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Relevant bibliographies by topics / SOLID-STATE METHOD

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Academic literature on the topic 'SOLID-STATE METHOD'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

Last updated: 11 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "SOLID-STATE METHOD"

1

Xiao, Penghao, Daniel Sheppard, Jutta Rogal, and Graeme Henkelman. "Solid-state dimer method for calculating solid-solid phase transitions." Journal of Chemical Physics 140, no. 17 (2014): 174104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873437.

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Liu, Junnan, Henrik Lyder Andersen, Othman K. Al Bahri, et al. "Electrochemically activated solid synthesis: an alternative solid-state synthetic method." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 41 (2018): 14604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt02946f.

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McDonald, J. C., F. N. Eichner, K. A. Stahl, and S. D. Miller. "Optical Readout Method for Solid State Dosemeters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 17, no. 1-4 (1986): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a079834.

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McDonald, J. C., F. N. Eichner, K. A. Stahl, and S. D. Miller. "Optical Readout Method for Solid State Dosemeters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 17, no. 1-4 (1986): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/17.1-4.329.

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Shmelev, V. M., A. D. Margolin, N. Ya Vasilik, V. G. Krupkin, V. T. Volov, and D. B. Volov. "Nonelectrical method of pumping solid-state lasers." Technical Physics 43, no. 9 (1998): 1069–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1259133.

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Enikolopian, N. S., N. G. Danielian, and K. G. Kazarian. "Method of Coating Application by Solid State Reactions." Materials Science Forum 88-90 (January 1992): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.88-90.163.

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Pan, Yi, and Lei Qiu. "Automated Method for Solid State Nuclear Track Measurements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1952, no. 3 (2021): 032038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1952/3/032038.

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Su, Tingting, Heng Jiang, Hong Gong, and Shaoyong Duan. "Preparation of Pyrochlore K2Ta2O6 by Solid-State Method." Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry 45, no. 10 (2015): 1602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15533174.2015.1031045.

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Sheppard, Daniel, Penghao Xiao, William Chemelewski, Duane D. Johnson, and Graeme Henkelman. "A generalized solid-state nudged elastic band method." Journal of Chemical Physics 136, no. 7 (2012): 074103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684549.

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Rahayu, I., S. Hidayat, A. R. Noviyanti, D. Rakhmawaty, and E. Ernawati. "Synthesisofc-lifepo4 composite by solid state reaction method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 812 (February 2017): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/812/1/012094.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SOLID-STATE METHOD"

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Jolly, Michael Matthew. "Method development in biological solid-state NMR." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422129/.

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Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) has proved to be a useful tool in the analysis of structural and dynamic properties of proteins. However, the inherent low sensitivity of NMR hinders further advancements of the field. This thesis focuses on improving the sensitivity of ssNMR, be this through an improvement in signal to noise or an effective improvement in sensitivity by enhancing the information content. The mixed rotational and rotary resonance (MIRROR) sequence1 was employed to facilitate protein backbone assignment under moderate spinning speeds. Through the band selective nature of MIRROR, bidirectional transfer of magnetisation from the C<sub>CO</sub> site to the adjacent Cα and to the Cα of the next amino acid is possible. When applied to a 3D-NCOCA experiment this may be used to double the information content, providing correlations from C<sub>CO</sub><sup>(i-1)</sup> to both Cα<sup>(i-1)</sup> and Cα<sup>(i)</sup>. The MIRROR recoupling of C<sub>CO</sub> to Cα, is inherently low-power, allowing MIRROR to be utilised in a low-power experiment. Through this, greater enhancements in sensitivity per unit time can be realised. The longitudinal relaxation time (T1) limits the sensitivity per unit time at both room and cryogenic temperatures. To develop the use of relaxation agents for cryogenic NMR experiments, the room temperature relaxation properties and dynamics of the model protein, GB3, were explored. Site-specific relaxation measurements were used to understand the relaxation of residues in the protein and gain understanding into how this relates to the dynamics of the protein. In addition, low-temperature NMR measurements were used to investigate the effect temperature has on relaxation. The ongoing development of polarisation enhancement methods and machinery have made great progress in recent years particularly on the application towards biomolecules. However, arguably the most promising polarisation enhancement technique, dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) suffers from a variety of problems. Namely, line broadening effects as a result of the low-temperatures required and through doping with paramagnetic agents. Furthermore, the current method of sample preparation for DNP via the use of doping with exogenous radicals is not viable for all samples. Endogenous radicals for the DNP of large biomolecules may offer several advantages to their exogenous counterparts, including but not limited to, a greater understanding of quenching effects and polarisation transfer. This thesis explores the possibility of creating pseudo-biradicals bound covalently to a protein surface to elicit enhancements through the cross effect DNP mechanism. In summary, we have developed a range of methods that enhance the information content and sensitivity, which will provide new approaches for researchers investigating proteins using ssNMR.

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Asami, Sam. "Method development for biomolecular solid-state NMR spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17044.

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Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit, wird ein neuartiges Markierungsschema für die Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie vorgestellt, das sogenannte Reduced Adjoining Protonation (RAP) Schema, welches die Protonendetektion sämtlicher Aliphaten erlaubt. Hochaufgelöste, 1H-detektierte 1H,13C Korrelationsspektren wurden erhalten. Des Weiteren wurde der Vorteil von hohen MAS-Frequenzen untersucht. 1H- und 13C-detektierte 3D Zuordnungsexperimente wurden implementiert, welche uns die Zuordnung von 90% aller aliphatischen Resonanzen von alpha-Spektrin SH3 erlaubten. Da die chemische Verschiebung abhängt vom Strukturmotiv, kann sie verwendet werden, um Sekundärstruktur-Informationen abzuleiten. Darüber hinaus wurde ein 1H-detektiertes H(H)CH 3D Experiment entwickelt, um weitreichende 1H,1H Kontakte zu ermitteln, welche für die Bestimmung der Tertiärstruktur genutzt werden können. Um artefaktfreie Relaxationsdaten zu erhalten, wurde das RAP-Markierungsschema modifiziert, um 1H- und 13C-verdünnte Proben zu erhalten, in denen Spindiffusion unterdrückt ist. Für die Untersuchung von Sub-Mikrosekunden-Dynamik werden Experimente vorgestellt zur Bestimmung von 13C T1 Relaxationszeiten und 1H,13C dipolaren Kopplungstensoren für Rückgrat- und Seitenketten-Resonanzen. Des weiteren zeigen wir, dass das RAP-Markierungsschema auf nicht-kristalline Systeme, wie Amyloidfibrillen des Abeta1-40 Peptids der Alzheimer-Krankheit, angewendet werden kann. Unter Verwendung von 1H-Detektion, erhielten wir hochaufgelöste 1H,13C Korrelationsspektren. Schließlich wurde der Perdeuterierungsansatz auf den L7Ae-box C/D Protein-RNA Komplex aus P. furiosus angewendet. Wir erhielten hochaufgelöste, 1H-detektierte 1H,15N, sowie 13C,13C Korrelationsspektren des Protein-RNA Komplexes. Weiterhin haben wir eine Methode zur Bestimmung genauer Abstands- und Winkelinformationen für die Protein-RNA Schnittstelle etabliert und schlagen Ansätze vor, für die Zuordnung der chemischen Verschiebungen von RNA-Resonanzen.<br>In this thesis, a novel labeling scheme for solid-state NMR spectroscopy, the Reduced Adjoining Protonation (RAP) scheme, is introduced, which allows proton detection of all aliphatic sites, as shown for the microcrystalline SH3 domain of alpha-spectrin. These samples yield high-resolution, 1H-detected 1H,13C correlation spectra. In addition, the benefit of high MAS frequencies was investigated. 1H- and 13C-detected 3D assignment experiments are implemented, which allowed us to assign 90% of all aliphatic resonances of alpha-spectrin SH3. As the chemical shift is dependent on the structural motif, it can be employed to derive secondary structure information. Furthermore, a 1H-detected H(H)CH 3D experiment is introduced, to obtain long-range 1H,1H contacts, which can be used for the determination of the tertiary structure. To obtain artifact-free relaxation data, the RAP labeling scheme was modified to obtain sparsely proton labeled, 13C dilute samples, in which spin diffusion is suppressed. To probe sub-microsecond dynamics, we report experiments to determine 13C T1 relaxation times and 1H,13C dipolar coupling tensors for backbone and side chain resonances, respectively. Furthermore, we show, that the RAP labeling scheme can be applied to non-crystalline systems, such as amyloid fibrils of the Alzheimer’s disease peptide Abeta1-40. Using 1H-detection, we obtained high-resolution 1H,13C correlation spectra. Finally, we applied the perdeuteration approach to the L7Ae-box C/D protein-RNA complex from P. furiosus. We obtained high-resolution, 1H-detected 1H,15N, as well as 13C,13C correlation spectra of the protein-RNA complex. In addition, we established a methodology to determine accurate distance and angular restraints for the protein-RNA interface and propose approaches for the chemical shift assignment of RNA resonances.

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Michaud-Rioux, Vincent. "Real space DFT by locally optimal block preconditioned conjugate gradient method." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110628.

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In condensed matter physics, atomistic first principle calculations are often necessary to achieve a microscopic understanding of the observed experimental phenomena and to make quantitative predictions of physical properties. In practice, atomic scale systems have irregularities (e.g. surface roughness) or defects (e.g. substitutional atoms or vacancies) that are too strong to be ignored or treated as small perturbations. In this thesis, we report the development of a real space DFT code for studying atomic scale systems from first principles. Our code, named MatRcal, which stands for "Matlab-based real space calculator", is developed in the technical computing language Matlab. The physics is described by density functional theory. The method itself is based on projecting the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian on a uniform Cartesian grid. High-order finite-differencing is used to discretize the Laplacian operator. The potential due to the atomic nuclei is approximated with ab initio pseudopotentials. The pseudopotentials are generated following the procedure proposed by Troullier and Martins. We use the fully separable form introduced by Kleinman and Bylander. We argue that the method is simpler and yet has many advantages compared with conventional spectral methods. We provide relevant mathematical techniques and implementation details. In particular, we present and compare different eigensolvers used to diagonalize the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian. We validate our software by comparing the HOMO-LUMO gaps of many organic and inorganic molecules obtained using our method with those obtained with the commercial code Gaussian. Our results are in excellent agreement. Our method gains in computational speed and algorithm parallelism, and its power in handling real space boundary conditions will be a major advantage for future applications in nanoelectronic device modelling.<br>En physique de la matière condensée, les calculs numériques sont souvent nécessaires pour parvenir à comprendre les phénomènes microscopiques observés lors d'expériences ou à prédire quantitativement des propriétés physiques. En pratique, les systèmes d'échelle atomique sont irréguliers (rugosité de surface) ou comportent des défauts (atomes de substitution ou lacunes), ce qui induit des effets trop sévères pour être ignorés ou traités comme des perturbations. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une méthode qui permet d'étudier des systèmes d'échelle atomique à partir des lois fondamentales de la physique. Notre logiciel, nommé MatRcal, qui signifie "Matlab-based real space calculator", est développé dans le langage Matlab. La physique est décrite par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. La méthode projette l'Hamiltonien de Kohn-Sham sur un maillage Cartésien uniforme. Le calcul des différences finies est utilisé pour discrétiser l'opérateur Laplacien. Le potentiel dû aux noyaux atomiques est approximé par des pseudopotentiels non-empiriques. Les pseudopotentiels sont générés en suivant la procédure proposée par Troullier et Martins. Nous utilisons la forme séparable introduite par Kleinman et Bylander. Nous soutenons que la méthode est plus simple et pourtant présente de nombreux avantages par rapport aux conventionnelles méthodes spectrales. Nous introduisons plusieurs techniques mathématiques pertinentes à notre étude et certains détails d'implémentation. Entre autres, nous présentons et comparons plusieurs algorithmes de calcul de vecteurs propres utilisés pour diagonaliser l'Hamiltonien de Kohn-Sham. Nous validons notre méthode en comparant la largeur de bande interdite "HOMO-LUMO" de nombreuses molécules organiques et inorganiques prédites par notre méthode avec celles prédites par le logiciel commercial Gaussian. Notre méthode permet des gains en rapidité et en parallélisme, mais la possibilité de traiter des conditions limites non-périodiques sera le principal atout pour de futures simulations de dispositifs nanoélectroniques.

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Huq, Syed Ejazul. "Thin film deposition by the ionized cluster beam method." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304288.

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Silver, Mark. "Application of the pseudopotential method to the theory of semiconductors." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2988/.

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El-Badawy, Z. I. "Organic films deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett method and by adsorption." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374634.

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Anderez, Dora M. Gomez. "A study of the synchrotron Laue method for quantitative crystal structure analysis." Thesis, University of York, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238717.

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Williams, Joshua R. "Fundamental investigations of skutterudite phase formation by the modulated elemental reactant method /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3055721.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-128). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Yamada, Takashi. "Basic properties of Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method and applications to magnetic field analysis." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240420.

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Randhawa, Banljinder Singh. "Electromagnetic modelling of curved structures using a hybrid finite-volume finite-difference time-domain method." Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362043.

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Books on the topic "SOLID-STATE METHOD"

1

Pertsin, Alexander J. The Atom-Atom Potential Method: Applications to Organic Molecular Solids. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987.

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Pertsin, A. J. The atom-atom potential method: Applications to organic molecular solids. Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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I͡Astrebov, L. I. Foundations of one-electron theory of solids. Mir Publishers, 1987.

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Yastrebov, L. I. Foundations of one-electron theory of solids. Mir, 1987.

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Pertsin, A. J. The atom-atom potential method in physics and chemistry of organic solids. Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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1945-, Pettifor D. G., and Weaire D. L, eds. The Recursion method and its applications: Proceedings of the conference, Imperial College, London, England, September 13-14, 1984. Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Barʹi͡akhtar, Viktor Grigorʹevich. Metody vychislitelʹnoĭ fiziki v teorii tverdogo tela: Atomnye svoĭstva metallov. Nauk. dumka, 1990.

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Pettifor, D. G. The Recursion Method and Its Applications: Proceedings of the Conference, Imperial College, London, England September 13-14, 1984. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985.

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Lew Yan Voon, Lok C. and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. The k p Method: Electronic Properties of Semiconductors. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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missing], [name. Computer simulation studies in condensed-matter physics XV: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop ; Athens, GA, USA, March 11-15, 2002. Springer, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "SOLID-STATE METHOD"

1

Quinn, John J., and Kyung-Soo Yi. "Many Body Interactions: Green’s Function Method." In Solid State Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92231-5_12.

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Kamaya, Masayuki, and Toshihisa Nishioka. "Finite Element Alternating Method for Interacting Surface Cracks." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-29-9.147.

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Ugajin, Hajime, Hayato Iwamoto, and Kei Kinoshita. "Direct Mixing Cleaning Method of Aqua Regia on Wafer." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-06-x.245.

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Michalski, A., D. Siemiaszko, Jakub Jaroszewicz, M. Rosiński, and M. Psoda. "Nanocrystalline Cemented Carbides Sintered by the Pulse Plasma Method." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-22-1.245.

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Beygelzimer, Yan, Dmitry Orlov, Alexander Korshunov, et al. "Features of Twist Extrusion: Method, Structures & Material Properties." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-22-1.69.

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Sakoshi, Kazumasa, Chuji Kagaya, and Eiji Kagaya. "Development of Solid Nitriding Method Using Thermosetting Waste Plastic." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-25-6.121.

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Wang, Jing, Hua Min Kou, Yu Bai Pan, and Jing Kun Guo. "Febrication of MWNTs Composites with In Situ Precipitation Method." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-30-2.135.

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Fukuzawa, Yasushi, Shigeru Nagasawa, and Shigehiko Takaoka. "Bonding Strength of W-Cu Joint by PECS Method." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-33-7.271.

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Górnicka, Barbara, Bolesław Mazurek, Witold Mielcarek, Krystyna Prociów, and Joanna Warycha. "Synthesis of Nano-Powder Materials Using Spray-Pyrolysis Method." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-38-8.13.

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Pahlevani, Farshid, Koichi Anzai, and E. Niyama. "Quick Semi-Solid Slurry Making Method Using Metallic Cup." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-59-0.463.

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Conference papers on the topic "SOLID-STATE METHOD"

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Yasukevich, A. S., V. G. Shcherbitsky, V. E. Kisel, A. V. Mandrik, and N. V. Kuleshov. "Modified reciprocity method in laser crystals spectroscopy." In Advanced Solid-State Photonics. OSA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assp.2004.426.

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Yasukevich, A. S., V. G. Shcherbitsky, V. E. Kisel, A. V. Mandrik, and N. V. Kuleshov. "Modified reciprocity method in laser crystals spectroscopy." In Advanced Solid-State Photonics. OSA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assp.2004.wb8.

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A., Lashova, Lvov A., Salimgareev D., Korsakov A., and Zhukova L. "Manufacturing Optical Products by the Hot Embossing Method." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2019.jw2a.48.

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Cirmi, Giovanni, Hüseyin Çankaya, Peter Krogen, et al. "Novel method for CEP-stable seeding of few-cycle OPCPAs." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2019.am2a.3.

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Lee, Chao-Kuei, J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Huang, and C. L. Pan. "Novel method for generation of tunable UV/blue femtosecond pulses." In Advanced Solid-State Photonics. OSA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assp.2005.wb24.

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Sato, Y., I. Shoji, S. Kurimura, et al. "Optical absorption and emission spectroscopy of Nd:Bi4Si3O12 grown by Bridgman method." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2001.mb4.

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Nakamura, Shinki, Taishi Agata, Takayo Ogawa, Mikio Higuchi, and Satoshi Wada. "Laser Performance of Yb-doped Vanadates Grown by Floating Zone Method." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2013.am4a.18.

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Desai, Mangesh A., and S. D. Sartale. "ZnS nanoflakes deposition by modified chemical method." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 58th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2013. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873105.

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Shinde, Seema, M. Ghosh, Shashwati Sen, S. G. Singh, S. C. Gadkari, and S. K. Gupta. "Synthesis of gadolinium silicate by hydrothermal method." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 57TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2012. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791476.

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Jena, S., R. B. Tokas, S. Thakur, and N. K. Sahoo. "Optical constants and thickness determination of thin films using envelope method and inverse synthesis method: A comparative study." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 57TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2012. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791196.

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Reports on the topic "SOLID-STATE METHOD"

1

Hu, Yanyan. Solid state NMR method development and studies of biological and biomimetic nanocomposites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1029550.

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Starrost, Frank, and Emily A. Carter. Quantum Structural Methods for the Solid State and Surfaces. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413986.

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Cosman, M., A. T. Tran, J. Ulloa, and R. S. Maxwell. Development of Solid State NMR Methods for the Structural Characterization of Membrane Proteins: Applications to Understand Multiple Sclerosis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15007469.

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Mason, H. E., P. Campbell, and A. Sawvel. Progress Summary: Solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods are being used to deduce the molecular structure of degradation products in Material 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1557075.

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Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.

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