Journal articles: 'Solidification structure'

1

KOSEKI, Toshihiko. "Solidification and Solidification Structure Control of Weld Metals." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 70, no. 5 (2001): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.70.5_579.

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Koseki, T. "Solidification and solidification structure control of weld metals." Welding International 16, no. 5 (January 2002): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110209549544.

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Holesinger, T. G., D. J. Miller, H. K. Viswanathan, and L. S. Chumbley. "Solidification of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy and Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 9 (September 1993): 2149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2149.

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The solidification processes for the compositions Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (2212) and Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy (2201) were determined as a function of oxygen partial pressure. During solidification in argon, the superconducting phases were generally not observed to form for either composition. In both cases, the solidus is lowered to approximately 750 °C. Solidification of Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy in Ar resulted in a divorced eutectic structure of Bi2Sr2−xCaxOy (22x) and Cu2O while solidification of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy in Ar resulted in a divorced eutectic structure of Bi2Sr3−xCaxOy (23x) and Cu2O. Solidification of Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy in O2 resulted in large grains of 2201 interspersed with small regions containing the eutectic structure of 22x and CuO/Cu2O. Solidification of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy in partial pressures of 1%, 20%, and 100% oxygen resulted in multiphase samples consisting of 2212, 2201, some alkaline-earth cuprates, and both divorced eutectic structures found during solidification in Ar. For both compositions, these latter structures can be attributed to oxygen deficiencies present in the melt regardless of the overpressure of oxygen. These eutectic structures are unstable and convert into the superconducting phases during subsequent anneals in oxygen. The formation process of the 2212 phase during solidification from the melt was determined to proceed through an intermediate state involving the 2201 phase.

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Shapovalv, V. A., and G. M. Grigorenko. "Metal Structure Control During Solidification." Современная электрометаллургия 2015, no. 2 (February 28, 2015): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sem2015.02.08.

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Kamio, Akihiko, Shinji Kumai, and Hiroyasu Tezuka. "Solidification structure of monotectic alloys." Materials Science and Engineering: A 146, no. 1-2 (October 1991): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(91)90271-n.

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Mao, Yong, Jin Xin Guo, and Si Yong Xu. "Refinement Mechanism of Solidification Structure of Au-20Sn Eutectic Alloy by Different Solidification Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 759 (January 2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.759.24.

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Au-20Sn (mass fraction) eutectic alloy is a key lead-free solder material for high reliability microelectronics and optoelectronics packaging. The refinement of initial solidification structure can improved the processing performance of Au-20Sn alloy. This paper reported the research progresses on refining solidification structure of Au-20Sn alloy in our research group. The results indicated that the solidification structure of alloy can be effectively refined by rapid solidification with the increasing of cooling rate. The solidification structure can also be refined by incubated nucleation treatment with Au or Sn or by proper melt temperature treatment. The refinement mechanisms of solidification structure by the three types of solidification methods were thoroughly discussed.

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Zhu, Zhen Yong, Kai Xiong, Jun Jie He, Shun Meng Zhang, Si Yong Xu, and Yong Mao. "Correlation between Solidified Microstructure Evolution and Undercooling of Au-12 Wt.%Ge Eutectic Alloy." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.53.

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Highly undercooled solidification experiments were carried out by melt purification combined with cyclic superheating method on Au-12 wt.%Ge eutectic alloy. The solidification structures of Au-12 wt.%Ge eutectic alloy under different undercoolings were also analyzed by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results revealed that the maximum undercooling could reach up to 102 K. The microstructure analysis showed that the coarse bulk eutectic existed in the solidification structure when the undercooling was less than 34 K. When the undercooling was larger than 34 K and less than 56 K, the solidification structure transformed into cellular eutectic. The coarse primary (α-Au) phase precipitated from the undercooled alloy melt when the undercooling was larger than 56 K. The volume fraction of the primary (α-Au) phase gradually increased with the increase of undercooling. In this paper, a method to regulate the solidification structure of Au-12 wt.%Ge eutectic alloy is proposed, which provides a new way to improve the solidification structure and has important guiding significance for the processing and forming process of Au-12 wt.%Ge eutectic alloy.

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Gnapowski, S., Y. Tsunekawa, M. Okumiya, and K. Lenik. "Change of Aluminum Alloys Structure by Sono-Solidification." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0078.

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Abstract This experiment utilized five Aluminum alloys with silicon content percentages of 7, 10, 12.6, 14.5 and 17(wt)%. Ultrasonic vibration was applied to improve the quality of aluminum alloys. Sono-solidification, in which ultrasound vibrations are applied to molten metal during its solidification, is expected to cause improved mechanical properties due to grain refinement. Observed by microstructure photographs was that grains became smaller and their shapes more regular. Using ultra sound solidification α Al appeared during ultrasound treatment the eutectic solidification time was longest around 10% compared with same condition experiment without ultrasound treatment.

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Peng, Hong-bing, Wei-qing Chen, Yan-chong Yu, and Hong-guang Zheng. "Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Treatment on Solidification Structure of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 5 (October 25, 2013): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0159.

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AbstractThe effect of ultrasonic treatment on the solidification structure of Fe-36Ni invar alloy was investigated. The experiment results showed that the ultrasonic treatment before its solidification had no significant effect on the solidification structure. However, when ultrasonic was inputted into the molten alloy during its solidification process, the primary dendrites were broken up into lots of fragments and solidification structure was refined significantly. When ultrasonic treatment was applied in the melt doped with yttrium before its solidification, ultrasonic cavitation could break up precipitates into many small ones, which could refine its solidification structure as nucleation cores. In samples containing yttrium treated by ultrasonic at 1753 K, the number of the precipitates was 623/mm2 and its average size was 2.18 µm; while at 1803 K, they were 604/mm2 and 2.34 µm respectively. The ultrasonic cavitation had a similar effect at two different temperatures. The solidification structure refined greatly at 1753 K was due to its low pouring temperature.

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Bendjeddou, L., and M. Y. Debili. "Structure and Hardness of Al-Fe-Ti Alloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 305-306 (October 2010): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.305-306.23.

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It is the intention of this paper to present the results of a study of Al-Fe-Ti (26-50Fe-2wt%Ti) cast alloys. We have examined the solidification structure over a wide range of iron contents. Using X-ray diffraction and quantitative microstructural analysis, we have characterized the alloy microstructure and identified second-phase crystallographic structures. The hardness of the alloys was also determined. The solidification structure was modified by the addition of Ti to Al1-xFex alloys.

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Zhang, Hong Zhuang, Jiang Tian Shi, and De Xin Sun. "Entire Symmetric Structure Inchworm-Type Piezoelectric Linear Actuator." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 1061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.1061.

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The feature of the hot cracks of the welding joint of the MIG welded magnesium alloy AZ91D was studied systematically. The result indicates that the weld of the magnesium alloy displays a high cracking susceptibility. The cracks are mainly formed on the centerline of the weld and in the arc crater at the end of the weld. These cracks propagate along the α-Mg grain boundary, and they belong to the solidification cracking. These solidification cracks are resulted by the joint function of the low melting point liquid film in the weld and the tensile stress suffered by the weld metal during the solidification process. The low melting point liquid film is the internal cause to form the solidification cracks, while the tensile stress is a necessary condition. Limiting the amount of the low melting point eutectic and decreasing the tensile stress of the welding joint are two effective methods to improve the solidification cracking susceptibility of the Mg alloy weld.

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Elmquist, Lennart, Kaisu Soivio, and Attila Diószegi. "Cast Iron Solidification Structure and how it is Related to Defect Formation." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.441.

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In this work, the meaning of the solidification structure and how it is related to defect formation in grey cast iron will be discussed. The work also confirms observations made earlier. In previous work the formation of shrinkage porosity in grey cast iron cylinder heads was investigated. It was found that the defect is located around solidification units resembling primary austenite grains. The solidification of grey cast iron starts with the formation of primary austenite grains, followed by the eutectic solidification. The primary grains nucleate and grow either as columnar or equiaxed grains, creating a columnar to equiaxed transition between the two zones. Based on the presence of a migrating hot spot, and other characteristics found on the cylinder heads, a geometry was developed that promote the formation of shrinkage porosity. The primary solidification structure, normally transformed during the solid state transformation, was preserved using a technique called Direct Austempering After Solidification (DAAS). After solidification, the samples were cut and prepared for investigation using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with a detector for Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD). Individual grains were identified and the primary solidification structure around the defects was revealed. The investigation shows how shrinkage porosity is formed and located between primary austenite grains. This confirms that the primary solidification structure has a large influence on the formation of defects in grey cast iron. The investigation also confirms the correctness of earlier results as well as the validity of the DAAS technique.

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Morishita, Hironori, Hisao Esaka, and Kei Shinozuka. "Crystallographic Investigation of the Initial Solidification Grain Structure in Al-Si Alloy." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1328.

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As-solidified structure of an ingot is composed of the chill, columnar and equiaxed zones. The whole solidified structure is strongly affected by the chill crystals. Some initial solidification grains have been observed on the ingot surface and thought to be traces of the nucleation point. The aim of this study is, therefore, to develop the experiment technique to make one ‘grain’ and to crystallographically investigate the initial solidification grain using EBSD analysis. In order to start solidification at a very specified position, a small metallic protrusion was installed on an insulating plate. Al-6 wt%Si alloy was melted at 800 °C and was poured on the metallic protrusion. In this study, the amount of protrusion was varied to investigate the growth mechanism of the initial solidification grain. The longitudinal cross section of the specimen was observed by an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope. The starting position of solidification was the area that was on the metallic protrusion. In this initial solidification grain, it was difficult to observe the dendritic structure. The shape of this grain was about hemispherical. The grain area seemed to increase with increasing the amount of protrusion. The results of EBSD analysis showed that almost all initial solidification grains were composed by several crystals. The reason of this is that the nucleation frequency may increase with the amount of protrusion. The dendrite grew radially from the initial solidification grain continuously. The crystallographic structure was also continuous on the boundary of the initial solidification grain.

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Chen, Ming, Yu Jiang, Wen Long Sun, Xiao Dong Hu, and Chun Li Liu. "Numerical Simulation of Binary Alloy Crystal Growth of Multiple Dendrites and Direcitonal Solidification Using Phase-Field Method." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.703.

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Phase field method (PFM) offers the prospect of carrying out realistic numerical calculation on dendrite growth in metallic systems. The dendritic growth process of multiple dendrites and direcitonal solidification during isothermal solidifications in a Fe-0.5mole%C binary alloy were simulated using phase field model. Competitive growth of multiple equiaxed dendrites were simulated, and the effect of anisotropy on the solute segregation and microstructural dedritic growth pattern in directional solidification process was studied in the paper. The simulation results showed the impingement of arbitrarily oriented grains, and the grains began to impinge and coalesce the adjacent grains with time going on, which made the dendrite growth inhibited obviously. In the directional solidification, the maximum concentration gradient showed in the dendrite tip, and highest solute concentration existed at the bottom of the dendrites. With the increasing of the anisotropy, dendrite tip radius became smaller, and the crystal structure is more uniform and dense.

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Lu, S. Y., J. F. Li, and Y. H. Zhou. "Solidification structure of undercooled Ni54.6Pd45.4 alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 460-461 (July 2007): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.138.

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Biswas, Sudipta, Dehao Liu, Larry K. Aagesen, and Wen Jiang. "Solidification and grain formation in alloys: a 2D application of the grand-potential-based phase-field approach." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 30, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 025013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-651x/ac46dc.

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Abstract Solidification is a significant step in the forming of crystalline structures during various manufacturing and material processing techniques. Solidification characteristics and the microstructures formed during the process dictate the properties and performance of the materials. Hence, understanding how the process conditions relate to various microstructure formations is paramount. In this work, a grand-potential-based multi-phase, multi-component, multi-order-parameter phase-field model is used to demonstrate the solidification of alloys in 2D. This model has several key advantages over other multi-phase models such as it decouples the bulk energy from the interfacial energy, removes the constraints for the phase concentration variable, and prevents spurious third-phase formation at the two phase interfaces. Here, the model is implemented in a finite-element-based phase-field modeling code. The role of various modeling parameters in governing the solidification rate and the shape of the solidified structure is evaluated. It is demonstrated that the process conditions such as temperature gradient, thermal diffusion, cooling rate, etc, influence the solidification characteristics by altering the level of undercooling. Furthermore, the capability of the model to capture directional solidification and polycrystalline structure formation exhibiting various grain shapes is illustrated. In both these cases, the process conditions have been related to the growth rate and associated shape of the dendritic structure. This work serves as a stepping stone towards resolving the larger problem of understanding the process–structure–property–performance correlation in solidified materials.

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Meng, Qing Hui, Yi Ping Lu, Yong Dong, and Ting Ju Li. "Microstructure and Properties of Ni_70.2Si_29.8 Eutectic Alloy Produced by Directional Solidification." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.54.

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The directional solidification of Ni70.2Si29.8 eutectic alloy was carried out, and the solidification microstructure and compression properties of Ni2Si – Ni31Si12 eutectic composite were systematically studied. Directional solidification samples were obtained by induction heating and down – draw process. During directional solidification, well-aligned lamellar structure with a micron scale was obtained in directional solidified Ni70.2Si29.8 eutectic alloy. Despite it is a kind of faceted – faceted eutectic alloys, highly regular and homogeneous structure was obtained through directional solidification. Compared with other methods, the compress test results showed that fracture strength of Ni70.2Si29.8 eutectic alloy obtained through directional solidification was improved obviously, reaching 2100 MPa.

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Fan, Li, Qi Tang Hao, Liang Bo Liu, and Rui Qi Shen. "Solidification Behavior of Aluminum-Copper Based Alloy during Controlled Diffusion Solidification." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1535.

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Controlled diffusion solidification (CDS) is a novel and simple process that enables the formation of non-dendritic microstructure of primary Al phase through mixing two liquid alloys of different composition and temperature together. A quaternary alloy (Al-5.0Cu-0.35Mn-0.25Ti, wt.%), having a similar chemical component with ZL205A, was fabricated using controlled diffusion solidification (CDS) method with different mixing temperature. The mixing temperature of two liquids mostly affects the cast structure especially the primary Al phase. Results show that CDS can reduce the element segregation degree inside the grains. Microstructure evolution during solidification initiates from a primary nucleus firstly and then changed to a non-dendritic grain structure. The thermal analysis confirms the thermodynamic conditions for the formation of non-dendritic grain structure evolution.

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Wannasin, J., R. Andy Martinez, and M. C. Flemings. "A Novel Technique to Produce Metal Slurries for Semi-Solid Metal Processing." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.366.

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Various processing methods exist for applying agitation to a molten metal during solidification to obtain metal slurries suitable for semi-solid metal processing. . In this paper, a new technique to achieve semi-solid metal structure using agitation during solidification is reported. The technique applies a new medium and means to efficiently create semi-solid metal structures. The results of a systematic study showing the feasibility and the necessary conditions to achieve the structure are discussed.

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Chen, Jian, Hailang Liu, Zhiguo Peng, and Jie Tang. "Study on the Solidification Behavior of Inconel617 Electron Beam Cladding NiCoCrAlY: Numerical and Experimental Simulation." Coatings 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010058.

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To better control the Inconel617 electron beam cladding solidification process, a three-dimensional temperature field model was built to simulate the temperature gradient, cooling rate, and solidification rate in the solidification process and take a deep dive into the solidification behavior, as well as the calculation of the solidification characteristic parameters at the edge of the molten pool and then predict the solidification tissue structure. The study shows that the largest temperature gradient occurred in the material thickness direction. The self-cooling effect of the material dominated the solidification of the alloy layer; the cooling rate depended on the high-temperature thermal conductivity of the material and the self-cooling effect of the matrix, and the maximum cooling rate in the bonding zone was 1380 °C/s. The steady-state solidification rate was equal to the moving speed of the heat source; the solidification characteristics of the solidification process at the edge of the molten pool increased with the distance from the surface: the cooling rate decreased from 1421.61 to 623 °C/s, the temperature gradient increased from 0.0723 × 106 to 0.417 × 106, and the solidification rate decreased from 0.01 to 0 m/s. The prediction was made that the small and thin equiaxed crystals are on the top, a thin and short dendritic transition structure in the middle, and relatively coarse dendrites at the bottom. Experiments confirmed that the solidification tissue structure is basically consistent with the simulation law.

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Wang, Wenbin, Li Xiong, Dan Wang, Qin Ma, Yan Hu, Guanzhi Hu, and Yucheng Lei. "A New Test Method for Evaluation of Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Stainless Steel during Laser Welding." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 3178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143178.

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A new test method named “Trapezoidal hot” cracking test was developed to evaluate solidification cracking susceptibility of stainless steel during laser welding. The new test method was used to obtain the solidification cracking directly, and the solidification cracking susceptibility could be evaluated by the solidification cracking rate, defined as the ratio of the solidification cracking length to the weld bead length under certain conditions. The results show that with the increase in the solidification cracking rate, the solidification cracking susceptibility of SUS310 stainless steel was much higher than that of SUS316 and SUS304 stainless steels during laser welding (at a welding speed of 1.0 m/min) because a fully austenite structure appeared in the weld joint of the former steel, while the others were ferrite and austenitic mixed structures during solidification. Besides, with an increase in welding speed from 1.0 to 2.0 m/min during laser welding, the solidification cracking susceptibility of SUS310 stainless steel decreased slightly; however, there was a tendency towards an increase in the solidification cracking susceptibility of SUS304 stainless steel due to the decrease in the amount of ferrite under a higher cooling rate.

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Xu, Jingying, Jinwu Kang, Haolong Shangguan, Chengyang Deng, Yongyi Hu, Jihao Yi, and Weimin Mao. "Chimney Structure of Hollow Sand Mold for Casting Solidification." Metals 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030415.

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The hollow sand mold can affect the cooling of the casting during the solidification process. A chimney structure of a hollow sand mold that mainly consists of a two-layer shell with through channels was proposed. The design method was proposed for the chimney structure. Due to the chimney effect, cool air can enter the chimney from the bottom entrance, and hot air flows out from its top opening. Air transfers heat from the sand mold and forms a temperature gradient from bottom to top. A hollow sand mold with a chimney structure was applied to the wedge plate casting. During the solidification process, natural cooling and forced air cooling through open channels were applied. The effects of the chimney on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stress of the castings under these two different cooling conditions were analyzed and compared with those of the casting in a dense mold. During the solidification stage of the castings, the chimney structure prolonged their solidification time. After solidification, the chimney structure under forced air condition increased the cooling rate of the castings by 61% and the temperature gradient along the vertical direction by a factor of three. The Si content in the Al matrix increased by 20.4%, and the tensile strength increased by 32.66%.

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Li, Min, Quan Xie, and Shan Li. "Microstructure of Liquid Co50Ni50 During Rapid Solidification." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 7593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18870.

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The rapid solidification process of Co50Ni50 alloy was simulated by molecular dynamics method, and the formation and evolution characteristics of cluster structure in the solidification process were analyzed by the pair distribution function, Honeycutt–Andersen bond type index method and the largest standard cluster. The results show that during the solidification process with a cooling rate of 1×1012 K·‐1, the probability of mutual bond formation between Co–Co atoms is always greater than that of Ni–Ni, and the formation of the 1421 bond type is dominant in the crystalline structure. The inflection point of the characteristic bond type 1421 varies with the crystalline transition temperature Tg of the system. The Co–Ni alloy is mainly composed of a face-centered cubic atomic group composed of the 1421 bond type. Meanwhile, there will also be a small amount of hcp structure and a smaller amount of bcc structure. Further analysis revealed that the formation of the fcc structure requires the fast decomposition of TCP structures (at 1450 K). That is to say, the TCP structure must be disassembled before the fcc structure is formed. These findings are useful to provide important guidance for the crystallization of Co50Ni50 alloy under rapid cooling in the experiment.

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Hu, Nengwen, Yongfeng Huang, Kun Wang, Wangyu Hu, Jun Chen, and Huiqiu Deng. "Solidification of Undercooled Liquid under Supergravity Field by Phase-Field Crystal Approach." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020232.

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Solidification under a supergravity field is an effective method to control the solidified microstructure, which can be used to prepare materials with excellent comprehensive properties. In order to explore the influence of supergravity on the solidification behavior, a phase-field crystal model for the solidification under supergravity fields is developed and utilized to study the supergravity-controlled solidification behaviors. The results show that the grains in the solidification structures are refined in a supergravity field. The grain size in a zero-gravity field is uniformly distributed in the sample, but gradually decreases along the direction of the supergravity, showing a graded microstructure. The simulations show real-time images of the nucleation and growth of grains during solidification. In a supergravity field, solidification occurs preferentially in the liquid subject to greater gravity and advances in the opposite direction of supergravity with the time evolution. In addition, the driving force of crystallization in liquid is calculated to explain the effect of the supergravity field on the solidification structure from a thermodynamic point of view. Our findings are expected to provide a new approach and insight for understanding the solidification behaviors under supergravity.

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ZHANG, CHENGBIN, LIANGYU WU, and YONGPING CHEN. "STUDY ON SOLIDIFICATION OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL IN FRACTAL POROUS METAL FOAM." Fractals 23, no. 01 (March 2015): 1540003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x15400034.

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The Sierpinski fractal is introduced to construct the porous metal foam. Based on this fractal description, an unsteady heat transfer model accompanied with solidification phase change in fractal porous metal foam embedded with phase change material (PCM) is developed and numerically analyzed. The heat transfer processes associated with solidification of PCM embedded in fractal structure is investigated and compared with that in single-pore structure. The results indicate that, for the solidification of phase change material in fractal porous metal foam, the PCM is dispersedly distributed in metal foam and the existence of porous metal matrix provides a fast heat flow channel both horizontally and vertically, which induces the enhancement of interstitial heat transfer between the solid matrix and PCM. The solidification performance of the PCM, which is represented by liquid fraction and solidification time, in fractal structure is superior to that in single-pore structure.

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Xu, Ping Guang, Fu Xing Yin, and Kotobu Nagai. "Effect of Cooling Rate on As-Cast Texture of Low-Carbon Steel Strips During Rapid Solidification." Materials Science Forum 512 (April 2006): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.512.41.

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We investigated the dendrite structures and the as-cast textures of low-carbon steel strips cast at different cooling rates in order to relate the δ-ferrite dendrite structure with the ferrite phase texture. Observations revealed that the orientation intensity of the texture component {111}<uvw> was stronger than the texture component {001}<uv0> in the as-cast steel strips obtained at different solidification cooling rates. These two texture components show a roof-shaped variation with the gradual decrease of the solidification cooling rate, reaching a maximum intensity at a cooling rate of about 2.0 K/s. This suggests that the solidification rate strongly influences the as-cast texture of low-carbon steel strips through changing the δ-ferrite dendrite structure.

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Tang, Yang Jie, Yong Zhong Zhang, Yan Tao Liu, and Wei Pan. "Characteristics and Evolution Mechanism of Solidification Microstructure for Laser Additive Manufactured Ti₂AlNb-Based Alloy." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.118.

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Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technology was applied to prepare Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy thin-wall sample. The characteristics and evolution mechanism of solidification microstructure were investigated, and the tensile properties at horizontal and vertical directions were discussed. The results indicated that the solidification microstructure in single deposition layer evolved as: plane crystal structure, cellular crystal structure, columnar dendrite structure and equiaxed dendrite structure, from the bottom to the top of the molten pool. During the solidification process, the temperature gradient and solidification velocity decided the grain growth morphology. However, the grain of the as-deposited materials grew up to thick equaxied structure when the upper layer was forming. The tensile properties at horizontal and vertical directions were not much different, both of these exhibited high strength and low ductility.

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Nastac, Laurentiu. "3D Modeling of the Solidification Structure Evolution and of the Inter Layer/Track Voids Formation in Metallic Alloys Processed by Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 8885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248885.

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A fully transient discrete-source 3D Additive Manufacturing (AM) process model was coupled with a 3D stochastic solidification structure model to simulate the grain structure evolution quickly and efficiently in metallic alloys processed through Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EBPBF) and Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) processes. The stochastic model was adapted to rapid solidification conditions of multicomponent alloys processed via multi-layer multi-track AM processes. The capabilities of the coupled model include studying the effects of process parameters (power input, speed, beam shape) and part geometry on solidification conditions and their impact on the resulting solidification structure and on the formation of inter layer/track voids. The multi-scale model assumes that the complex combination of the crystallographic requirements, isomorphism, epitaxy, changing direction of the melt pool motion and thermal gradient direction will produce the observed texture and grain morphology. Thus, grain size, morphology, and crystallographic orientation can be assessed, and the model can assist in achieving better control of the solidification microstructures and to establish trends in the solidification behavior in AM components. The coupled model was previously validated against single-layer laser remelting IN625 experiments performed and analyzed at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) using LPBF systems. In this study, the model was applied to predict the solidification structure and inter layer/track voids formation in IN718 alloys processed by LPBF processes. This 3D modeling approach can also be used to predict the solidification structure of Ti-based alloys processes by EBPBF.

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Liang, Xiang Feng, Yu Tao Zhao, Zhen Li Zuo, and Zhi Hong Jia. "Manufacture and Analysis of Directional Solidification Organization of CMSX-6 Nickel-Base Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.394.

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In this paper, we use the High rate solidification to study process parameters and CMSX-6 super-alloy solidification structure. And then, it can provide more basis for the industrial directionally solidified casting of superalloys blades. The results show that: under certain process parameters, it can be obtained parallel columnar crystals directional solidification structure. The organization is composed of the matrix γ phase and the secondary precipitated γ ' phase; under an optical microscope, it can be observed the shrinkage porosity due to the volumes reduction arising solidification.

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Chen, Zhi Hao, Wei Zheng, Fang Qiu Zu, Xie Bing Zhu, and Yu Feng Sun. "Influence of Liquid Structure Change on Microstructure and Properties of SnZnBi Solder Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.489.

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Currently, Pb-free is the primary trend of development for solder alloys, and the existing Pb-free solder alloys are still difficult to replace the traditional tin-lead solder alloys. How to further improve the welding properties of Pb-free solder alloys is the issue we currently faced. In this paper, through melt overheating treatment, the influence of liquid-liquid structure change (LLSC) on the structure and properties of SnZn8Bi3 Pb-free solder alloy has been studied. Experimental results show that the LLSC has obvious effects on the solidification process and solidified microstructure of SnZn8Bi3 alloy: bigger solidification undercooling degree in the solidification process, finer and more dispersed solidification structure, and more importantly, the mechanical and welding properties of the solder alloy have also been obviously improved.

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Yang, Xiao Tian, Xia Li, and Wen Sheng Li. "Investigation of Square Wave Pulsed Currents on Solidification Behavior of Al-Cu Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1767.

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Al-(4-5)%Cu alloy was served as experiment material，the effect of pulsed currents on the solidification structure was investigated. During the solidification process of Al-Cu alloys, pulsed currents was added into the melted alloy in the crucible .The change of temperature curve and microstructure about the alloy was investigated in such conditions by temperature-recording instrument and optical microscope.The results showed that pulsed currents can shorten the temperature region of crystallization and refine the grains of the alloy,which crush the dendrite and make the solidification structure non-dendrite, presenting columnar and equiaxed grains which are distributed evenly and whose space between crystals are reduced. This investigation firstly started to study the relations between the temperature region of crystallization and organization structure of solidification. Finally, the mechanism of metal solidification affected by square wave pulsed currents was discussed.

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SHIRAI, Yoshihisa, Takaharu MORIYA, and Chisato YOSHIDA. "Heat Transfer and Solidification Structure on the Initial Solidification of Semi-solid Metals." Tetsu-to-Hagane 80, no. 8 (1994): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.8_629.

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33

Li, X., Y. Fautrelle, A. Gagnoud, D. Du, J. Wang, Z. Ren, H. Nguyen-Thi, and N. Mangelinck-Noel. "Effect of a weak transverse magnetic field on solidification structure during directional solidification." Acta Materialia 64 (February 2014): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.050.

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34

Lu, Liang Liang, Shao Ming Zhang, Jun Xu, Yan Wei Sheng, Shan Shan Wang, Wen Dong Zhao, Jin Hui Zhang, and Xin Ming Zhao. "Solidification Characterization of K418 Alloy Powders Fabricated by Argon Gas Atomization." Materials Science Forum 849 (March 2016): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.849.788.

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The solidification characterization of K418 alloy powders prepared by argon atomization was studied, and thermal parameters of the alloy powder during solidification process were calculated. The results show that powder morphology is spherical shape, the average diameter of the powder is 55μm, the amount of less 100μm powder is about 90 percent, the solidification microstructure of powders particle surface are dentrite and cellular structure. Decreasing the particle size, the microstructures of particle interior change from dentrite in major to cellular structures, and the structure is more uniformed. The length of secondary dentritic arm and the cooling rate as a function of K418 alloy powders size is established, the cooling rate increases with a decrease of the powder particle size, the cooling rate is in the range of 104K.S-1-106K.S-1.

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35

Turchin, A. N., Dmitry G. Eskin, and Laurens Katgerman. "Unsteady-State Solidification under Forced Flow Conditions." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.991.

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The interaction between flow and progressing solidification front is of great importance, since it occurs in all casting processes. The present paper provides a better understanding of the flow phenomena and associated complex effects on solidification in a rectangular cavity under forced flow conditions, by means of experiments and computer simulations. It is shown that the cavity-driven flow with solidification is determined by several interacting features. The variation in bulk flow velocity and initial superheat dramatically changes the macro- and microstructure, promoting grain refinement, formation of peculiar grain and dendrite morphologies, etc. In particular, twinned feathery grains are found in the structure formed under certain heat and flow conditions during solidification. Some correlations between twinned feathery morphology, flow and solidification parameters are obtained. The effect of flow vortices on progressing solidification front and their effects on structure evolution are analyzed. Finally, the quantitative correlations between microstructure, solidification and flow parameters are established.

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36

Jia, Peng, Yang Liu, Jin Yang Zhang, Yu Yao Ma, Chen Wu, Hao Ran Geng, De Gang Zhao, et al. "Effect of Melt Overheating Treatment on the Melt Structure and Solidified Structures of Al₇₅Bi₉Sn₁₆ Immiscible Alloy." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.223.

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In this paper, the liquid phase separation and solidification process of the Al75Bi9Sn16 immiscible alloy were studied with calorimetric and resistivity methods to make the melt superheated treatment process. The impact of melt overheating treatment (MOT) on the phase constitution and solidification microstructures were investigated using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to determine the structural sensitivity to the melt superheated degree, and find a new strategy for improving the forming ability of the core-shell structure of the Al75Bi9Sn16 alloy. The results show that: the liquid phase separation and precipitation of primary (Sn) phase occur in 1039K-880K and 460K-403K; the core-shell structure with Sn-Bi-rich core and Al-rich shell can be formed under conventional casting conditions; the melt overheating treatment (MOT) can promote the formation of core-shell structure by increasing solidification time t0 and decreasing the average solidification rate v.

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37

Singh, A. K., K. Muraleedharan, and D. Banerjee. "Solidification structure in a cast γ alloy." Scripta Materialia 48, no. 6 (March 2003): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00558-4.

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38

Rivera, G. L., R. E. Boeri, and J. A. Sikora. "Revealing the solidification structure of nodular iron." Cast Metals 8, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1995.11819186.

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39

Dai, H. J., H. B. Dong, H. V. Atkinson, and Peter D. Lee. "Simulation of the Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Alloy Solidification - The Effect of Nucleation Undercooling, Density of Nuclei in Bulk Liquid and Alloy Solidification Range on the Transition." Solid State Phenomena 139 (April 2008): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.139.129.

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A coupled cellular automaton-finite difference (CA-FD) model is used to simulate the detailed dendritic structure evolution of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) for Al-Cu alloys during solidification. The effects of material properties (nucleation undercooling, density of nuclei in bulk liquid and alloy solidification range) on the CET are investigated. Simulated results reveal that: (1) equiaxed grains form at an earlier stage with a smaller critical nucleation undercooling; (2) CET is promoted if the density of nuclei in bulk liquid is increased; (3) extending the alloy solidification range promotes the CET. Finally, CET maps corresponding to different alloy concentrations are constructed, illustrating the relationship between processing conditions and the resulting grain structures for alloys with different solidification ranges.

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40

Yeh, Wenchang, Dunyuan Ke, Chunjun Zhuang, Hsiangen Huang, and Yubang Yang. "Light absorptive underlayer enhanced excimer-laser crystallization of Si thin-film." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 11 (November 2007): 2973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0392.

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A sample structure and method for superlateral-growth (SLG) enhancement in excimer-laser crystallization has been implemented and realized. The proposed sample structure is a Si film/buffer film/light-absorptive (LA) film/glass-stacked structure, with the irradiation of laser light from underneath a substrate. The influence of the absorption coefficient α of the LA film has been found to be critical in this structure. By increasing α from 0 to 12,000 cm−1, diameter of SLG grain has increased from 0.8 to 10 μm, with the solidification term increased from 75 to 1050 ns, respectively. The radius of SLG grain was shown to be proportional to the solidification term with a slope of 5 m/s. This result suggests the average SLG growth rate is constant at 5 m/s, irrespective of the solidification term of Si film. The applicability of present method to both sequential lateral solidification method and micromelt seeding method was demonstrated. Overcoming of Si agglomeration has been shown to be important for applying the present method to the sequential lateral solidification (SLS) method.

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41

Hachani, Lakhdar, Jiang Wang, Imants Kaldre, Georges Salloum-Abou-Jaoude, Olga Budenkova, Guillaume Reinhart, Kader Zaidat, et al. "Magnetic Fields, Convection and Solidification." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.375.

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In solidification processes the fluid flow occurs almost at every scale from the bulk, near the interfaces and deeply in the mushy zone. Numerical modeling is a valuable tool for understanding and master the solidification processes, however, macro-scale models are not always able to predict in detail the random behavior of the solidification process whereas models for micro scales are not capable to take into account a complex structure of flows which enter into the mushy zone. In the present paper the variety of the flows and imprints they left on solidification structure are discussed and illustrated with experimental data which naturally comprise every flow occurring in the process.

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42

Stránský, Karel, Jana Dobrovská, František Kavička, Josef Stetina, Bohumil Sekanina, and Zdenek Franek. "The Character of the Solidification Structure of Massive Ductile Cast-Iron Castings and its Prediction." Materials Science Forum 567-568 (December 2007): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.109.

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An original three-dimensional (3D) model of solidification is used to describe the process of solidification and cooling of massive 500x1000x500 mm cast-iron castings in sand moulds. The calculated model of the kinetics of the temperature field of the casting is verified during casting with temperature measurements in selected points. The following dependences are later determined according to the experimental and calculated data: the average size of the graphite spheroids rg, graphite cells Rb and the average distances among the particles of graphite Lg – always as a function of the local solidification time θ [xi, yi, zi]. Furthermore, it has been found that the given basic characteristics of the structure of the cast-iron (rg, Rb and Lg) are a linear function of the logarithm of the local solidification time θ. The original spatial model of solidification can therefore be used in its first approximation for the assessment of the pouring structure of massive cast-iron castings.

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43

Hou, Zi Bing, and Guo Guang Cheng. "Influence of Casting Speed on Solidification Process and Solidification Structure of Continuously Cast Bloom." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.123.

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On the basis of problems about quality of steel products that a certain special steel factory facing, a heat transfer model about continuous casting process was first established, then the influence of casting speed on solidification process and solidification structure of continuously cast bloom was comprehensively studied. It is shown that shell thickness leaving mold, crater length and the value of H(which is chosen as the measurement criterion of the number of the heterogeneous nucleation nucleus) are influenced most with increasing casting speed. Meantime, compared with proportional control method, solidification process of continuously cast bloom is in uniform variation with small fluctuation by target surface temperature method. What’s more, when centre solidification time is considered only, central zone macrosegregation may form more easily at last by proportional control method with increasing casting speed, but it is opposite by target surface temperature method; when the value of G/V1/2 and the value of H are considered only, the ratio of equiaxed grain will increase with increasing casting speed by proportional control method, but it is opposite by target surface temperature method.

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44

Yang, Qian Qian, Yuan Liu, and Yan Xiang Li. "Modeling and Simulation of Influence of Solidification Velocity on the Structure of Porous Copper and Aluminum." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.433.

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In this article, a three-dimensional time-dependent model describing the evolution of single pore during the solid/gas eutectic unidirectional solidification process (also called gasar process) was established. The mass transfer, bubble nucleation, pore growth and interruption were all considered in this model. The pore structure of lotus-type porous copper and aluminum were simulated under different solidification velocities. The results indicate that: coupled growth of both solid and gas phases can be achieved in a proper range of solidification velocities. The solidification velocity for Cu-H2 system is dozens of that for Al-H2 system when the pore diameter is similar to each other. The differences of the solute distribution coefficient (k0), diffusion coefficient (DL) and the constant of solubility of hydrogen (ξ(Tm)) in the melt are regarded as the main reasons of the big discrepancy of solidification velocity between Cu-H2 and Al-H2 systems.

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45

Ren, Hai Guo, Jian Su, Zhi Long Zhao, and Chang Hui Ai. "Effect of Pulse Electric Discharging on the Directional Solidification Structure of Pure Aluminum." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.322.

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The effect of the pulse electric discharging (PED) on the solidification structure of pure aluminum during the directional solidification was investigated. Experimental results showed that fine microstructures were generated by exerting PED, and the cellular spacing decreased greatly with increasing current density. The effect of pulse electric discharge on the temperature gradient in front of the solid-liquid interface was analyzed, the cellular spacing was measured and expressed as the function of solidification processing parameter by using a nonlinear regression analysis, and the refinement mechanism using the PED treatment was also discussed.

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Al-Omari, Kassab, András Roósz, Arnold Rónaföldi, Mária Svéda, and Zsolt Veres. "Macrosegregation Evolution in Eutectic Al-Si Alloy under the Influence of a Rotational Magnetic Field." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111990.

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Using magnetic stirring during solidification provides a good opportunity to control the microstructure of alloys, thus controlling their physical properties. However, magnetic stirring is often accompanied by a change in local concentrations, and new structures form which could harm the physical properties. This research paper investigated the effect of forced melt flow by a rotating magnetic field (RMF) on the macrostructure of an Al-Si eutectic alloy. To serve this purpose, Al-12.6 wt% Si alloy samples were solidified in a vertical Bridgman-type furnace equipped with a rotating magnetic inductor to induce the flow in the melt. The diameter and length of the sample are 8 mm and 120 mm, respectively. The solidification parameters are a temperature gradient (G) of 6 K/m, and the solid/liquid front velocity (v) of 0.1 mm/s. These samples were divided into parts during the solidification process, where some of these parts are solidified under the effect of RMF stirring while others are solidified without stirring. The structure obtained after solidification showed a distinct impact of stirring by RMF; new phases have been solidified which were not originally present in the structure before stirring. Besides the eutectic structure, the new phases are the primary aluminum and the primary silicon. The Si concentration and the volume fraction of each phase were measured using Energy-Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS)and new image processing techniques. The experimental results reveal that applying the RMF during the solidification has a distinct effect on the macrostructure of Al-Si eutectic alloys. Indeed, the RMF provokes macro-segregation, reduces the amount of eutectic structure, and changes the sample’s Si concentration distribution.

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47

Ibrahim, Raman, Ibrahim Raman, Mohd Hafizul Hanif Ramlee, Mohammad Asraf Shaik Mohamed, Mustaffa Ibrahim, and Wahab Saidin. "Evaluation on the Photoabsorber Composition Effect in Projection Microstereolithography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 159 (March 2012): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.159.109.

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This paper presents a research progress on composition photoabsorber effect the solidification time and layer thickness of 3D structures fabrication using Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector as energy light source to initiate the photoreactive polymer. The polymer based material with composition of 1,6-Hexanediol dicrylate, Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)- phosphine oxide with varied Sudan I concentrations was used to build 3D structures. The structure was fabricated using a three different photo absorber composition of Sudan I then the photoreactive polymer solidification phe¬nomena was evaluated. Based on the result obtained, higher exposed time of the photo absorber will reduced the surface roughness values and increased the solidification layer time. This work represents that photo absorber composition solution gave a different characteristics for 3D microstructure fabrication.

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48

Chang, Li Zhong, and Xiao Fang Shi. "Prediction Model of Solidification Structure for Electroslag Remelting Slab Ingot." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.147.

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The method based on solidification mathematical model and Flemings formula was adopted to simulate electroslag remelting process. The simulation results show that the depth of the molten pool become deeper with increasing of melting speed, and when the ingot gets to the certain height, the system is in the quasi-steady state, the pool shape doesn’t change. With increasing of melting speed, secondary dendrite spacing become wider too and secondary dendrite spacing become wider gradually from the surface to center of ingot if melting speed is const. According to the simulated dendrite spacing, micro-structure of slab ingot is estimated to if meeting the demand of solidification quality, and if it can’t meeting this demand, technological conditions(melting speed)should be modified, and recalculating secondary dendrite spacing, controlling solidification structure.

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Zhang, Qing Jun, Chun Liang Yan, Zhi Min Cui, and Yao Guang Wu. "Dendrite Grow up Relations with Cooling Speed." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.473.

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Using confocal laser microscope with an infrared heater for 45 steel under different rate of solidification dendrite formation in the process of in situ observation, in the melt solidification phase has different cooling rate the cooling of dendrite formation, analysis of cooling rate on final solidified structure. Results show that with the reduction of temperature in the solidification process dendrite growth continuously, new nuclear has been formed, with the speeding up of the cooling rate, the dendritic structure refinement.

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Bai, Li Guo, Mao Sheng Yang, and Jing She Li. "Numerical Simulation of Electro-Slag Remelting Process Solidification Structure of Cr-Co-Mo-Ni Bearing Steel." Materials Science Forum 749 (March 2013): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.749.96.

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The solidification microstructure and crystallization of Cr-Co-Mo-Ni bearing steel were simulated in solidification process based on CAFE methods in the electro-slag remelting process. The optimization of the intensity of cooling and molten pool temperature was simulated for Cr-Co-Mo-Ni bearing steel. The result shows that raising the cooling intensity to 7.5 m3/h and reducing the superheat temperature to 1600 can increase the grain nucleation number about 13.83%, and reduce the average columnar grain radius about 10.61%, to have a very good effect on refining the grains and get dense uniform solidification, which improve the homogeneity of the solidification structure, and reduce the performance differences of the materials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solidification structure'

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