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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid detonation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Short, Mark, and James J. Quirk. "The effect of compaction of a porous material confiner on detonation propagation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 834 (November 17, 2017): 434–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.736.

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The fluid mechanics of the interaction between a porous material confiner and a steady propagating high explosive (HE) detonation in a two-dimensional slab geometry is investigated through analytical oblique wave polar analysis and multi-material numerical simulation. Two HE models are considered, broadly representing the properties of either a high- or low-detonation-speed HE, which permits studies of detonation propagating at speeds faster or slower than the confiner sound speed. The HE detonation is responsible for driving the compaction front in the confiner, while, in turn, the high material density generated in the confiner as a result of the compaction process can provide a strong confinement effect on the HE detonation structure. Polar solutions that describe the local flow interaction of the oblique HE detonation shock and equilibrium state behind an oblique compaction wave with rapid compaction relaxation rates are studied for varying initial solid volume fractions of the porous confiner. Multi-material numerical simulations are conducted to study the effect of detonation wave driven compaction in the porous confiner on both the detonation propagation speed and detonation driving zone structure. We perform a parametric study to establish how detonation confinement is influenced both by the initial solid volume fraction of the porous confiner and by the time scale of the dynamic compaction relaxation process relative to the detonation reaction time scale, for both the high- and low-detonation-speed HE models. The compaction relaxation time scale is found to have a significant influence on the confinement dynamics, with slower compaction relaxation time scales resulting in more strongly confined detonations and increased detonation speeds. The dynamics of detonation confinement by porous materials when the detonation is propagating either faster or slower than the confiner sound speed is found to be significantly different from that with solid material confiners.

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2

Frolov, Sergey M., Igor O. Shamshin, Maxim V. Kazachenko, Viktor S. Aksenov, Igor V. Bilera, Vladislav S. Ivanov, and Valerii I. Zvegintsev. "Polyethylene Pyrolysis Products: Their Detonability in Air and Applicability to Solid-Fuel Detonation Ramjets." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040820.

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The detonability of polyethylene pyrolysis products (pyrogas) in mixtures with air is determined for the first time in a standard pulsed detonation tube based on the measured values of deflagration-to-detonation transition run-up time. The pyrogas is continuously produced in a gas generator at decomposition temperatures ranging from 650 to 850 °C. Chromatographic analysis shows that at a high decomposition temperature (850 °C) pyrogas consists mainly of hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and ethane, and has a molecular mass of about 10 g/mol, whereas at a low decomposition temperature (650 °C), it mainly consists of ethylene, ethane, methane, hydrogen, propane, and higher hydrocarbons, and has a molecular mass of 24–27 g/mol. In a pulsed detonation mode, the air mixtures of pyrogas with the fuel-to-air equivalence ratio ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 at normal pressure are shown to exhibit the detonability close to that of the homogeneous air mixtures of ethylene and propylene. On the one hand, this indicates a high explosion hazard of pyrogas, which can be formed, e.g., in industrial and household fires. On the other hand, pyrogas can be considered as a promising fuel for advanced propulsion powerplants utilizing the thermodynamic Zel’dovich cycle with detonative combustion, e.g., solid-fuel detonation ramjets. In view of it, the novel conceptual design of the dual-duct detonation ramjet demonstrator intended for operation on pyrogas at the cruising flight speed of Mach 2 at sea level has been developed. The ramjet demonstrator has been manufactured and preliminarily tested in a pulsed wind tunnel at Mach 1.5 and 2 conditions. In the test fires, a short-term onset of continuous detonation of ethylene was registered at both Mach numbers.

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3

Viljoen, Hendrik J., and Vladimir Hlavacek. "Deflagration and detonation in solid-solid combustion." AIChE Journal 43, no. 11 (November 1997): 3085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690431119.

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4

SHORT, M., I. I. ANGUELOVA, T. D. ASLAM, J. B. BDZIL, A. K. HENRICK, and G. J. SHARPE. "Stability of detonations for an idealized condensed-phase model." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 595 (January 8, 2008): 45–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007008750.

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The stability of travelling wave Chapman–Jouguet and moderately overdriven detonations of Zeldovich–von Neumann–Döring type is formulated for a general system that incorporates the idealized gas and condensed-phase (liquid or solid) detonation models. The general model consists of a two-component mixture with a one-step irreversible reaction between reactant and product. The reaction rate has both temperature and pressure sensitivities and has a variable reaction order. The idealized condensed-phase model assumes a pressure-sensitive reaction rate, a constant-γ caloric equation of state for an ideal fluid, with the isentropic derivative γ=3, and invokes the strong shock limit. A linear stability analysis of the steady, planar, ZND detonation wave for the general model is conducted using a normal-mode approach. An asymptotic analysis of the eigenmode structure at the end of the reaction zone is conducted, and spatial boundedness (closure) conditions formally derived, whose precise form depends on the magnitude of the detonation overdrive and reaction order. A scaling analysis of the transonic flow region for Chapman–Jouguet detonations is also studied to illustrate the validity of the linearization for Chapman–Jouguet detonations. Neutral stability boundaries are calculated for the idealized condensed-phase model for one- and two-dimensional perturbations. Comparisons of the growth rates and frequencies predicted by the normal-mode analysis for an unstable detonation are made with a numerical solution of the reactive Euler equations. The numerical calculations are conducted using a new, high-order algorithm that employs a shock-fitting strategy, an approach that has significant advantages over standard shock-capturing methods for calculating unstable detonations. For the idealized condensed-phase model, nonlinear numerical solutions are also obtained to study the long-time behaviour of one- and two-dimensional unstable Chapman–Jouguet ZND waves.

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5

Bolkhovitinov, L. G., and S. S. Batsanov. "Theory of solid-state detonation." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 43, no. 2 (March 2007): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-007-0030-5.

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6

Batsanov, S. S., and Yu A. Gordopolov. "Solid-state detonation velocity limits." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 43, no. 5 (September 2007): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-007-0079-1.

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7

Kozak, G. D., B. N. Kondrikov, and V. B. Oblomskii. "Spin detonation in solid substances." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 25, no. 4 (1990): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00751556.

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8

Pang, Songlin, Xiong Chen, and Jinsheng Xu. "Numerical simulations of sympathetic detonation of solid rocket motors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2235, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2235/1/012014.

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Abstract According to the numerical simulation, the sympathetic detonation of fiber composite shelled propellant was analyzed. Comparing the effects of fragments and reaction products shows that the impacting effect of fiber composite shell fragments is limited and can not lead the sympathetic detonation. The reason for sympathetic detonation in the closer distance is mainly reaction products.

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9

Ripley, Robert C., Fan Zhang, and Fue-Sang Lien. "Acceleration and heating of metal particles in condensed matter detonation." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2142 (February 15, 2012): 1564–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0595.

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For condensed explosives, containing metal particle additives, interaction of the detonation shock and reaction zone with solid inclusions leads to high rates of momentum and heat transfer that consequently introduce non-ideal detonation phenomena. During the time scale of the leading detonation shock crossing a particle, the acceleration and heating of metal particles are shown to depend on the volume fraction of particles, dense packing configuration, material density ratio of explosive to solid particles and ratio of particle diameter to detonation reaction-zone length. Dimensional analysis and physical parameter evaluation are used to formalize the factors affecting particle acceleration and heating. Three-dimensional mesoscale calculations are conducted for matrices of spherical metal particles immersed in a liquid explosive for various particle diameter and solid loading conditions, to determine the velocity and temperature transmission factors resulting from shock compression. Results are incorporated as interphase exchange source terms for macroscopic continuum models that can be applied to practical detonation problems involving multi-phase explosives or shock propagation in dense particle-fluid systems.

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10

Langenderfer, Martin, Eric Bohannan, Jeremy Watts, William Fahrenholtz, and Catherine E. Johnson. "Relating detonation parameters to the detonation synthesis of silicon carbide." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 17 (May 7, 2022): 175902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082367.

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Detonation synthesis of silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles from carbon liberated by negatively oxygen balanced explosives was evaluated in a 23 factorial design to determine the effects of three categorical experimental factors: (1) cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine (RDX)/2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) ratio, (2) silicon (Si) additive concentration, and (3) Si particle size. These factors were evaluated at low and high levels as they relate to the detonation performance of the explosive and the solid Si-containing phases produced. Detonation velocity and Chapman–Jouguet (C–J) detonation pressure, which were measured using rate stick plate dent tests, were evaluated. Solid detonation product mass, silicon carbide product concentration, and residual silicon concentration were evaluated using the x-ray diffraction analysis. The factors of Si concentration and the RDX:TNT ratio were shown to affect detonation performance in terms of detonation velocity and C–J pressure by up to 10% and 22%, respectively. Increased concentration of Si in the reactants improved the average SiC concentration in the detonation products from 1.9 to 2.8 wt. %. Similarly, increasing the ratio of RDX to TNT further oxidized detonation products and reduced the average residual Si remaining after detonation from 8.6 to 2.8 wt. %. A 70:30 mass ratio mixture of RDX to TNT loaded with 10 wt. % < 44 μm silicon powder produced an estimated 1.33 g of nanocrystalline cubic silicon carbide from a 150-g test charge. Using a lower concentration of added silicon with a finer particle size reduced SiC yield in the residue to 0.38 g yet improved the SiC to residual Si ratio to 1.64:1.

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11

Hou, Ziwei, Xiaolong Huang, Ning Li, and Chunsheng Weng. "Shock characteristics evolution of detonation waves forward impacting on the solid wall." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076299.

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The forward reflection of detonation waves on the solid wall will lead to a high pressure rise. The research systematically introduced the theoretical, numerical, and experimental exploration on the shock propagation characteristics of detonation waves forward impacting on a solid wall in the present work. The one-dimensional shock theory was carried out to solve the pressure rise ratio in this process. The exact solution and its variation law of a positive increase with filling pressure were expressed. One-dimensional simulations based on the space-time conservation element and solution element method were utilized to reveal the pressure decrease and velocity increase laws for the reflected shock wave. The blockage, oscillation, and attenuation phenomena of detonation waves and reflected shock waves under the effect of the tube–wall reflection were demonstrated in two-dimensional works. Experimental results from the detonation tube pressure test system showed a larger amplitude and duration of the reflected shock wave than the detonation wave. Pressure evolution and the formation of pressure plateaus were consistent with the simulation results. In addition, the time required for the pressure plateaus to decay to 0.5 times the Chapman-Jouget (C–J) detonation pressure is relatively constant under different filling conditions.

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12

Chiquete, Carlos, and Mark Short. "Characteristic path analysis of confinement influence on steady two-dimensional detonation propagation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 863 (January 29, 2019): 789–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.995.

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Steady detonation in multi-dimensional flow is controlled by the chemical energy release that occurs in a subsonic elliptic flow region known as the detonation driving zone (DDZ). It is the region encompassing the detonation shock and sonic flow locus (in the frame of the detonation shock). A detonation that is strongly confined by material surrounding the explosive has the shock and sonic locus separated at the material interface. Information about the material boundary is traditionally believed to influence the DDZ structure via the subsonic flow on the boundary ahead of the sonic locus. A detonation that is weakly confined has the detonation shock and sonic locus intersecting at the material boundary. The sonic nature of the flow at the intersection point on the boundary is believed to isolate the DDZ structure from the material properties of the confinement. In this study, we examine the paths of characteristics propagating information about the confinement through the supersonic hyperbolic flow region that exists beyond the sonic locus, and determine whether these paths may impinge on the sonic locus and consequently influence the DDZ structure. Our configuration consists of a solid wall boundary deflected through a specified angle on detonation shock arrival, so that the streamline turning angle of the wall at the explosive edge is unambiguously defined. By varying the wall deflection angle from small through large values, we can systematically capture the evolution of the DDZ structure and the characteristic flow regions that influence its structure for strongly to weakly confined detonations. In all strong and weak confinement cases examined, we find that a subset of characteristics from the supersonic flow regions always impinge on the sonic locus. Limiting characteristics are identified that define the boundary between characteristics that impinge on the sonic surface and those that propagate information downstream of the sonic surface. In combination with an oblique-shock polar analysis, we show that the effects on the DDZ of characteristic impingement can be significant.

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13

Frolov, Sergey M., Viktor A. Smetanyuk, Ilias A. Sadykov, Anton S. Silantiev, Igor O. Shamshin, Viktor S. Aksenov, Konstantin A. Avdeev, and Fedor S. Frolov. "Natural Gas Conversion and Liquid/Solid Organic Waste Gasification by Ultra-Superheated Steam." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 15, 2022): 3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103616.

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The technology of a pulsed detonation gun for gasification of organic waste with ultra-superheated steam has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time. Experiments were performed on natural gas conversion as well as on the gasification of liquid (waste machine oil) and solid (wood sawdust) waste by hot detonation products of natural gas–oxygen mixture at a frequency of detonation pulses f = 1 Hz. Periodic release of detonation products to a 100 L flow reactor provided a time-averaged mean temperature and pressure in the reactor at about 1200 K and 0.1 MPa. It is shown that the technology of a pulsed detonation gun can provide complete (100%) natural gas conversion to syngas containing H2 and CO with a H2/CO ratio of 1.25. During the gasification of liquid and solid wastes, the total volume fraction of combustible gases (H2, CO, and CH4) in the product syngas was 80 and 65% with H2/CO ratios of 0.8 and 0.5, respectively. Comparison of the experiments on natural gas conversion and liquid/solid organic waste gasification under the same conditions at f = 1 Hz showed that the composition of the product syngas in terms of H2 and CO content almost did not depend on the type of used feedstock. The estimated ideal energy gain defined as the ratio of the total energy of product syngas to the energy spent in its production from dry wood sawdust is about 4.6, i.e., the pulsed detonation technology of biomass gasification is economically very attractive.

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14

Vershinin, Yu N. "Parameters of electronic detonation in solid dielectrics." Technical Physics 47, no. 12 (December 2002): 1524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1529941.

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15

Li Shi-Yao and Yu Ming. "Thermal nonequilibrium detonation model of solid explosive." Acta Physica Sinica 67, no. 21 (2018): 214704. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.67.20172501.

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16

Zhang, Fan. "Detonation in Reactive Solid Particle-Gas Flow." Journal of Propulsion and Power 22, no. 6 (November 2006): 1289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.18210.

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17

Zheng, H., and M. Yu. "Thermodynamically Consistent Detonation Model for Solid Explosives." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 56, no. 5 (September 2020): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508220050068.

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18

Efremov, V. P., L. R. Obruchkova, and A. D. Kiverin. "Influence of Particle on Gas Detonation by Shock." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 6 (87) (December 2019): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2019-6-67-82.

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There exist evidence, that the gaseous detonation passing through a cloud of solid particles could be attenuated or even suppressed. Contrary to these known works, in the present article, we have found that just one single 160-micron particle can serve as a trigger for the detonation onset. By numerical simulation, we have obtained that there are the concentration ratio limits, in which single particle is enough to initiate gaseous detonation, although without particle the detonation is not ignited in the same conditions in a tube of restricted size. In other words, the presence of a solid particle in the combustible mixture could decrease significantly the ignition delay time. Using of temperature pattern visualization, we have demonstrated that the ignition arises in the subsonic region located between the particle and the bow shock front. The approximations of the used model are discussed. It is shown that used assumptions are valid within investigated time intervals. The work performed with use of the supercomputer resources Interdepartmental Supercomputer Center Russian Academy of Sciences (ISC RAS)

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19

Lima, Sergio X., Karolina P. S. Costa, Zelmo R. Lima, Fagner C. Rother, Olga M. O. Araujo, Helio C. Vital, Tercio Brum, et al. "Simulated nuclear contamination scenario, solid cancer risk assessment, and support to decision." Nukleonika 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2019-0005.

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Abstract The detonation of an (hypothetical) improvised nuclear device (IND) can generate atmospheric release of radioactive material in the form of particles and dust that ultimately contaminate the soil. In this study, the detonation of an IND in an urban area was simulated, and its effects on humans were determined. The risk of solid cancer development due to radiation was calculated by taking into account prompt radiation and whole-body exposure of individuals near the detonation site up to 10 km. The excess relative risk (ERR) of developing solid cancer was evaluated by using the mathematical relationships from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) studies and those from the HotSpot code. The methodology consists of using output data obtained from simulations performed with the HotSpot health physics code plugging in such numbers into a specific given equation used by RERF to evaluate the resulting impact. Such a preliminary procedure is expected to facilitate the decision-making process significantly.

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20

Winterberg, F. "Autocatalytic Fusion-Fission Burn in the Focus of Two Magnetically Insulated Transmission Lines." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 58, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2003-1103.

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A configuration made up of two nested magnetically insulated transmission lines, the inner one carrying a high voltage lower current - and the outer one a high current lower voltage - pulse, was in a previous communication proposed for the ignition of a magnetic field assisted thermonuclear detonation wave. Unlike the fast ignition concept, it does not require the compression of the DT fusion fuel to densities in excess of the solid state. Here I show that with the same configuration, but by surrounding the DT fusion fuel with a blanket of solid U238, Th232 or B10, the ignition of a thermonuclear detonation wave is possible with densities of the DT fuel less than solid state densities, because the DT fusion neutrons can make a sufficient number of fission reactions, greatly increasing the pressure in the blanket, compressing the DT to high densities, launching a magnetic field assisted thermonuclear detonation wave. This autocatalytic fusion-fission burn has the further advantage that it can burn natural uranium, thorium and even boron.

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21

López-Munoz, García-Cascales, Velasco, and Otón-Martínez. "An Energetic Model for Detonation of Granulated Solid Propellants." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 4459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234459.

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Unexpected detonation of granular solid energetic materials is a key safety issue in the propellants manufacturing industry. In this work, a model developed for the characterization of the early stages of the detonation process of granular solid energetic materials is presented. The model relies on a two-phase approach which considers the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy and constitutive relations for mass generation, gas-solid particle interaction, interphase heat transfer, and particle-particle stress. The work considers an extension of approximated Riemann solvers and Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) schemes to the solid phase for the numerical integration of the problem. The results obtained with this model show a good agreement with data available in the literature and confirm the potential of the numerical schemes applied to this type of model. The results also permit to assess the effectiveness of different numerical schemes to predict the early stages of this transient combustion process.

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22

Gur’ev, Dmitrii L., Yury A. Gordopolov, Stepan S. Batsanov, Alexander G. Merzhanov, and Vladimir E. Fortov. "Solid-state detonation in the zinc-sulfur system." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 2 (January 9, 2006): 024102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2164411.

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23

Gavrilenko, T. P., V. V. Grigoriev, S. A. Zhdan, Yu A. Nikolaev, V. M. Boiko, and A. N. Papyrin. "Acceleration of solid particles by gaseous detonation products." Combustion and Flame 66, no. 2 (November 1986): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(86)90084-2.

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24

Vasyliv, S. S., V. S. Zhdanov, and M. V. Yevseyenko. "Determination of receiver consumption characteristics using computer simulation." Computer Modeling: Analysis, Control, Optimization 8, no. 2 (December 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/2521-6406-2020-8-2-10-14.

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The problem of implementing the detonation mode of fuel combustion in thermal propulsion systems has been widely studied last decade. There are many works on fundamental and applied research on pulsating detonation. Solid propellant detonation engines can develop significant forces for a short time at low structural masses, and therefore they are ideal for auxiliary systems for the removal of separated rocket parts. In addition, detonation processes can be used to create control forces for correcting the trajectory of aircraft. All these facts determine the relevance of the area of work. For studying detonation installations, it is necessary to create test stands, but the design of test installations is an urgent and complex optimization problem. It is advisable to solve this problem with the help of computer simulation. In the existing experimental methods, for designing, it is necessary to determine in advance the geometric parameters of receivers and pipelines that provide the necessary gas consumption for firing tests of detonation rocket engines. The work is devoted to the development of a method for determining the flow characteristics of a receiver with a pipeline of complex configuration based on the constructed model of the stand. Based on the initial data, a computer simulation of the air leakage process from the receiver was carried out, for which the Solid Works software package was used. The places of pressure drop, maximum flow rate, and air mass flow are determined. The low value of the flow rate factor is due to the complex configuration of the pipeline with numerous bends and two bellows. Comparison of calculation results with experimental data was held. The difference between the experimental and calculated values does not exceed 3.6%. The obtained information is used to select the required value of the oxidizer excess coefficient during firing tests of detonation rocket engine models. Keywords: flow rate, gas leakage, receiver, model.

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25

Frolov, Sergey M. "Organic Waste Gasification: A Selective Review." Fuels 2, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 556–651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels2040033.

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This review considers the selective studies on environmentally friendly, combustion-free, allothermal, atmospheric-pressure, noncatalytic, direct H2O/CO2 gasification of organic feedstocks like biomass, sewage sludge wastes (SSW) and municipal solid wastes (MSW) to demonstrate the pros and cons of the approaches and provide future perspectives. The environmental friendliness of H2O/CO2 gasification is well known as it is accompanied by considerably less harmful emissions into the environment as compared to O2/air gasification. Comparative analysis of the various gasification technologies includes low-temperature H2O/CO2 gasification at temperatures up to 1000 °C, high-temperature plasma- and solar-assisted H2O/CO2 gasification at temperatures above 1200 °C, and an innovative gasification technology applying ultra-superheated steam (USS) with temperatures above 2000 °C obtained by pulsed or continuous gaseous detonations. Analysis shows that in terms of such characteristics as the carbon conversion efficiency (CCE), tar and char content, and the content of harmful by-products the plasma and detonation USS gasification technologies are most promising. However, as compared with plasma gasification, detonation USS gasification does not need enormous electric power with unnecessary and energy-consuming gas–plasma transition.

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26

Jiang, Zonglin, Jinping Li, Zongmin Hu, Yunfeng Liu, and Hongru Yu. "On theory and methods for advanced detonation-driven hypervelocity shock tunnels." National Science Review 7, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa050.

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Abstract This study describes theory and methods for developing detonation-driven shock tunnels in hypervelocity test facilities. The primary concept and equations for high-enthalpy shock tunnels are presented first to demonstrate the unique advantage of shock tubes for aerodynamic ground-based testing. Then, the difficulties in simulating flight conditions in hypervelocity shock tunnels are identified, and discussed in detail to address critical issues underlying these difficulties. Theory and methods for developing detonation drivers are proposed, and relevant progress that has advanced the state of the art in large-scale hypersonic test facilities is presented with experimental verifications. Finally, tailored conditions for detonation-driven shock tunnels are described, laying a solid foundation to achieve long test duration. This interface-matching key issue encountered in developing shock tunnels has been investigated for decades, but not solved for detonation drivers in engineering applications.

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27

Kharlamov, Yu A., L. G. Polonsky, N. O. Balytska, and S. A. Klymenko. "Innovative Potential of Gas Detonation." Nauka ta innovacii 16, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scin16.06.105.

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Introduction. Explosive technologies are widely used in the extraction industries, in mechanical engineering for welding, hardening, etc. However, the use of solid explosives is limited, above all, by safety requirements. Therefore, the use of a safer and more convenient source of energy, gas detonation, is attracting much attention. Pressures, temperatures, and velocities in detonation waves or shock waves in gases close to them in terms of intensity, as well as the pulse nature of the influence of these factors determine a high potential of their technical and technological use. Problem Statement. In many technical systems, deflagration modes of burning prevail. However, a more thermodynamically advantageous method of combustion and conversion of chemical energy of fuel into useful work is the detonation mode of combustion. This ensures the feasibility of development, research and wider implementation of various technologies and devices using controlled gas detonation. Purpose. Systematization and analysis of the main trends in the development and design of detonation gas technologies and devices in Ukraine and throughout the world. Materials and Methods. Systematization and analysis of scholarly research publications and patents on the practical application of gas detonation in various sectors of the economy. Results. The tendencies of practical use of gas detonation in different branches of industry have been revealed and analyzed. Priority developments in the technological application of the method in mechanical engineering have been performed in Ukraine. However, in many technical areas Ukraine has fallen behind the world leaders in terms of the creation of detonation gas technologies and devices. Conclusions. For the practical use of the potential of gas detonation, it is necessary to develop fundamentally new devices that ensure reliable, safe, and controlable generation and propagation of detonation waves in gases and sprayed fuels. Gas detonation is promising for the creation of more advanced technologies and equipment.

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Kharlamov, Yu A., L. G. Polonsky, N. O. Balytska, and S. A. Klymenko. "Innovative Potential of Gas Detonation." Science and innovation 16, no. 6 (November 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.06.104.

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Introduction. Explosive technologies are widely used in the extraction industries, in mechanical engineering for welding, hardening, etc. However, the use of solid explosives is limited, above all, by safety requirements. Therefore, the use of a safer and more convenient source of energy, gas detonation, is attracting much attention. Pressures, temperatures, and velocities in detonation waves or shock waves in gases close to them in terms of intensity, as well as the pulse nature of the influence of these factors determine a high potential of their technical and technological use. Problem Statement. In many technical systems, deflagration modes of burning prevail. However, a more thermodynamically advantageous method of combustion and conversion of chemical energy of fuel into useful work is the detonation mode of combustion. This ensures the feasibility of development, research and wider implementation of various technologies and devices using controlled gas detonation. Purpose. Systematization and analysis of the main trends in the development and design of detonation gas technologies and devices in Ukraine and throughout the world. Materials and Methods. Systematization and analysis of scholarly research publications and patents on the practical application of gas detonation in various sectors of the economy. Results. The tendencies of practical use of gas detonation in different branches of industry have been revealed and analyzed. Priority developments in the technological application of the method in mechanical engineering have been performed in Ukraine. However, in many technical areas Ukraine has fallen behind the world leaders in terms of the creation of detonation gas technologies and devices. Conclusions. For the practical use of the potential of gas detonation, it is necessary to develop fundamentally new devices that ensure reliable, safe, and controlable generation and propagation of detonation waves in gases and sprayed fuels. Gas detonation is promising for the creation of more advanced technologies and equipment.

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29

Zheng, Ke, Yushi Wen, Bing Huang, Jun Wang, Jin Chen, Gongnan Xie, Guoqing Lv, Jian Liu, Zhiqiang Qiao, and Guangcheng Yang. "The solid phase thermal decomposition and nanocrystal effect of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) via ReaxFF large-scale molecular dynamics simulation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 31 (2019): 17240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp01482a.

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Gorbachev, Valentin A., Evgeniy Yu Ubey - Volk, Nikolay V. Shevchenko, and Alexandr A. Golubev. "DETONATION NANODIAMOND AS PROSPECTIVE COMPONENT OF COMPOSITE SOLID PROPELLANTS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 59, no. 8 (July 17, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20165908.37y.

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In this articlethe the possibility of application of detonation nanodiamond (DND) as a prospective component of composite solid propellants (CSP) and additive approach to optimization of fuel compositions based on binary fuel compositions is considered. The introduction to the fuel composition of DND allows creating a metal-free CSP with increased energy-to-mass characteristics. Usage of the additive approach for calculations when creating new prospective compositions of CSP allows reducing significantly the volume of work to optimize the fuel compositions and to simplify the process of thermodynamic engineering.

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31

Smirnov, E. B., A. N. Averin, B. G. Loboiko, O. V. Kostitsyn, Yu A. Belenovskii, K. M. Prosvirnin, and A. N. Kiselev. "Dynamics of the detonation-wave front in solid explosives." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 48, no. 3 (May 2012): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508212030082.

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32

Lyakhov, G. M., I. A. Luchko, V. A. Plaksii, N. S. Remez, and A. V. Krymskii. "Spherical detonation waves in a solid multicomponent viscoplastic medium." Soviet Applied Mechanics 22, no. 5 (May 1986): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00888551.

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33

Eidelman, S., and A. Altshuler. "Synthesis of nanoscale materials using detonation of solid explosives." Nanostructured Materials 3, no. 1-6 (January 1993): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(93)90060-o.

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34

Tete, Aruna Dhanraj, A. Y. Deshmukh, and R. R. Yerpude. "Velocity of detonation (VOD) measurement techniques - practical approach." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2013): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v2i3.1023.

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Velocity of Detonation (VOD) is an important measure characteristics parameter of explosive material. The performance of explosive invariably depends on the velocity of detonation. The power/ strength of explosive to cause fragmentation of the solid structure determine the efficiency of the Blast performed. It is an established fact that measuring velocity of detonation gives a good indication of the strength and hence the performance of the explosive. In this survey various VOD measurement techniques such as electric, nonelectric and fibre optic have been discussed. To aid the discussion some commercially available VOD meter comparison are also presented. After review of the existing units available commercially and study of their respective merits and demerits, feature of an ideal system is proposed.

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35

Batraev, Igor S., Vladimir Yu Ulianitsky, Alexey A. Sova, Marina N. Samodurova, Evgeny A. Trofimov, Kirill Yu Pashkeev, Alexander G. Malikov, Dina V. Dudina, and Arina V. Ukhina. "A Feasibility Study of High-Entropy Alloy Coating Deposition by Detonation Spraying Combined with Laser Melting." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 4532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134532.

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In this work, a new two-stage approach to the deposition of high-entropy alloy coatings is proposed. At the first stage, a composite precursor coating is formed by detonation spraying of the metal powder mixtures. At the second stage, the precursor coating is re-melted by a laser, and the formation of multi-component solid solution phases can be expected upon solidification. The feasibility of the proposed approach was validated using three different mixtures of Fe, Ni, Cu, Co and Al powders. It was shown that detonation spraying allows forming composite coatings with a uniform distribution of the lamellae of different metals. The results of the structural analysis of the laser-treated coatings suggest that complete alloying occurred in the melt and face-centered cubic solid solutions formed in the coatings upon cooling.

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36

Devi, Alka, and Vikas D. Ghule. "Theoretical investigation of (tetrazine-3,6diyl) dihydrazinecarboxamide-based high-nitrogen-containing energetic macromolecules." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 17, no. 04 (June 2018): 1850028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633618500281.

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Density-function-theory calculations were performed to find the performance of a series of 2,2’-(1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6diyl) dihydrazinecarboxamide-based nitrogen-rich macrocyclic compounds as an energetic plasticizer. Reliable methods have been used to predict energetic properties such as gas-phase and solid-phase heat of formation (HOF), density, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, explosive power, heat of combustion, heat of detonation, specific impulse, flame temperature, brisance, and sensitivity. All the designed macrocycles possess a nitrogen content of over 48%. The designed compounds show positive HOFs and high predicted densities ranging from 1.81[Formula: see text]g/cm3 to 1.86[Formula: see text]g/cm3. The predicted properties were compared with GAP, polyGLYN and their monomers which establish the designed macrocycles of interest for further investigations concerning their suitability as plasticizers in energetic formulations.

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37

Blank, V. D., A. A. Deribas, B. A. Kulnitsky, I. A. Perezhogin, and A. V. Utkin. "The Formation of Onions at Shock-Wave Loading of Graphite." Materials Science Forum 566 (November 2007): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.566.357.

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The results of experiments with shock – loading of graphite bar by sliding detonation wave of HE are presented in this paper. It were revealed the nano – sized onions at the SEM investigation in the preserved sample of Graphite. The estimation of the values of pressures of shock – loading permits to assume that the observed structures were formed directly by solid – solid transformation.

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38

Поветкин, Виталий, Vitaliy Povetkin, Амина Букаева, Amina Bukaeva, Александр Хандожко, and Alexandr Khandozhko. "Air-petrol burners use for solid stone mining and processing." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2, no. 12 (December 13, 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a313b63b01a13.12923103.

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The development stages of thermo-jet burners with the intensifiers of fuel component combustion are described. Investigations for obtaining a detonation phenomenon in a free jet of burners at fuel component combustion are shown. The design peculiarities in developments of air-petrol thermo-tools allowing the intensification of the processes of fuel component combustion are shown.

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Wang, Iau-Teh. "Numerical and Experimental Approach for Failure Analysis of Soil Subjected to Surface Explosion Loading." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 15, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4981507.

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Controlling the hazards to facilities caused by detonation waves is a high priority in engineering design. To protect an underground facility, soil can reduce the destructive effects of detonation waves. Soil dynamic characteristics and the area of the destructive zone are affected by shock wave energy. The material at ground zero is impacted by high-intensity stress and forms a crater. To ensure the safety of the facility, the protective soil layers must be sufficiently thick. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the destructive effects that caused the deformation and destruction of an external protective soil layer. The results of the explosion experiments and the numerical simulation analysis were compared to explore the dynamic characteristics of the soil affected by the shock wave and the crater effects of on-ground explosions. The analysis model adopted an 8-node hexahedral element to create a three-dimensional solid structure model of the fluid-solid interaction. The material failure analysis demonstrated that the detonation wave destabilized the interior of the soil body, and the nearby high-intensity stress was the key factor for material failure. The results can serve as a reference for the design of soil-covering layers that provide explosion hazard control.

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Morozov, V. A., Yu V. Petrov, and G. G. Savenkov. "Criterion of shock-wave initiation of detonation in solid explosives." Doklady Physics 57, no. 7 (July 2012): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028335812070075.

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41

Ershov, A. P. "Regimes of detonation of solid explosives with nonclassical fast kinetics." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 49, no. 3 (May 2013): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001050821303009x.

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42

Hamate, Y., and Y. Horie. "Ignition and detonation of solid explosives: a micromechanical burn model." Shock Waves 16, no. 2 (November 3, 2006): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-006-0038-x.

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43

Smirnov, N. N. "Transition of convective combustion of solid fuels into weak detonation." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 22, no. 5 (1987): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00755534.

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44

Wakabayashi, Ryo, Yusuke Goto, Eisuke Yamada, Makoto Asahara, and A. Koichi Hayashi. "Coupling Problem Between Solid Tube and Shock Wave/Detonation Wave." Combustion Science and Technology 186, no. 10-11 (September 30, 2014): 1774–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2014.935649.

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45

Abdulazeem, M. Safwat. "Shock and detonation properties of solid explosives with gaseous products." Journal of Hazardous Materials 177, no. 1-3 (May 2010): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.041.

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46

Umanskyi, O., M. Storozhenko, Maksim Antonov, O. Terentyev, O. Koval, and Dmitri Goljandin. "Effect of Thermal Spraying Method on the Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of FeNiCrBSiC-CrB₂ Coating." Key Engineering Materials 799 (April 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.799.37.

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In this study, the influence of plasma and detonation spraying techniques on the microstructure and wear behaviour of FeNiCrBSiC-20wt%CrB2 coating was investigated. The obtained coatings were found to comprise of Fe, Ni-based solid solution matrix reinforced with mixed boride phases (Fe,Cr)2B, (Ni,Fe,Cr)B, (Cr,Fe,Ni, Mo)B. The main microstructural differences of the plasma and detonation sprayed coatings are the morphology, the size and the distribution of hard boride particles. The tribological behaviour of coatings was examined under dry sliding conditions against Al2O3 ball at 20, 200 and 400 °C. The wear loss of detonation sprayed coatings was slightly lower at high temperatures while plasma sprayed coating had same wear at all temperatures. The investigation of worn surfaces revealed that abrasive and oxidative wear mechanisms are proved to be dominant for FeNiCrBSiC−20wt.%CrB2 plasma sprayed coatings, while brittle delamination and oxidative wear are characteristic for detonation sprayed coating. The sliding wear loss of the unreinforced commercial FeNiCrBSiC plasma sprayed coating was 2-3 times higher than that of reinforced (with chromium boride) coating at high temperatures due to splat delamination.

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47

Hu, Man, Guangyu Wang, Guirong Liu, and Qing Peng. "The Application of Godunov SPH in the Simulation of Energetic Materials." International Journal of Computational Methods 17, no. 07 (May 8, 2019): 1950028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876219500282.

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The numerical study of detonation of high explosives has been the interest of researchers over decades. Due to its special advantages in tracking free surface and dealing with large deformation, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) has been a powerful tool to investigate detonation phenomenon. SPH is a Lagrangian mesh-free method with extensive applications in fluid mechanics and solid mechanics. In the early development of SPH method, artificial viscosity is introduced to suppress unphysical fluctuation. However, the parameters of artificial viscosity often need to be tuned for some simulation, which can be quite time-consuming. Herein, a Riemann solver is integrated in traditional SPH algorithm to eliminate artificial viscosity, which is known as Godunov SPH. First, shock tube problem is studied using the Godunov SPH. The simulation result is compared with that obtained by traditional SPH with artificial viscosity, finite volume method (FVM) and experiment. Then, the Godunov SPH is implemented to investigate the detonation of 1D and 2D polymer-bonded explosive PBX 9501. Various factors that may influence simulation are studied, such as particle density and smoothing length. It is demonstrated that the proposed method is accurate and reliable for the study of detonation of high explosives.

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48

Saenz, J. A., B. D. Taylor, and D. S. Stewart. "Asymptotic calculation of the dynamics of self-sustained detonations in condensed phase explosives." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 710 (August 31, 2012): 166–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.358.

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AbstractWe use the weak-curvature, slow-time asymptotics of detonation shock dynamics (DSD) to calculate an intrinsic relation between the normal acceleration, the normal velocity and the curvature of a lead detonation shock for self-sustained detonation waves in condensed phase explosives. The formulation uses the compressible Euler equations for an explosive that is described by a general equation of state with multiple reaction progress variables. The results extend an earlier asymptotic theory for a polytropic equation of state and a single-step reaction rate model discussed by Kasimov (Theory of instability and nonlinear evolution of self-sustained detonation waves. PhD thesis, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois) and by Kasimov & Stewart (Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, 2004, pp. 3566–3578). The asymptotic relation is used to study the dynamics of ignition events in solid explosive PBX-9501 and in porous PETN powders. In the case of porous or powdered explosives, two composition variables are used to represent the extent of exothermic chemical reaction and endothermic compaction. Predictions of the asymptotic formulation are compared against those of alternative DSD calculations and against shock-fitted direct numerical simulations of the reactive Euler equations.

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Nguyen, V. B., J. Li, P. H. Chang, Q. T. Phan, C. J. Teo, and B. C. Khoo. "On the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) process with added energetic solid particles for pulse detonation engines (PDE)." Shock Waves 28, no. 6 (January 24, 2018): 1143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-017-0800-2.

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50

Gavrilov, A. V., M. N. Ershkov, S. N. Smetanin, S. A. Solohin, and A. V. Fedin. "Systems of the Neutralization of Shell Ammunition Without Detonation." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 12, no. 3 (2012): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2012-12-3-78-82.

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In this paper we present lasers with self-phase conjugation, providing the possibility of obtaining high-power radiation. Possibilities of application of multichannel solid-state laser systems for neutralization of explosives without formation of the critical sizes of zones of warming up of explosive are besides discussed.

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