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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid-state phase transformation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Mittemeijer, Eric J., and Ferdinand Sommer. "Solid state phase transformation kinetics: a modular transformation model." Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 93, no. 5 (May 2002): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.020352.

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2

刘, 慧敏. "“Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram” and “Solid-State Phase Transformation”." Open Journal of Nature Science 05, no. 03 (2017): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojns.2017.53043.

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3

Ma, Ya Zhu, and Feng Liu. "The Kinetic Description for Solid State Phase Transformation." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.591.

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The progress of solid-state phase transformation can be subdivided into three overlapping mechanisms: nucleation, growth, and impingement. On the basis of an analytical phase transformation model, the maximum in the transformation rate of an isothermal solid-state transformation has been evaluated. Then, the mode of nucleation, growth and impingement, and the separate activation energies for nucleation and growth can be determined. Finally, application in the crystallization kinetics of amorphous alloy was described.

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4

Yoo, Woo Sik, and Hiroyuki Matsunami. "Solid-State Phase Transformation in Cubic Silicon Carbide." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 3 (March 15, 1991): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.545.

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5

Jiang, Yi Hui, Bao Sun, and Feng Liu. "Analytical Approach for Describing Solid-State Phase Transformation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 161 (March 2012): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.161.42.

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A general analytical phase transformation model has been proposed and successfully applied to describe the crystallization of amorphous alloys. The “additivity rule” is proved to be compatible with the analytical model; the effects of anisotropic growth based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations is reinterpreted using the analytical approach; and an improved temperature integral is also proved to be compatible with the analytical model. Kinetic analysis basing on the analytical model declares the transformation mechanism, e.g. nucleation, growth and impingement mode. On this basis, the kinetic behaviors of isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of amorphous Zr50Al10Ni40are analyzed.

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6

Bin Anooz, S., R. Bertram, and D. Klimm. "The solid state phase transformation of potassium sulfate." Solid State Communications 141, no. 9 (March 2007): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2006.12.008.

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7

Mittemeijer, Eric Jan, and Ferdinand Sommer. "Solid state phase transformation kinetics: Evaluation of the modular transformation model." International Journal of Materials Research 102, no. 7 (July 2011): 784–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.110537.

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8

Kavokin, A. A., I. H. Kazmi, and B. Munir. "Computational Model of Phase Transformations in Thermo-Chemical Cathodes Using Kinetic Approach." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.9.

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The paper presents the results of modeling of the processes of phases transformations occurring in cathode of plasmatron with zirconium insertion. Model describes temperature and liquid-solid phase transformation in cathode considering kinetics of transformation in accordance with a state diagram. The comparison between one-dimensional mathematical models was exploited for estimation of the kinetics coefficient. First model is based on well-known heat equation with Stefans condition on the free boundary between liquid and solid phases [. The standard analytical self-similar solution for two-phase case is applied. In the second model, for heat equation instead of Stefans conditions, differential equations of kinetics are used.

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9

Hamelin, Cory J., Ondrej Muránsky, Philip Bendeich, Ken Short, and Lyndon Edwards. "Predicting Solid-State Phase Transformations during Welding of Ferritic Steels." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1403.

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The current work presents the numerical analysis of solid-state transformation kinetics relating to conventional welding of ferritic steels, with the aim of predicting the constituent phases in both the fusion zone and the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the weldment. The analysis begins with predictions of isothermal transformation kinetics using thermodynamic principles, such that the chemical composition of the parent metal is the sole user-defined input. The data is then converted to anisothermal transformation kinetics using the Scheil-Avrami additive rule, including the effects of peak temperature and austenite grain growth. Subroutines developed for the Abaqus finite element package use the semi-empirical approach described to predict phase transformations in SA508 Gr.3 Cl.1 steel. To study the effect of the cooling rates and the ability of the current model to predict the final microstructure, two weld samples were subjected to autogenous beam TIG welds under a fast (TG5-F, 5.00 mm/s) and slow (TG5-S, 1.25 mm/s) torch speed. Model validation is carried out by direct comparison with microstructural observations and hardness measurements (via nanoindentation) of the fusion and heat affected zones in both welds. Excellent agreement between the measured and predicted hardness has been found for both weld samples. Additionally, it is shown that the correct identification of the partial austenisation region is a crucial input parameter.

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10

Miranda, Georgina, F. S. Silva, and Delfim Soares. "Solid State Transformations and Equilibrium Crystal Structures of an Au-Cu Alloy with Shape Memory Effect." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.859.

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Au-50%Cu (at. %) alloy presents the shape memory effect (SME), which is dependent of the solid state transformation that happens during heating, after the introduction of an internal stress in the quenched state. The solid state phase transformation temperatures were determined by means of Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), both in heating and cooling cycles. With the obtained DTA results, a sequence of high temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were made, in order to confirm the presence of the solid state phase transformations and to determine their stable crystal structure and lattice parameters. These XRD results were compared with those obtained from the literature. The displacements of the lattice parameters were determined, for each equilibrium phase, for measurements at room temperature and at high temperature. The characteristics of the quenched samples were also studied in order to determine the phase transformations that are responsible for the shape memory effect in this alloy.

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11

Liu, Xueyan, Hongwei Li, and Mei Zhan. "A review on the modeling and simulations of solid-state diffusional phase transformations in metals and alloys." Manufacturing Review 5 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2018008.

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Solid-state diffusional phase transformations are vital approaches for controlling of the material microstructure and thus tailoring the properties of metals and alloys. To exploit this mean to a full extent, much effort is paid on the reliable and efficient modeling and simulation of the phase transformations. This work gives an overview of the developments in theoretical research of solid-state diffusional phase transformations and the current status of various numerical simulation techniques such as empirical and analytical models, phase field, cellular automaton methods, Monte Carlo models and molecular dynamics methods. In terms of underlying assumptions, physical relevance, implementation and computational efficiency for the simulation of phase transformations, the advantages and disadvantages of each numerical technique are discussed. Finally, trends or future directions of the quantitative simulation of solid-state diffusional phase transformation are provided.

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12

Piekarska, W. "Modelling and Analysis of Phase Transformations and Stresses in Laser Welding Process / Modelowanie I Analiza Przemian Fazowych I Naprężeń W Procesie Spawania Laserowego." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2833–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0454.

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The work concerns the numerical modelling of structural composition and stress state in steel elements welded by a laser beam. The temperature field in butt welded joint is obtained from the solution of heat transfer equation with convective term. The heat source model is developed. Latent heat of solid-liquid and liquid-gas transformations as well as latent heats of phase transformations in solid state are taken into account in the algorithm of thermal phenomena. The kinetics of phase transformations in the solid state and volume fractions of formed structures are determined using classical formulas as well as Continuous-Heating-Transformation (CHT) diagram and Continuous-Cooling-Transformation (CCT) diagram during welding. Models of phase transformations take into account the influence of thermal cycle parameters on the kinetics of phase transformations during welding. Temporary and residual stress is obtained on the basis of the solution of mechanical equilibrium equations in a rate form. Plastic strain is determined using non-isothermal plastic flow with isotropic reinforcement, obeying Huber-Misses plasticity condition. In addition to thermal and plastic strains, the model takes into account structural strain and transformation plasticity. Changing with temperature and structural composition thermophysical parameters are included into constitutive relations. Results of the prediction of structural composition and stress state in laser butt weld joint are presented.

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13

JIANG, Yi-hui, Feng LIU, and Shao-jie SONG. "Extension of analytical model of solid-state phase transformation." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22, no. 5 (May 2012): 1176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)61302-2.

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14

Kuzminov, D. B. "Gas release from cobalt undergoing solid state phase transformation." Journal of Nuclear Materials 184, no. 2 (September 1991): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(91)90501-w.

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15

Sietsma, Jilt, M. Giuseppina Mecozzi, Stefan M. C. van Bohemen, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "Evolution of the mixed-mode character of solid-state phase transformations in metals involving solute partitioning." International Journal of Materials Research 97, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2006-0059.

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Abstract Partitioning phase transformations in the solid state are principally subjected to two processes that take place: the redistribution, through long-range diffusion, of the partitioning element, and the lattice transformation taking place at the interface. Consequently, the usual approximation to consider one of these two processes as controlling the rate of the phase transformation is of limited accuracy. For a more accurate description, the so-called mixed-mode character of partitioning phase transformations is to be taken into account. In the present study, it is shown that the mixed-mode character can be quantified and that it has a significant effect on the kinetics. By means of examples involving either substitutional (Mo in Ti) or interstitial (C in Fe) partitioning elements, it is shown that a gradual change of the character of the transformation occurs during the phase transformation, shifting from initially interface-controlled (which implies the largest interface velocity) towards more diffusion-controlled.

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16

Dulucheanu, Constantin, Traian Lucian Severin, Alexandru Potorac, and Luminita Irimescu. "Determination of the critical points in solid-state phase transformation of some hypoeutectoid steels." E3S Web of Conferences 95 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199504004.

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This study allowed, by dilatometric analyses, both to highlight the solid state transformations that occurred during the continuous heating of two hypoeutectoid steels, as well as to investigate the effect of the heating rate on the critical points at which these transformations occurred. The eutectoid transformation (the pearlite dissolution into austenite) was carried out in a temperatures interval, ranging between pearlite dissolution start temperature (Ac1) and pearlite dissolution finish temperature (denoted Acfp in this article). Increasing the heating rate determined a displacement of the critical points in solid-state phase transformation to higher temperatures; these displacements were more significant for the Acfp point, than for the critical points Ac1 and Ac3.

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17

Song, Jae Yong, and Jin Yu. "Solid-state reactions and stress evolutions between SnAg and Ni(P) thin films." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 2 (February 2009): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0043.

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Phase transformations in SnAg–Ni80P20 films were studied ex situ in parallel with in situ measurements of the corresponding transformation-induced stresses. Layered formation of Ni3Sn4 and Ni3P phases at an early stage of a reaction between SnAg and Ni80P20 films resulted in a tensile stress similar to the stress evolution in Sn–Ni80P20 films, despite the additional formation of Ag3Sn phase. Ag3Sn phase did not significantly affect the degree of stress evolution because of its islandlike and sporadic formation on the top surface of the Ni3Sn4 layer. Isothermal annealing showed that compressive stress, which was induced by the dominant formation of Ni3Sn4, developed after an initial evolution of tensile stress.

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18

Liu, F., S. J. Song, F. Sommer, and E. J. Mittemeijer. "Evaluation of the maximum transformation rate for analyzing solid-state phase transformation kinetics." Acta Materialia 57, no. 20 (December 2009): 6176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.08.046.

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19

Liu, F., F. Sommer, C. Bos, and E. J. Mittemeijer. "Analysis of solid state phase transformation kinetics: models and recipes." International Materials Reviews 52, no. 4 (July 2007): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328007x160308.

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20

Jiang, Yi-Hui, Feng Liu, Jin-Cheng Wang, and Zhong-Hua Zhang. "Solid-state phase transformation kinetics in the near-equilibrium regime." Journal of Materials Science 50, no. 2 (October 2, 2014): 662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8625-1.

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21

Huang, L. J., Q. M. Chen, B. X. Liu, Y. D. Fan, and H. D. Li. "Icosahedral incommensurate FeMo phase formed by solid state transformation." Physica Status Solidi (a) 116, no. 1 (November 16, 1989): K51—K56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211160154.

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22

Jensen, D. Juul, S. E. Offerman, and J. Sietsma. "3DXRD Characterization and Modeling of Solid-State Transformation Processes." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 6 (June 2008): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.127.

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AbstractThree-dimensional x-ray diffraction (3DXRD) allows nondestructive characterization of grains, orientations, and stresses in bulk microstructures and, therefore, enables in situ studies of the structural dynamics during processing. The method is described briefly, and its potential for providing new data valuable for validation of various models of microstructural evolution is discussed. Examples of 3DXRD measurements related to recrystallization and to solid-state phase transformations in metals are described. 3DXRD measurements have led to new modeling activity predicting the evolution of metallic microstructures with much more detail than hitherto possible. Among these modeling activities are three-dimensional (3D) geometric modeling, 3D molecular dynamics modeling, 3D phase-field modeling, two-dimensional (2D) cellular automata, and 2D Monte Carlo simulations.

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23

Lévesque, J. B., J. Lanteigne, H. Champliaud, and D. Paquet. "Modeling Solid-State Phase Transformations of 13Cr-4Ni Steels in Welding Heat-Affected Zone." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 3 (December 23, 2019): 1208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05587-1.

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AbstractFatigue damage is commonly encountered by operators of Francis type hydraulic turbine runners made of 13Cr-4Ni soft martensitic stainless steel. These large and complex welded casting assemblies are subjected to fatigue crack initiation and growth in the vicinity of their welded regions. It is well known that fatigue behavior is influenced by residual stresses and the microstructure. By including solid-state phase transformation models in welding simulations, phase distribution can be evaluated along with their respective volumetric change and their effect on residual stresses. Thus, it enables the assessment of welding process on fatigue crack behavior by numerical methods. This paper focuses on modeling solid-state phase transformations of 13Cr-4Ni soft martensitic stainless steel, used for manufacturing hydraulic turbine runners, occurring upon welding. It proposes to determine the material parameters of the models for both the austenitic and the martensitic transformation by nonisothermal dilatometry tests. The experiments are conducted in a quenching dilatometer with applied thermal conditions as experienced in the heat-affected zone of homogeneous welds. The activation energy and the kinetic parameters of the austenitic transformation from fully martensitic state are measured from the experimental results. The martensitic transformation modeling from a fully austenitic domain is also presented.

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24

Wang, Gang, De Chang Zeng, and Zhong Wu Liu. "Phase Field Study of Concurrent Nucleation and Growth in a Diffusion-Controlled Solid-State Phase Transformation." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 1140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.1140.

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The concurrent nucleation and growth in a diffusion-controlled phase transformation is studied using the quantitative phase field method, and the transformation kinetics is obtained for a model alloy. The simulation results show that the simultaneous nucleation and growth of new phase can be described very well in the phase field model, and that the phase transformation is governed by the diffusion of solute atoms. The competition between nucleation and coarsening is also observed. The phase transformation kinetics is found to obey the JMAK equation.

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25

Zhou, Fei, Reinhard Lück, Ke Lu, and Manfred Rühle. "Phase Transformation of a Dual Phase Al–Fe Alloy Prepared by Mechanical Alloying." International Journal of Materials Research 92, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2001-0129.

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Abstract A metastable Al90Fe10 (at.%) alloy, composed of a supersaturated solid solution of face-centred cubic (fcc) Al(Fe) and an amorphous phase matrix, was prepared by mechanical alloying of a mixture of Al and Fe elemental blends. The thermally induced microstructural evolution in the dual phase alloy was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and magnetothermal analysis. On continuous heating two stages of solid state phase transformation occurred: (i) a polymorphous crystallization of the amorphous phase to a metastable crystalline Al6Fe that structurally stabilizes over a temperature range of about 200 K, and (ii) a eutectoid decomposition of the crystalline Al6Fe into the equilibrium phases of Al13Fe4 and fcc Al(Fe). Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of the observed phase transformation processes were given. The formation of the dual phase alloy in the as-milled state and the phase transitions can be illustrated by a hypothetical free energy diagram, implying the dual phase structure facilitates the polymorphous crystallization of Al6Fe.

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26

Sulistiyo, Yudi Aris, Wilda Kamila, Novita Andarini, Suwardiyanto Suwardiyanto, Gagus Ketut Sunnardianto, and Tanti Haryati. "Solid State Transformation of TiO2 Rutile and its Photocatalytic Activity." Indonesian Chimica Letters 1, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/icl.v1i2.205.

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Transformation phase TiO2 Rutile was conducted to improve the photocatalytic activity. This study evaluated the transformation phase of TiO2 rutil using solid state rection method and tested for gycerol conversion reaction. a semiconductor material that can be applied for glycerol conversion. The solid state reaction using a mixture of TiO2 Rutile and sodium titanate in mole rasio 1:4 that was heated in 750 oC. XRD analysis evaluated the transformation phase of the solid state reaction product, while band gap energi was calculated following UV-Vis diffuse reflectance data. The photoactivity of glycerol was exposed by UV-Light in various time (5, 10, 15 h) that of the liquid product was analyzed by gas chromatography. Solid state reaction transformed TiO2 rutil to polymorph structure (TiO2 rutile, TiO2 anatase, and sodium titanate Na4O12Ti5). The band gap energy of the product was 3.2 eV. The optimum photocatalytic activity was 62.7% in glycerol concentration 0.25 M for 15 h time reaction.

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27

Herczeg, Szabolcs, János Takács, Ágnes Csanády, Gyula Kakuk, Jenő Sólyom, Ferenc Tranta, István E. Sajó, Katalin Papp, and Hajnalka Hargitai. "Solid-State Transformation Produced by Laser Treatment and Mechanical Alloying of Fe-Ni-Cu(P) Powders." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.391.

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The comparison of the phase transformations going on due to high energy ball milling (HEBM) and produced by pressure-less Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS developed by EOS company) was carried out, by using an α-Fe, Ni and Cu3P powder mixture. It could be shown by X-ray diffractograms (XRD) of the two type of products, that by mechanical alloying a similar phase transformation occurs due to solid state reactions between the metal partners as in the case of laser sintering, in a given range of laser scanning speed in a laboratory laser equipment. According to the XRD evaluation the same metastable, γ-steel like phases were formed.

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28

Shugart, Kathleen N., Gerard M. Ludtka, Gail Mackiewicz-Ludtka, and William A. Soffa. "Exchange Coupling Nanophase Fe-Pd Ferromagnets Through Solid State Transformation." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.273.

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This study continues previous work on off-stoichiometric Fe-Pd alloys using a combined reaction strategy during thermomechanical processing [1,2]. Severe plastic deformation of the initial disordered fcc gamma phase (γ) of compostion Fe-35at.%Pd, followed by heat treatment in the two phase field produces a nano-composite ferromagnet comprised of soft alpha phase/ferrite (α) in a high-anisotropy L10 FePd matrix. The length scale and morphology of the transformation products have been characterized using x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The transformed microstructures exhibit strong texture retention similar to the stoichiometric alloy suggesting a massive ordering mode. The alloy has shown a proclivity to exchange couple at a length scale not in agreement with proposed theories of exchange coupling [3,4]. The magnetic properties were measured using standard vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF-DMR).

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29

Chen, Hao, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "Application of the cyclic phase transformation concept for investigating growth kinetics of solid-state partitioning phase transformations." Computational Materials Science 49, no. 4 (October 2010): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.06.026.

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30

Mengucci, Paolo, Eleonora Santecchia, Andrea Gatto, Elena Bassoli, Antonella Sola, Corrado Sciancalepore, Bogdan Rutkowski, and Gianni Barucca. "Solid-State Phase Transformations in Thermally Treated Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182876.

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Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technology was used to produce samples based on the Ti–6Al–4V alloy for biomedical applications. Solid-state phase transformations induced by thermal treatments were studied by neutron diffraction (ND), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Although, ND analysis is rather uncommon in such studies, this technique allowed evidencing the presence of retained β in α’ martensite of the as-produced (#AP) sample. The retained β was not detectable by XRD analysis, nor by STEM observations. Martensite contains a high number of defects, mainly dislocations, that anneal during the thermal treatment. Element diffusion and partitioning are the main mechanisms in the α ↔ β transformation that causes lattice expansion during heating and determines the final shape and size of phases. The retained β phase plays a key role in the α’ → β transformation kinetics.

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31

Calliari, Irene, Marco Breda, Claudio Gennari, Luca Pezzato, Massimo Pellizzari, and Andrea Zambon. "Investigation on Solid-State Phase Transformations in a 2510 Duplex Stainless Steel Grade." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070967.

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Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels are very prone to secondary phases formation related to ferrite decomposition at high temperatures. In the present paper the results on secondary phase precipitation in a 2510 Duplex Stainless Steel, heat-treated in the temperature range 850–1050 °C for 3–30 min are presented. The precipitation starts at grain boundaries with a consistent ferrite transformation for very short times. The noses of the Time–Temperature–Precipitation (TTP) curves are at 1000 °C for σ-phase and at 900 °C for χ-phase, respectively. The precipitation sequence involves a partial transformation of χ into σ, as previously evidenced in 2205 and 2507 grades. Furthermore, the experimental data were compared to the results of Thermo-Calc calculations. Understanding and ability to predict phase stability in 2510 duplex stainless steel is a key factor to design optimal welding processes that avoid any secondary phase precipitation in the weld bead as well as in the heat-affected zone.

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32

Li, Guannan, Guangjie Feng, Chongyang Wang, Long Hu, Tao Li, and Dean Deng. "Prediction of Residual Stress Distribution in NM450TP Wear-Resistant Steel Welded Joints." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081093.

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This study developed a thermo-metallurgical-mechanical simulation method to calculate the temperature field and residual stress distribution in the NM450TP wear-resistant steel welded joints. During the simulation, the solid-state phase transformation and softening effect of NM450TP wear-resistant steel was considered. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results, which verified the feasibility of this method. The influences of solid-state phase transformation and softening effect on the welding residual stress distribution were discussed. The numerical simulation results showed that the solid-state phase transformation had a more significant effect on the magnitude and distribution of the longitudinal residual stress than that of the transverse residual stress. The softening effect had a significant influence on the peak value of the longitudinal residual stress and had little influence on the transverse residual stress. Comparing the numerical simulation results with the experimental results, it could be seen that the calculation results of the welding residual stress were in the best agreement with the experimental measurement results when the solid-state transformation and softening effects were considered at the same time.

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33

Wei, Ning, Lina Jia, Zeren Shang, Junbo Gong, Songgu Wu, Jingkang Wang, and Weiwei Tang. "Polymorphism of levofloxacin: structure, properties and phase transformation." CrystEngComm 21, no. 41 (2019): 6196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ce00847k.

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The landscape of solid-state crystal forms of levofloxacin is further expanded with one solved anhydrous α form and three newly discovered solvates including n-propanol solvate, ethylene glycol solvate and acetic acid solvate.

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34

Liao, J., and D. C. Martin. "Direct Imaging of the Diacetylene Solid-State Monomer-Polymer Phase Transformation." Science 260, no. 5113 (June 4, 1993): 1489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5113.1489.

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35

Steinbach, I., and M. Apel. "Multi phase field model for solid state transformation with elastic strain." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 217, no. 2 (May 2006): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2006.04.001.

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36

Offerman, S. E., N. H. van Dijk, J. Sietsma, E. M. Lauridsen, L. Margulies, S. Grigull, H. F. Poulsen, and S. van der Zwaag. "3DXRD microscopy for the study of solid-state phase transformation kinetics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 238, no. 1-4 (August 2005): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.06.027.

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37

Xiaoxuan, Pang, Liu Tingting, Yin Changgeng, and Sun Changlong. "Solid-State Phase Transformation in Diffusion Couples of U-Mo/Nb." Rare Metal Materials and Engineering 40, no. 10 (October 2011): 1718–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5372(12)60006-x.

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38

SONG, Shao-jie, Feng LIU, and Yi-hui JIANG. "Impact of anisotropic growth on kinetics of solid-state phase transformation." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22, no. 4 (April 2012): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)61262-4.

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39

Barone, Serge, Alexandre Freulon, Benoit Malard, and Moukrane Dehmas. "Solid-state phase transformation in a lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramic." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 513 (June 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.03.006.

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Olszyna, A., and I. Zacharenko. "Phase transformation of BN in the solid state during electrostatic deposition." Surface and Coatings Technology 78, no. 1-3 (January 1996): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(94)02405-7.

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Kulakov, M. P., and I. V. Balyakina. "Solid state wurtzite-sphalerite transformation and phase boundaries in ZnSe-CdSe." Journal of Crystal Growth 113, no. 3-4 (September 1991): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(91)90101-a.

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Potzel, O., and G. Taubmann. "Simulating solid state phase transitions with the roots of transformation matrices." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 21, no. 24 (May 26, 2009): 245404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/24/245404.

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Kimura, H., T. Numazawa, and M. Sato. "Solid state phase transformation of BaB2O4 during the isothermal annealing process." Journal of Materials Science 31, no. 9 (1996): 2361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01152947.

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Liu, B. X., and Z. J. Zhang. "Ion-irradiation induced solid-state phase transformation in some metal systems." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 99, no. 1-4 (May 1995): 787–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)00756-x.

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45

Ljakutkin, Anatoly, Erwin Kaisersberger, and Lech Giersig. "Evidence for solid f.c.c.-liquid state transition and reverse transformation through intermediate solid phase." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 117-118 (February 1990): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(90)90591-9.

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Xu, Zhi Jun, Rui Qing Chu, S. C. Cui, Long Zhi Zhao, and Jin Son Zhang. "Change of Microwave Dielectric Loss during the Solid-Reaction Synthesis of SrFeCo_0.5O_y." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.183.

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Rectangular cavity perturbation method was used to measure microwave dielectric loss (MDL) during the solid state reaction synthesis of SrFeCo0.5Oy. In the process of solid state reaction, the dielectric loss is investigated under different temperatures. The phases of the samples synthesized at different temperatures were characterized by XRD. The variation of MDL with temperature illustrates that the phase transformation occurs. The reasons why the pure perovskite phase can be obtained by using microwave processing were also discussed.

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Arif, Tansel T., and Rong Shan Qin. "A Phase-Field Model for the Formation of Martensite and Bainite." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.31.

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The phase field method is rapidly becoming the method of choice for simulating the evolution of solid state phase transformations in materials science. Within this area there are transformations primarily concerned with diffusion and those that have a displacive nature. There has been extensive work focussed upon applying the phase field method to diffusive transformations leaving much desired for models that can incorporate displacive transformations. Using the current model, the formation of martensite, which is formed via a displacive transformation, is simulated. The existence of a transformation matrix in the free energy expression along with cubic symmetry operations enables the reproduction of the 24 grain variants of martensite. Furthermore, upon consideration of the chemical free energy term, the model is able to utilise both the displacive and diffusive aspects of bainite formation, reproducing the autocatalytic nucleation process for multiple sheaves using a single phase field variable. Transformation matrices are available for many steels, one of which is used within the model.

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Veljkovic, I., D. Poleti, Lj Karanovic, M. Zdujic, and G. Brankovic. "Solid state synthesis of extra phase-pure Li4Ti5O12 spinel." Science of Sintering 43, no. 3 (2011): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1103343v.

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Extra phase-pure Li4Ti5O12 spinel with particle sizes less than 500 nm was synthesized by solid state reaction of mechanochemicaly activated mixture of nano anatase and Li2CO3 for a very short annealing time, 4 h at 800?C. Structural and microstructural properties, the mechanism of solid state reaction between anatase and Li2CO3 as well as thermal stability of prepared spinel were investigated using XRPD, SEM and TG/DSC analysis. The mechanism of reaction implies decomposition of Li2CO3 below 250?C, formation of monoclinic Li2TiO3 as intermediate product between 400 and 600?C and its transformation to Li4Ti5O12 between 600-800?C. The spinel structure is stable up to 1000?C when it is decomposed due to Li2O evaporation.

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Cuadros, J. "Clay crystal-chemical adaptability and transformation mechanisms." Clay Minerals 47, no. 2 (June 2012): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2012.047.2.01.

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AbstractChemical and mineralogical transformations of phyllosilicates are among the most important in diagenetic environments in all types of rocks because they can exert a large control on the processes taking place in such environments and/or provide constraints for the conditions in which phyllosilicate transformation occurred. Dissolution-precipitation and solid-state transformation are usually the two mechanisms proposed for such reactions depending on the crystal-chemical and morphological similarities between parent and neoformed phases together with knowledge of the environmental conditions. These two mechanisms, however, may be at both ends of the spectrum of those operating and many transformations may take place through a mixture of the two mechanisms, generating observable elements that are characteristic of one or the other. In the present literature, the boundaries between the two mechanisms are not clear, mainly because dissolution-precipitation is sometimes defined at nearly atomic scale. It is proposed here that such small-scale processes are considered as a solid-state transformation, and that dissolution-precipitation requires dissolution of entire mineral particles and their dissolved species to pass into the bulk of the solution. Understanding the reaction mechanisms of diagenetic transformations is an important issue because they impinge on geochemical conditions and variables such as cation mobility, rock volume, fabric changes, rock permeability, stable isotope signature and phyllosilicate crystal-chemistry.I propose that, in the lower range temperatures at which clay mineral transformations take place, energy considerations favour solid-state transformation, or reactions that involve the breaking of a limited number of bonds, over dissolution of entire grains and precipitation of crystals of the new phase. Large morphological changes are frequently invoked as evidence for a dissolution-precipitation mechanism but changes in particle shape and size may be achieved by particle rupture, particle welding or by hybrid processes in which dissolution-precipitation plays a minor role.Past and recent studies of phyllosilicate transformations show chemical and structural intermediates indicating a large crystal-chemical versatility, greater than is commonly recognized. These intermediates include tetrahedral sheets of different composition within TOT units (termed polar layers), dioctahedral and trioctahedral domains in the same layer, and 2:1 and 1:1 domains also within the same layers. The existence of such intermediate structures suggests that the reaction mechanisms that generated them are within the realm of the solid-state transformation processes.

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Makudera, A. O., and S. M. Lakiza. "Interaction in the systems Y2O3−Ln2O3 (Ln=Tb–Lu)." Uspihi materialoznavstva 2021, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/materials2021.02.072.

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Based on the analysis of literature data from experimentally constructed phase diagrams of Y2O3 − Ln2O3 systems (Ln = Tb − Lu), as well as temperatures of polymorphic transformations of rare earth oxides (REE), tentative phase diagrams of Y2O3 − Ln2O3 systems (Ln = Tb − Lu) were constructed in wide intervals of temperatures and concentrations. Prediction of the binary phase diagrams structure of yttria − yttrium subgroup lanthanides systems was carried out on the basis of three principles: 1. Since double systems are formed by lanthanide oxides of one (yttrium) subgroup, it is very likely that in such systems continuous solid solutions will be formed between the components. 2. Intermediate binary phases are not formed in these systems. 3. The formation of continuous solid solutions occurs with a decrease in the temperatures of phase transformations in the solid state to a minimum shifted towards a lower transformation temperature of the system component. The forecast of the Y2O3 – Ln2O3 systems phase diagrams structure, where Ln = Tb – Lu, indicates the complete solubility of the components in the liquid and solid states. Binary compounds in the considered systems are not predicted. Phase transformations in the solid solutions on the basis of polymorphic modifications X, H, A, B and C of lanthanide oxides cascade at high temperatures by the peritectoid mechanism. Below 1850 °C regions of solid solutions with cubic C-structure of REE oxides are formed in the whole range of concentrations in the systems. Key words: REE oxides, yttria, polymorphs of REE oxides, phase diagram.

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