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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid-liquid interface'
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1
Storaska, Garrett A., and James M. Howe. "In-Situ TEM Investigation of the Solid/Liquid Interface in Al-Si Alloys." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 1068–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600037831.
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The solid/liquid interface is a junction between two condensed phases with completely different atomic arrangements. At the interface between the periodically ordered solid and the amorphous liquid, the atoms adopt a structure that minimizes the excess energy due to the abrupt change between the surrounding phases. Faceted and diffuse interfaces describe two extremes in morphology of a solid/liquid interface. In a faceted interface, the change from solid to liquid occurs over one atomic layer, however periodic order extends into the first few liquid layers adjacent to the crystalline solid, as predicted by numerous models.1 The faceted interface advances by nucleation and growth of ledges on the interface. A diffuse interface has a structure in which the change from solid to liquid occurs over several atomic layers. This interface contains many ledges to which liquid atoms may attach continuously as the interface advances.
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Ariga, Katsuhiko. "Liquid–Liquid and Liquid–Solid Interfacial Nanoarchitectonics." Molecules 29, no. 13 (2024): 3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133168.
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Nanoscale science is becoming increasingly important and prominent, and further development will necessitate integration with other material chemistries. In other words, it involves the construction of a methodology to build up materials based on nanoscale knowledge. This is also the beginning of the concept of post-nanotechnology. This role belongs to nanoarchitectonics, which has been rapidly developing in recent years. However, the scope of application of nanoarchitectonics is wide, and it is somewhat difficult to compile everything. Therefore, this review article will introduce the concepts of liquid and interface, which are the keywords for the organization of functional material systems in biological systems. The target interfaces are liquid–liquid interface, liquid–solid interface, and so on. Recent examples are summarized under the categories of molecular assembly, metal-organic framework and covalent organic framework, and living cell. In addition, the latest research on the liquid interfacial nanoarchitectonics of organic semiconductor film is also discussed. The final conclusive section summarizes these features and discusses the necessary components for the development of liquid interfacial nanoarchitectonics.
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Howe, J. M. "Quantification of order in the liquid at a solid-liquid interface by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163034.
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A number of different theoretical approaches have been used to model the atomic structure and properties of solid-liquid interfaces. Most calculations indicate that ordering occurs in the first several layers of the liquid, adjacent to the crystal surface. In contrast to the numerous theoretical investigations, there have been no direct experimental observations of the atomic structure of a solid-liquid interface for comparison. Saka et al. examined solid-liquid interfaces in In and In-Sb at lattice-fringe resolution in the TEM, but their data do not reveal information about the atomic structure of the liquid phase. The purpose of this study is to determine the atomic structure of a solid-liquid interface using a highly viscous supercooled liquid, i.e., a crystal-amorphous interface.
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Lozovskii, V. N., A. N. Ovcharenko, and V. P. Popov. "Liquid-solid interface stability." Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization 13, no. 3 (1986): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-3535(86)90018-3.
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Fan, Feng Ru. "(Invited) novel Charged Interfaces for Catalysis and Energy Conversion." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 34 (2023): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01341885mtgabs.
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Charged interfaces are ubiquitous in many research fields such as electrochemistry, catalysis, and energy chemistry, and are key places where physical and chemical processes occur. The charged interface structure can also be affected by external fields such as light, electricity, and force, and becomes the key to regulating chemical reactions. It is of great significance for the development of surface and interface science, electrochemistry, catalysis and energy science to deeply understand the physical and chemical reaction process and mechanism of various charged interface systems, and to clarify the interaction between interface structure and reacting species. It is extremely challenging to rationally design, construct, and characterize various novel charged interfaces, and then comprehensively and deeply study their physical and chemical processes and mechanisms. By constructing new charged interface structures such as solid/solid triboelectric interface, micro-droplet charged liquid/gas interface, and metal/two-dimensional material charged interface, we study the reaction process and mechanism of the charged interface and develop new energy conversion pathways. A series of innovative research results: Discovered a new mechanism of triboelectric power generation, expanding the new direction of charged interface structure in energy conversion; established and developed epitaxial growth modes of various interface structures; accurately characterized the electron transport of charged interface structure and surface charge distribution and other physical and chemical properties. We have developed new systems such as solid/dielectric/liquid charged interfaces based on electrodes/dielectric layers/electrolytes and liquid/gas charged interfaces based on microdroplets, and explored new applications in energy conversion and electrocatalysis. Applying a voltage to the electrode/dielectric layer/electrolyte interface can polarize the dielectric layer and adsorb ions in the electrolyte, forming a special "sandwich" electric double layer. Different from the solid/solid charged interface formed by triboelectrification or light excitation, this is a new solid/dielectric/liquid charged interface system based on electrostatic adsorption. Based on this interface system, a new nanoscale power generation device is designed, which can effectively convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, and has high output performance. A new liquid/gas charged interface based on micro-droplets was constructed by means of electrospray, a new strategy for confining the liquid/gas charged interface was proposed, and a high-performance electrolytic water catalyst was prepared. The physical and chemical mechanism of accelerated chemical reactions at the liquid/gas charged interface is revealed, and the desolvation effect and interface confinement effect are proved to be effective ways to construct defect-rich electrocatalysts.
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Veen, J. F. van der, and H. Reichert. "Structural Ordering at the Solid–Liquid Interface." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 12 (2004): 958–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.267.
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AbstractMany processes in nature and technology are based on the static and dynamic properties of solid–liquid interfaces. Prominent examples are crystal growth, melting, and recrystallization. These processes are strongly affected by the local structure at the solid–liquid interface. Therefore, it is mandatory to understand the change in the structure across the interface. The break of the translational symmetry at the interface induces ordering phenomena, and interactions between the liquid's molecules and the atomically corrugated solid surface may induce additional ordering effects. In the past decade, new techniques have been developed to investigate the structural properties of such (deeply) buried interfaces in their natural environment. These methods are based on deeply penetrating probes such as brilliant x-ray beams, providing full access to the structure parallel and perpendicular to the interface. Here, we review the results of a number of case studies including liquid metals in contact with Group IV elements (diamond and silicon), where charge transfer effects at the interface may come into play. Another particularly important liquid in our environment is water. The structural properties of water vary widely as it is brought in contact with other materials. We will then proceed from these seemingly simple cases to complex fluids such as colloids.
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D'Antona, Nicholas R., Nadia F. Barnard, Paul A. Kempler, and Shannon W. Boettcher. "Proton Transfer Kinetics at a Defect-Free Liquid-Liquid Interface." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 44 (2024): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01442444mtgabs.
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Proton transfer at electrochemical interfaces is fundamentally important for many areas of science and technology, yet kinetic measurements of this elementary step are often convoluted by inhomogeneous electrode surface structures. We show that facilitated proton transfer at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) can serve as a model system to study proton transfer kinetics in the absence of defects found at solid|electrolyte interfaces. Diffusion-controlled micropipette voltammetry revealed that 2,6-diphenylpyridine (DPP) facilitated direct proton transfer across the liquid|liquid interface and voltammetry at nanopipette-supported interfaces yielded activation-controlled ion transfer currents. The exchange current density for proton transfer at the ITIES is comparable to exchange current densities recently reported for H-UPD on Pt (111) and provides the first direct means of comparing ion transfer kinetics between solid|liquid and liquid|liquid interfaces, supporting the development of a general theory of ion transfer kinetics.
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Spencer, B. J., S. H. Davis, G. B. McFadden, and P. W. Voorhees. "Effects of Elastic Stress on the Stability of a Solid-Liquid Interface." Applied Mechanics Reviews 43, no. 5S (1990): S54—S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120850.
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The effects of elastic stress on the stability of solid-liquid interfaces under a variety of conditions are discussed. In the cases discussed, the nonuniform composition field in the solid, which accompanies either the melting process or the development of a perturbation on the solid-liquid interface during solidification, generates nonhydrostatic stresses in the solid. Such compositionally generated elastic stresses have been shown experimentally to induce a solidifying solid-liquid interface to become unstable. We are in the process of analyzing the effects of these stresses on the conditions for morphological stability of a directionally solidified binary alloy.
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Saka, H., K. Sasaki, S. Tsukimoto, and S. Arai. "In situ Observation of Solid–liquid Interfaces by Transmission Electron Microscopy." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 7 (2005): 1629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0212.
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Recent progress in in situ observation of solid–liquid interfaces by means of transmission electron microscopy, carried out by the Nagoya group, was reviewed. The results obtained on pure materials are discussed based on Jackson's theory. The structure of the solid–liquid interfaces of eutectic alloys was also observed. The in situ observation technique of solid–liquid interface is applied to industrially important reactions which include liquid phases.
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Saleman, Abdul Rafeq, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Ridhwan Jumaidin, Nur Hazwani Mokhtar, and Nor Aslily Sarkam. "Molecular Dynamics Study: Correlation of Heat Conduction Across S-L Interfaces Between Constant Heat Flux and Shear Applied to Liquid Systems." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 3 (2022): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v19i3.19795.
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Heat conduction (HC) at solid-liquid (S-L) interfaces play a significant role in the performance of engineering systems. Thus, this study investigates HC at S-L interfaces and its correlation between constant heat flux (CHF) and shear applied to liquid (SAL) systems using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The S-L interface consists of solids with the face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice of (110), (111) and (100) planes facing the liquid. The solid is modelled by Morse potential whereas the liquid is modelled by Lennard Jones potential. The interaction between solid-liquid was modelled by Lorentz-Bertholet combining rules. The temperature and heat flux of the system is evaluated to correlate the HC at the S-L interface which reflect by the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR). The results suggest that the surfaces of FCC influence ITR at the S-L interface. The (110) surface for both cases of CHF and SAL has the lowest ITR as compared to other surfaces. In general, ITR for the case of SAL is higher than the CHF. SAL disturbs the adsorption behaviour of liquid at the S-L interfaces, thus reducing the HC. In conclusion, the surface of FCC and liquid experiencing shear do influence the characteristics of HC at the S-L interface.
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Nemoshkalenko, V. V., O. P. Fedorov, E. I. Zhivolub, E. I. Bersudsky, and G. P. Chemerinsky. "«Morphos» Experiment Experimental study of solid-liquid interface in transparent substances." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 6, no. 4 (2000): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2000.04.151.
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Crispin, Xavier, and Sergei V. Kalinin. "Probing the solid–liquid interface." Nature Materials 16, no. 7 (2017): 704–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat4921.
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Rettenmayr, Markus, Oleg Kashin, and Stephanie Lippmann. "Simulation of Liquid Film Migration during Melting." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.127.
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Melting of a single-phase polycrystalline material is known to start by the formation of liquid films at the surface and at grain boundaries. The internal liquid films are not necessarily quiescent, but can migrate to avoid/reduce supersaturation in the solid phase. The migration is discussed in the literature to be governed by coherency strains of the solid/liquid interface, by concentration gradients in the liquid or by concentration gradients in the solid phase. A phase transformation model for diffusional phase transformations considering interface thermodynamics (possible deviations from local deviations) has been put up to describe the migration of the solid/liquid (trailing) and the liquid/solid (leading) interfaces of the liquid film. New experimental results on melting in a temperature gradient in combination with simulation calculations reveal that concentration fluctuations in the liquid phase trigger the liquid film migration and determine the migration direction, until after a short time in the order of microseconds the process is governed by diffusion in the solid phase.
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Negahdar, Leila, Christopher M. A. Parlett, Mark A. Isaacs, Andrew M. Beale, Karen Wilson, and Adam F. Lee. "Shining light on the solid–liquid interface: in situ/operando monitoring of surface catalysis." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 16 (2020): 5362–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy00555j.
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Many industrially important chemical transformations occur at the interface between a solid catalyst and liquid reactants. In situ and operando spectroscopies offer unique insight into the reactivity of such catalytically active solid–liquid interfaces.
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Li, Bao, and Dan Su. "Molecular Insight into the Processes and Mechanisms of N2 Adsorption and Accumulation at the Hydrophobic Solid/Liquid Interface." Molecules 29, no. 11 (2024): 2711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112711.
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In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to elucidate the processes and underlying mechanisms that govern the adsorption and accumulation of gas (represented by N2) at the hydrophobic solid–liquid interface, using the GROMACS program with an AMBER force field. Our findings indicate that, regardless of surface roughness, the presence of water molecules is a prerequisite for the adsorption and aggregation of N2 molecules on solid surfaces. N2 molecules dissolved in water can cluster even without a solid substrate. In the gas–solid–liquid system, the exclusion of water molecules at the hydrophobic solid–liquid interface and the adsorption of N2 molecules do not occur simultaneously. A loosely arranged layer of water molecules is initially formed on the hydrophobic solid surface. The two-stage process of N2 molecule adsorption and accumulation at the hydrophobic solid/liquid interface involves initial adsorption to the solid surface, displacing water molecules, followed by N2 accumulation via self-interaction after saturating the substrate’s surface. The process and underlying mechanisms of gas adsorption and accumulation at hydrophobic solid/liquid interfaces elucidated in this study offer a molecular-level understanding of nano-gas layer formation.
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Howe, James M., and Hiroyasu Saka. "In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of the Solid–Liquid Interface." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 12 (2004): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.266.
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AbstractIn situtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies allow one to determine the structure, chemistry, and kinetic behavior of solid–liquid (S–L) interfaces with subnanometer spatial resolution. This article illustrates some important contributions ofin situTEM to our understanding of S–L interfaces in Al-Si alloys and liquid In particles in Al and Fe matrices.Four main areas are discussed:ordering in the liquid at a S–L interface, compositional changes across the interface, the kinetics and mechanisms of interface migration, and the contact angles and equilibrium melting temperature of small particles.Results from these studies reveal that (1)partially ordered layers form in the liquid at a Si{111} S–L interface in an Al–Si alloy, (2)the crystalline and compositional changes occur simultaneously across an Al S–L interface, (3)the Al interface is diffuse and its growth can be followed at velocities of a fewnm/s at extremely low undercoolings, and (4)the melting temperature of In particles less than ~ 10 nm in diameter can be raised or lowered in Al or Fe, depending on the contact angle that the S–L interface makes at the three-phase junction. These results illustrate the benefits of in situ TEM for providing fundamental insight into the mechanisms that control the behavior of S–L interfaces in materials.
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McFadden, G. B., S. R. Coriell, L. N. Brush, and K. A. Jackson. "Interface Instabilities During Laser Melting of Thin Films." Applied Mechanics Reviews 43, no. 5S (1990): S70—S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120854.
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Thin silicon films on a cooled substrate are often found to develop two-phase lamellar structures upon radiative heating. Jackson and Kurtz developed a two-dimensional model for the process in which the heated film consists of alternating parallel bands of liquid and solid phases separated by straight solid-liquid interfaces. To understand the cellular or dendritic structures that sometimes are observed in these interfaces, they also performed a linearized morphological stability analysis and obtained the conditions for the growth or decay of infinitesimal perturbations to the interface. In this work we extend that analysis to finite amplitudes by developing a boundary integral representation of the thermal field, and obtain numerical solutions for nonplanar solid-liquid interfaces.
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Aharon, Hannah, Omer Shavit, Matan Galanty, and Adi Salomon. "Second Harmonic Generation for Moisture Monitoring in Dimethoxyethane at a Gold-Solvent Interface Using Plasmonic Structures." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (2019): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121788.
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Second harmonic generation (SHG) is forbidden from most bulk metals because metals are characterized by centrosymmetric symmetry. Adsorption or desorption of molecules at the metal interface can break the symmetry and lead to SHG responses. Yet, the response is relatively low, and minute changes occurring at the interface, especially at solid/liquid interfaces, like in battery electrodes are difficult to assess. Herein, we use a plasmonic structure milled in a gold electrode to increase the overall SHG signal from the interface and gain information about small changes occurring at the interface. Using a specific homebuilt cell, we monitor changes at the liquid/electrode interface. Specifically, traces of water in dimethoxyethane (DME) have been detected following changes in the SHG responses from the plasmonic structures. We propose that by plasmonic structures this technique can be used for assessing minute changes occurring at solid/liquid interfaces such as battery electrodes.
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Lee, Joon-Hyung, Jeong-Joo Kim, Haifeng Wang, and Sang-Hee Cho. "Observation of Intergranular Films in BaB2O4-added BaTiO3 Ceramics." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 7 (2000): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0229.
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Distribution characteristics of boundary phase in BaB2O4 added BaTiO3 ceramics were investigated with a focus on the curvature difference of solid–liquid interfaces at two-grain and triple junctions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the triple junction of solid grains showed the positive curvature of solid–liquid interface and consisted of the mixture of liquid phase and crystallized BaB2O4 phase. On the other hand, flat amorphous thin film of 2.5-nm thickness was observed at the two-grain junction. This kind of boundary phase distribution characteristic was explained by the solubility difference between two kinds of junctions of solid grains that had different curvature of solid–liquid interfaces.
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SHIKHMURZAEV, YULII D. "Moving contact lines in liquid/liquid/solid systems." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 334 (March 10, 1997): 211–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096004569.
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A general mathematical model which describes the motion of an interface between immiscible viscous fluids along a smooth homogeneous solid surface is examined in the case of small capillary and Reynolds numbers. The model stems from a conclusion that the Young equation, σ1 cos θ = σ2 − σ3, which expresses the balance of tangential projection of the forces acting on the three-phase contact line in terms of the surface tensions σi and the contact angle θ, together with the well-established experimental fact that the dynamic contact angle deviates from the static one, imply that the surface tensions of contacting interfaces in the immediate vicinity of the contact line deviate from their equilibrium values when the contact line is moving. The same conclusion also follows from the experimentally observed kinematics of the flow, which indicates that liquid particles belonging to interfaces traverse the three-phase interaction zone (i.e. the ‘contact line’) in a finite time and become elements of another interface – hence their surface properties have to relax to new equilibrium values giving rise to the surface tension gradients in the neighbourhood of the moving contact line. The kinematic picture of the flow also suggests that the contact-line motion is only a particular case of a more general phenomenon – the process of interface formation or disappearance – and the corresponding mathematical model should be derived from first principles for this general process and then applied to wetting as well as to other relevant flows. In the present paper, the simplest theory which uses this approach is formulated and applied to the moving contact-line problem. The model describes the true kinematics of the flow so that it allows for the ‘splitting’ of the free surface at the contact line, the appearance of the surface tension gradients near the contact line and their influence upon the contact angle and the flow field. An analytical expression for the dependence of the dynamic contact angle on the contact-line speed and parameters characterizing properties of contacting media is derived and examined. The role of a ‘thin’ microscopic residual film formed by adsorbed molecules of the receding fluid is considered. The flow field in the vicinity of the contact line is analysed. The results are compared with experimental data obtained for different fluid/liquid/solid systems.
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Quan, Jiliang, Guanzhen Ke, Yali Zhang, Jian Liu, and Jinqiang Huang. "Study on Growth Interface of Large Nd:YAG Crystals." Crystals 13, no. 6 (2023): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13060970.
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A study was performed on the growth interface of a large-diameter 1 at% neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) single crystal grown using the Czochralski method. Red parallel light and an orthogonal polarizing system were used to observe the distribution of the central and lateral cores of the crystal at different growth interfaces. The solid–liquid interface of large-diameter Nd:YAG crystal growth was mainly determined via the interaction between natural and forced convection. The shape of the solid–liquid interface was mainly controlled via maintaining the crystal rotation rate and the temperature field. Interface inversion generally occurred during the shoulder-expanding stage and late stages of the growth of the cylindrical portion of the crystal. The occurrence of interface inversion is directly related to the temperature field, process parameters, and diameter of the crystal. The growth shape of the crystal interface determined the size and distribution of the central and lateral cores of the crystal. The area of the central and lateral cores was reduced via adjusting the temperature gradient of the solid–liquid interface and crystal rotation speed.
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You, Hoydoo, and Zoltán Nagy. "Applications of Synchrotron Surface X-Ray Scattering Studies of Electrochemical Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 1 (1999): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940005171x.
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Aqueous-solution/solid interfaces are ubiquitous in modern manufacturing environments as well as in our living environment, and studies of such interfaces are an active area of science and engineering research. An important area is the study of liquid/solid interfaces under active electrochemical control, which has many immediate technological implications, for example, corrosion/passivation of metals and energy storage in batteries and ultracapacitors. The central phenomenon of electrochemistry is the charge transfer at the interface, and the region of interest is usually wider than a single atomic layer, ranging from a monolayer to thousands of angstroms, extending into both phases.Despite the technological and environmental importance of liquid/solid interfaces, the atomic level understanding of such interfaces had been very much hampered by the absence of nondestructive, in situ experimental techniques. The situation has changed somewhat in recent decades with the development of the largely ex situ ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science, modern spectroscopic techniques, and modern surface microscopy.However in situ experiments of electrochemical interfaces are difficult, stemming from the special nature of these interfaces. These are so-called buried interfaces in which the solid electrode surface is covered by a relatively thick liquid layer. For this reason, the probe we use in the structural investigation must satisfy simultaneously two conditions: (1) the technique must be surface/interface sensitive, and (2) absorption of the probe in the liquid phase must be sufficiently small for penetration to and from the interface of interest without significant intensity loss.
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Zhao, Yu Hong, Wei Jin Liu, Hua Hou, and Yu Hui Zhao. "Impact on Solidification Dendrite Growth by Interfacial Atomic Motion Time with Phase Field Method." Materials Science Forum 749 (March 2013): 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.749.660.
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The Phase Field model of solidification processes was carried out coupled with temperature field model. The influence of interface atomic time on dendrite growth morphology in undercooled melt was simulated with pure nickel. The experimental results show that when the interface atomic motion time parameter is minor, the liquid-solid interfaces were unstable, disturbance can be amplified easily so the complicated side branches will grow, and the disturbance speed up the dendrite growth. With the increase of , the liquid-solid interfaces become more stable and finally the smooth dendrite morphology can be obtained.
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Favaro, Marco, Fatwa Abdi, Ethan Crumlin, Zhi Liu, Roel van de Krol, and David Starr. "Interface Science Using Ambient Pressure Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy." Surfaces 2, no. 1 (2019): 78–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces2010008.
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The development of novel in situ/operando spectroscopic tools has provided the opportunity for a molecular level understanding of solid/liquid interfaces. Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy using hard X-rays is an excellent interface characterization tool, due to its ability to interrogate simultaneously the chemical composition and built-in electrical potentials, in situ. In this work, we briefly describe the “dip and pull” method, which is currently used as a way to investigate in situ solid/liquid interfaces. By simulating photoelectron intensities from a functionalized TiO2 surface buried by a nanometric-thin layer of water, we obtain the optimal photon energy range that provides the greatest sensitivity to the interface. We also study the evolution of the functionalized TiO2 surface chemical composition and correlated band-bending with a change in the electrolyte pH from 7 to 14. Our results provide general information about the optimal experimental conditions for characterizing the solid/liquid interface using the “dip and pull” method, and the unique possibilities offered by this technique.
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Hung, R. J., H. L. Pan, and Y. T. Long. "EFFECT OF BAFFLES ON SLOSHING MODULATED FORCES AND TORQUES DISTURBANCES REACTED TO GRAVITY GRADIENT DOMINATED ACCELERATIONS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 20, no. 2 (1996): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1996-0011.
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The behavior of sloshing dynamics modulated fluid systems driven by the orbital accelerations including gravity gradient and jitter accelerations have been studied. Partially liquid-filled rotating dewar applicable to a full-scale Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft container with and without baffle are considered. Results show that slosh waves excited along the liquid-vapor interface induced by gravity gradient dominated orbital accelerations provide torsional moment with tidal motion of bubble oscillations in the rotating dewar. Fluctuations of slosh reaction forces and torques exerted on the dewar wall driven by the orbital accelerations are also investigated. Since the viscous force between a liquid-solid interface, and the surface tension force between a liquid-vapor-solid interface can greatly contribute to the damping effect of slosh wave excitation, a rotating dewar with baffle provides more areas of liquid-solid and liquid-vapor-solid interfaces than that of rotating Dewar without the baffle. Results show that the damping effect provided by baffle reduces the amplitudes of slosh reactions forces and torques feedback from the fluids to the container, in particular, the components of fluctuations transverse to the direction of baffle.
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Cynthia J. Jameson, and Sohail Murad. "Interfacial Thermal Conductivity and Its Anisotropy." Processes 8, no. 1 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010027.
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There is a significant effort in miniaturizing nanodevices, such as semi-conductors, currently underway. However, a major challenge that is a significant bottleneck is dissipating heat generated in these energy-intensive nanodevices. In addition to being a serious operational concern (high temperatures can interfere with their efficient operation), it is a serious safety concern, as has been documented in recent reports of explosions resulting from many such overheated devices. A significant barrier to heat dissipation is the interfacial films present in these nanodevices. These interfacial films generally are not an issue in macro-devices. The research presented in this paper was an attempt to understand these interfacial resistances at the molecular level, and present possibilities for enhancing the heat dissipation rates in interfaces. We demonstrated that the thermal resistances of these interfaces were strongly anisotropic; i.e., the resistance parallel to the interface was significantly smaller than the resistance perpendicular to the interface. While the latter is well-known—usually referred to as Kapitza resistance—the anisotropy and the parallel component have previously been investigated only for solid-solid interfaces. We used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the density profiles at the interface as a function of temperature and temperature gradient, to reveal the underlying physics of the anisotropy of thermal conductivity at solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-solid interfaces.
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CHAUDHURI, ABHISHEK, DEBASISH CHAUDHURI, and SURAJIT SENGUPTA. "INDUCED INTERFACES AT NANOSCALES: STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 05n06 (2005): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003966.
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We show how interfaces may be induced in materials using external fields. The structure and the dynamics of these interfaces may then be manipulated externally to achieve desired properties. We discuss three types of such interfaces: an Ising interface in a nonuniform magnetic field, a solid–liquid interface and an interface between a solid and a smectic like phase. In all of these cases we explicitly show how small size, leading to atomic-scale discreteness and stiff constraints produce interesting effects which may have applications in the fabrication of nanostructured materials.
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Titova, E. A., and D. V. Alexandrov. "The boundary integral equation for curved solid/liquid interfaces propagating into a binary liquid with convection." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 55, no. 5 (2022): 055701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac463e.
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Abstract The boundary integral method is developed for unsteady solid/liquid interfaces propagating into undercooled binary liquids with convection. A single integrodifferential equation for the interface function is derived using the Green function technique. In the limiting cases, the obtained unsteady convective boundary integral equation transforms into a previously developed theory. This integral is simplified for the steady-state growth in arbitrary curvilinear coordinates when the solid/liquid interface is isothermal (isoconcentration). Finally, we evaluate the boundary integral for a binary melt with a forced flow and analyze how the melt undercooling depends on Péclet and Reynolds numbers.
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Atanu, Mitra, Chakraborty Pratap, and K. Chattoraj D. "Kinetics of adsorption of DNA at solid-liquid interfaces." Journal of Indian Chemistry Society Vol. 78, October-December 2001 (2001): 689–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5897502.
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Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India <em>E-mail</em>: dkchattoraj@hotmail.com <em>Manuscript received 30 April 2001</em> We have investigated the mechanistic aspect of DNA adsorption at different hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid-liquid interfaces as a function of bulk DNA concentration, pH, ionic strength, temperature. In all cases of DNA adsorption at solid liquid interfaces, initial rate of adsorption is controlled by diffusion process and the steady value of extent of adsorption (ſ<sup>e</sup><sub>2</sub>) is attained after nearly six hours. The rates of adsorption in all cases fit the first order rate equation with two kinetic constants<em> k</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>k</em><sub>2</sub>. Using the Arrhenius equation, the activation energies <em>E</em><sub>1</sub> *and <em>E</em><sub>2</sub>* for DNA adsorption have been evaluated. The corresponding values of enthalpy of activation (<em>Δ</em>H<sup>#</sup>), entropy of activation (<em>Δ</em>S<sup>#</sup>), and free energy of activation (<em>Δ</em>G<sup>#</sup>) have been evaluated using Eyring's equation of absolute reaction rate. It has been found that T<sub>AV</sub><em>Δ</em>S<sup># </sup>> <em>Δ</em>H<sup>#</sup> for both the kinetic steps, so adsorption of DNA at charcoal-water and silica-water interface is solely entropy-controlled. But in case of BaSO<sub>4</sub>-water interface, adsorption of DNA is enthalpy-controlled. Free energy of activation <em>Δ</em>G<sup>#</sup><sub>1</sub> and <em>Δ</em>G<sup>#</sup><sub>2</sub> vary within 65 to 75 and 70 to 80 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, and these values are comparable with adsorption of different proteins at solid liquid interfaces.
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Lojkowski, Witold, Akira Otsuki, and Andrzej Morawski. "High-pressure effect on grain boundary wetting in aluminium bicrystals." International Journal of Materials Research 96, no. 10 (2005): 1211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2005-0208.
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Abstract The effect of pressure and misorientation on grain boundary wetting in aluminium bicrystals has been investigated. The grain boundaries were of [100] symmetrical tilt type. The wetting liquid was an Sn– Zn alloy. It is shown that the wetting angle is a function of misorientation but not of pressure. The reasons of the above results are discussed, assuming a linear dependence between the interface energy and pressure. It is shown that the difference of energy of the liquid/solid and solid/solid interface as well as the misorientation dependence of energy is simply proportional to the free volume of the interfaces.
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Kolb, D. M. "Reaction at the Liquid—Solid Interface." Electrochimica Acta 37, no. 1 (1992): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(92)80028-k.
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van der Veen, Friso, Michel Zwanenburg, and Willem Jan Huisman. "Layering at the solid-liquid interface." Synchrotron Radiation News 12, no. 2 (1999): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940889908260988.
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Rossmeisl, Jan, Egill Skúlason, Mårten E. Björketun, Vladimir Tripkovic, and Jens K. Nørskov. "Modeling the electrified solid–liquid interface." Chemical Physics Letters 466, no. 1-3 (2008): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2008.10.024.
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JIAN, Z., K. KURIBAYASHI, W. JIE, and F. CHANG. "Solid–liquid interface energy of silicon." Acta Materialia 54, no. 12 (2006): 3227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.03.009.
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Bowley, RM. "Instabilities of the liquid solid interface." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 89, no. 1-2 (1992): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00692613.
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Agathopoulos, Simeon, D. U. Tulyaganov, and José Maria F. Ferreira. "Stages of Reactive Wetting." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1801.
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A universal model for describing the wetting kinetics at solid/liquid interfaces, where interfacial chemical reaction occurs, is proposed, whereby four distinct stages separated from each other by transition points are anticipated. The stages are described by means of comparing the dimensions of the base of the liquid sessile drop with the evolution of the reaction product forming on the solid/liquid interface, over time.
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Lv, Wenjing, Kaidong Zhan, Xuecheng Ren, Lu Chen, and Fan Wu. "Comparing Charge Dynamics in Organo-Inorganic Halide Perovskite: Solid-State versus Solid-Liquid Junctions." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 19, no. 2 (2024): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2024.3556.
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In this study, we explore the dynamics of a perovskite-electrolyte photoelectrochemical cell, pivotal for advancing electrolyte-gated field effect transistors, water-splitting photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic cells, supercapacitors, and CO2 capture and reduction technologies. The instability of hybrid perovskite materials in aqueous electrolytes presents a significant challenge, yet recent breakthroughs have been achieved in stabilizing organo-inorganic halide perovskite films. This stabilization is facilitated by employing liquid electrolytes, specifically those formed by dissolving tetrabutylammoniumperchlorate in dichloromethane. A critical aspect of this research is the comparative analysis of charge and ion kinetics at the perovskite/liquid electrolyte interface versus the perovskite/solid charge transport layer interface. Employing Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS), Open-Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD), and Capacitance-Frequency (C-F) methods, the study scrutinizes charge dynamics in both perovskite/electrolyte and perovskite/solid interfaces. Furthermore, the investigation extends to contrasting the properties of solid–liquid and solid-state junctions, focusing on mobile ions, electric field impacts, and electron-hole transport. The research also examines variations in recombination resistance and ionic double layer charging in perovskite-based devices, aiming to elucidate the operational mechanisms and kinetic complexities at the hybrid perovskite/electrolyte interface.
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Yan, Shuo, Ali Merati, Chae-Ho Yim, Elena Baranova, Arnaud Weck, and Yaser Abu-Lebdeh. "Understanding the Role of Liquid Electrolytes in Performance Improvement of Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (2022): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014551mtgabs.
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Abstract Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Solid-State Electrolytes (SSEs) enable Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries (SSLMBs) with high power density due to their superior ionic conductivity over 1 mS cm-1 at room temperature and good chemical stability against Lithium (Li) metal. A major cause of failure in SSLMBs is the large interfacial resistance between LLZO and electrodes. The high resistance at the interfaces is normally associated with insufficient solid-solid surface contact. It is a common practice to introduce a Liquid Electrolyte (LE) in SSLMBs either in combination with SSEs to form quasi-solid electrolytes or as the interface to enhance battery cycling performance. Several studies are conducted on resolving the contact issue between LLZO and the Li-metal anode but very few focused on the LLZO/cathode interface. In this research, a carbonate-based LE was introduced at the interface of Li6.5La2.9Ba0.1Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLBZTO) | LiNi0.6Mn0.6Co0.2O2 (NMC 622) cathode with the aim of understanding the mechanism which the LE enhances the SSLMBs performance, using the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) and X-ray Absorption Scanning (XAS). The assembled Li | LLBZTO SSEs | LE | NMC 622 cell exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 168 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention ratio of ~82 % after 30 cycles. The results from the STXM revealed the reactions of the LE with LLZO and NMC 622. The XAS analysis showed the formation of two new interfaces: Cathode-Electrolyte Interface (CEI) and Solid-Liquid Electrolyte Interface (SLEI). Also, the result indicated that the LE decomposed completely in the cell after 30 cycles and transformed to a dense and robust SLEI. This in turn led to the enhanced interfacial contact with the cathode and an improved Li+ ion transport at the interface. In addition, fluorides (i.e., LiF and LaF3) and carbonates (i.e., Li2CO3) were confirmed as the main components of the SLEI. In this study, two interfaces in SSLMBs (CEI and SLEI) were characterized. Fully understanding the roles of LE as the interface would enhance the practical application of quasi-solid electrolytes in SSLMBs. Keywords Solid-state lithium metal batteries; Garnet; Interface; Ceramic electrolyte; STXM
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Suzuki, Tatsumi, Chengchao Zhong, Keiji Shimoda, Ken'ichi Okazaki, and Yuki Orikasa. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Three-Electrode Cell with Solid Electrolyte/Liquid Electrolyte Interface." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 8 (2023): 3369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0283369mtgabs.
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Mechanical contact loss at the solid electrolyte/electrode interface in all-solid-state batteries, a type of next-generation battery, has been reported as a major issue for ion transport in all-solid-state batteries[1]. To improve this contact problem, it has been proposed to add a small amount of liquid electrolyte to the solid electrolyte/electrode interface[2]. However, the reported ion transport analysis at the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface is limited in semi-solid-state system using symmetrical cells with lithium metal as the working electrode[3]. In this study, charge transfer reactions at the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface were analyzed by impedance (EIS) measurements in a three-electrode cell with a solid/liquid electrolyte interface using a composite electrode containing a cathode active material as the working electrode. A composite electrode prepared by mixing LiCoO2:acetylene black:polyvinylidene fluoride in a weight ratio of 8:1:1, coating Al foil, drying and pressing was used as the working electrode, while lithium metal was used as the counter and reference electrodes. A NASICON-type solid electrolyte Li1+x+y Al x (Ti2−y Ge y )P3−z Si z O12 was constructed between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and a three-electrode cell prepared by filling the liquid electrolyte 1 M LiClO4/PC between the solid electrolyte and both electrodes. The reference electrode was placed between the solid electrolyte and the counter electrode, as the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface charge transfer is not observed in EIS measurements when the reference electrode is placed between the working electrode and the solid electrolyte. After two cycles of constant current charge/discharge measurements (current rate: 0.1 C rate, cut-off potential: 3.2 V - 4.2 V vs. Li/Li+), the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface charge transfer was analyzed by performing EIS measurements. To identify the semicircle associated with the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface resistance, measurements were also performed in a cell without a solid electrolyte and the resistance components corresponding to each semicircle were assigned. The temperature dependence of the observed semicircles was analyzed. A comparison of the activation energies calculated from the slopes of the Arrhenius plots confirmed a particularly large activation barrier at the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface and the working electrode/liquid electrolyte interface charge transfer. [1] R. Koerver, I. Aygun, T. Leichtweiss, C. Dietrich, W. Zhang, J.O. Binder, P. Hartmann, W.G. Zeier and J. Janek, Chem. Mater., 29, 5574-5582 (2017). [2] C. Wanga, Q. Suna, Y. Liua, Y. Zhaoa, X. Lia, X. Lina, M.N. Banisa, M. Lia, W. Lia, K.R. Adaira, D. Wanga, J. Lianga, R. Lia, L. Zhangb, R. Yangb, S. Lub and X. Suna, Nano Energy, 48, 35-43 (2018). [3] T. Abe, H. Fukuda, Y. Iriyama, Z. Ogumi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1120-A1123 (2004).
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Bhagwat, Sunil S. "Gas—liquid—solid reactions: importance of fine bubbles near solid—liquid interface." Chemical Engineering Science 45, no. 4 (1990): 1130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(90)85034-b.
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Josell, Daniel, and Frans Spaepen. "Surfaces, Interfaces, and Changing Shapes in Multilayered Films." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 2 (1999): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400051538.
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It is generally recognized that the capillary forces associated with internal and external interfaces affect both the shapes of liquid-vapor surfaces and wetting of a solid by a liquid. It is less commonly understood that the same phenomenology often applies equally well to solid-solid or solid-vapor interfaces.The fundamental quantity governing capillary phenomena is the excess free energy associated with a unit area of interface. The microscopic origin of this excess free energy is often intuitively simple to understand: the atoms at a free surface have “missing bonds”; a grain boundary contains “holes” and hence does not have the optimal electronic density; an incoherent interface contains dislocations that cost strain energy; and the ordering of a liquid near a solid-liquid interface causes a lowering of the entropy and hence an increase in the free energy. In what follows we shall show how this fundamental quantity determines the shape of increasingly complex bodies: spheres, wires, thin films, and multilayers composed of liquids or solids. Crystal anisotropy is not considered here; all interfaces and surfaces are assumed isotropic.Consideration of the equilibrium of a spherical drop of radius R with surface free energy γ shows that pressure inside the droplet is higher than outside. The difference is given by the well-known Laplace equation:This result can be obtained by equating work done against internal and external pressure during an infinitesimal change of radius with the work of creating a new surface.
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Ding, Guo Hua, and Ming Li. "Effect of Liquid Structural Transition on the Morphology of Solid/Liquid Interface during the Unsteady-State Unidirectional Solidification." Advanced Materials Research 499 (April 2012): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.7.
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The temperature-induced liquid-liquid structural transition has been observed and testified in different kinds of alloys. The effect of liquid-liquid transition on the morphology of solid/liquid interface was investigated by means of the unsteady-state unidirectional solidification. The results showed that the interface instability of Sn-1wt.%Pb was developed after the liquid structural change, which suggested that the solute distribution coefficient decreased due to the structural change of liquid Sn-1wt.%Pb and the solute on the frontier of solid/liquid interface enriched.
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Sun, Zhouting, Mingyi Liu, Yong Zhu, et al. "Issues Concerning Interfaces with Inorganic Solid Electrolytes in All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (2022): 9090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159090.
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All-solid-state batteries have attracted wide attention for high-performance and safe batteries. The combination of solid electrolytes and lithium metal anodes makes high-energy batteries practical for next-generation high-performance devices. However, when a solid electrolyte replaces the liquid electrolyte, many different interface/interphase issues have arisen from the contact with electrodes. Poor wettability and unstable chemical/electrochemical reaction at the interfaces with lithium metal anodes will lead to poor lithium diffusion kinetics and combustion of fresh lithium and active materials in the electrolyte. Element cross-diffusion and charge layer formation at the interfaces with cathodes also impede the lithium ionic conductivity and increase the charge transfer resistance. The abovementioned interface issues hinder the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. This review demonstrates the formation and mechanism of these interface issues between solid electrolytes and anodes/cathodes. Aiming to address the problems, we review and propose modification strategies to weaken interface resistance and improve the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.
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Khine, Y. Y., and J. S. Walker. "Thermoelectrically Driven Melt Motion During Floating Zone Crystal Growth With an Axial Magnetic Field." Journal of Fluids Engineering 120, no. 4 (1998): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2820748.
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During semiconductor crystal growth with an externally applied magnetic field, thermoelectric currents may drive a melt circulation which affects the properties of the crystal. This paper treats a model problem for a floating zone process with a uniform axial magnetic field, with planar solid-liquid interfaces, with a cylindrical free surface, with a parabolic temperature variation along the crystal-melt interface, and with an isothermal feed rod-melt interface. The ratio of the electrical conductivities of the liquid and solid is a key parameter. The azimuthal velocity is much larger than the radial or axial velocity. There is radially outward flow near the crystal-melt interface which should be beneficial for the mass transport of dopants and species.
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Arai, Shigeo, Susumu Tsukimoto, Shunsuke Muto, and Hiroyasu Saka. "Direct Observation of the Atomic Structure in a Solid–Liquid Interface." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 4 (2000): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927602000612.
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AbstractAn experimental high-resolution image of a solid–liquid interface of solid Si and liquid Al–Si alloy has been compared with theoretical images obtained by computer simulation. It has been concluded that the solid–liquid interface has a transition layer, the structure of which is compatible with the 1 × 1 Si-{111} surface.
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Arai, Shigeo, Susumu Tsukimoto, Shunsuke Muto, and Hiroyasu Saka. "Direct Observation of the Atomic Structure in a Solid–Liquid Interface." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 4 (2000): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010030.
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Abstract An experimental high-resolution image of a solid–liquid interface of solid Si and liquid Al–Si alloy has been compared with theoretical images obtained by computer simulation. It has been concluded that the solid–liquid interface has a transition layer, the structure of which is compatible with the 1 × 1 Si-{111} surface.
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YU, W., and A. FUJII. "DIFFUSION OF Tl+ IONS THROUGH THE INTERFACE OF SOLID NaCl, KCl OR RbCl AND LIQUID TlCl." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 01n02 (2002): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202009524.
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The diffusion phenomena of thallous ions ( Tl + ions) through solid-liquid interface of liquid Tl + ions diffusion source and sodium chloride (NaCl) , potassium chloride (KCl) or rubidium chloride (RbCl) single crystals are studied by optical method. The characterisic absorption peaks of Tl + center in NaCl, KCl or RbCl single crystals were used as the tracer for measurements and the diffusion constants are evaluated at various temperatures. The results show that the diffusion constant of solid-liquid interface is about 103 times larger than that of solid-solid interface of KCl and TlCl .
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Lee, Hyung Ju, Chan Ho Jeong, Dae Yun Kim, Chang Kyoung Choi, and Seong Hyuk Lee. "Solid–Liquid Interface Temperature Measurement of Evaporating Droplet Using Thermoresponsive Polymer Aqueous Solution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (2021): 3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083379.
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The present study aims to measure the solid–liquid interface temperature of an evaporating droplet on a heated surface using a thermoresponsive polymer. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) was used owing to its sensitive optical and mechanical properties to the temperature. We also measured the refractive index variation of the pNIPAM solution by using the surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). In particular, the present study proposed a new method to measure the solid–liquid interface temperature using the correlation among reflectance, refractive index, and temperature. It was found that the reflectance of a pNIPAM solution decreased after the droplet deposition. The solid–liquid interface temperature, estimated from the reflectance, showed a lower value at the center of the droplet, and it gradually increased along the radial direction. The lowest temperature at the contact line region is present because of the maximum evaporative cooling. Moreover, the solid–liquid interface temperature deviation increased with the surface temperature, which means solid–liquid interface temperature should be considered at high temperature to predict the evaporation flux of the droplet accurately.
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Crumlin, Ethan J. "(Invited) Using Ambient Pressure XPS to Probe the Solid/Gas and Solid/Liquid Interface Under in Situ and Operando Conditions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (2022): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461715mtgabs.
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Interfaces play an essential role in nearly all aspects of life and are critical for electrochemistry. Prof. Robert Savinell has played a pivotal interface to me in the role of mentorship in both life and electrochemistry, and I look to honor his contributions to both through this talk. Electrochemical systems ranging from high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to batteries to capacitors have a wide range of important interfaces between solids, liquids, and gases, which play a pivotal role in how energy is stored, transferred, and converted. I will share the use of ambient pressure XPS (APXPS) to directly probe the solid/gas and solid/liquid electrochemical interface. APXPS is a photon-in/electron-out process that can provide both atomic concentration and chemical-specific information at pressures greater than 20 Torr. Using synchrotron X-rays at Lawrence Berkeley Nation Laboratory, the Advanced Light Source has several beamlines dedicated to APXPS endstations that are outfitted with various in situ/operando features such as heating to temperatures > 500 °C, pressures greater than 20 Torr to support solid/liquid experiments and electrical leads to support applying electrical potentials support the ability to collect XPS data of actual electrochemical devices while it's operating in near ambient pressures. This talk will introduce APXPS and provide several interface electrochemistry examples using in situ and operando APXPS, including the probing of Sr segregation on a SOFC electrode to a Pt metal electrode undergoing a water-splitting reaction to generate oxygen, the ability to measure the electrochemical double layer (EDL) to our most recent efforts to directly probe an ion exchange membranes Donnan potential. Gaining new insight to guide the design and control of future electrochemical interfaces and how Bob, electrochemistry, and I have interfaced over the years.
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Zhang, Han Long, Yan Feng Han, Jun Wang, Yong Bing Dai, and Bao De Sun. "Grain Refinement Mechanism of Al-5Ti-1B Master Alloy by Ab Initio Calculations." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.746.
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To exactly understand the grain refining mechanism of α-Al by the Al-5Ti-1B master alloy, the structural properties of α-Al/solid-TiB2(S/S) and liquid-Al/solid-TiB2(L/S) interfaces were studied using the first-principles method. Different ordered structures were formed on the interfaces with different terminations of TiB2(0001) surface, which determines the nucleant potency of TiB2. The heterogeneous nucleation of α-Al on the B-terminated surface is frustrated by an AlB2-like structure formed at the interface. In contrast, a five-layer quasi-solid region with stacking sequence of fcc-Al (111) planes forms on the Ti-terminated TiB2(0001) surface, which is the basis of successful heterogeneous nucleation of α-Al. Moreover, when redundant Ti solute being added into the liquid Al region of Ti-terminated liquid-Al/TiB2interface, the quasi-solid Al region further extends until entire solidification. The reason for using the Al-5Ti-1B master alloy rather than TiB2powders as the commercial refiner in Al industry lies in two aspects: the excessive Ti atoms in the master alloy could guarantee sufficient Ti chemical potential to form Ti-terminated surface of TiB2, and the redundant Ti solute in inoculated melts could facilitate the growth of quasi-solid Al region at the solid/liquid interface.