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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

El-Shobaky, G. A., G. A. Fagal, and N. H. Amin. "Thermal solid-solid interaction between CuO and pure Al2O3 solids." Thermochimica Acta 141 (March 1989): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)87055-8.

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2

Gai, Pratibha L., and Michael W. Anderson. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 5, no. 5 (October 2001): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(01)00033-x.

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3

Gai, Pratibha L., and Michael W. Anderson. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 6, no. 5 (October 2002): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(02)00121-3.

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4

Davis, MarkE, and IanE Maxwell. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 1, no. 1 (February 1996): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(96)80010-6.

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5

Zones, Stacey, and Ian E. Maxwell. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2, no. 1 (February 1997): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(97)80105-2.

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6

Cheetham, Anthony K., and Sir John Meurig Thomas. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 3, no. 1 (February 1998): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(98)80066-1.

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7

Anderson, Michael W. "Solid catalysts and porous solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 7, no. 3 (June 2003): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.10.002.

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8

Anderson, M. W. "Solid Catalysts and Porous Solids." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 8, no. 6 (December 2004): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2005.05.001.

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9

AFIFI, M. "EXPERIENCE IN ANALYZING VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF SOLIDS AND SOLID-SOLID INTERACTIONS." Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science 19, Issue 1-A (June 1, 2008): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/absb.2008.8999.

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10

Rho, Dae-Ho, Jae-Soo Kim, Dong-Jin Byun, Jae-Woong Yang, and Na-Ri Kim. "Growth of SiC Nanotube by SLS (Solid-Liquid-Solid) Growth Mechanism." Korean Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2004.14.2.083.

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11

Pathak, Priyanka, Wani Roshani, and Tupe Aboli Bhadade Rushikesh Deore Aniket Jamdade Rohit. "Solid Waste Management." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 1666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14433.

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12

Schmalzried, Hermann. "Chemical kinetics at solid-solid interfaces." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 11 (January 1, 2000): 2137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072112137.

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The kinetics of solid-solid interfaces controls in part the course of heterogeneous reactions in the solid state, in particular in miniaturized systems. In this paper, the essential situations of interface kinetics in solids are defined, and the basic formal considerations are summarized. In addition to the role interfaces play as resistances for transport across them, they offer high diffusivity paths laterally and thus represent two-dimensional reaction media. Experimental examples will illustrate the kinetic phenomena at static and moving boundaries, including problems such as exchange fluxes, boundary-controlled solid-state reactions, interface morphology, nonlinear phenomena connected with interfaces, and reactions in and at boundaries, among others.

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13

Jacobs, Colin, Eva M. van Rikxoort, Ernst Th Scholten, Pim A. de Jong, Mathias Prokop, Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop, and Bram van Ginneken. "Solid, Part-Solid, or Non-Solid?" Investigative Radiology 50, no. 3 (March 2015): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000000121.

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14

Childs, Thomas H. C. "Solid-solid interactions." Tribology International 30, no. 6 (June 1997): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-679x(97)86357-8.

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15

Dodds, John, and Christophe Levaillant. "Solid-solid interactions." Powder Technology 95, no. 2 (February 1998): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(97)81655-5.

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16

Chino, Yasumasa, Koji Shimojima, Hiroyuki Hosokawa, Yasuo Yamada, Cui'e Wen, and Mamoru Mabuchi. "Solid-state recycling from machined scraps to a cellular solid." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 11 (November 2002): 2783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0404.

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Cellular solids were processed from machined scraps of a medium carbon steel by sintering. Mechanical properties of the cellular solids were investigated by compressive tests from the viewpoint of effects of high dislocation density in the machined scraps on the solid-state bonding. The flow stress in the plateau region for the cellular solid made of the as-machined scraps was higher than that of the one made of the annealed scraps. Clearly, the bonding strength between scraps was increased by the high dislocation density in the as-machined scraps.

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17

Shmeis, Rama A., and Steven L. Krill. "Weak solid–solid transitions in pharmaceutical crystalline solids detected via thermally stimulated current." Thermochimica Acta 427, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2004.07.025.

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18

KOLASINSKI, K. "Catalytic growth of nanowires: Vapor–liquid–solid, vapor–solid–solid, solution–liquid–solid and solid–liquid–solid growth." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 10, no. 3-4 (June 2006): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2007.03.002.

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19

Shimizu, Yoshihisa, Noboru Takei, and Yutaka Terashima. "Roles of solid components on the sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) onto natural solids from the vapor phase." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0291.

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The sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from the vapor phase was investigated by batch sorption experiments. The role of solid components in natural solids was evaluated with a model solid phase system, consisting of six individual model solid phases (humic acid, montmorillonite, kaolinite, amorphous aluminosilicate gel, amorphous iron oxides, and amorphous manganese oxides) and two binary model solid phases (montmorillonite with amorphous aluminosilicate gel and montmorillonite with amorphous iron oxides). Experimental results indicated that swelling clays, which are represented by the montmorillonite, are a dominant sorbent in natural solids. The amorphous metal oxides of aluminosilicate and iron effectively block the sorption site of the swelling clay. The water associated with model solid phases (i.e., moisture content) reduces the sorption. The reduction rate, normalized with respect to the sorption onto each model solid phase of zero moisture content, is greater for the inorganic model solid phases than for humic acid. The sorption experiments with natural solids observed a greater reduction rate for the natural solid of low organic carbon content. Therefore, it was hypothesized that moisture content of the swelling clays in a natural solid is smaller than that of the organic matter.

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20

Gujjula, Ravi, and Narasimha Mangadoddy. "Prediction of Solid Recirculation Rate and Solid Volume Fraction in an Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed." International Journal of Computational Methods 12, no. 04 (August 2015): 1540005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876215400058.

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This paper presents a numerical study of gas and solid flow in an internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB). Two-fluid Eulerian model with kinetic theory of granular flow option for solid phase stress closure and various drag laws were used to predict the hydrodynamic behavior of ICFB. 2D and 3D geometries were used to run the simulations. The 2D simulation results by various drag laws show that the Arastoopour and Gibilaro drag models able to predict the fluidization dynamics in terms of flow patterns, void fractions and axial velocity fields close to the experimental data. The effect of superficial gas velocity, presence of draft tube on solid hold-up distribution, solid circulation pattern, and variations in gas bypassing fraction for the 3D ICFB are investigated. The mechanism governing the solid circulation and solids concentration in an ICFB has been explained based on gas and solid dynamics obtained from the simulations. Predicted total granular temperature distributions in the draft tube and annular zones qualitatively agree with experimental data. The total granular temperature tends to increase with increasing solids concentration in the dilute region (ε < 0.1) and decreases with an increase of solids concentration in the dense region (ε > 0.1). In the dense zone, the decreasing trend in the granular temperature is mainly due to the reduction of the mean free path of the solid particles.

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21

Ganter, M. A., and J. J. Uicker. "Dynamic Collision Detection Using Swept Solids." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258768.

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The detection of collisions in an environment composed of two three-dimensional bodies traversing independent general three-dimensional trajectories is accomplished through the use of swept solids and solid modeling techniques. A swept solid represents the space volumetrically swept out by the motion of a given body along a given trajectory. A swept solid is created for each of the bodies in the given environment. Using the swept solids created for each body, calculations (solid modeling boolean intersections) can be performed to determine if these swept solids intersect. If the original bodies will collide while traversing their given trajectories, then their swept solids will statically interfere. Further, an object comprising the volume of the intersection can be created if the bodies do, in fact, interfere. This object can be thought of as the “volume of interference.” Enhancements to this technique provide for the formation of swept solids using relative motion. Through these enhancements, only one swept solid need be created since the absolute motions can be converted to motion of one body relative to another body. Therefore, intersection calculations may be performed between one relative swept solid and the original body.

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22

Ghosh, S. "Solid-Phase Methane Fermentation of Solid Wastes." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231209.

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This paper presents the development of a novel solid-phase methane fermentation process involving acidic bioleachate production from an organic bed and biomethanation of the bed-liquefaction products in an external methane digester. Process operation with municipal solid waste showed that about 81 percent of the biodegradable volatile solids (VS) could be stabilized during three months of batch operation to afford a methane yield of 0.21 std m3 / kg VS added under ambient (∼25°C) conditions; this compares favorably with an ultimate mesophilic (35°C) methane yield of 0.26 std m3 / kg VS added.

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23

Akiyama, Tetsuo, Koichi Yamamuro, and Shoko Okutsu. "A solid–solid extraction." Powder Technology 110, no. 3 (June 2000): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(99)00244-2.

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24

Hasegawa, Yasuhiro. "Solid Accretion onto Neptune-mass Planets. I. In Situ Accretion and Constraints from the Metallicity of Uranus and Neptune." Astrophysical Journal 935, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7b79.

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Abstract The currently available, detailed properties (e.g., isotopic ratios) of solar system planets may provide guides for constructing better approaches to exoplanet characterization. With this motivation, we explore how the measured values of the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratio of Uranus and Neptune can constrain their formation mechanisms. Under the assumption of in situ formation, we investigate three solid accretion modes: a dominant accretion mode switches from pebble accretion to drag-enhanced three-body accretion and to canonical planetesimal accretion, as the solid radius increases. We consider a wide radius range of solids that are accreted onto (proto)Neptune-mass planets and compute the resulting accretion rate as a function of both the solid size and the solid surface density. We find that for small-sized solids, the rate becomes high enough to halt concurrent gas accretion if all the solids have the same size. For large-sized solids, the solid surface density needs to be enhanced to accrete enough amounts of solids within the gas disk lifetime. We apply these accretion modes to the formation of Uranus and Neptune and show that if the minimum-mass solar nebula model is adopted, solids with a radius of ∼1 m to ∼10 km should have contributed mainly to their deuterium enrichment; a tighter constraint can be derived if the full solid size distribution is determined. This work therefore demonstrates that the D/H ratio can be used as a tracer of solid accretion onto Neptune-mass planets. Similar efforts can be made for other atomic elements that serve as metallicity indicators.

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25

Sohn, Hong Yong, and Yong Nian Xia. "Effect of nonuniform distribution of solid reactant on fluid-solid reactions. 2. Porous solids." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 26, no. 2 (February 1987): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00062a012.

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26

Paige, C. R., W. J. Snodgrass, Ronald V. Nicholson, and J. M. Sharer. "Release of Arsenic from Model Wastewater Treatment Solids: A Mechanism Based on Surface Ligand Exchange." Water Quality Research Journal 29, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 507–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1994.032.

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Abstract The loss of arsenic from model wastewater treatment solids has been studied by neutron activation analysis. The data show that the loss of arsenic from unstirred solids is controlled by a surface exchange reaction and also clearly demonstrate that arsenic is not retained in a solid solution. This is in contrast to metal ions which are retained in crystalline solids as solid solutions. The activation energy Eafor the exchange reaction is calculated to be 40 kJ/mol. Data were retrieved for the half-time of arsenic exchanging from these solids. The presence of arsenic, either in the solid or in the aqueous phase contacting the solid, altered the kinetics of transformation to and the crystalline nature of the final products. These data have implications for the disposal of wastes to landfill.

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27

Reinke, Charles M., M. F. Su, R. H. Olsson, and I. El-Kady. "Realization of optimal bandgaps in solid-solid, solid-air, and hybrid solid-air-solid phononic crystal slabs." Applied Physics Letters 98, no. 6 (February 7, 2011): 061912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3543848.

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28

Pramanik, Sudipta, Dennis Milaege, Kay-Peter Hoyer, and Mirko Schaper. "Additively Manufactured Nested and Non-Nested Cellular Solids for Effective Stress Distribution and Thermal Insulation Applications: An Experimental and Finite Element Analysis Study." Crystals 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091217.

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In this study, the design, additive manufacturing and experimental as well as simulation investigation of mechanical and thermal properties of cellular solids are addressed. For this, two cellular solids having nested and non-nested structures are designed and additively manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. The primary objective is to design cellular solids which absorb a significant amount of energy upon impact loading without transmitting a high amount of stress into the cellular solids. Therefore, compression testing of the two cellular solids is performed. The nested and non-nested cellular solids show similar energy absorption properties; however, the nested cellular solid transmits a lower amount of stress in the cellular structure compared to the non-nested cellular solid. The experimentally measured strain (by DIC) in the interior region of the nested cellular solid is lower despite a higher value of externally imposed compressive strain. The second objective of this study is to determine the thermal insulation properties of cellular solids. For measuring the thermal insulation properties, the samples are placed on a hot plate; and the surface temperature distribution is measured by an infrared camera. The thermal insulating performance of both cellular types is sufficient for temperatures exceeding 100 °C. However, the thermal insulating performance of a non-nested cellular solid is slightly better than that of the nested cellular solid. Additional thermal simulations predict a relatively higher temperature distribution on the cellular solid surfaces compared to experimental results. The simulated residual stress shows a similar distribution for both types, but the magnitude of residual stress is different for the cellular solids upon cooling from different temperatures of the hot plate.

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29

Cerón-Camacho, Ricardo, Rodolfo Cisneros-Dévora, Enrique Soto-Castruita, Mirna Pons-Jiménez, Hiram I. Beltrán, José-Manuel Martínez-Magadán, and Luis S. Zamudio-Rivera. "Solid and liquid supramolecular complexes by solid-solid mechanosynthesis." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 8 (December 2019): 4664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.08.008.

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30

Monson, Peter A. "Molecular thermodynamics of solid-fluid and solid-solid equilibria." AIChE Journal 54, no. 5 (2008): 1122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.11471.

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31

Noor Mohammad, S. "For nanowire growth, vapor-solid-solid (vapor-solid) mechanism is actually vapor-quasisolid-solid (vapor-quasiliquid-solid) mechanism." Journal of Chemical Physics 131, no. 22 (December 14, 2009): 224702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3246169.

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32

KAWAGUCHI, TAKAAKI, and HIROSHI MATSUKAWA. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF ATOMIC-SCALE FRICTION BETWEEN SOLID SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 08, no. 05 (October 2001): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0100121x.

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Atomic-scale frictional phenomena at solid surfaces, such as pinning and dissipative sliding of solids, are studied theoretically and numerically. The pinning behavior at realistic solid surfaces shows the universality determined by the spatial dimension of the interface between solids, regardless of the spatial dimension of solids. We find complicated sliding velocity dependence with peak structures in the kinetic frictional force. Using a perturbation technique, it is understood that such velocity dependence is caused by resonance effects between two solids.

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33

Batsanov, Stepan S., and Andrei S. Batsanov. "Solid-state electronegativity of atoms: new approaches." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 77, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520621004704.

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Electronegativities (EN) of 65 elements (H to Bi, except lanthanides and noble gases, plus U and Th) in solids were derived from various observed parameters, namely, bond energies in solids, structural geometry, work functions and force constants, yielding a set of internally consistent values. The solid-state electronegativities are generally lower than the conventional (`molecular') values, due to different coordination numbers and electronic structure in a solid versus a molecule; the decrease is stronger for metals than for non-metals, hence binary compounds have a wider EN difference and higher bond polarity (ionicity) in the solid than in the molecular (gaseous) state. Under high pressure, the ENs of metals increase and those of non-metals decrease, the binary solid becomes less polar and can ultimately dissociate into elements.

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34

Swinteck, N., J. O. Vasseur, A. C. Hladky-Hennion, C. Croënne, S. Bringuier, and P. A. Deymier. "Multifunctional solid/solid phononic crystal." Journal of Applied Physics 112, no. 2 (July 15, 2012): 024514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4739264.

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35

Luckie, Peter T. "Staged solid–solid separations revisited." International Journal of Mineral Processing 72, no. 1-4 (September 2003): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-7516(03)00119-4.

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36

Rothenberg, Gadi, Andrew P. Downie, Colin L. Raston, and Janet L. Scott. "Understanding Solid/Solid Organic Reactions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 123, no. 36 (September 2001): 8701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0034388.

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37

Tiedge, K. W., S. A. R. D. Sebastian, and A. C. Zettlemoyer. "Studies of solid—solid interactions." Powder Technology 66, no. 1 (April 1991): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(91)80086-x.

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38

Sohn, Hong Yong, and Yong Nian Xia. "Effect of nonuniform distribution of solid reactant on fluid-solid reactions. 1. Initially nonporous solids." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 25, no. 2 (April 1986): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i200033a008.

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39

Viéitez, E. R., J. Mosquera, and S. Ghosh. "Kinetics of accelerated solid-state fermentation of organic-rich municipal solid waste." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0076.

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Biotransformation of landfill solid wastes is a slow process requiring decades for completion. Accelerated anaerobic fermentation in modulated landfill environments may alleviate or eliminate pollution of land, water and air. This research was undertaken to demonstrate the application of biphasic fermentation to a simulated laboratory-scale landfill to effect rapid biomethanation of biodegradable solids. The biphasic process consisted of solid-state, acidogenic fermentation of the organic fraction of MSW followed by biomethanation of acidic hydrolysates in a separate methane fermenter. Solid-state fermentation of the MSW with effluent recirculation resulted in rapid hydrolysis, acidification and denitrification, with soluble COD and VFA concentrations accumulating to inhibitory levels of 60,000 mg/l and 13,000 mg/l, respectively, at a pH of 4.5. The landfill gas methane concentration reached a maximum of 55 mol.%. By comparison, the methanogenic reactor produced high methane-content (70–85 mol.%) gases. The biphasic process effected carbohydrate, lipid, and protein conversion efficiencies of 90%, 49%, and 37%, respectively. Development of a Monod-type product-formation model was undertaken to predict methane formation and to determine kinetic parameters for the methanogenic processes in the simulated landfill and separate methane reactors. A first-order solids hydrolysis rate constant of 0.017 day−1 was evaluated to show that landfill solids hydrolysis was slower than the inhibited methanogenesis rate.

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40

Nickel, Ernest H. "Solid solutions in mineral nomenclature." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 2 (April 21, 1992): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/2/0385.

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41

Huggins, Robert A. "Solid State Ionics." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 9 (September 1989): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400061698.

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This issue of the MRS BULLETIN contains three articles relating to the general field that has come to be known as Solid State Ionics. The central feature of this area of science and emerging technology is the rapid transport of atomic or ionic species within solids, and the various phenomena, of both scientific and technological interest, that are related to it.Attention to this area has grown greatly in recent years because of the rapidly increasing recognition of the possibility of a wide range of interesting technological applications. One example already widespread is the use of an oxygen-conducting solid electrolyte as the critical element in the oxygen sensors installed in the exhaust systems of almost all current automobiles to reduce deleterious emissions and improve the efficiency of the combustion process.Work is under way in a number of other directions, including static and dynamic chemical sensors, solid state electrochemical reactors, low impedance selective atomic filters, new concepts for the direct conversion of heat to electricity by the use of sodium- or hydrogen-transporting cycles, a novel method for the low cost electrolysis of water at intermediate temperatures, batteries that can store greatly increased amounts of energy, ion exchange materials, solid state laser hosts, high efficiency fuel cells, electrochromic materials and configurations for both optical displays and “smart windows,” advanced catalysts, atomic reservoirs and pumps, high temperature superconductors, and possibly solid state fusion hosts.Despite this recent attention, however, it is worth noting that interest in solids in which ionic species can move with unusual rapidity is actually not new at all. As early as 1839, Michael Faraday reported measurements on several materials that showed an unusual increase in electrical conductivity at elevated temperatures, contrary to that found in normal metals.

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42

Thaveemaitree, Y., F. Nakajima, H. Furumai, and S. Kunikane. "Adsorption test of semi-volatile di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in coagulation and flocculation processes with/without bubble in closed jar tester." Water Supply 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.705.

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Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used and abundantly exists in the environment. Due to fresh water contamination, DEHP can enter drinking water treatment and be adsorbed on solid floc generated mostly from coagulation and flocculation processes. This study aimed to quantify the distribution of DEHP in liquid/solids (floating scum, suspended solids and settled sludge) after coagulation and flocculation processes with/without bubble. For this purpose, we developed a closed jar tester to prevent DEHP volatilization and contamination from the laboratory environment. According to DEHP adsorption results, the aluminium coagulant is an important factor for DEHP adsorption and the floating solid contained more DEHP than the settled solid. 60–72% of initial DEHP was found in solid under conditions with aluminium coagulant, whereas 3–5% of initial DEHP was found in solid under the condition without coagulant. When the bubble presented, DEHP concentration in the solids in the top and middle layers increased. The 55 minutes of operation time (coagulant, flocculation and settling processes) was not long enough to achieve the equilibrium of DEHP adsorption especially in the cases with coagulant.

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43

Abu-Zaid, M., and A. Atreya. "Transient Cooling of Hot Porous and Nonporous Ceramic Solids by Droplet Evaporation." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910924.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into transient cooling of low-thermal-conductivity porous and nonporous ceramic solids by individual water droplets. The initial surface temperature (Ts) of both solids ranged from 75 to 200°C. Both solids were instrumented with several surface and in-depth thermocouples and had the same thermal properties. This enabled investigation into the similarities and differences in the thermal behavior of porous and nonporous solids during droplet evaporation. The measured and theoretical contact temperatures, for both solids, were found to be in good agreement until they became equal to the boiling point of water (which occurs at an initial solid surface temperature of 164°C). Further increase in the initial solid surface temperature did not change the measured contact temperature. Instead, it became roughly constant at a value slightly greater than the boiling point of water. During the droplet evaporation process, surface and in-depth temperatures for the nonporous solid remain nearly constant, whereas for the porous solid there was a continuous decrease in these temperatures. A thermocouple in the porous matrix at the same location as that of the nonporous matrix cools faster under identical conditions, indicating an energy sink in the vicinity of the thermocouple. Also, evaporation time for the nonporous solid was found to be larger than that of the porous solid for the same droplet size and under the same conditions. These observations confirm that there is both in-depth and lateral penetration of water in the porous solid. The transient temperature measurements were used to determine the following quantities: (i) the recovery time (time required by the surface to recover to its initial temperature), and (ii) the size of surface and in-depth zones affected by the droplet. The instantaneous evaporation rate, and the instantaneous average evaporative heat flux for the nonporous solid, were also determined from video measurements of the droplet diameter on the solid surface and the transient temperature measurements. It was found that the average evaporative heat flux is higher for smaller droplets because of their smaller thickness on the hot surface.

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Butler, D., K. Littlewood, and N. Orman. "A model for the movement of large solids in small sewers." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0112.

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An extensive series of experiments has been carried out to investigate the movement mechanisms and behaviour of large solids in small sewers. This paper describes the development, calibration and verification of a model (SOLID) based on data obtained from the experimental rig. It is used to predict solid movement with respect to ‘limiting solid transport distance’. Key model parameters are the coefficients of static and dynamic friction, the shape factor of amorphous solids and the flow bypass coefficient. The model is shown to successfully represent the movement of a large solid down a small pipe, where the solid is moving as a sliding, leaking dam, particularly the first ‘hop’. Limitations of the model include a limited facility to well represent multiple hops and the need for closely spaced computational nodes leading to small time steps, and long run times.

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Rajuansah, Rajuansah, Muhammad Junaidi, and Bagus Dwi Hari Setyono. "The Solid Influence of Spread on the Growth and Survival Rate of Sea Worm's (Nereis sp.)." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2504.

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Nereis sp. including one of the commodities that have high economic value as well as important commodities in the world of aquaculture. The survival rate of organisms affected by good cultivation management include solid spread, feed quality, water quality, parasites or diseases. High spread solids will have an impact on the decrease in growth rate, feed consumption and survival rate. Therefore, the importance of research on solid spread because it is very closely related to the production and growth speed of cultivated biota. This study was conducted to find out the influence of different scatter solids on the growth and life's smoothness Nereis sp. The research was conducted for 35 days of maintenance using marine worm biota or Nereis sp. The method used is an experimental method using a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with 5 treatments and 3 repeats namely, Treatment 1: solid spread 50 individuals/m2, Treatment 2: solid spread 100 individuals/m2, Treatment 3: solid spread 150 individuals/m2, Treatment 4: solid spread 200 individuals/m2 and Treatment 5: solid spread 250 individuals/m2. Treatment with solid spread 150 individuals / m2 (P3) gives the best influence in improving the growth and survival of Nereis sp. 0.7838 g and 93.33%.

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Xiao, Penghao, Daniel Sheppard, Jutta Rogal, and Graeme Henkelman. "Solid-state dimer method for calculating solid-solid phase transitions." Journal of Chemical Physics 140, no. 17 (May 7, 2014): 174104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873437.

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Kaboudian, A., and B. C. Khoo. "The ghost solid method for the elastic solid–solid interface." Journal of Computational Physics 257 (January 2014): 102–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2013.09.042.

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Tao, Liang, and Xiao-Long Deng. "Simulating the Linearly Elastic Solid–Solid Interaction with a Cut Cell Method." International Journal of Computational Methods 14, no. 06 (August 2017): 1750072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876217500724.

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In this work, a cut cell-based sharp interface method is developed to deal with the interaction between linearly elastic solids in Eulerian framework. The material interface is represented by cut faces, and evolved by level set equation. Finite volume scheme is applied and strong coupling is achieved by using the Riemann solver for linearly elastic solid–solid interaction on the material interface. Original Ghost Solid Method (OGSM) and Modified Ghost Solid Method (MGSM) are realized in the Eulerian framework for comparison. Simulation results show that OGSM can lead to severe nonphysical oscillations when the density ratio is high, which is same as the results in KK. The location of wave front calculated by Ghost Solid Methods (GSMs) deviates from the exact location, because the evaluation of the ghost points deviates from the real interface location. The developed cut cell-based method gives accurate wave front location, and is stable for high density and acoustic impedance ratio and high-order reconstruction.

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Saxena, Nishank, and Gary Mavko. "Exact equations for fluid and solid substitution." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): L21—L32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0187.1.

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We derived exact equations, elastic bulk and shear, for fluid and solid substitution in monomineralic isotropic rocks of arbitrary pore shape and suggested methods to obtain the required substitution parameters. We proved that the classical Gassmann’s bulk modulus equation for fluid-to-fluid substitution is exact for solid-to-solid substitution if compression-induced mean stresses (pressure) in initial and final pore solids are homogeneous and either the shear modulus of the substituted solid does not change or no shear stress is induced in pores. Moreover, when compression-induced mean stresses in initial and final pore solids are homogeneous, we evaluated exact generalizations of Gassmann’s bulk modulus equation, which depend on usually known parameters. For the effective shear modulus, we found general exactness conditions of Gassmann and other approximations. Using the new exact substitution equations, we interpreted that predicting solid-filled rock stiffness from a dry rock stiffness measurement requires more information (i.e., assumptions about the pore shape) compared to predicting the same from a fluid-saturated rock stiffness.

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Shimizu, Y., N. Takei, and Y. Terashima. "Sorption of Organic Pollutants from Vapor Phase: The Effects of Natural Solid Characteristics and Moisture Content." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0388.

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The sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from vapor phase onto natural solids was investigated by batch sorption experiments. The effects of natural solid characteristics and moisture content on the sorption of TCE vapor were evaluated. As natural solids, six different US EPA soils and sediments were used. The moisture content of each natural solid was adjusted at four different values, including oven-dried condition. The linear sorption coefficients of TCE from the vapor phase (Kd’) were about one to four orders of magnitude greater than those from the aqueous phase. The Kd’ values for the oven-dried natural solids had poor correlation to the organic carbon content of natural solids. These results indicated that the sorption of TCE vapor was not controlled by the organic carbon referenced hydrophobic sorption. The Kd’ values for the oven-dried natural solids, however, correlate well with the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and swelling clay content of natural solids. The interaction of TCE molecules with the exchangeable cations on natural solid surface could be a dominant sorption mechanism. The Kd’ values decreased with increasing the moisture content of natural solids. The water on natural solid surface interferes the vapor-phase sorption of TCE onto the surface cations.

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