Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solid Precipitation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Solid Precipitation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Solid Precipitation"

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Kondratiev, Alexander S., and Pavel P. Shvydko. "Analysis of collisions of precipitating solid particles with a wall in a viscous liquid." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 17, no. 3 (December 25, 2023): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-501750.

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BACKGROUND: When calculating velocities of free precipitation of solid particle in a viscous Newtonian liquid, it is assumed that influence of incoming vessel head can be neglected. Necessity of considering this factor grows with a vessel head getting closer and with decrease of particles’ geometrical size. AIMS: Development of the method of calculating solid particles’ precipitation rate in a Newtonian fluid considering the incoming vessel head and definition the limits of its application. METHODS: The known analytical model of motion of precipitating disperses solid particles when approaching a vessel head is analyzed. It is shown that the known model of calculation of solid particles’ precipitation rate near the vessel head needs to be refined. RESULTS: The proposed modification of the analytical model of definition the solid particles’ precipitation rate considering the existence of a vessel head helps to ensure more credible results from physical standpoint. Recommendations regarding the influence of the Brownian motion of fluid’s molecules on motion of precipitating solid particles are given. CONCLUSION: Practical value of the study lies in ability to calculate solid particles’ precipitation rate near to a vessel head.
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Povar, Igor, and Oxana Spinu. "Correlation between global thermodynamic functions and experimental data in multicomponent heterogeneous systems." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 2 (February 2016): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0411.

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The correlation between global thermodynamic functions and such experimental data, which quantitatively characterize the precipitation–dissolution processes of sparingly soluble compounds, as the degree of precipitation and residual concentrations of the solid-phase components in saturated solutions under real conditions, taking into account the complex formation reactions, has been deducted. The paper intends also to introduce widely formal thermodynamic methods for forecasting the conditions of mutual transformation of solid phases through chemical synthesis by precipitation methods, optimization of coprecipitation methods, fractional precipitation from homogeneous solutions, and separation and analysis of chemical compounds. Within the method of residual concentrations, the thermodynamic parameters of the process of precipitating cadmium ions with potassium decanoate from acid and alkaline solutions for different temperatures were investigated. On the basis of the experimentally determined degree of precipitation and its dependence on temperature, the temperature coefficients and overall thermodynamic characteristics of the precipitation process ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) were determined. The optimum conditions of the investigated process of precipitation have been established.
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Thériault, Julie M., Nicolas R. Leroux, and Roy M. Rasmussen. "Improvement of Solid Precipitation Measurements Using a Hotplate Precipitation Gauge." Journal of Hydrometeorology 22, no. 4 (April 2021): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0168.1.

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AbstractAccurate snowfall measurement is challenging because it depends on the precipitation gauge used, meteorological conditions, and the precipitation microphysics. Upstream of weighing gauges, the flow field is disturbed by the gauge and any shielding used usually creates an updraft, which deflects solid precipitation from falling in the gauge, resulting in significant undercatch. Wind shields are often used with weighing gauges to reduce this updraft, and transfer functions are required to adjust the snowfall measurements to consider gauge undercatch. Using these functions reduces the bias in precipitation measurement but not the root-mean-square error (RMSE). In this study, the accuracy of the Hotplate precipitation gauge was compared to standard unshielded and shielded weighing gauges collected during the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment program. The analysis performed in this study shows that the Hotplate precipitation gauge bias after wind correction is near zero and similar to wind corrected weighing gauges. The RMSE of the Hotplate precipitation gauge measurements is lower than weighing gauges (with or without an Alter shield) for wind speeds up to 5 m s−1, the wind speed limit at which sufficient data were available. This study shows that the Hotplate precipitation gauge measurement has a low bias and RMSE due to its aerodynamic shape, making its performance mostly independent of the type of solid precipitation.
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Zhang, Lele, Lin Zhao, Changwei Xie, Guangyue Liu, Liming Gao, Yao Xiao, Jianzong Shi, and Yongping Qiao. "Intercomparison of Solid Precipitation Derived from the Weighting Rain Gauge and Optical Instruments in the Interior Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/936724.

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Due to the light precipitation and strong wind in the cold season, it is hard to get credible solid precipitation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP). To address this issue, two kinds of optical instruments, the Thies Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM) and OTT laser-optical Particle Size Velocity (Parsivel), were used on QTP. The measured precipitation was compared with the precipitation derived from Geonor T-200B precipitation gauge (Geonor). The results showed that Geonor was hard to catch light precipitation (precipitation amount was less than 1 mm during a single event) when the wind speeds were higher than 3.5 m/s. Even when the wind speeds were smaller than 3.5 m/s, about 44% of such light precipitation events were not recorded by Geonor. The optical instruments had much better performance in recording light precipitation. Three methods were used to correct Geonor measurements of daily solid precipitation and the corrected values were set as reference for assessing the performance of LPM and Parsivel; the results showed that LPM had good performance in measuring the solid precipitation but Parsivel overestimated the precipitation amount. Methods for correcting Geonor’s hourly solid precipitation and recalculating Parsivel’s solid precipitation amount were also proposed in this paper.
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Sheppard, B. E., and P. I. Joe. "Performance of the Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System as a Precipitation Gauge." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 196–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha957.1.

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Abstract The Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS) is a small X-band Doppler radar originally developed by the Meteorological Service of Canada for reporting the occurrence, type, and intensity of precipitation from Automated Weather Observing Stations. This study evaluates POSS as a gauge for measuring amounts of both liquid and solid precipitation. Different precipitation rate estimation algorithms are described. The effect of different solid precipitation types on the Doppler velocity spectrum is discussed. Lacking any accepted reference for high temporal resolution rates, the POSS precipitation rate measurements are integrated over time periods ranging from 6 h to one day and validated against international and Canadian reference gauges. Data from a wide range of sites across Canada and for periods of several years are used. The statistical performance of POSS is described in terms of the distribution of ratios of POSS to reference gauge amounts (catch ratios). In liquid precipitation the median of the catch ratio distribution is 82% and the interquartile range was between −12% and 19% about the median. In solid precipitation the median is 90% and the interquartile range is between −17% and 24% about the median. The underestimation in both liquid and solid precipitation is shown to be a function of precipitation rate and phase. The effects of radome wetting, raindrop splashing, wind, and the radar “brightband” effect on the estimation of precipitation rates are discussed.
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Grünebaum, T., and E. Dorgeloh. "Biological Phosphorus Elimination Combined with Precipitation and Flocculation." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0498.

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As interactions between chemical precipitation and biological wastewater treatment are well known, biological phosphate removal should be considered for advanced nutrient removal. A combination of biological phosphate removal and chemical precipitation treatment is sensible and economic, when the precipitation step is used for removal of residual amounts of phosphate. Improved biological phosphate removal and simultaneous precipitation both give increase in dry solids phosphate content. Assuming a concentration of 0.05 gP/gSS and an effluent suspended solids concentration of 20 mg/l the solids contribution accounts for a Ptot-discharge of 1 mgP/l wastewater. Efficient solid/liquid separation is therefore vital in achieving Ptot-limit values.
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Lara-Serrano, Marta, Daniela M. Sboiu, Silvia Morales-delaRosa, and Jose M. Campos-Martin. "Selective Fragmentation of Lignocellulosic Biomass with ZnCl2·4H2O Using a Dissolution/Precipitation Method." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2023): 2953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13052953.

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Lignocellulosic biomass dissolution in an inorganic salt hydrate (ZnCl2·4H2O) and its subsequent precipitation with water for the separation of its main compounds were investigated. For this purpose, different dissolution times and temperatures were studied, where 24 h and 70 °C were found to be the optimal choice. Three solids were obtained, which were analyzed and identified by XRD, SEM, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Solid I is the undissolved part of the starting material, and it consists of lignin, which does not react with the inorganic salt hydrate and the unreacted cellulose. Solid II is a cellulose-rich solid with a low portion of hemicellulose and lignin, and Solid III is mainly pure lignin as the characterization results showed. Hemicellulose is mainly dissolved and hydrolyzed in the dissolution treatment and the amount present in all solids was very small. The reactivity of Solid I and Solid II in a hydrolysis reaction was tested (0.2 M/L H2SO4, 5 h, and 140 °C), where a significant improvement in the conversion and the yield of sugars was obtained with respect to the untreated samples in both cases. Solid II yields a large amount of total reducing sugars, with a % selectivity of 78–88%, depending on the starting biomass.
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Liu, Jie, Bensheng Huang, Liangxiong Chen, Jingxue Yang, and Xiaohong Chen. "Evaluation of GPM and TRMM and Their Capabilities for Capturing Solid and Light Precipitations in the Headwater Basin of the Heihe River." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030453.

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Obtaining accurate precipitation data in mountainous regions is important but challenging. In ungauged areas, remotely sensed precipitation products are useful supplements and alternatives to measured precipitation products. However, their ability to detect solid precipitation and light precipitation in mountain areas is still unclear. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate two satellite precipitation products, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and Tropical Precipitation Measuring Mission (TRMM), in the headwaters of an inland river on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (the Heihe river basin), with a specific focus on their performance regarding light precipitation and solid precipitation. The achieved results reveal that both GPM and TRMM perform poorly over the Heihe river basin, with low Correlation Coefficient value and Critical Success Index value, particularly in winter. Based on the coupled Time-Variant Gain Model-Degree Day Factor Model (TVGM-DDF) initiated in this paper, the GPM is more applicable in terms of running hydrological models. With the aim of detecting solid precipitation, the GPM is more capable of detecting solid precipitation but still unsatisfactory at two stations. In the case of light precipitation, both products underestimate light precipitation. In general, the performance of the two products in the Heihe river basin is not satisfactory and should be enhanced in upcoming explorations. This study provides a strong foundation for choosing alternate precipitation data for related research in the mountain basin.
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Hynčica, Martin, and Radan Huth. "Long-term changes in precipitation phase in Czechia." Geografie 124, no. 1 (2019): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2019124010041.

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Long-term changes in precipitation phase are investigated at ten stations in Czechia. Trends are calculated from 1983 to 2018 for the period between November and April. Daily SYNOP reports and daily precipitation totals are used at every station, where number and occurrence of specific codes in SYNOP report determine daily precipitation totals as solid, combined (which represents, to a large extent, category of mixed precipitation), or liquid. Thereafter, it is possible to calculate trends of all precipitation phases as well as the proportion of solid to total precipitation (S/P; in %). The average S/P trend over all Czech stations is significantly negative (−0.60%·year-1) and accompanied by a sharp decrease in solid precipitation (−1.66 mm·year-1) and an increase in combined precipitation (1.50 mm·year-1). Thus, our results show a ship of precipitation phase from solid to combined. Because of the dependence of S/P on air temperature, we suppose that the current S/P decline is a manifestation of rising air temperatures in the past decades.
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Wolff, Mareile, Ketil Isaksen, Ragnar Brækkan, Eli Alfnes, Asgeir Petersen-Øverleir, and Erik Ruud. "Measurements of wind-induced loss of solid precipitation: description of a Norwegian field study." Hydrology Research 44, no. 1 (July 30, 2012): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.166.

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Precipitation measurements have a well-documented and mostly wind-dependent bias which is especially apparent during solid precipitation events. The resulting inaccuracy in precipitation data remains an area of concern in quantifying regional and global climate trends. As a high-latitude country, Norway has many solid precipitation events often accompanied by high wind speeds where the current adjustment functions have only limited validity. The presented study aims at improving the quality of solid precipitation data. In a comprehensive field experiment, precipitation data of standard automatic gauges are compared with data of a reference gauge surrounded by a double fence construction to minimize wind impact. Additional meteorological parameters are measured at the test site, allowing for an in-depth analysis of high-temporal-resolution precipitation data. The goal is to develop new adjustment functions for solid precipitation measurements which account for Norway's typical climate and are suitable for automated measurements. Measurements began in winter 2010/2011 at the alpine test site in southern Norway (chosen after a pre-study in 2009/2010) and will continue for two more winters. In this paper, the test site and its instrumentation are described and preliminary results are presented.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solid Precipitation"

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Schöll, Jochen. "Nucleation, growth, and solid phase transformations during precipitation processes /." Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16779.

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Durán, Alárcon Claudio. "Ground-based remote sensing of Antarctic and Alpine solid precipitation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU024/document.

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Les précipitations solides jouent un rôle crucial dans le système climatique terrestre, ainsi que dans le maintien des écosystèmes et le développement des activités humaines. Les incertitudes associées aux estimations quantitatives des précipitations ainsi que celles concernant les projections des modèles climatiques font de cette composante du cycle hydrologique un sujet de recherche important. La télédétection permet de suivre les précipitations et les nuages dans des régions où les observations in situ sont rares et dispersées, mais avec une résolution temporelle limitée ainsi qu’une zone aveugle près du sol pour les capteurs spatiaux, et une visibilité limitée dans la basse atmosphère en terrain complexe pour les radars au sol. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont les suivants : 1) caractériser les nuages et les précipitations en Antarctique, en détectant la présence d’eau liquide surfondue et de particules de glace près du sol à l'aide d'un lidar 532-nm, polarisé, au sol ; 2) caractériser la structure verticale des précipitations dans deux régions contrastées mais importantes de la cryosphère, l’Antarctique et les Alpes, dans la basse troposphère, en utilisant des radars au sol.Dans cette étude, une méthode de détection des hydrométéores dans les nuages et les précipitations est proposée à l'aide de données lidar complétées par celles d’un <> (MRR) en bande K pour améliorer la détection des précipitations, ces deux instruments étant déployés à la station Dumont d'Urville (DDU) en Antarctique de l’Est. Une méthode fondée sur le facteur de dépolarisation lidar, le coefficient de rétrodiffusion atténué et l'utilisation d’un partitionnement en k-moyennes est développée. La classification des particules des nuages et des précipitations permet de documenter la distribution verticale de l'eau liquide surfondue, ainsi que des particules de glace sous différentes formes. La comparaison entre les classifications obtenues depuis le sol et celles obtenues à partir des données satellitaires montre des formes similaires pour la distribution verticale de l'eau liquide surfondue dans les nuages.La structure verticale des précipitations près de la surface est analysée à l'aide des moments Doppler obtenus à partir de trois MRRs situés à DDU, à la station Princess Elisabeth (PE) à l'intérieur de l'Antarctique de l’Est, et à la station du Col de Porte (CDP) dans les Alpes françaises. Ces analyses montrent que le climat local joue un rôle important dans la structure verticale des précipitations. En Antarctique, les forts vents catabatiques soufflant du haut plateau jusqu'à la côte diminuent le facteur de réflectivité radar près de la surface en raison de la sublimation des flocons de neige. Les moments Doppler fournissent aussi de riches informations pour comprendre les processus liés aux précipitations, tels que l'agrégation et le givrage, observés notamment à DDU et au Col de Porte.Les résultats montrent également qu'à l'intérieur du continent Antarctique, une partie significative (47%) des profils de précipitations présentent une sublimation complète avant la surface en raison des conditions atmosphériques sèches, alors que sur la côte de l'Antarctique, cela ne concerne qu’environ un tiers des profils (36%). Dans les Alpes, ce pourcentage est réduit à 15%. La majeure partie de la sublimation est observée en dessous de l'altitude où les profils de CloudSat sont contaminés par la proximité du sol. Par conséquent, ce phénomène ne peut pas être entièrement décelé depuis l'espace avec les capteurs actuels.Cette thèse contribue à l'étude de la structure verticale des précipitations neigeuses dans la basse troposphère ; elle est utile pour l'évaluation des produits de télédétection concernant les précipitations qui peuvent présenter de fortes limitations à la proximité de la surface
Solid precipitation plays an important role in the Earth's climate system, as well as for the maintenance of ecosystems and the development of human society. The large uncertainty in precipitation estimates and the discrepancies within climate model projections make this component of the hydrological cycle important as a research topic. Remote sensing allows to monitor precipitation and clouds in regions where in-situ observations are scarce and scattered, but with limited temporal resolution and a blind zone close to the ground level for spaceborne sensors, and limited visibility in the lower atmosphere in complex terrain for ground-based radars. The objectives of this dissertation are the following: 1) to characterize cloud and precipitation in Antarctica, detecting the presence of supercooled liquid and ice particles near the ground level using a ground-based 532-nm depolarization lidar; 2) to characterize the vertical structure of the precipitation in two contrasted but important regions of the cryosphere, Antarctica and the Alps, in the low troposphere using ground-based radars.In this study, a cloud and precipitation hydrometeor detection method is proposed using lidar data, complemented with a K-band micro rain radar (MRR) to improve the detection of precipitation, both instruments deployed at the Dumont d'Urville (DDU) station in East Antarctica. A method based on lidar depolarization and attenuated backscattering coefficient and the use of k-means clustering is developed for the particle classification. The classification of cloud and precipitation particles provides the vertical distribution of supercooled liquid water, as well as planar oriented ice and randomly oriented ice particles. The comparison between ground-based and satellite-derived classifications shows consistent patterns for the vertical distribution of supercooled liquid water in clouds.The vertical structure of precipitation near the surface is analyzed using the Doppler moments derived from three MRR profiles at DDU, the Princess Elisabeth (PE) station, at the interior of East Antarctica, and at the Col de Porte (CDP) station, in the French Alps. These analyses demonstrate that local climate plays an important role in the vertical structure of the precipitation. In Antarctica, the strong katabatic winds blowing from the high plateau down to the coast decrease the radar reflectivity factor near the surface due to the sublimation of the snowfall particles. Doppler moments also provide rich information to understand precipitation processes, such as aggregation and riming, as observed at DDU and CDP.The results also show that in the interior of the Antarctic continent a significant part (47%) of the precipitation profiles completely sublimate before reaching the surface, due to the dry atmospheric conditions, while in the coast of Antarctica it corresponds to about the third part (36%). In the Alps, this percentage is reduced to 15%. The major occurrence of particle sublimation is observed below the altitude where CloudSat profiles are contaminated by ground clutter. Therefore, this phenomenon cannot be fully captured from space with the current generation of sensors.This dissertation contributes to the study of the vertical structure of snowfall in the low troposphere, useful for the evaluation of precipitation remote sensing products, which may have severe limitations in the vicinity of the surface
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Carter, Geoffrey A. "Controlling precipitation of value added zirconia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1356.

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Advanced zirconia-based materials have many important applications in electronics and medical applications, and of most interest to this research, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) which is a key technology for alternative and hydrogen-based energy generation. The SOFC in its most basic form is a device for converting hydrogen and oxygen into water with a resulting generation of power. Most SOFC manufacturers/developers are using zirconia doped with yttria as the electrolyte with variations on the amount of yttria. The SOFC places high demands on the ceramic components, placing significant demands on powder processing technology to enable fabrication of reliable components. It has been shown that the process of co-precipitation of three initially mixed chlorides, aluminium chloride, yttrium chloride and zirconium oxychloride in aqueous solutions, can produce an oxide powder that can be used in SOFC manufacture. Zirconia powders synthesised from aqueous solution in this way have been found, however, to include hard agglomerates which are detrimental to further processing and applications.Industrial manufacture of zirconia and zirconia-yttria products can best be summarised as four step operation; (1) hydrolyse of zirconyl chloride and mixing of other solutions, (2) precipitation, (3) calcination (4) forward processing for particle size, surface area and handle-ability characteristics . The use of aqueous solutions allows for lower costs of production and reduced waste. However such production is hampered by limited understanding of the fundamental chemistry particularly during aqueous processing which limits the development of better powders for the widespread use of SOFC’s. The aim of this project was to develop an understanding of these problems based on an industrial process that is in use within Western Australia. The work has been broken up into five sections, with the first four dealing with predominately non-stabilized zirconia and tracks the process from aqueous chemistry through to final ceramic. The final section does the same for a 3 mole% yttrium partially stabilised zirconia.The influence of concentration and added chloride salts on the solution speciation of zirconyl chloride solutions, and the precipitate formed upon addition of aqueous ammonia, has been investigated using a combination of techniques, such as SAXS, DLS, ICP-OES, TEM and SEM.To further investigate the precipitation process the effect of pH of precipitation, starting solution concentration, and agitation levels on the particle size of hydrous zirconia precipitates have been investigated. The pH of precipitation was also found to have a significant impact on the type of hydrous zirconia produced. TGA/DTA, micro combustion and TEM / EDS were used to investigate the difference in the powders produced at pH 3 and 12.The two hydrous zirconium manufactured at pH 3 and 12 have been studied as further processing consistent with industrial procedures was undertaken, including how the differences in structure due to the pH of precipitation, may effect the calcination, in situ and ex situ x-ray diffraction was used for this.With the knowledge developed thus far, two 3 mol% partially stabilised zirconia (P-SZ) samples suitable for the SOFC market were manufactured from solutions through to ceramics.The combination of SAXS, DLS, in situ XRD, TEM, ICP, TGA/DTA, micro combustion, and standard ceramic testing was found to be excellent for providing comprehensive information on changes through an industrial process and will allow optimisation to produce powders suitable for SOFC applications.
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Wang, Jianfeng. "A study of rare earth element substituted strontium hexaferrite produced by chemical co-precipitation and hydrothermal synthesis." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288888.

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Hexaferrites are still a very important component of the permanent magnets market because of their low price combined with reasonably attractive magnetic properties. In such a context, any improvement of the magnet data would be of great importance. In recent years, work has been carried out on improving the magnetic properties by a combined substitution of La and Co into the Sr-ferrite composition. This improvement was largely associated with an increase of coercivity and the underlying magneto-crystalline anisotropy. The possibility of replacing Sr by La and the subsequent improvement of the magnetic properties of the M-type ferrite stimulated our interest in studying other rare-earth ion substitutions. This thesis focuses on the effects of rare-earth element substitutions on the magnetic properties of strontium hexaferrite, SrM (SrFe12O19b)y chemical co-precipitation and by hydrothermal synthesis,a s well as on the properties-microstructure relationship. In order to produce the nanosized SrM powder, chemical co-precipitation was employed and subsequently proved to be an effective route for producing nanosized single domain SrM powder, where the SrM phase crystallises from the mainly amorphous co-precipitates through an exothermic reaction after calcination at >650°C. A very high intrinsic coercivity of 518. OkA/m (6509 Oe) with magnetisation at I IOOkA/m of 67 J/T. kg was obtained for the sample calcined at 850°C for 2h in air. The coercivity is close to the theoretical limit and is one of the highest values reported so far for isotropic SrM particles. Nanosized SrM powders with Sm and La-Zn additives were also studied. It was found that Sm doping increased slightly the coercivity of SrM and exhibited higher values than those of the corresponding samples with La additives. However, the values of magnetisation decreased slightly with the increase of the Sm/Sr ratio, which can be correlated with the increased proportion of weakly magnetic SrFeO3_pxh ase in the Sm doped SrM. Sm doping slightly increasedt he ferritization temperatureo f SrM. In the case of the La-Zn substitution, single phase Sri_,(,L aZn),,F e12_XO19 nanosized powders were produced successfully for all x, where x varied from 0 to 0.4. La-Zn substitution caused a decrease of the Curie temperature. The values of magnetization, remanence and coercivity decreased with La-Zn content. Unlike the results of La-Zn doped SrM particles prepared by conventional ceramic methods and the results of La-Zn doped SrM film prepared by rf sputtering, no improvement of the magnetisation was observed, which suggested that the properties of these materials are strongly processing-dependent and that the site preference of the Zn 2+ cation is not identical in all cases but would be affected by the processing route. Mainly single phase RE (RE=Sm, Nd, Pr and La) substituted SrM plate-like particles with the magnetoplumbite structure could be produced by hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent calcination. Under the particular hydrothermal conditions, RE elements did not substitute totally into the SrM structure and this resulted in incomplete reactions between Fe 3+ and Sr2+, indicated by traces of a-Fe2O3 and RE203 in all the RE substituted SrM samples. The presence of a-Fe2O3 and RE203 increased with the increase of the RE/Sr ratio. High temperature calcination homogenizes the materials and promotes the substitution of RE elements, resulting generally in the disappearance of a-Fe2O3 and RE203 after calcinations at >_ 1100°C. A higher calcination temperature was required to obtain the SrM single phase for a high RE/Sr ratio. The SrFe03_xp hase was found to be present in most of the RE substituted samples after calcination above 1100°C. Except for the La substitution, the other RE elements reduced the rate of grain growth during the calcination. Generally, the magnetization values of the RE substituted samples were almost the same as that of SrM. On the other hand, their intrinsic coercivities generally increased upon RE doping. Thus, an appropriate amount of RE substitution resulted in a useful increase in the intrinsic coercivity (18% for Sm, 14% for Pr, 11 % for Nd and 5% for La) without causing any significant deterioration in the saturation magnetisation or in the remanence. The improvement in the coercivity as a result of the RE substitutions is discussed in terms of the extrinsic effect associated with the microstructure and the intrinsic effect associated with an increase in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Finally, anisotropic SrM magnets with Sm substitution, which is observed to have the largest enhancement of coercivity among the other elements, were studied. All the magnets with Sm additions exhibit a bigger coercivity and remanence than those of the SrM magnet and the coercivity of the magnets increases with increasing Sm/Sr ratio. The average grain size of the samples decreases with increasing Sm/Sr ratio. EDX quantitative analysis suggests that the solubility of Sm 3+ in the SrM-type structure is very small and that the Sm3+ preferably goes into SrFe03_Xw, hich is probably located around the SrM grain boundaries. The coercivity mechanism of the magnets is nucleation controlled. The formation and the distribution of the SrFe03_x phase around the SrM grain boundraies probably provides the inhibition of SrM grain growth, the reduction of the reverse domain nucleation at the grain surface and the isolation of the SrM grains. All these factors would contribute to the improvements of the coercivity of the magnets with Sm additions.
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Manfoumbi, Christian. "Précipitation des gels de silice en solution aqueuse sursaturée à forte acidité : mécanismes et mésostructures, application à la filtrabilité des pulpes dans les procédés hydrométallurgiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30251/document.

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La formation de gels de silice dans les procédés hydrométallurgiques est très souvent problématique pour la performance des étapes de séparation solide-liquide, en raison du colmatage des filtres. Ces étapes interviennent en aval des étapes de lixiviation visant à mettre en solution les éléments d'intérêts, notamment dans des milieux à forte acidité. Egalement mis en solution au cours de ces attaques acides, le silicium précipite alors sous forme d'oxyde de silicium et forme des gels extrêmement préjudiciables à la filtration. Dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec ERAMET Research, centre de recherche d'ERAMET, groupe minier français qui conçoit des procédés hydrométallurgiques, nous avons étudié l'influence des conditions de lixiviation d'un minerai spécifique sur la cinétique de dissolution du silicium ainsi que sur les mécanismes de précipitation de la silice en milieu acide. Nous avons montré qu'en-dessous d'une valeur de pH égale à 2, la silice polymérise pour former des gels suivant des mécanismes indépendants de la composition ionique de la solution. L'étude structurale des gels obtenus, réalisée par diffusion de rayonnement aux petits angles (SAXS) nous a conduit à proposer un modèle pour la mésostructure qui permet de comprendre leur impact sur les vitesses de filtration. Par la suite, des stratégies consistant à modifier la mésostructure des gels par des approches physiques ou physico-chimiques ont été considérées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la possibilité d'utiliser à court terme ces stratégies pour améliorer la filtrabilité des gels de silice dans un procédé hydrométallurgique
The formation of silica gels in hydrometallurgical processes is very often problematic for the performance of the solid-liquid separation steps, due to clogging of the filters. These steps are carried out downstream of leaching aiming to solubilize the elements of interests, in particular in solutions with strong acidity. Also dissolved during acidic leaching, the silicon then precipitates in the form of silicon oxide and forms gels extremely detrimental to filtration. In collaboration with ERAMET Research, a research center of ERAMET, a french mining group that designs hydrometallurgical processes, we studied the influence of the leaching conditions of a specific ore on the dissolution kinetics of silicon as well as on the mechanisms of precipitation of silica in an acidic solution. We have shown that below a pH value of 2, silica polymerizes to form gels following mechanisms independent of the ionic composition of the solution. Based, on the structural study of the gels, carried out by small angle radiation scattering (SAXS) we proposed a model for the mesotructure, which explain the impact on filtration rates. Subsequently, strategies to modify the mesostructure of the gels by physical or physicochemical approaches were considered. The results have shown the potentialities of these strategies in the short term to improve the filterability of precipitated silica gels in a hydrométallurgical process
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Chen, Gang. "The role of interfacial structure in the evolution of precipitate morphology." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40065.

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Gioseffi, Katherine C. M. "Insights into the kinetics of solid gypsum dehydration from wide and small-angle synchrotron X-ray scattering." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127714/1/Katherine_Gioseffi_Thesis.pdf.

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Fluids liberated through the dehydration of hydrous minerals play a major role during earthquake formation, volcanism, metasomatism, and metamorphism in the lithosphere. The kinetics of the dehydration of natural gypsum rock are studied here with novel in-situ dehydration experiments using synchrotron transmission X-ray scattering. Powdered materials are used most commonly when studying dehydration kinetics of gypsum and other minerals. The presented experiments on natural rock highlight the physical importance of rock microstructure and grain-scale stresses in dehydration processes. This result has important implications for future experimental design and upscaling of kinetic data to understand crustal processes in real rocks.
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Ding, Weixuan. "Syntheses of ternary oxyhydrates and oxides in the calcium-uranium system : stoichiometric influences on their structural affinity, precipitation mechanisms, and solid-state transformations." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19431/.

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Calcium uranyl(VI) oxyhydrates and uranates are structurally related U(VI)-phases featuring uranium oxo-polyhedral sheets, with calcium ions occupying the interlayer. Both coordination environments appear throughout the nuclear fuel-cycle as alteration products, colloids, and sorption complexes. However, concerted studies spanning the aqueous precipitation mechanisms of uranyl(VI) oxyhydrates, their solid-state transformations, and structural relationships with uranates, have hitherto remained largely unexplored. A series of calcium-based uranyl(VI) oxyhydrates were precipitated via alkalisation of aqueous precursor solutions in titration and batch reactions. The bulk stoichiometric ratio of calcium to uranium (Ca/U) of precipitates was varied by modifying precursor stoichiometry, reaction temperature, or extraction pH. The rate of precipitation and its dependency on temperature was quantified in-situ using a quartz crystal microbalance. Novel insight was revealed on the mechanisms influencing nucleation and growth, by determining associated kinetic barriers as a function of precursor-Ca/U. Remarkably, as the bulk precipitate Ca/U increased from ~⅛ to unity, there was a transition from crystalline Becquerelite to primary or secondary amorphous phases, with uranate-like coordination environments. Formation of the latter was driven by solution alkalinity, and comprises a poorly-ordered matrix with occlusions of Ca2+-rich nano-clusters. A congruency limit lies Ca/U of ~1.5 Ca/U, whereupon discrete Portlandite crystallises. Solid-state transformation of all Ca2+-U(VI)-phases studied involved dehydration, dehydroxylation-decarbonation, and desorption processes. Associated kinetic barriers were catalysed by higher Ca2+-contents, and was reflected by reaction enthalpies for dehydration and desorption. Crystalline Becquerelite (~⅛ Ca/U) underwent amorphisation-crystallisation via partial egress of interlayer calcium, followed by reduction of β-UO3 to form a novel intercalation compound Ca0.18.α-U3O8. The endmember uranates Ca3U11O36, CaU2O7, Ca2U3O11, and CaUO4 crystallised from amorphous precursors with higher bulk Ca/U (~⅓, ~½, ~⅔, ~1), where Ca3U11O36 is a novel compound that is isostructural to (Pb/Sr)3U11O36. Nucleation and growth became predominant in the presence of Ca2+-rich occlusions. A higher Ca2+-loading facilitated the progressive ingress of interlayer-Ca2+, inducing a concerted axial compression in uranyl(VI) oxo-polyhedra towards the uranate-like coordination environment.
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Masood, Muhammad Talha. "Synthesis of SrxRe1-xFeO3 cathode materials by carbonate co-precipitation for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells : Re stands for rare earth elements." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103277.

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Ma, Yangzhou. "Modeling and development of new materials for fuel cells solid electrolyte." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0286/document.

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Les piles à combustibles à électrolyte solide de type SOFC permettent de transformer directement l’énergie de la réaction chimique de formation de l’eau à partir de l’hydrogène et de l’oxygène, en énergie électrique. De nos jours, les apatites de type silicates de terres rares présentent beaucoup d’intérêt comme électrolyte solide en raison de leurs propriétés de transport élevées avec une forte conductivité ionique et une faible énergie d'activation. Ils peuvent fonctionner de manière stable à une température intermédiaire sur une large plage de pression partielle d'oxygène en maintenant d'excellentes performances. Ils sont ainsi considérés comme de bons candidats pour les électrolytes de piles de type IT-SOFC. Parmi cette série de conducteurs, le type La-Si-O possède une conductivité plus élevée et leur performance serait modifiée par différents éléments dopants.L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les effets des éléments de substitution / dopage ainsi que les méthodes de synthèse sur les propriétés structurales ainsi que sur la conductivité des apatites de type silicates de lanthane. Dans cette étude, nous utilisons une double approche: une approche de simulation et une approche expérimentale pour optimiser la pureté et les performances des matériaux d'électrolyte.Dans l'approche de simulation, le calcul basé sur la DFT (Théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité) a été réalisée en vue d’étudier l'effet des positions de dopage: dopant Sr à La position de La et dopant Ge à la position de Si. Les résultats obtenus par le calcul concernant la conductivité ionique confirment ceux obtenus par l’expérience.Avec l’approche expérimentale, nous présentons la synthèse et la caractérisation de La10Si6O27 (LSO) dopé par Sr et élaboré par des procédés sol-gel. Les résultats montrent que la conductivité ionique est activé thermiquement et que les valeurs se situent entre 4,5 × 10-2 et 1 x 10-6 S·cm-1 à 873 K et dépend des conditions d’élaboration et de la composition de la poudre
The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) defined by its ceramic and oxide electrolyte, is an electrochemical energy conversion device that produces electricity directly from the chemical reaction of fuel. Nowadays, apatite type rare earths silicates and germaniums attract many interests as the solid electrolyte due to the superior transport properties with high ionic conductivity and low activation energy. They can operate stably at intermediate temperature over a wide oxygen partial pressure range and maintain excellent performances, being considered as a candidate for IT-SOFC electrolytes. Among this series of conductors, the La-Si-O type has a higher conductivity and the performance would be modified by different doping elements.The objective of this thesis is to study the effects of element substitution/doping and synthesis methods on the structural and conductivity properties of apatite type lanthanum silicates. In this study, we use a double approach: a simulation approach and an experimental approach to optimize the electrolyte materials purity and performance.Using simulation approach, a first principle calculation based on DFT (Density Functional Theory) was carried out to investigate the effect on doping positions: Sr dopant at La position and Ge dopant at Si position. The calculation results give a connection to the ionic conductivity obtained by experiments.With experimental approach, we present the synthesis and characterization of Sr-doped La10Si6O27 (LSO) prepared through an optimized water-based sol-gel process. The results show that the ionic conductivity is thermally activated and values lies between 4.5×10-2 and 1×10-6 Scm-1 at 873 K as a function of the composition and powder preparation conditions
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Books on the topic "Solid Precipitation"

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R, Montour Maria, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. EPA method 1312 (synthetic precipitation leaching procedure): Leachate chemistry data for solid mine waste composite samples from Silverton and Leadville, Colorado. Menlo Park, CA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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L, Hageman Philip, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) leachate chemistry data for solid mine-waste composite samples from southwestern New Mexico, and Leadville, Colorado. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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L, Hageman Philip, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Update and revisions for open-file report 98-624, Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) leachate chemistry data for solid mine-waste composite samples from the Silverton and Leadville districts in Colorado. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Kozeschnik, Ernst. Modeling Solid-State Precipitation. Momentum Press, 2012.

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Jolivet, Jean-Pierre. Metal Oxide Chemistry and Synthesis: From Solution to Solid State. Wiley, 2000.

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Xu, Shihe. Use of solubility method for determining Al-controlling solid phases in acid soils. 1991.

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Atkins, Peter. Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.001.0001.

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Illustrated with remarkable new full-color images--indeed, one or more on every page--and written by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject, Reactions offers a compact, pain-free tour of the inner workings of chemistry. Reactions begins with the chemical formula almost everyone knows--the formula for water, H2O--a molecule with an "almost laughably simple chemical composition." But Atkins shows that water is also rather miraculous--it is the only substance whose solid form is less dense than its liquid (hence ice floats in water)--and incredibly central to many chemical reactions, as it is an excellent solvent, being able to dissolve gases and many solids. Moreover, Atkins tells us that water is actually chemically aggressive, and can react with and destroy the compounds dissolved in it, and he shows us what happens at the molecular level when water turns to ice--and when it melts. Moving beyond water, Atkins slowly builds up a toolkit of basic chemical processes, including precipitation (perhaps the simplest of all chemical reactions), combustion, reduction, corrosion, electrolysis, and catalysis. He then shows how these fundamental tools can be brought together in more complex processes such as photosynthesis, radical polymerization, vision, enzyme control, and synthesis. Peter Atkins is the world-renowned author of numerous best-selling chemistry textbooks for students. In this crystal-clear, attractively illustrated, and insightful volume, he provides a fantastic introductory tour--in just a few hundred colorful and lively pages - for anyone with a passing or serious interest in chemistry.
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Kirchman, David L. Introduction to geomicrobiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0013.

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Geomicrobiology, the marriage of geology and microbiology, is about the impact of microbes on Earth materials in terrestrial systems and sediments. Many geomicrobiological processes occur over long timescales. Even the slow growth and low activity of microbes, however, have big effects when added up over millennia. After reviewing the basics of bacteria–surface interactions, the chapter moves on to discussing biomineralization, which is the microbially mediated formation of solid minerals from soluble ions. The role of microbes can vary from merely providing passive surfaces for mineral formation, to active control of the entire precipitation process. The formation of carbonate-containing minerals by coccolithophorids and other marine organisms is especially important because of the role of these minerals in the carbon cycle. Iron minerals can be formed by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, which gain a small amount of energy from iron oxidation. Similarly, manganese-rich minerals are formed during manganese oxidation, although how this reaction benefits microbes is unclear. These minerals and others give geologists and geomicrobiologists clues about early life on Earth. In addition to forming minerals, microbes help to dissolve them, a process called weathering. Microbes contribute to weathering and mineral dissolution through several mechanisms: production of protons (acidity) or hydroxides that dissolve minerals; production of ligands that chelate metals in minerals thereby breaking up the solid phase; and direct reduction of mineral-bound metals to more soluble forms. The chapter ends with some comments about the role of microbes in degrading oil and other fossil fuels.
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Swash, Peter Michael. The hydrothermal precipitation of arsenical solids in the Ca-Fe-AsO4-SO4 system at elevated temperatures. 1996.

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Leslie, Thomas. Steel, Light, and Style: The Concealed Frame, 1905–1918. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037542.003.0007.

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This chapter describes major structures built from 1905 to 1918, many of which used more solid curtain walls that reflected the ability of electric lighting and mechanical ventilation to replace thermally inefficient (and increasingly expensive) plate glass windows. Tenants gradually abandoned older buildings with slower elevators, smaller offices, and darker corridors for newer, more efficient buildings. “Old Chicago is being torn down,” one journalist reported in 1910, “and new Chicago erected in its place.” The Calumet, first Insurance Exchange (at LaSalle and Adams), Rand–McNally, and the Opera House—all major achievements in the 1880s—were demolished between 1910 and 1913. They were replaced by buildings aimed at tenants seeking greater efficiency, comfort, and pretense. The combined push of material conditions and pull of aesthetic desire influenced the symmetrical compositions, massive solid appearances, and antique ornamental choices for buildings, eventually precipitating a dominant design formula that would inform skyscrapers for a generation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Solid Precipitation"

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Neftel, Albrecht, Andreas Sigg, and Peter Jacob. "H2O2 in Solid Precipitation." In Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, 45–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3841-0_6.

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Coudun, C., and Jean-François Hochepied. "Precipitation of Nickel Hydroxides from Nickel Dodecylsulphate." In Solid State Phenomena, 35–40. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-10-8.35.

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Kissinger, G., Timo Müller, Andreas Sattler, W. Häckl, M. Weber, U. Lambert, A. Huber, P. Krottenthaler, Hans Richter, and Wilfried von Ammon. "Oxygen Precipitation in Nitrogen Doped CZ Silicon." In Solid State Phenomena, 17–24. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.17.

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Lei, Jing Guo, Ping Liu, Bao Hong Tian, Xiao Zhi, and Xiao Tian Jing. "Aging Precipitation Behavior of Cu-Ag-Cr Alloy." In Solid State Phenomena, 41–46. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-25-6.41.

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Válek, Lukas, Jan Šik, and David Lysáček. "Enhanced Oxygen Precipitation during the Czochralski Crystal Growth." In Solid State Phenomena, 167–74. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-43-4.167.

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Kim, So Jin, Won Kyu Han, Sung Goon Kang, Min Su Han, and Young Hun Cheong. "Formation of Lanthanum Hydroxide and Oxide via Precipitation." In Solid State Phenomena, 23–26. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-48-5.23.

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Wang, Jing, Hua Min Kou, Yu Bai Pan, and Jing Kun Guo. "Febrication of MWNTs Composites with In Situ Precipitation Method." In Solid State Phenomena, 135–38. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-30-2.135.

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Müller, Timo, G. Kissinger, P. Krottenthaler, C. Seuring, R. Wahlich, and Wilfried von Ammon. "Precipitation Enhancement of "so Called" Defect-Free Czochralski Silicon Material." In Solid State Phenomena, 11–16. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.11.

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Yamada-Kaneta, Hiroshi, and K. Tanahashi. "Control of Oxygen Precipitation in Silicon by Infrared Laser Irradiation." In Solid State Phenomena, 245–52. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.245.

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Groza, A. A., M. I. Starchik, P. G. Litovchenko, A. P. Litovchenko, D. Bisello, R. Rando, P. Giubilato, A. Candelori, and V. Khomenkov. "Peculiarities of the Initial Stage of Oxygen Precipitation in Irradiated Silicon." In Solid State Phenomena, 199–204. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.199.

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Conference papers on the topic "Solid Precipitation"

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Oki, Yutaro, Tomohiro Ando, Yoshihiko Koyanagi, Hiroto Kitaguchi, and Lung Yu-Chiu. "Effect of Ni Content on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Conventional Ni-Based Alloys." In AM-EPRI 2024, 821–29. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0821.

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Abstract Hydrogen as a clean fuel is increasingly being used to propel gas turbines and to power combustion engines. Metallic materials including Ni-based alloys are commonly used in conventional gas turbines and combustion engines. However, hydrogen may cause embrittlement in these materials, depending on their chemical composition. In this work, the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of Ni-based alloys containing up to 50 wt.% Fe has been investigated using slow strain rate tensile testing, under cathodic hydrogen charging at room temperature. It was found that the larger the Ni equivalent concentration in an alloy, the more severe the hydrogen embrittlement. It was also found that solid solution alloys have less severe hydrogen embrittlement than precipitation alloys of the same Ni equivalent concentration. In solid solution alloys, hydrogen embrittlement led to cleavage type fracture, which is in line with literature where hydrogen enhanced planar deformation. In precipitation alloys, hydrogen embrittlement resulted in a typical intergranular fracture mode.
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Chung, Ting-Horng. "Thermodynamic Modeling for Organic Solid Precipitation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/24851-ms.

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Mei, Haiyan, Xiangyan Kong, Maolin Zhang, Lei Sun, Shilun Li, and Liangtian Sun. "A Thermodynamic Modelling Method for Organic Solid Precipitation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56675-ms.

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Zacharov, Petr, Radmila Brožková, and Daniela Řezáčová. "Precipitation by PERUN." In První konference PERUN. Český hydrometeorologický ústav, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59984/978-80-7653-063-8.10.

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Weather reanalyses are a powerful tool for studying historical weather both at individual points and especially over an area. The detailed reanalysis produced by the PERUN project thus makes it possible to reveal various aspects of the atmosphere to a degree that we are unable to achieve with measurements. Since it is still a model approximation, it is of course necessary to detect systematic biases by verification before its use. Climate model runs, on the other hand, can uncover the future evolution of the atmosphere. Since these calculations cannot yet be verified, it is necessary to validate a historical run of the same model and subtract the revealed systematic errors from the future projections. In the PERUN project, both the historical run and two climate runs up to 2100 have been calculated. In this work, we present a basic verification and validation of the precipitation forecasts and an evaluation of the separation of precipitation into stratiform and convective precipitation and, in addition, into liquid and solid precipitation.
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Ganagina, Irina, Vadim Kanushin, Denis Goldobin, Elena Gienko, and Inna Dorogova. "Seasonal changes of Earth’s gravitational field due to solid precipitation." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540317.

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Praveena, K., K. Sadhana, S. Srinath, and S. Ramana Murthy. "Structural and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Y3Fe5O12 using co-precipitation method." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 56th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2011. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4709994.

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Rani, Stuti, Yogesh Sharma, and G. D. Varma. "Mixed magnetic phases in Co3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 58th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2013. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4872662.

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Porjazoska-Kujundziski, Aleksandra, and Dragica Chamovska. "Qualitative determination of the solid calcium carbonate deposition tendency from natural waters." In 45. Međunarodna konferencija "Vodovod i kanalizacija '24" - zbornik radova, 321–28. Union of Engineers and Technicians of Serbia, Belgrade, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vik24321k.

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Natural waters, during their transportation in the pipelines (metal, plastic, etc.), heat exchangers, their accumulation in reservoirs, and their different applications as technical water, show an affinity to create solid precipitations on the contact surfaces. It is more than clear that these processes are undesirable. In this work, the so-called saturation index for thermo-mineral water of Katlanovo Spa has been determined indicating qualitatively the theoretical affinity of water for the precipitation of calcium carbonate deposits on the contact surface areas. The saturation index for spring water takes values of 1.114 for 50°C and 0.904 for 40°C, and for the water in the collecting pool, 1.35 and 1.15 for 50°C and 40°C, respectively.
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Balaji, D., D. Thangaraju, A. Durairajan, and S. Moorthy Babu. "Synthesis and characterization of Eu[sup 3+]:YAG nanopowder by precipitation method." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 57TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2012. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791497.

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Rekha, S., and E. I. Anila. "PEG capped CaS nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical co-precipitation method." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028670.

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Reports on the topic "Solid Precipitation"

1

Chung, T. H. Thermodynamic modeling for organic solid precipitation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7139224.

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Chung, T. H. Thermodynamic modeling for organic solid precipitation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10107125.

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Blasing, T. J., R. L. Miller, and L. N. McCold. Potential effects of clean coal technologies on acid precipitation, greenhouse gases, and solid waste disposal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10128275.

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Shirish Patil, Abhijit Dandekar, and Santanu Khataniar. Phase Behavior, Solid Organic Precipitation, and Mobility Characterization Studies in Support of Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery on the Alaska North Slope. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/963365.

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Strane, J. W., S. T. Picraux, H. J. Stein, S. R. Lee, J. Candelaria, D. Theodore, and J. W. Mayer. Stability and precipitation kinetics in Si{sub 1{minus}y}C{sub y}/Si and Si{sub 1{minus}x{minus}y}Ge{sub x}C{sub y}/Si heterostructures prepared by solid phase epitaxy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10122228.

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Garrison, A., and C. Aponte. SOLIDS PRECIPITATION EVENT IN MCU CAUSAL ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM SOLIDS RECOVERY TEAM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165023.

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Nash, C. A. Entrained Solids, Strontium-Transuranic Precipitation, and Crossflow Filtration of AN102 Small C. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764656.

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COLEMAN, CHARLES. Statistical Study of Weight % Insoluble Solids Methods for In-Tank Precipitation Cold Run Support. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822635.

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Rudisill, Tracy, and Randall Achey. Evaluation of the Potential for Precipitation of Solids during Storage of Non-Aluminum SNF Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2446614.

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10

Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Abstract:
Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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