Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solid contact

Academic literature on the topic 'Solid contact'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Solid contact"

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Rachid, Chadouli, and Makhlouf Mohammed. "Modeling of the thermal contact resistance of a solid-solid contact." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 5 (2014): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11527282.

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McGraw, Joshua D., Antoine Niguès, Alexis Chennevière, and Alessandro Siria. "Contact Dependence and Velocity Crossover in Friction between Microscopic Solid/Solid Contacts." Nano Letters 17, no. 10 (September 25, 2017): 6335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03076.

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Willatzen, Morten, and Zhong Lin Wang. "Contact Electrification by Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling." Research 2019 (August 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/6528689.

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A simple model of charge transfer by loss-less quantum-mechanical tunneling between two solids is proposed. The model is applicable to electron transport and contact electrification between e.g. a metal and a dielectric solid. Based on a one-dimensional effective-mass Hamiltonian, the tunneling transmission coefficient of electrons through a barrier from one solid to another solid is calculated analytically. The transport rate (current) of electrons is found using the Tsu-Esaki equation and accounting for different Fermi functions of the two solids. We show that the tunneling dynamics is very sensitive to the vacuum potential versus the two solids conduction-band edges and the thickness of the vacuum gap. The relevant time constants for tunneling and contact electrification, relevant for triboelectricity, can vary over several orders of magnitude when the vacuum gap changes by one order of magnitude, say, 1 Å to 10 Å. Coulomb repulsion between electrons on the left and right material surfaces is accounted for in the tunneling dynamics.
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Mesnyankin, Sergei Yu, Aleksei G. Vikulov, and Dmitrii G. Vikulov. "Solid-solid thermal contact problems: current understanding." Physics-Uspekhi 52, no. 9 (September 30, 2009): 891–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufne.0179.200909c.0945.

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Mesnyankin, S. Yu, A. G. Vikulov, and D. G. Vikulov. "Solid-solid thermal contact problems: current understanding." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 179, no. 9 (2009): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0179.200909c.0945.

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Phutke, Minakshee, Jenil Dedhia, and A. K. Suresh. "Modelling solid-solid reactions: Contact-point approach." Chemical Engineering Journal 377 (December 2019): 120570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.030.

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Sun, Linlin, Ziming Wang, Chengyu Li, Wei Tang, and Zhonglin Wang. "Probing Contact Electrification between Gas and Solid Surface." Nanoenergy Advances 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv3010001.

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Contact electrification exists everywhere and between every phase of matter. However, its mechanism still remains to be studied. The recent triboelectric nanogenerator serves as a probe and provides some new clues about the mechanism present in solid–solid, solid–liquid, and liquid–liquid contact electrification. The gas–solid model still remains to be exploited. Here, we investigated the contact electrification between gases and solids based on the single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator. Our work shows that the amount of transferred charges between gas and solid particles increases with surface area, movement distance, and initial charges of particle increase. Furthermore, we find that the initial charges on the particle surface can attract more polar molecules and enhance gas collisions. Since ions in gas–solid contact are rare, we speculate that gas–solid contact electrification is mainly based on electron transfer. Further, we propose a theoretical model of gas–solid contact electrification involving the gas collision model and initial charges of the particle. Our study may have great significance to the gas–solid interface chemistry.
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Wang, Zong Ren, Jun Yang, Yu Chen, and Wei Fang Zhang. "Experimental Study of Thermal Contact Conductance Across Solid/Solid Interface." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1082.

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This article describes an experimental setup to measure the TCC between interfaces of two contact solid materials. This apparatus consists of loading and load bearing subsystem, water-cooling subsystem, heating subsystem, temperature measurement and control subsystem and thermal insulation subsystem. A cooling water tank is used to increase the heat flux in axial direction. An experimental investigation of TCC is conducted with pressed pairs of TC4/30CrMnSi contacts in the range 40~140MPa. The results show that TCC over this condition increases with load, and is greater in the process of unloading than that of loading under the same condition.
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Chang, K. H., and L. C. Witte. "Liquid-Solid Contact During Flow Film Boiling of Subcooled Freon-11." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910401.

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Liquid-solid contacts were measured for flow film boiling of subcooled Freon-11 over an electrically heated cylinder equipped with a surface microthermocouple probe. No systematic variation of the extent of liquid-solid contact with wall superheat, liquid subcooling, or velocity was detected. Only random small-scale contacts that contribute negligibly to overall heat transfer were detected when the surface was above the homogeneous nucleation temperature of the Freon-11. When large-scale contacts were detected, they led to an unexpected intermediate transition from local film boiling to local transition boiling. An explanation is proposed for these unexpected transitions. A comparison of analytical results that used experimentally determined liquid-solid contact parameters to experimental heat fluxes did not show good agreement. It was concluded that the available model for heat transfer accounting for liquid-solid contact is not adequate for flow film boiling.
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Thierry-Jebali, Nicolas, Olivier Ménard, Arnaud Yvon, Emmanuel Collard, Miao Zhe, Olivier Dezellus, Christian Brylinski, and Jean Claude Viala. "Al-Si-Ti Ohmic Contacts on N-Type Gallium Nitride." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.812.

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Ohmic contacts represent a major technological brick for the development of high power devices on Gallium Nitride. Al(200 nm) Ti(70 nm) metallization on n+-GaN, annealed at 650 °C, provides a “Specific Contact Resistivity” (SCR) in the range mid 10-5 Ω.cm², which is low enough for the main switching power applications. However, the Al-Ti metallic compound phases formed during the annealing step result from solid-solid reactions, which may lead to high stress and / or poor cohesion, possibly deleterious to contact reliability. In this work, we have investigated several configurations of Ti-Al-Si based contacts, aiming at favoring liquid-solid reactions and / or Si element diffusion, in order to get better SCR and / or morphology and cohesion of the metallic phase. Surprisingly, only contacts annealed at low temperature (450 °C) provide low contact SCR, comparable to that of Ti-Al only contact, but systematically higher.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solid contact"

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Hernández, Malo Rafael. "Solid contact potentiometric sensors based on carbon nanomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401334.

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Aquesta tesi aporta un avanç en la construcció d'elèctrodes de contacte sòlid (SCE) basats en materials nanoestructurats de carboni. Es verifica per una banda, la possibilitat d'utilització dels nanotubs de carboni de capa Simple (SWCNTs) per a la determinació d'ions en mostres reals complexes com és la saba vegetal. Addicionalment, es porta a terme la utilització del grafè modificat químicament com a element transductor en els elèctrodes d'estat sòlid determinant el seu mecanisme de transducció i com a prova del seu funcionament es duen a terme dos elèctrodes, per una banda un elèctrode selectiu d'ions (ISE) per a la determinació de calci, i per una altra part un aptasensor per a la determinació selectiva de Staphylococcus aureus.
Esta tesis aporta un avance en la construcción de electrodos de contacto sólido (SCE) basados en materiales nanoestructurados de carbono. Se verifica por una parte, la posibilidad de utilización de los nanotubos de carbono de capa simple (SWCNTs) para la determinación de iones en muestras reales complejas como es la savia vegetal. Adicionalmente, se lleva a cabo la utilización del grafeno modificado químicamente como elemento transductor en los electrodos de estado sólido determinando su mecanismo de transducción y como prueba de su funcionamiento se llevan a cabo dos electrodos, por una parte un electrodo selectivo de iones (ISE) para la determinación de calcio, y por otra parte, un aptasensor para la determinación selectiva de Staphylococcus aureus.
This thesis provides a breakthrough in the construction of solid contact electrode (SCE) based on nanostructured carbon materials. It is checked the possibility of using single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for the determination of ions in real complex samples such as plant sap. Additionally, the use of chemically modified graphene is performed as a transducer in solid state electrodes to determine the transduction mechanism. As a proof of concept two electrodes have been developed, in one hand, an ion-selective electrode (ISE) for the determination of calcium, and on the other one, an aptasensor for the selective detection of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Parel, Kurien Stephen. "An analysis of contact stiffness and frictional receding contacts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3c29863a-b0cf-4870-851d-261be72f457f.

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The tangential contact stiffness for ground Ti-6Al-4V surfaces is measured to linearly decrease with the application of tangential load. At the beginning of the application of tangential load, for ground surfaces, the ratio of the tangential contact stiffness to the normal contact stiffness is seen to be approximately half the Mindlin ratio. This is consistent with many other published experimental studies. Measurements of normal contact stiffness for ground surfaces conform to a model that posits a linear relationship between normal contact stiffness and normal load. An equivalent surface roughness parameter is defined for two surfaces in contact; and the normal contact stiffness for ground surfaces is observed to be inversely proportional to this parameter. Single asperity models were constructed to simulate the effect of different frictional laws and plasticity on the tangential displacement of an asperity contact. Further, multi-asperity modelling showed the effect of different normal load distributions on the tangential behaviour of interfaces. In addition, normal contact stiffness was modelled for a grid of asperities taking into account asperity interactions. A receding contact problem for which the required form of the distributed dislocations is bounded-bounded was solved. Then, a fundamental 2D frictional receding contact problem involving a homogeneous linear elastic infinite layer pressed by a line load onto a half-plane of the same material was analysed. This was done by the insertion of preformed distributed dislocations (or eigenstrains), which take into account the correct form of the separation of the interface at points away from the area of loading, along with corrective bounded-bounded distributions. The general method of solution was further refined and adapted to solve three other receding contact problems. The solutions demonstrated the robustness and applicability of this new procedure.
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Papillon, Anthony. "Frittage de composites Cu-Cr pour l'élaboration de matériaux de contact d'ampoules à vide." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI099.

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Les composites Cu-Cr sont couramment utilisés comme matériaux de contact électrique pour ampoules à vide des disjoncteurs de moyenne tension. Pourtant très répandu, le frittage en phase solide de ces matériaux a été relativement peu étudié. L’optimisation du procédé passe par la compréhension des mécanismes de frittage. Cette étude est focalisée sur deux aspects importants du frittage : les processus d’oxydo-réduction liés aux oxydes de surfaces des poudres et la compétition entre mécanismes de densification et de gonflement au cours du frittage.L’oxydo-réduction a été étudiée par analyse thermogravimétrique couplée à différentes techniques de spectroscopie d’abord sur les matériaux purs puis sur les composites. Des analyses des interfaces par des coupes réalisées au FIB ont permis de préciser la localisation de l’oxyde dans les matériaux frittés. Un transfert d’oxygène a lieu entre les poudres de cuivre et de chrome. L’intensité de ce transfert dépend de la nature réductrice de l’atmosphère utilisée.La densification a été analysée par dilatométrie sur les matériaux purs et sur les composites. Ces analyses ont été appuyées par des observations microstructurales, notamment par tomographie des rayons X. L’effet des paramètres du procédé (atmosphère, vitesse de chauffage, poudres…) a été étudié. Les résultats montrent le lien entre la désoxydation des poudres de cuivre et le frittage. Un phénomène de gonflement du cuivre seul s’explique par le dégazage du cuivre à haute température lors de la fermeture des pores. Ce gonflement n’a pas lieu dans les composites Cu-Cr car le chrome retarde la fermeture des pores et piège les gaz émis par le cuivre en formant l’oxyde Cr2O3. L’atmosphère de frittage, la morphologie et la taille des poudres de chrome influent sur la densification. Le frittage sous vide permet de réduire la porosité. Une morphologie sphérique des particules de chrome limite l’effet inhibiteur de celui-ci sur la densification. Pour de faibles tailles de particules, le chrome participe à la densification, ce qui permet de mieux densifier le matériau. Ces résultats ouvrent des voies d’optimisation du procédé de frittage des matériaux.Les matériaux élaborés ont été testés dans leurs conditions d’utilisation, c'est-à-dire lors de coupures sur court-circuit en ampoule à vide. Ces essais ont montré l’intérêt de réduire la quantité d’oxyde de chrome et ont permis de déterminer l’effet des impuretés rencontrées usuellement sur les poudres de cuivre et de chrome
Cu-Cr composites are commonly used as contact materials for medium voltage circuit breakers vacuum bottles. Solid state sintering process of Cu-Cr composites is widespread but has been relatively little studied. Optimizing the process requires understanding the sintering mechanisms. This study was focused on two important aspects of sintering: the redox reactions associated to oxides on the powder surface and the competition between densification and swelling mechanisms during sintering.The redox reactions were studied by thermogravimetric analysis coupled to various spectroscopic techniques, first on isolated Cu and Cr, then on Cu-Cr composites. Interfaces analyses obtained by FIB clarified the location of the oxide inside the sintered materials. Oxygen transfer takes place between copper and chromium powders. This phenomenon strongly depends on the reducing character of the sintering atmosphere.Densification was analyzed by dilatometry on Cu, Cr and Cu-Cr composites. This analysis was supported by microstructural observations, including X-ray tomography .The effect of process parameters (atmosphere, heating rate, powders ...) was studied. The results show the relationship between sintering and copper oxide reduction. The swelling phenomenon of copper compacts is explained by high temperature degassing of copper during pore closure. This swelling does not occur in Cu-Cr composites as chromium delays pore closing and entraps the gases released by copper. Sintering atmosphere, chromium morphology and chromium particle size affect densification. Vacuum sintering reduces porosity. Chromium particles with spherical shape limit its inhibiting effect on densification. For small particle sizes, chromium participates to densification, leading to better densification of the material. These results open the route for optimizing the sintering of Cu-Cr composites.Cu-Cr composites were tested for short circuit performance in vacuum interrupters. The result of these tests showed the importance of reducing the chromium oxide amount. The effect of impurities commonly encountered on the powders copper and chromium powders was also determined
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Brunetti, Jacopo. "Mechanical energy balance of frictional contacts : From surface to solid energy dissipation in contact dynamic instabilities." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0118/document.

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Chaque fois que se produit un mouvement relatif entre deux systèmes, avec une interface à contact sec, le contact frottant induit des vibrations. La dynamique locale au contact (ruptures et la génération d'ondes) se couple avec la dynamique du système, donnant origine à des vibrations et affectant le comportement frictionnel macroscopique du système. Dans cette thèse, afin de développer une approche globale pour l'investigation des phénomènes multi-physiques, l'énergie a été utilisée comme une caractéristique physique universelle du couplage. La formulation de un bilan énergétique mécanique est utilisé pour identifier deux termes dissipatifs différents, i.e. la dissipation par amortissement matériel/système et la dissipation au contact. Les flux d'énergie, provenant des surfaces en contact et dus aux vibrations induites par frottement, excitent la réponse dynamique du système et, vice versa, l'influence de la réponse dynamique du système sur la dissipation d'énergie locale à l'interface de contact affecte les phénomènes tribologiques connexes. Dans cette thèse, les vibrations induites par le frottement ont été analysées en utilisant: l'approche par éléments finis pour étudier, par l'analyse des flux d'énergie, le couplage entre le contact et la dynamique du système; l'approche expérimentale pour valider les résultats numériques et observer l'influence des phénomènes pas encore inclus dans les modèles numériques; une approche avec une modèle à paramètres concentrés pour évaluer rapidement les effets des paramètres du système. L'analyse numérique par le modèle éléments finis 2D permet une répartition de l’énergie introduite dans le système mécanique entre les deux termes dissipatifs (amortissement matériau et contact), au cours de la réponse transitoire aussi bien en conditions stables qu’instables. En particulier, les vibrations induites par frottement modifient la capacité globale du système à absorber et dissiper l’énergie; une estimation de la puissance dissipée au contact, sans prendre en compte le comportement dynamique du système (flux d’énergie par les vibrations induites par frottement) peut conduire à des erreurs significatives dans la quantification de l’énergie dissipée au contact, ce qui affecte directement plusieurs phénomènes tribologiques. Les mesures expérimentales de crissement montrent comment les mêmes modes instables sont reproduits soit expérimentalement soit numériquement, validant l’utilisation de la simulation 2D transitoires pour l’analyse des vibrations instables induites par le frottement. L’équilibre énergétique a été utilisé sur le modèle à paramétrés concentrés, pour approcher le problème de la surestimation d’instabilité, qui est caractéristique d’une analyse des valeurs propres complexes. Un nouvel indice d’instabilité (MAI) a été défini, par des considérations énergétiques, pour comparer les différents modes instables et pour sélectionner le mode qui devient effectivement instable pendant le crissement
Whenever relative motion between two system components occurs, through a dry contact interface, vibrations are induced by the frictional contact. The local dynamics at the contact (ruptures and wave generation) couples with the system dynamics, giving origin to vibrations and affecting the macroscopic frictional behavior of the system. In this thesis, in order to develop an overall approach to the investigation of the multi-physic phenomenon, the energy has been pointed out as a coupling physical characteristic among the several phenomena at the different scales. The formulation of a mechanical energy balance is used for distinguishing between two different dissipative terms, i.e. the dissipation by material/system damping and the dissipation at the contact. The energy flows coming from the frictional surfaces, by friction induced vibrations, excites the dynamic response of the system, and vice versa the influence of the system dynamic response on the local energy dissipation at the contact interface affects the related tribological phenomena. The friction-induced vibrations have been analyzed using three different approaches: the finite element approach, to investigate the coupling between the contact and system dynamics by the analysis of the energy flows; the experimental approach to validate the numerical results and observe the influence of phenomena not still included into the numerical model; a lumped parameter model approach to quickly investigate the effects of the system parameters. The numerical analysis by the 2D finite element model allowed investigating the repartition of the energy introduced into the mechanical system between the two dissipative terms (material damping and contact) during both stable and unstable friction-induced vibrations. In particular, it has been shown how the friction-induced vibrations modify the overall capacity of the system to absorb and dissipate energy; an estimation of the power dissipated at the contact, without considering the dynamic behavior of the system (energy flows by friction induced vibrations) can lead to significant error in the quantification of the dissipated energy at the contact, which affects directly several tribological phenomena. The experimental squeal measurements show how the same unstable modes are recovered both experimentally and numerically, validating the use of the 2D transient simulations for the reproduction of the unstable friction-induced vibrations. Once the energy balance formulated, it has been used on the lumped model to approach the instability over-prediction issue characteristic of the complex eigenvalue analysis. By energy considerations, a newer instability index (MAI) has been defined to compare the different unstable modes and to select the mode that becomes effectively unstable during the transient response. The Modal Absorption Index allows quantifying the capability of each mode to exchange energy with the external environment
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Crespo, Paravano Gastón Adrián. "Solid contact ion selective electrodes based on carbon nanotubes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9050.

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The aim of this thesis is the development of solid contact ion selective electrodes, ISEs, where the transducer layer is made of a network of carbon nanotubes.

Potentiometric classical ion selective electrodes (ISEs) have been used for analytical applications since the beginning of 1900's. Determination of pH by a glass membrane ion selective electrode emerged at the beginning, being the first ISEs developed. pH glass electrode is still one the most useful and robust sensors for routine measurements both in laboratories and industries.

Throughout the years, new technologies, ideas and designs have been developed and incorporated successfully in the potentiometric fields so as to provide answers to the new society's needs. Therefore, the ion selective electrodes developed in this thesis are a step further in the progress of ISEs and must be considered as products of the scientific envisioning, growth, and interdisciplinary cooperation of many research teams over many years of continuous efforts.

The sensing part can be regarded nowadays as well developed, although it has been during only the last few years when considerable improvements have taken place in the development of new polymeric membranes, ionophores and lipophilic ions. Moreover, the understanding of the theoretical sensing mechanism has been a powerful solid backbone in the rise of ISEs.

Miniaturization of classical ISEs requires making all solid contact electrodes to avoid the intrinsic drawbacks of the inner solution. In this manner, the transduction layer has been the focus of attention for the two last decades. New solid contact transducers having the capacity to convert an ionic current into an electronic current have been emerging. Within them, conducting polymers have played an important role in the transduction of the potentiometric signal, being the most used in solid contact ion selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) up to now. However, the behaviour of conducting polymers can be further improved. For instance, their sensitivity to light one of main operational issues yet to be solved.

In the present context of searching for new materials able to transduce potentiometric signals we selected and tested carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs, which were rediscovered by Ijima in 1991, display excellent electronic properties in terms of signal transduction. In addition, due to their chemical reactivity CNTs can be easily functionalized with receptors or other functional groups. In fact, depending on the type of functionalization the macroscopic and microscopic properties of CNTs can be drastically changed. This nanostructured material had not been used previously as a solid contact material in ISEs.

The main aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that CNTs can act as a clean and efficient transducer in SC-ISEs overcoming the drawbacks displayed by the previously assayed solid contact materials. The developed electrodes were used in different conditions to determine several ions in different sample types, demonstrating the capabilities of this nanostructured material.
The thesis has been structured in different chapters, each one containing the following information:

· Chapter 1 provides a short historical overview of potentiometric ISEs. The evolution from the "classical ISEs" to the SC-ISEs is briefly illustrated. Once the motivation for thesis is described, the general and specific objectives of the thesis are reported.
· Chapter 2 reports the scientific foundations of the developed electrodes. All components of the ISE, sensing layer, transducers and detection systems are introduced. Analytical performance characteristics of ISEs are also described.
· Chapter 3 corresponds to the experimental part. Reagents, protocols, procedures and instruments used in the thesis are reported.
· Chapter 4 provides the demonstration that CNTs can act as a transducer layer in SC-ISEs. The first SC-ISEs based on CNTs are characterized by electrochemical and optical techniques.
· Chapter 5 contains the experimental results that lead to the elucidation of the possible transduction mechanism of CNTs in SC-ISEs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is employed as the main characterization technique.
· Chapter 6 is composed of four sections reporting different analytical applications. In the first section, the common pH electrode is developed using a solid contact technology based on CNTs. In the second section, the development of SC-ISEs based on a new synthetic ionophore selective to choline, and CNTs as transducers is shown. In the third section, watertight and pressure-resistant SC-ISEs based on CNTs are developed and tested in aquatic research to obtain information about the gradient profiles along the depth of the lakes. In the fourth section, SC-ISEs based on CNTs are adapted for the on-line control of a denitrification catalytic process.
· Chapter 7 reports the possibilities of miniaturization of the SC-ISEs based on CNTs to reach a nanometric electrode. Potentiometric and optical characterizations are described in this section. Moreover, a discussion about the limitations of the real miniaturization in potentiometry is undertaken.
· Chapter 8 points out the conclusions of the thesis. In addition, future prospects are suggested.
· Finally, several appendices are added to complete the doctoral thesis.
El principal objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de electrodos selectivos de iones de contacto sólido, ESIs-CS, utilizando como capa transductora una red compuesta de nanotubos de carbono.

Los electrodos potenciométricos selectivos de iones han sido utilizados en aplicaciones analíticas desde comienzos de 1900. La determinación de pH mediante electrodos de vidrio selectivo de iones fue el primer ESI desarrollado. Hoy en día, el electrodo de vidrio para la determinación de pH es todavía uno de los más útiles y robustos sensores utilizados en mediciones rutinarias tanto en laboratorios como en industrias.

A lo largo de los años, nuevas tecnologías, ideas y diseños han sido desarrollados e incorporados satisfactoriamente en el campo potenciométrico proporcionando soluciones a las necesidades en continua evolución de la sociedad. De esta manera, los electrodos selectivos de iones desarrollados en esta tesis son un paso más en el progreso de los ESIs y deben ser considerados como el producto de una sólida base científica, del crecimiento y de la cooperación interdisciplinaria de diversos grupos de investigación durante varios años.

La parte del sensor donde tiene lugar el reconocimiento químico y donde se genera el potencial dependiente de la muestra en estudio en los ESIs se puede considerar, en estos días, ampliamente desarrollada, aunque considerables mejoras han tenido lugar durante los últimos años, especialmente en el desarrollo de nuevas membranas poliméricas, ionóforos e iones lipofílicos. Sobretodo, el estudio y la comprensión del mecanismo teórico del sensor ha sido muy importante en el crecimiento y desarrollo de los ESIs.

El concepto de electrodos selectivos de iones de estado sólido surge como requisito vital para evitar las intrínsecas desventajas de la solución interna, en el proceso de miniaturización de los ESIs clásicos. De esta forma, la capa transductora ha sido el principal punto de atención durante dos décadas. Así, nuevos transductores de contacto sólido con la capacidad de convertir una corriente iónica en una corriente electrónica han sido desarrollados. Entre ellos, los polímeros conductores han jugado un importante papel en la transducción de la señal potenciométrica, siendo éstos los más empleados en los electrodos selectivos de iones de contacto sólido (ESIs-CS). Sin embargo el comportamiento de los polímeros conductores puede ser mejorado. Por ejemplo, la sensibilidad hacia la luz de estos materiales es un inconveniente todavía no resuelto.

En este contexto de investigación de nuevos materiales capaces de actuar como transductor de una señal potenciométrica, se han escogido y estudiado los nanotubos de carbono (NTCs) como transductores. Los NTCs fueros redescubiertos por Ijima en 1991, y muestran excelentes propiedades electrónicas en términos de traducción de señal. Además, debido a su reactividad química, los NTCs pueden ser fácilmente funcionalizados con receptores u otros grupos funcionales. De hecho, sus propiedades macroscópicas y microscópicas pueden ser afectadas drásticamente dependiendo del tipo y grado de funcionalización. Este material nanoestructurado no había sido previamente utilizado como transductor en ISEs.

El principal propósito de esta tesis es demostrar que los nanotubos de carbono pueden actuar de forma eficiente como transductor en electrodos selectivos de iones de estado sólido logrando vencer las desventajas de los transductores previamente mencionados. Los electrodos desarrollados fueron usados en diferentes condiciones para determinar distintos iones en diversos tipos de sistemas, demostrando las extraordinarias capacidades de este material nanoestructurado.


Esta tesis ha sido estructurada en capítulos que contienen la siguiente información:

· El Capítulo 1 proporciona una breve visión histórica de lo electrodos potenciométricos selectivos de iones. Se ilustra la evolución desde los "clásicos ESIs" hasta los actuales "ESIs-CS". Además se señalan en esta sección los objetivos generales y específicos.
· El Capitulo 2 contiene las bases científicas de los electrodos desarrollados. Se introducen todos los componentes que integran un ESI, tales como: capa reconocedora, capa transductora y sistema de detección. A continuación se describen los parámetros analíticos de calidad de los ESIs.

· El Capitulo 3 describe la parte experimental. Se recogen los reactivos, protocolos, procedimientos e instrumentos usados a lo largo de la tesis.
· El Capitulo 4 provee de la demostración de que los NTCs pueden actuar eficientemente como capa transductora en SC-ISEs. Se caracteriza el primer ESI-CS integrado por NTCs mediante técnicas ópticas y electroquímicas.
· El Capitulo 5 contiene los resultados experimentales que permiten la posible elucidación del mecanismo de transducción de los NTCs en los ESIs-CS. La Espectroscopia de Impedancia Electroquímica (ESI) es utilizada como la principal técnica de caracterización.
· El Capitulo 6 está integrado por cuatro secciones con diferentes aplicaciones analíticas. En la primera sección, se desarrolla un electrodo de pH que usa NTCs como nueva tecnología transductora en ESIs-CS. En la segunda sección se muestra el desarrollo de un ESI-CS integrado por un ionóforo sintético selectivo a colina, y NTCs como transductores. En la tercera sección, ESIs-CS basados en NTCs, resistentes a altas presiones y totalmente herméticos, se desarrollan y prueban en investigaciones acuáticas con la finalidad de obtener información sobre los gradientes de concentración de iones en función de la profundidad de un lago. En la cuarta sección ESIs-CS basados en NTCs se adaptan para el control on-line de un proceso catalítico de desnitrificación.
· El Capitulo 7 presenta la posibilidad de la miniaturización de los ESIs-CS basados en NTCs logrando obtener un electrodo nanométrico. Se muestran en esta sección la caracterización óptica y potentiométrica. Además, se discuten las limitaciones de la miniaturización real de los ESIs en potenciometría.
· El Capitulo 8 contiene las conclusiones de la tesis. Adicionalmente, se sugieren las perspectivas futuras del trabajo presentado.
· Finalmente, se añaden algunos apéndices como complemento de la tesis doctoral.
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Mukherjee, Manas. "Bubble Solid Interaction." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/78.

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The interaction of a bubble with solid surfaces, hydrophobic and hydrophilic, was investigated. When a bubble approaches towards a solid surface, a thin liquid film forms between them. The liquid in the film drains until an instability forms and film ruptures resulting in a three phase contact (TPC). Following rupture, the TPC line spreads on the solid surface. In the present study, glycerol-water solutions with varying percentages of water were used to investigate the effect of viscosity. Experiments were carried out with varying bubble size. The rupture and TPC line movement were recorded by high-speed digital video camera. The dependence of the TPC line movement on different parameters was investigated. The experimental results were compared with the existing theories for the TPC line movement. An empirical equation was developed to predict the TPC line movement. Formation or rupturing of the intervening film in case of a hydrophilic surfaces, which were glass surface cleaned by six cleaning techniques, was investigated. It was shown that a stable film forms for acid or alkali cleaning.
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Pham, Phong Ngoc. "Origin of shear-induced diffusion in particulate suspensions : crucial role of solid contacts between particles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4706/document.

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Nous avons étudié la dynamique de particules rigides et sphériques immergées dans un écoulement de cisaillement simple et oscillant à bas nombre de Reynolds. Les particules, au delà d’une déformation critique, se comportent de façon irréversible. La particules suivent alors un processus diffusif appelé: diffusion induite par cisaillement. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré, par une approche numérique et expérimentale, que les collisions solides entre particules sont à l’origine de ce phénomène. Des simulations numériques ont été effectués afin d’évaluer l’importance relative des forces hydrodynamiques longues portées, des forces de lubrifications et des forces de contact. Deux expériences ont été effectuées afin de mettre en évidence l’influence des contacts solides entre particules. Nous avons étudié la dynamique de 3 particules soumises à un écoulement de cisaillement périodique. Les trajectoires des particules sont irréversibles durant le premier cycle et réversible pour les cycles suivants. En montrant que l’amplitude de l’irréversibilité est corrélée à la rugosité des particules, nous fournissons une preuve évidente que des collisions solides entre particules ont bien lieu et que ces collisions influencent la dynamique des particules. Effectuée dans une suspension homogène, le rôle des contacts a aussi été mis en évidence en montrant que l’amplitude critique de déformation dépend de la rugosité des particules. Un modèle géométrique simple qui considère des `particules effectives’ ayant un volume dépendant de l’amplitude de déformation et de la rugosité des particules, nous a permis de quantitativement reproduire les mesures expérimentales
Even at low Reynolds number, particles within a shear flow exhibit irreversible dynamics. Many theories have been put forth to explain this phenomenon, the origin of irreversibility remains unclear. An integrated program of experimental and computational studies has been performed to assess the origin of the irreversible behavior of particles. Numerical simulations were used to evaluated the relative importance of long-range hydrodynamic interactions, lubrication, and contact forces. By isolating contribution of these interactions, we have shown that neither the long-range hydrodynamic interactions nor the lubrication are responsible for irreversibility. Solid contacts between particles largely dominate this phenomenon. However, producing realistic results requires both contact interactions and lubrication. Two different experiments were performed to address the role of contacts between particles in sheared suspensions. In the first experiment, the particle trajectories are irreversible during the first cycle but reversible for the next cycles. By showing that the magnitude of irreversibility increases with the particle roughness, we provide direct evidence that contacts occur in viscous flow. Experimental particle trajectories are well captured by the numerical model. In the second experiment, performed in a homogeneous suspension, the role of solid collisions was also revealed by showing that the critical strain amplitude depends on the particle roughness. A geometrical model based on the assumption that colliding particles produce irreversibility was derived. The model successfully reproduces the measured values of the critical strain amplitude
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Jelagin, Denis. "Frictional Effects on Hertzian Contact and Fracture." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Avd.), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4535.

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This thesis addresses normal axisymmetric contact of dissimilar elastic solids at finite interfacial friction. It is shown that in the case of smooth and convex but otherwise arbitrary contact profiles and monotonically increasing loading a single stick-slip contour evolves being independent of loading and profile geometry. This allows developing an incremental procedure based on a reduced problem corresponding to frictional rigid flat punch indentation of an elastic half-space. The reduced problem, being independent of loading and contact region, was solved by a finite element method based on a stationary contact contour and characterized by high accuracy. Subsequently, a tailored cumulative superposition procedure was developed to resolve the original problem to determine global and local field values for two practically important geometries: flat and conical profiles with rounded edges and apices. Results are given for relations between force, depth and contact contours together with surface stress distributions and maximum von Mises effective stress, in particular to predict initiation of fracture and plastic flow. It is also observed that the presence of friction radically reduces the magnitude of the maximum surface tensile stress, thus retarding brittle fracture initiation. Hertzian fracture through indentation of flat float glass specimens by steel balls has been examined experimentally for a full load cycle. It has been observed that if the specimen survived during loading to a maximum level it frequently failed at decreasing load. It has been proposed by Johnson et al. (1973) that the underlying physical cause of Hertzian fracture initiation during load removal is that at unloading frictional tractions reverse their sign over part of the contact region. Guided by these considerations a robust computational procedure has been developed to determine global and local field values in particular at unloading at finite friction. In contrast to the situation at monotonically increasing loading, at unloading invariance properties are lost and stick-slip regions proved to be severely history dependent and in particular with an opposed frictional shear stress at the contact boundary region. This causes an increase of the maximum tensile stress at the contour under progressive unloading. It is shown that the experimental observations concerning Hertzian fracture initiation at unloading are at least in qualitative correlation with the effect friction has on the maximum surface tensile stress. A contact cycle between two dissimilar elastic bodies at finite Coulomb friction has been further investigated analytically and numerically for a wider range of material parameters and contact geometries. With the issue of Hertzian fracture initiation in mind, results concerning the influence of the friction coefficient and compliance parameters on the absolute maximum surface tensile stress during a frictional contact cycle are reported along with the magnitudes of the relative increase of maximum tensile stresses at unloading. Based on a critical stress fracture criterion it is discussed how the predicted increases will influence the critical loads required for crack initiation. Fracture loads are measured with steel and tungsten carbide spherical indenters in contact with float glass specimens at monotonically increasing loading and during a load cycle. Computational predictions concerning the fracture loads are given based on Hertz and frictional contact theories combined with a critical stress fracture criterion. The computational results obtained for frictional contact are shown to be in better agreement with experimental findings as compared to the predictions based on the Hertz theory. The remaining quantitative discrepancy was attributed to the well-known fact that a Hertzian macro-crack initiates from pre-existing defects on the specimen’s surface. In order to account for the influence of the random distribution of these defects on the fracture loads at monotonic loading, Weibull statistics was introduced. The predicted critical loads corresponding to 50% failure probability were found to be in close agreement with experimentally observed ones.
QC 20100729
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Hahn, Carsten. "Models, algorithms and software concepts for contact and fragmentation in computational solid mechanics /." Hannover : Institut für Baumechanik und Numerische Mechanik, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015469864&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Zhang, Yilei. "The effect of surface roughness parameters on contact and wettability of solid surfaces." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Books on the topic "Solid contact"

1

1949-, Sokołowski Jan, ed. Modelling and control in solid mechanics. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1997.

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Atlas of point contact spectra of electron-phonon interactions in metals. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1995.

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Ron, Kaspriske, ed. Solid contact: A top coach's guide to learning your swing DNA and instantly striking the ball better than ever. New York: Gotham, 2012.

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Contact and frictional electrification. Morgan Hill, Calif: Laplacian Press, 1998.

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Popp, Alexander, and Peter Wriggers, eds. Contact Modeling for Solids and Particles. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90155-8.

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Kalker, J. J. Three-dimensional elastic bodies in rolling contact. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.

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Maugis, Daniel. Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000.

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Maugis, Daniel. Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04125-3.

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Matasci, Raymond N. Trickling filter/solids contact process: Full-scale studies. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Aleksandrov, V. M. Three-dimensional contact problems. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solid contact"

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Barber, J. R. "Frictionless Contact." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 241–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2454-6_21.

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Barber, J. R. "Receding Contact." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 221–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70939-0_11.

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Barber, J. R. "Thermoelastic Contact." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 395–432. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70939-0_17.

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Barber, J. R. "Hertzian Contact." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 29–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70939-0_3.

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Barber, J. R. "Frictionless Contact." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 449–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3809-8_29.

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Bhushan, Bharat. "Contact between Solid Surfaces." In Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices, 157–230. New York, NY: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0335-0_3.

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Bhushan, Bharat. "Contact between Solid Surfaces." In Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices, 157–230. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2364-1_3.

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Wriggers, Peter. "Continuum Solid Mechanics and Weak Forms." In Computational Contact Mechanics, 31–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32609-0_3.

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Ibrahimbegovic, Adnan. "Changing boundary conditions: contact problems." In Nonlinear Solid Mechanics, 361–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2331-5_5.

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Barber, J. R. "Plane Contact Problems." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 139–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2454-6_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Solid contact"

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Levin, David I. W., Joshua Litven, Garrett L. Jones, Shinjiro Sueda, and Dinesh K. Pai. "Eulerian solid simulation with contact." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papers. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1964921.1964931.

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Kumar, T. S. Prasanna, Nikhil Mahalingesh, S. Prajwal, Noel Godwin Saldanha, T. R. Seetharam, and K. N. Seetharamu. "ESTIMATION OF SOLID-SOLID CONTACT CONDUCTANCE BASED ON INVERSE SOLUTION." In Proceedings of the 24th National and 2nd International ISHMT-ASTFE Heat and Mass Transfer Conference (IHMTC-2017). Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihmtc-2017.2050.

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Gahoi, A., S. Kataria, and M. C. Lemme. "Temperature dependence of contact resistance for gold-graphene contacts." In ESSDERC 2017 - 47th IEEE European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2017.8066604.

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Passi, V., A. Gahoi, J. Ruhkopf, S. Kataria, F. Vaurette, E. Pallecchi, H. Happy, and M. C. Lemme. "Contact resistance Study of “edge-contacted” metal-graphene interfaces." In ESSDERC 2016 - 46th European Solid-State Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2016.7599629.

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Kantar, Emre, and Erling Ildstad. "Modeling longitudinal breakdown strength of solid-solid interfaces using contact theory." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd.2016.7547627.

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Pop, Nicolae, Theodore E. Simos, George Psihoyios, and Ch Tsitouras. "Quasi-Static Frictional Contact in Solid Mechanics." In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS: International Conference on Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics 2009: Volume 1 and Volume 2. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3241228.

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Kawasaki, Masahiro, Shuji Imazeki, Toshihide Kamata, and Masahiko Ando. "Bottom Contact Organic Thin-Film Transistors with Reduced Contact Resistance." In 2003 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2003.p13-9l.

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Dwyer-Joyce, R. S., J. Zhu, and T. Reddyhoff. "Ultrasonic Measurement for Film Thickness and Solid Contact in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication." In STLE/ASME 2010 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2010-41080.

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The reflection of ultrasound can be used to determine oil film thickness from the stiffness of the separating film. However, boundary or mixed film lubrication is a common occurrence in elastohydrodynamic lubricated (EHL) contacts, as the nominal thickness of the separating film approaches the surface asperity height. In this paper an ultrasonic investigation was carried out on the interface between a steel ball sliding on a flat disc as the speed was reduced into the boundary regime. The ultrasonic reflection then depends on the stiffness of the interface that now consists of an oil layer and asperity contacts. To distinguish the stiffness contribution from asperity contact and oil layer, a mixed lubrication model for circular contacts was established. This predicted the lubricant film thickness and proportions of solid and liquid mediated contact. The total stiffness predicted by theoretical models showed a good agreement with experimental measurement for kinematic cases. The model can then be used to extract the proportion of real area of contact, and the oil film thickness, from ultrasonic results.
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Santos, Ion Willer Dos, and Jánes Landre Júnior. "APPLYING SURFACE CONTACT ON STRUCTURES ASSESSMENT." In 8th International Symposium on Solid Mechanics. ABCM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.mecsol2022.msl22-0181.

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Hashimoto, Katsushi, Sen Miyashita, Tadashi Saku, and Yoshiro Hirayama. "Back-Gated Point Contact." In 2000 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2000.d-5-2.

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Reports on the topic "Solid contact"

1

Domning, Edward Ernest. Design and test of a low jitter metal to metal contact solid dielectric switch. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10172324.

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Nagafuji, Masashi, Mitsuhiro Soejima, Eiji Ogawa, and Takeshi Kuwahara. Studies on Friction Loss of Valve Train With Roller Follower (Influence of Solid Contact Between Cam and Roller). Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0612.

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Higginson, Drew Pitney. Ultra-High-Contrast Laser Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons in Solid Targets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1059459.

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Ruelas, S., and J. Oakdale. Degradation Studies of Silicone Rubbers in Direct Contact with Corrosive Solids Under Compression. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1821817.

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Pattison, Morgan. Solid-State Lighting 2017 Suggested Research Topics Supplement: Technology and Market Context. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1398749.

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Author, Not Given. Solid-State Lighting 2017 Suggested Research Topics Supplement: Technology and Market Context. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1413868.

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Churney, K. L., and E. S. Domalski. A study of the metal content of municipal solid waste. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/587926.

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Churney, K. L., A. E. Ledford, S. S. Bruce, and E. S. Domalski. The chlorine content of municipal solid waste from Baltimore County, MD and Brooklyn, NY. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3213.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Nutrient and mycotoxin content of commercially-sold premixed infant cereals in Malawi. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133335.

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Armero, Francisco. Numerical Analysis of Constrained Dynamical Systems, with Applications to Dynamic Contact of Solids, Nonlinear Elastodynamics and Fluid-Structure Interactions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387568.

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