ice cream microstructure during heat shock conditions in situ and operando, on a time scale of minutes. The further evolution of the ice cream microstructure during storage and abuse was captured using ex situ tomography on a time scale of days. The morphology of the ice crystals and unfrozen matrix during these thermal cycles was quantified as an indicator for the texture and oral sensory perception. Our results reveal that the coarsening is due to both Ostwald ripening and physical agglomeration, enhancing our understanding of the microstructural evolution of ice cream during both manufacturing and storage. The microstructural evolution of this complex material was quantified, providing new insights into the behavior of soft-solids and semi-solids, including many foodstuffs, and invaluable data to both inform and validate models of their processing.

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2

Zak, Michail. "Post-Instability Behavior of Solids." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 4 (December 1985): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1985-0027.

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The necessity of model reformulation in elasticity results from the failure of hyperbolicity of the governing equations of motion for classical models. The reformulation is based upon the introduction of additional kinematical microstructures in the form of multivalued displacement and velocity field (or fractal functions) which arc generated by the mechanism of the instability. The small scale motions describing this microstructure interact with the original large scale motion and restore the hyperbolicity of new governing equations of motion. The applications of the reformulated models to the problem of vibrational control and impact energy absorption are discussed.

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3

Mrzygłód, B., P. Matusiewicz, A. Tchórz, and I. Olejarczyk-Wożeńska. "Quantitative Analysis of Ductile Iron Microstructure – A Comparison of Selected Methods for Assessment." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0060.

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Abstract Stereological description of dispersed microstructure is not an easy task and remains the subject of continuous research. In its practical aspect, a correct stereological description of this type of structure is essential for the analysis of processes of coagulation and spheroidisation, or for studies of relationships between structure and properties. One of the most frequently used methods for an estimation of the density Nv and size distribution of particles is the Scheil - Schwartz - Saltykov method. In this article, the authors present selected methods for quantitative assessment of ductile iron microstructure, i.e. the Scheil - Schwartz - Saltykov method, which allows a quantitative description of three-dimensional sets of solids using measurements and counts performed on two-dimensional cross-sections of these sets (microsections) and quantitative description of three-dimensional sets of solids by X-ray computed microtomography, which is an interesting alternative for structural studies compared to traditional methods of microstructure imaging since, as a result, the analysis provides a three-dimensional imaging of microstructures examined.

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4

Pastrone, F. "Waves in solids with vectorial microstructure." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Physics. Mathematics 52, no. 1 (2003): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/phys.math.2003.1.03.

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5

Krajcinovic, D., and R. IIankamban. "Mechanics of Solids with Defective Microstructure*." Journal of Structural Mechanics 13, no. 3-4 (January 1985): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601218508907501.

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6

Meyer, K., and D. Schultze. "Thermal analysis and microstructure of solids and solid state reactions." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 349, no. 1-3 (1994): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00323228.

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7

Liu, Yuan Dong, and Yi Hui Yin. "Integrated Design of Micro Configuration and Macro Arrangement with Scale-Coupled Effect for Maximum the Fundamental Frequency." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1154.

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It is well known that structural behaviors of composite solids are determined by topology of microstructures of different sizes. In this paper a concurrent topology optimization method for integrated design of materials and structures with periodical microstructure was presented. The microstructures were assumed to be uniform in macro scale and heterogeneous in micro scale and the optimization object was to maximize the material fundamental frequency. Design variables for structure and material microstructures were defined, independently. RAMP (Rational Approximation ofMaterial Properties) was adopted to ensure clear topologies in both macro and micro scales. Design variables for structure and material microstructures were integrated into one system by using the super-element method. Influences of Representative Volume Element sizes, the microstructure configuration and macro arrangement are investigated. Numerical experiments validate the proposed method which can be used as an innovative design concept for the lightweight structures.

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8

Pedregal, Pablo. "Laminates and microstructure." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 4, no. 2 (June 1993): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792500001030.

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This paper deals with the mathematical characterization of microstructure in elastic solids. We formulate our ideas in terms of rank-one convexity and identify the set of probability measures for which Jensen's inequality for this type of functions holds. This is the set of laminates. We also introduce generalized convex hulls of sets of matrices and investigate their structure.

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9

Ieşan, D. "Binary Mixtures of Elastic Solids with Microstructure." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2008): 564–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286507087323.

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10

Abromeit, C., H. Trinkaus, and H. Wollenberger. "Mechanisms of microstructural pattern formation in irradiated solids." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-113.

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Metals and alloys under irradiation with energetic particles such as electrons, neutrons, or ions are open dissipative systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. The continuous production, diffusion, and annihilation of point defects result in microstructural changes in the irradiated materials. Under proper conditions, self-organization of the microstructure is experimentally observed. Examples are the void lattice, periodic concentration fluctuations of dislocation loops, and irradiation-induced homogeneous precipitation in undersaturated alloys. The theoretical description rests on a coupling of the point defects with the microstructure by nonlinear reactions. In general, a complicated reaction scheme has to be investigated. In practice, however, a simplified reaction model is applicable from which the minimum requirements for self-organization can be derived by using a linear stability analysis. In a special case of the reaction scheme it is possible to evaluate exact stationary solutions of the appropriate diffusion-reaction equations. They show the stabilizing effect of the annihilation of the point defects by recombination and at neutral sinks against pattern formation. A stability diagram for irradiation-induced periodic structures is developed that gives the temperature and displacement range where self-organization of loop arrangement is possible, and that is in good accordance with the experimental results.

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11

Liu, Yuan Dong, and Yi Hui Yin. "Integrated Design of Materials and Structures with Scale-Coupled Effect." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1292.

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It is well known that structural behaviors of composite solids are determined by topology of microstructures of different sizes. In this paper a concurrent topology optimization method for integrated design of materials and structures with periodical microstructure was presented. The microstructures were assumed to be uniform in macro scale and heterogeneous in micro scale and the optimization object was to minimize the material global compliances. Design variables for structure and material microstructures were defined, independently. SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) was adopted to ensure clear topologies in both macro and micro scales. Design variables for structure and material microstructures were integrated into one system by using the super-element method. Influences of Representative Volume Element sizes, material ratio of macro-scale and micro-scale on structural topology are investigated. Numerical experiments validate the proposed method which can be used as an innovative design concept for the lightweight structures.

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12

Calisti, V., A. Lebée, A. A. Novotny, and J. Sokolowski. "Sensitivity of the Second Order Homogenized Elasticity Tensor to Topological Microstructural Changes." Journal of Elasticity 144, no. 2 (May 2021): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10659-021-09836-6.

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AbstractThe multiscale elasticity model of solids with singular geometrical perturbations of microstructure is considered for the purposes, e.g., of optimum design. The homogenized linear elasticity tensors of first and second orders are considered in the framework of periodic Sobolev spaces. In particular, the sensitivity analysis of second order homogenized elasticity tensor to topological microstructural changes is performed. The derivation of the proposed sensitivities relies on the concept of topological derivative applied within a multiscale constitutive model. The microstructure is topologically perturbed by the nucleation of a small circular inclusion that allows for deriving the sensitivity in its closed form with the help of appropriate adjoint states. The resulting topological derivative is given by a sixth order tensor field over the microstructural domain, which measures how the second order homogenized elasticity tensor changes when a small circular inclusion is introduced at the microscopic level. As a result, the topological derivatives of functionals for multiscale models can be obtained and used in numerical methods of shape and topology optimization of microstructures, including synthesis and optimal design of metamaterials by taking into account the second order mechanical effects. The analysis is performed in two spatial dimensions however the results are valid in three spatial dimensions as well.

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13

Mishuris, Gennady S., Alexander B. Movchan, and Leonid I. Slepyan. "Waves in elastic bodies with discrete and continuous dynamic microstructure." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2162 (November 25, 2019): 20190313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0313.

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This paper presents a unified approach to the modelling of elastic solids with embedded dynamic microstructures. General dependences are derived based on Green's kernel formulations. Specifically, we consider systems consisting of a master structure and continuously or discretely distributed oscillators. Several classes of connections between oscillators are studied. We examine how the microstructure affects the dispersion relations and determine the energy distribution between the master structure and microstructures, including the vibration shield phenomenon. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of discrete and continuous distributions of the oscillators, and to the effects of non-locality and trapped vibrations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 2)’.

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14

Mihai, L. Angela, Hayley Wyatt, and Alain Goriely. "Microstructure-based hyperelastic models for closed-cell solids." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2200 (April 2017): 20170036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0036.

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For cellular bodies involving large elastic deformations, mesoscopic continuum models that take into account the interplay between the geometry and the microstructural responses of the constituents are developed, analysed and compared with finite-element simulations of cellular structures with different architecture. For these models, constitutive restrictions for the physical plausibility of the material responses are established, and global descriptors such as nonlinear elastic and shear moduli and Poisson’s ratio are obtained from the material characteristics of the constituents. Numerical results show that these models capture well the mechanical responses of finite-element simulations for three-dimensional periodic structures of neo-Hookean material with closed cells under large tension. In particular, the mesoscopic models predict the macroscopic stiffening of the structure when the stiffness of the cell-core increases.

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15

Vernerey, Franck J. "A Microstructure-Based Continuum Model for Multiphase Solids." Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures 21, no. 6 (March 3, 2014): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2011.584149.

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16

Tian-min, Dai. "Restudy of theories for elastic solids with microstructure." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 23, no. 8 (August 2002): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02437790.

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17

Dahmen, U., N. Thangaraj, and R. Kilaas. "Quantitative TEM analysis of microstructural anisotropy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 682–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171146.

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Preferred orientation of grain boundaries or interfaces in solids is an important indicator of anisotropy in boundary energy or kinetics. The present study is part of an ongoing investigation of faceting in thin films with the mazed bicrystal microstructure which possesses several unique features that are difficult to measure with standard parameters such as grain size distribution. One of the important characteristics of this microstructure is the degree and type of anisotropy. Figure 1 shows a micrograph with a typical mazed bicrystal microstructure. Only two grain orientations with about equal volume fraction are seen in black and white contrast, respectively. It is apparent that unlike a normal polycrystalline thin film, individual grains in this microstructure have unusual convoluted shapes with both concave and convex regions.The standard stereological method to measure microstructural anisotropy is the rose plot generated from a count of intersections with a reference grid overlaid on the micrograph at different angles.

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18

Weng, C. N., K. T. Wang, and T. Chen. "Design of Microstructures and Structures with Negative Linear Compressibility in Certain Directions." Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (March 2008): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.807.

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The linear compressibility of a solid is defined as the relative decrease in length of a line when the solid is subjected to unit hydrostatic pressure. Materials with a negative linear or area compressibility could have interesting technological applications. However, in the case of homogeneous materials only rare crystal phases exhibit this effect. In particular, for isotropic or cubic solids the linear compressibility is known to be isotropic and positive, namely a sphere of a cubic or isotropic crystal under hydrostatic pressure remains a sphere. For less symmetric solids, it generally varies with the direction n. Here we derive explicit expressions of the stationary values (maximum and minimum) of linear compressibility for single phase solids with monoclinic, orthotropic, tetragonal, trigonal, and hexagonal symmetry. A list of crystals that may exhibit negative linear compressibility in certain directions is outlined. Next, by assembling a two-component material, we propose microstructure networks to achieve such a property. Numerical simulations, based on a refined finite element method, are provided.

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19

Belibi Tana, Armelle Estelle, Shenghua Yin, and Leiming Wang. "Investigation on Mechanical Characteristics and Microstructure of Cemented Whole Tailings Backfill." Minerals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060592.

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A paste backfill performance can be primarily evaluated through the mechanical and physical characteristics of the components involved. In this study, the effects of solid components’ tailings, binders and waters contents on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of uncemented whole tailings backfill (CWTB) mixtures were investigated. Different mixtures of ordinary Portland cement of 1, 3 and 5 wt. % and solid concentrations at 72 wt. %, 74 wt. % and 75 wt. % were selected and rheological test was conducted to define the slump fluidity and yield stress. The microstructure of the solid component before and after the preparation and chemical composition were analyzed by the Scanning electron microscope and XRD analysis, respectively. The results show that a positive correlation between yield stress and slump values of CWTB paste slurries, the decrease of flow consistence leads to the reduction of the water content on the CWTB mixtures and the flow resistance of the paste. With the highest solids content, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of CWTB varies between 0.1–0.9 MPa. Increasing the solid content affects the porosity and improves the strength resistance of CWTB mixtures. The findings in this study can therefore lead us to a statement that CWTB chemical components seem to be an important factor in cemented paste backfill (CPB) design and mine operations.

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20

Panchal, Bhavesh, Tuyen Truong, Sangeeta Prakash, Nidhi Bansal, and Bhesh Bhandari. "Influence of Emulsifiers and Dairy Ingredients on Manufacturing, Microstructure, and Physical Properties of Butter." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051140.

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The influence of emulsifiers and dairy solids on churning and physical attributes of butter was investigated. Commercial dairy cream was blended with each of the ingredients (0.5%, w/w) separately, aged overnight (10 °C), and churned (10 °C) into butter. The employed additives showed a distinctive impact on the macroscopic properties of butter without largely affecting the melting behavior. In fresh butter, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) emulsifier having dominated hydrophobic moieties significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the softness. Among dairy solids, sodium caseinate (SC) was the most effective in reducing the solid fat fraction, hardness, and elastic modulus (G’), while whey protein isolate (WPI) and whole milk powder (WMP) produced significantly harder, stiffer, and more adhesive butter texture. As per tribological analysis, PGPR, Tween 80, and SC lowered the friction-coefficient of butter, indicating an improved lubrication property of the microstructure. The extent of butter-setting during 28 days of storage (5 °C) varied among the samples, and in specific, appeared to be delayed in presence of WPI, WMP, and buttermilk solids. The findings of the study highlighted the potential of using applied emulsifiers and dairy-derived ingredients in modifying the physical functionality of butter and butter-like churned emulsions in addition to a conventional cream-ageing process.

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21

Babu, Karthik Sajith, and Jayendra K. Amamcharla. "Influence of Bulk Nanobubbles Generated by Acoustic Cavitation on Powder Microstructure and Rehydration Characteristics of Spray-Dried Milk Protein Concentrate Powders." Nanomaterials 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2023): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13061093.

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Bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have widespread applications in various fields of science due to numerous peculiar characteristics. Despite significant applications, only limited investigations are available on the application of BNBs in food processing. In the present study, a continuous acoustic cavitation technique was used to generate bulk nanobubbles (BNBs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of BNB incorporation on the processability and spray drying of milk protein concentrate (MPC) dispersions. MPC powders were reconstituted to the desired total solids and incorporated with BNBs using acoustic cavitation as per the experimental design. The control MPC (C-MPC) and BNB-incorporated MPC (BNB-MPC) dispersions were analyzed for rheological, functional, and microstructural properties. The viscosity significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at all the amplitudes studied. The microscopic observations of BNB-MPC dispersions showed less aggregated microstructures and greater structural differences compared with C-MPC dispersions, therefore lowering the viscosity. The viscosity of BNB incorporated (90% amplitude) MPC dispersions at 19% total solids at a shear rate of 100 s−1 significantly decreased to 15.43 mPa·s (C-MPC: 201 mPa·s), a net decrease in viscosity by ~90% with the BNB treatment. The control and BNB incorporated MPC dispersions were spray-dried, and the resultant powders were characterized in terms of powder microstructure and rehydration characteristics. Focused beam reflectance measurement of the BNB-MPC powders indicated higher counts of fine particles (<10 μm) during dissolution, signifying that BNB-MPC powders exhibited better rehydration properties than the C-MPC powders. The enhanced powder rehydration with the BNB incorporation was attributed to the powder microstructure. Overall, reducing the viscosity of feed by BNB incorporation can enhance the performance of the evaporator. This study, therefore, recommends the possibility of using BNB treatment for more efficient drying while improving the functional properties of the resultant MPC powders.

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22

Mihai, L. Angela, Hayley Wyatt, and Alain Goriely. "A Microstructure-Based Hyperelastic Model for Open-Cell Solids." SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 77, no. 4 (January 2017): 1397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m1098899.

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23

Zohdi, T. I. "Genetic design of solids possessing a random–particulate microstructure." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 361, no. 1806 (March 26, 2003): 1021–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2003.1179.

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24

Seraphin, B. O. "Summary Abstract: Microstructure and the optical properties of solids." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 4, no. 6 (November 1986): 2959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.573669.

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25

Kollath, Anna, Nadzeya Brezhneva, Ekaterina V. Skorb, and Daria V. Andreeva. "Microbubbles trigger oscillation of crystal size in solids." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 8 (2017): 6286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07456a.

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26

Koscielski, Marek, and Janusz Sitek. "Influence of the fluxes properties on quality and the microstructure of lead-free solder joints executed by selective soldering." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 26, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-10-2013-0031.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the properties of new compositions of fluxes for selective soldering on lead-free solder joints quality and microstructures as well as showing which flux properties are the most important. Design/methodology/approach – The three different types of fluxes were tested, which differed in composition, solids content, amount and type of activators added. The selective soldering process was done with the use of lead-free solder SAC 305. The test boards had two coatings SnCu (HASL) or Au/Ni. Basic chemical and physical properties of fluxes were examined according to the relevant standards. Different types of components from the bulky ones, demanding more heat, to the smaller ones were used during the assembly process. AOI and X-ray analyses as well as cross-sections and SEM analyses were utilized to deeply assess the quality and microstructure of the investigated solder joints. Findings – The results showed that information about density or static activity of flux is not enough for correct flux assessment. The dynamic activity of flux measured by wetting balance method is the best for this, especially in the case when there is short soldering time and heat transfer is hindered. The quality and the microstructure of lead-free solder joints are related not only with wetting properties of the flux used for soldering but also with other properties like solids content in a flux. Research limitations/implications – It is suggested that further studies are necessary for the confirmation of the practical application, especially of the reliability properties of the joints obtained with the use of the elaborated fluxes. Originality/value – The results showed that type of flux (ORL or ROL) as well as minor changes in their dynamic activity and solids content might have significant influence on quality of solder joints and their microstructure. It was noted that selective soldering is demanding technique and optimization of soldering process for different type of components and fluxes is important.

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27

Saitoh, Kuniyasu, Norihiro Oyama, Fumiko Ogushi, and Stefan Luding. "Transition rates for slip-avalanches in soft athermal disks under quasi-static simple shear deformations." Soft Matter 15, no. 17 (2019): 3487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01966e.

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28

Georgiadis, H. G. "The Mode III Crack Problem in Microstructured Solids Governed by Dipolar Gradient Elasticity: Static and Dynamic Analysis." Journal of Applied Mechanics 70, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1574061.

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This study aims at determining the elastic stress and displacement fields around a crack in a microstructured body under a remotely applied loading of the antiplane shear (mode III) type. The material microstructure is modeled through the Mindlin-Green-Rivlin dipolar gradient theory (or strain-gradient theory of grade two). A simple but yet rigorous version of this generalized continuum theory is taken here by considering an isotropic linear expression of the elastic strain-energy density in antiplane shearing that involves only two material constants (the shear modulus and the so-called gradient coefficient). In particular, the strain-energy density function, besides its dependence upon the standard strain terms, depends also on strain gradients. This expression derives from form II of Mindlin’s theory, a form that is appropriate for a gradient formulation with no couple-stress effects (in this case the strain-energy density function does not contain any rotation gradients). Here, both the formulation of the problem and the solution method are exact and lead to results for the near-tip field showing significant departure from the predictions of the classical fracture mechanics. In view of these results, it seems that the conventional fracture mechanics is inadequate to analyze crack problems in microstructured materials. Indeed, the present results suggest that the stress distribution ahead of the tip exhibits a local maximum that is bounded. Therefore, this maximum value may serve as a measure of the critical stress level at which further advancement of the crack may occur. Also, in the vicinity of the crack tip, the crack-face displacement closes more smoothly as compared to the classical results. The latter can be explained physically since materials with microstructure behave in a more rigid way (having increased stiffness) as compared to materials without microstructure (i.e., materials governed by classical continuum mechanics). The new formulation of the crack problem required also new extended definitions for the J-integral and the energy release rate. It is shown that these quantities can be determined through the use of distribution (generalized function) theory. The boundary value problem was attacked by both the asymptotic Williams technique and the exact Wiener-Hopf technique. Both static and time-harmonic dynamic analyses are provided.

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29

Berryman, J. G., and L. Thigpen. "Linear Dynamic Poroelasticity With Microstructure for Partially Saturated Porous Solids." Journal of Applied Mechanics 52, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3169051.

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Linear equations of motion are derived to describe the behavior of small disturbances in a porous solid containing both liquid and gas. Appropriate boundary conditions are derived to guarantee the uniqueness of the solutions of these equations.

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30

Levin, V. M., and Y. S. Petronyuk. "Ultra Resolution in Acoustic Imaging of Bulk Microstructure in Solids." Physics Procedia 70 (2015): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.062.

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31

Erofeyev, V. I. "Propagation and interaction of waves in elastic solids with microstructure." NDT & E International 25, no. 4-5 (August 1992): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(92)90216-4.

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32

Argon, A. S., and R. Phillips. "Forming, processing, microstructure control and service behavior of structural solids." Journal of Computer-Aided Materials Design 3, no. 1-3 (August 1996): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01185632.

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33

Wang, Jian-Qing, and Gang Xiao. "Transition-metal granular solids: Microstructure, magnetic properties, and giant magnetoresistance." Physical Review B 49, no. 6 (February 1, 1994): 3982–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.49.3982.

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34

Berezovski, Arkadi. "On the influence of microstructure on heat conduction in solids." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 103 (December 2016): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.07.085.

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35

Miehe, Christian. "Microstructure Development in Standard Dissipative Solids Based on Energy Minimization." GAMM-Mitteilungen 29, no. 2 (October 2006): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gamm.201490032.

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36

Sun, C. T., and G. L. Huang. "Modeling Heterogeneous Media With Microstructures of Different Scales." Journal of Applied Mechanics 74, no. 2 (January 24, 2006): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2188536.

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The objective of this paper is to extend the framework of the continuum theory so that it can capture the properties that are embedded in the microstructure or nanostructure and still keep its simplicity and efficiency. The model thus developed is capable of accounting for local deformation of microstructures in solids especially their micro- (local) inertia effect. The essence underlying this approach is the introduction of a set of bridging functions that relate the local deformation of microstructures to the macrokinematic variables. Once the solution of the macroscopically homogeneous continuum is obtained, the solutions in the microstructures are obtained through the use of these bridging functions. Propagation of waves of different wavelengths is considered and the dispersion curve is used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The model is also employed to study wave reflection and transmission at the boundary of two media with microstructures of very different scales.

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37

REDDY, P. VENUGOPAL, S. SEKHER, and V. N. MULAY. "ELASTIC ANOMALIES IN Y-123/Ag COMPOSITE MATERIALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 09, no. 23 (October 20, 1995): 3053–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979295001154.

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With a view to understand the influence of Ag on the microstructure of Y-123 samples, and hence its microstructural impact on the low temperature elastic behavior, a series of Y-123/Ag superconducting composite materials have been prepared by the Sol-Gel method. After characterization, ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements were undertaken over a temperature range of 80–300 K, using the pulse transmission technique. In contrast to the normal solids, the ultrasonic velocity of all the samples of the present investigation, in the temperature range of 80–300 K, are found to exhibit elastic anomalies signaling the presence of lattice instabilities. It has also been observed that most of the samples are found to exhibit longitudinal attenuation peaks at temperatures 250 K, 170 K and 100 K. A qualitative explanation for the observed phenomena of both lattice softening and attenuation is given on the basis of microstructure and relaxation.

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Roeder, Ryan K., Keith J. Bowman, and Kevin P. Trumble. "Texture and Microstructure Development in Al2O3-Platelet Reinforced Ce-ZrO2/Al2O3 Laminates Produced by Centrifugal Consolidation." Textures and Microstructures 24, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1995): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.24.43.

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A dispersed, low-solids-fraction suspension containing Ce-ZrO2, fine Al2O3 and 5 vol% Al2O3-platelets was segregated using centrifugal consolidation to produce functionally gradient laminates (FGLs). Platelet alignment facilitated efficient packing of highly anisometric platelets to high densities. The complexity and anisotropy of the microstructure warrants a quantitative analysis of the microstructural evolution prior to any property evaluation. Quantitative image analysis was used to examine changes in the volume fraction, dimensional anisotropy, and gradient of pores and platelets with sintering time. In all cases, special attention was given to the effects of texture during microstructural evolution. Platelet alignment enhanced densification via anisotropic shrinkage, overcoming constraint that otherwise inhibits densification in platelet-containing materials. Also, platelet alignment and microstructural design were used to initiate and control anisotropic grain growth. Platelet growth (at the expense of smaller particles of the same phase) during annealing promoted further phase segregation and produced higher platelet content composites consisting of larger platelets, without having to consolidate high contents of large platelets.

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39

Lecoq, Nicolas, Jacques Lacaze, Frédéric Danoix, and Renaud Patte. "Phase-Field Modelling of Spinodal Decomposition during Ageing and Heating." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 1072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.1072.

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Despite the tremendous success of phase-field (PF) modelling in predicting many of the experimentally observed microstructures in solids, additional progress is required in order to apply it to predict microstructure evolution in real alloy systems. One way to achieve this is to couple thermodynamic and kinetic databases with PF model. In this work, we present phase-field simulations of spinodal decomposition in Fe-Cr alloy during thermal ageing and anisothermal heating. In the PF method, the local free energy is directly constructed using the CALPHAD method. During isothermal ageing, the morphology of decomposed phases consisted in an interconnected irregular shape for short ageing times, and a further ageing caused the change to a droplet like shape of the decomposed Cr-rich phase. The influence of heating rate on phase transformations is then simulated and compared with experimental results obtained by differential thermal analysis, carried out with heating rates in the range 0.5 °C.min-1to 15 °C.min-1. The simulation results show that heating rate strongly influences the microstructure morphology.

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40

Adams, B. L. "Orientation imaging of microstructures." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100170736.

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The complexity of microstructures characteristic of polycrystalline materials presents the serious investigator with many challenges. The materials engineer hopes to associate the important technological properties of these materials with specific (quantifiable) attributes of the microstructure; however, microscopy presents an overwhelming myriad of details over a wide range of scales of inquiry. Thus, the persistent question becomes: What is important in the microstructure relative to a specific property or aspect of material performance? One particular viewpoint, which stems from the modern atomistic interpretation of the structure of solids, is that for polycrystalline materials it is the spatial placement of lattice orientation that is of essential interest.The past decade has seen some remarkable progress in microdiffraction technique in conjunction with the scanning electron microscope. This progress now makes it possible to vigorously pursue the aforementioned lattice-orientational viewpoint. Since 1987 modern SIT (silicon intensified target) vidicon and CCD (charge-coupled device) cameras have been used to capture the backscattered Kikuchi diffraction (BKD) formed in stationary spot mode in the scanning electron microscope.

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Khaled, A. Gepreel, A. Nofal Taher, and S. Al Sayali Nehal. "Direct method for solving nonlinear strain wave equation in microstructure solids." International Journal of Physical Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 30, 2016): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijps2015.4456.

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42

Olson, R. T., E. K. Cerreta, C. Morris, A. M. Montoya, F. G. Mariam, A. Saunders, R. S. King, E. N. Brown, G. T. Gray, and J. F. Bingert. "The effect of microstructure on Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth in solids." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 500, no. 11 (May 7, 2014): 112048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/500/11/112048.

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Wang, Jian-Qing, and Gang Xiao. "Erratum: Transition-metal granular solids: Microstructure, magnetic properties, and giant magnetoresistance." Physical Review B 50, no. 13 (October 1, 1994): 9692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.9692.

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Steinbach, Ingo, and Oleg Shchyglo. "Phase-field modelling of microstructure evolution in solids: Perspectives and challenges." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 15, no. 3 (June 2011): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2011.01.001.

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NÖTZEL, RICHARD, and KLAUS H. PLOOG. "MAN-MADE LOW-DIMENSIONAL SOLIDS: NEW CHALLENGES IN MICROSTRUCTURE MATERIALS SCIENCE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, no. 15 (July 10, 1993): 2743–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293003024.

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Size quantization in man-made semiconductor structures of less than three-dimensions leads to exciting new electronic properties which are important for fundamental physics and for development of novel device concepts. Fundamental research as well as device applications based on these low-dimensional semiconductor structures require methods to fabricate the structures and to control their geometrical size on the nanometer scale in a reproducible manner. We introduce a new concept to directly synthesize III-V semiconductor quantum-wire and quantum-dot structures. The concept is based on the evolution of well ordered macrosteps (facets) on non-(100)-oriented GaAs surfaces during molecular beam epitaxy which allows us to produce arrays of alternating narrow and wide regions of GaAs in an AIAs matrix. This arrangement forms symmetric and asymmetric GaAs quantum-dot structures on (111) and (211) surfaces, respectively, and quantum-wire structures on (311) substrates. The accumulation of steps by step bunching on (210) GaAs makes possible the fabrication of mesoscopic step arrays in GaAs/AlAs multilayer structures having a periodicity of 230 Å. This periodicity is comparable to the exciton Bohr radius and thus of particular importance for the modulation of the electronic properties of GaAs based heterostructures. The existence of all these quantum-wire and quantum-dot structures is confirmed by high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy and atomic-force microscopy. The quantum confinement of carriers is revealed by the distinct electronic properties.

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Bhattacharya, Jayee, Arya Paul, Surajit Sengupta, and Madan Rao. "Non-affine deformation in microstructure selection in solids: I. Molecular dynamics." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 36 (August 14, 2008): 365210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/36/365210.

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Liu, Pengfei, Mingyong Du, Peta Clode, Jishan Liu, and Yee-Kwong Leong. "Rod–plate interactions in sepiolite–LAPONITE® gels: microstructure, surface chemistry and rheology." Soft Matter 17, no. 9 (2021): 2614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm02112a.

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48

Park, Junhong, Thomas Siegmund, and Luc Mongeau. "Viscoelastic Properties of Foamed Thermoplastic Vulcanizates and their Dependence on Void Fraction." Cellular Polymers 22, no. 3 (May 2003): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930302200301.

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Experimental techniques to measure the viscoelastic mechanical properties of foamed elastomers at high frequencies were developed and applied to study foamed thermoplastic vulcanizates. The measurements were performed for foams with a wide range of void fractions such that a transition from a true porous solid to a foam was present. The frequency and time dependence of the dynamic and relaxation moduli, respectively, were measured and were shown to depend on the loss factor of the elastomer. The measured variation of the dynamic and the relaxation moduli with the void fraction did not depend on frequency and time in the frequency and time range of interest. This suggested that the time and frequency dependence of elastic moduli was determined mostly by the void fraction and the corresponding material microstructure. Property measurement results were compared to predictions for porous solids using the Mori-Tanaka method as well as methods for cellular solids.

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Yudina, Anna, Olga Ovchinnikova, Vladimir Cheptsov, and Dmitry Fomin. "Localization of C Cycle Enzymes in Arable and Forest Phaeozems within Levels of Soil Microstructure." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051343.

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Soil microbial and enzyme activities are closely related to the spatial variability of soil environmental conditions at the microscale (μm-mm). The origin and localization of the enzymes are somewhat neglected when the measured activity is used to evaluate specific soil functions. The activity of four hydrolytic enzymes (β-glucosidase, Cellobiohydrolase, Chitinase, Xylanase) and microbial diversity based on community-level physiological profiling were determined in samples of arable and native Phaeozems with increasing physical impact to soil solids. The level of impact on the soil solids had a significant effect on enzyme activity and depended on both the enzyme type and soil land use. The highest proportion of the activity of Xylanase and Cellobiohydrolase of arable Phaeozem was determined at the dispersion energy in the range of 450–650 J·mL−1 and was associated with the primary soil particles’ hierarchy level. The highest proportions of β-glucosidase and Chitinase activities were determined for forest Phaeozem after applying energies lower than 150 J·mL−1 and characterizing the level of soil microaggregates. The increased activity of Xylanase and Cellobiohydrolase in primary soil particles of arable soil compared to those in forest soil might be a reflection of the substrates being unavailable to decomposition, leading to enzyme accumulation on the solid surface. For the Phaeozems, the lower the level of soil microstructure organization, the greater the differences observed between soils of different land use type, i.e., microbial communities, associated with lower microstructure levels, were more specific to land use type.

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Samuel, Ehab, and Chang Qing Zheng. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of a Rheocast 357 Alloy Using the SEED Method." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.169.

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The ability of Al-Si alloys to be cast into complex shapes, coupled with a favourable strength-to-weight ratio, has given them an advantage in the automotive industry. To further improve casting quality, many have turned to semi-solids, where alloys exhibit flow properties that stem from the material's dual liquid-solid nature and globular microstructure. The SEED (Swirled Enthalpy Equilibration Device) process is a novel rheocasting technology yielding a semi-solid slurry from the mechanical agitation (swirling) and cooling of molten aluminum. In the current work, a SEED processed 357-T6 alloy displayed typical yield and ultimate tensile strength values of 210-250 and 300-320 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the average elongation observed was 12-17%.

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