Academic literature on the topic 'Solid biomass'

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Journal articles on the topic "Solid biomass"

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HONJO, Takako. "Biomass Solid Fuel." Journal of High Temperature Society 34, no. 4 (2008): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7791/jhts.34.146.

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Yeremenko, O. I. "Research of advanced crusher wood biomass for solid fuel production." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machenergy2020.01.105.

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Wu, M. R., D. L. Schott, and G. Lodewijks. "Physical properties of solid biomass." Biomass and Bioenergy 35, no. 5 (May 2011): 2093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.020.

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Pestaño, Lola Domnina Bote, and Wilfredo I. Jose. "Production of Solid Fuel by Torrefaction Using Coconut Leaves As Renewable Biomass." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 5, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.3.187-197.

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The reserves of non-renewable energy sources such as coal, crude oil and natural gas are not limitless, they gradually get exhausted and their price continually increases. In the last four decades, researchers have been focusing on alternate fuel resources to meet the ever increasing energy demand and to avoid dependence on crude oil. Amongst different sources of renewable energy, biomass residues hold special promise due to their inherent capability to store solar energy and amenability to subsequent conversion to convenient solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. At present, among the coconut farm wastes such as husks, shell, coir dust and coconut leaves, the latter is considered the most grossly under-utilized by in situ burning in the coconut farm as means of disposal. In order to utilize dried coconut leaves and to improve its biomass properties, this research attempts to produce solid fuel by torrefaction using dried coconut leaves for use as alternative source of energy. Torrefaction is a thermal method for the conversion of biomass operating in the low temperature range of 200oC-300oC under atmospheric conditions in absence of oxygen. Dried coconut leaves were torrefied at different feedstock conditions. The key torrefaction products were collected and analyzed. Physical and combustion characteristics of both torrefied and untorrefied biomass were investigated. Torrefaction of dried coconut leaves significantly improved the heating value compared to that of the untreated biomass. Proximate compositions of the torrefied biomass also improved and were comparable to coal. The distribution of the products of torrefaction depends highly on the process conditions such as torrefaction temperature and residence time. Physical and combustion characteristics of torrefied biomass were superior making it more suitable for fuel applications.Article History: Received June 24th 2016; Received in revised form August 16th 2016; Accepted 27th 2016; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Pestaño, L.D.B. and Jose, W.I. (2016) Production of Solid Fuel by Torrefaction Using Coconut Leaves As Renewable Biomass. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(3), 187-197.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.3.187-197
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Miljkovic, Biljana, Branislava Nikolovski, Dejan Mitrović, and Jelena Janevski. "Modeling for Pyrolysis of Solid Biomass." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 64, no. 2 (October 11, 2019): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.14039.

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In comparison to coal, biomass is characterized by a higher content of volatile matter. It is a renewable source of energy which has many advantages from an ecological point of view. Understanding the physical phenomena of pyrolysis and representing them with a mathematical model is the primary step in the design of pyrolysis reactors. In the present study, an existing mathematical model is used to describe the pyrolysis of a single solid particle of biomass. It couples the heat transfer equations with the chemical kinetics equations. A finite difference method is used for solving the heat transfer equation and the two-step pyrolysis kinetics equations. The model equation is solved for a slab particle of equivalent dimension 0.001 m and temperature ranging from 300 to 923 K. An original numerical model for the pyrolysis of wood chips is proposed and relevant equations solved using original program realized in MATLAB.To check the validity of the numerical results, experimental results of pyrolysis of woody biomass in laboratory facility was used. The samples were heated over a range of temperature from 300 to 923 K with three different heating rates of 21, 32 and 55 K/min, and the weight loss was measured. The simulation results as well as the results obtained from thermal decomposition process indicate that the temperature peaks at maximum weight loss rate change with the increase in heating rate. The experimental results showed that the simulation results are in good agreement and can be successfully used to understand the degradation mechanism of solid reaction.
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Castaldi, Marco J. "D201 SOLID CARBON FEEDSTOCK GASIFICATION USING CO_2 SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT(Biomass-4)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.2 (2009): _2–277_—_2–282_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.2._2-277_.

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IDA, Tamio. "A Study Outcome for Biomass Project and Solid Biomass Conversion Technology." Journal of Smart Processing 3, no. 1 (2014): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7791/jspmee.3.40.

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Ma, Long Bo. "Empirical Analysis on Peasant Households' Willingness of Using Solid Biomass Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.617.

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The energy crisis and worsening ecological environment has become the biggest threats to human life. Using solid biomass fuel can effectively relieve these hazards. According to empirical analysis on peasant households' willingness of using solid biomass fuel, the results show that age、education and incomes of the farmers' families, energy satisfaction ,energy policies, farmers for solid biomass fuel concept cognitive degree, farmer's awareness of environmental protection and safety consciousness biomass fuel for farmers to buy solid has significant influence. Therefore it is suggested that implementing energy subsidies and strengthen the concept of product positioning that can expand propaganda in solid biomass energy and promote the impact peasant biomass fuel industry development of solid.
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Abdulyekeen, Kabir Abogunde, Ahmad Abulfathi Umar, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, and Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud. "Torrefaction of biomass: Production of enhanced solid biofuel from municipal solid waste and other types of biomass." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 150 (October 2021): 111436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111436.

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Joseph, Ben, Frank Hensgen, Lutz Bühle, and Michael Wachendorf. "Solid Fuel Production from Semi-Natural Grassland Biomass—Results from a Commercial-Scale IFBB Plant." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113011.

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Biomass-based energy accounts for a notable share of renewable heat and electricity generation in Germany. Due to limited alternative uses, biomass obtained from management of semi-natural grasslands is a potential feedstock. Technical and environmental limitations exist in using this biomass for combustion, due to the presence of harmful elements. Converting biomass using integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass system (IFBB) produces a solid fuel with lower concentrations of harmful elements and a press liquid usable for biogas generation. In this study, solid fuel generation with a commercial scale IFBB unit was investigated. The concentration of harmful elements such as N, S, Cl, and K in the solid fuel was significantly reduced compared to the original biomass silage. Emissions during combustion of the solid fuel briquettes were below German legal thresholds. Elemental concentration of solid fuel obtained from commercial scale process had a significant improvement in removal rate of harmful elements than the prototype. Hence, the limitations of using semi-natural grassland biomass as an energy source were overcome. The commercial scale IFBB plant could be used in practice to handle large volumes of green residual biomass by converting it into a solid fuel with favorable fuel properties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solid biomass"

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Schimming, Sarah McNew. "Design of solid catalysts for biomass upgrading." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54265.

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The two main requirements for ceria-zirconia hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) catalysts are the presence of defect sites to bind oxygenates and the ability to adsorb and dissociate hydrogen. Two types of sites were identified for exchange of hydrogen and deuterium. The activation energy for one type of site was associated with H2-D2 exchange through oxygen defect sites. The activation energy for the second type of site was associated with H2-D2 exchange through hydroxyl groups and correlated with crystallite size. Ceria-zirconia can convert guaiacol, a model pyrolysis oil compound, with a high selectivity to phenol, an HDO product. Ceria-zirconia catalysts had a higher conversion of guaiacol to deoxygenated products as well as a higher selectivity towards phenol than pure ceria. They did not deactivate over the course of 72 hours on stream, whereas coking or the presence of water in the feed can cause serious decay of common HDO catalysts HDO. Therefore, ceria-zirconia catalysts are promising HDO catalysts for the first step of deoxygenation. The stability of supported Ru on ZrO2 in acidic or basic environments at reaction temperature is examined. In this study, the ruthenium dispersion is greatly increased by hydrothermal treatment in acidic and basic pH without alterations to the surface area, pore volume, pore size or crystal structure. An increase in Ru dispersion showed an increase in the selectivity to propylene glycol relative to ethylene glycol. A decrease in total Lewis acid site concentration was correlated with a decrease in the ethylene glycol yield. The conclusions of this study indicate that stability of catalysts in realistic industrial environments is crucial to the design of catalysts for a reaction.
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Laryea-Goldsmith, Rene. "Concurrent combustion of biomass and municipal solid waste." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/5580.

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This PhD research project is primarily an investigation of the gaseous pollutant emissions arising from concurrent combustion of biomass and municipal solid wastes materials, using a fluidized bed combustor. Of the wide range of biomass energy resources available, dried distillers’ grains with solubles and wheat straw were chosen as two example agricultural by-products of the human food supply chain. To consider an integrated waste management programme, a residual waste resource from a materials recycling facility was identified as a waste materials source that could be utilized after materials recycling was performed (which is a higher priority activity with respect to energy recovery). Cont/d.
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Becidan, Michaël. "Experimental Studies on Municipal Solid Waste and Biomass Pyrolysis." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1723.

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The introduction of this thesis (Chapters 1-9) presents the broader picture of waste management and thermal treatments (situation, trends and novel concepts) with a strong focus on nitrogen (N) in Chapter 6 (a summary of this chapter can be found on page 42). A new insight on N-functionalities is presented, mostly based on plant physiology publications widely ignored by the bioenergy world. N in biomass is found in a variety of chemical compounds and not only in protein compounds. An extensive literature survey concerning N-chemistry during pyrolysis of model compounds and biomass has also been done. A critical light is cast on these studies.

Paper I (or P-I) ([Becidan 2004]) presents preliminary results using the experimental set-up and shows its potential in thermal studies. The study of N-release was twofold: NOx release during combustion of biomass and NOx precursors (NH3 and HCN) release during pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The main results confirm known trends: N-release during combustion decreases with increasing fuel-N content; N-release as NH3 and HCN during pyrolysis is clearly dependent on temperature with increasing release with increasing temperature and NH3 as the main component at all conditions.

Paper II (or P-II) ([Skreiberg 2004]) presents modelling work realised to assess the potential for reduction of NOx emission formed from fuel-N by implementing staged air combustion. The results obtained from these chemical analysis of ideal reactors (Plug Flow Reactor and Perfectly Stirred Reactor) can be seen as a simplified CFD approach. The reduction potential is depending on a variety of factors and will therefore have to be assessed on a case-to-case basis. However, some conclusions can be drawn: (1) PSR mixing conditions are more favourable than PFR flow; (2) increasing fuel-N content will increase the relative NOx reduction potential; (3) increasing fuel-N fraction of NH3, or HNCO, compared to HCN will increase the NOx reduction potential; (4) increasing amounts of CO, and H2, will increase the NOx reduction potential, but it depends also on the fuel-N compounds; (5) one primary air stage is sufficient, unless also the fuel supply is staged. It is possible to further increase the NOx reduction with more primary air stages at some conditions, but the increase is limited; (6) increasing overall excess air ratio will decrease the NOx reduction potential; (7) increasing residence time will only significantly increase the NOx reduction potential until the main chemistry is completed. However, the time for completion of the main chemistry is significantly longer in a PSR compared to a PFR, and the effect of an increasing residence time is much more pronounced at optimum conditions in a PSR; (8) temperature is an important parameter. However, for a specific set of other parameters there exists an optimum temperature. The temperature in the primary air stage should be high enough to complete the main chemistry. The temperature needed to complete the main chemistry, and the fuel-N chemistry, in a PSR is higher than in a PFR for the same residence time. The temperature in the secondary air stage should be as low as possible, but high enough to ensure complete combustion.

Paper III (or P-III) ([Becidan 2007a]) looks at the products distribution and the main pyrolysis products of thermally thick and scarcely studied biomass residues samples. For all fuels, higher temperatures favour gas yield at the expense of char and liquid yields. High heating rate also promotes gas yield. The main gas components were CO2, CO, CH4, H2, C2H2, C2H6 and C2H4. An increase in temperature and heating rate leads to increasing yields for all the gases up to 825-900°C where CO2 and hydrocarbons yields show a clear tendency to stabilise, increase slightly or decrease slightly depending on the fuel. The gas release dynamics reveal important information about the thermal behaviour of the various components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) of the biomass and are consistent with studies using TGA. The gross calorific value of the gas produced increases with increasing temperature reaching a plateau at 750-900ºC. This study provides valuable data of the thermal behaviour of thermally thick biomass samples which is of interest for further work in the area of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis in fixed beds. The study confirms the potential of those unexploited residues for production of energy carriers through pyrolysis.

Paper IV (or P-IV) ([Becidan 2007b]) proposes a more extensive study of N-release from 3 biomass residues (coffee waste, brewer spent grains, fibreboard). This study of N-behaviour during biomass pyrolysis of thermally thick samples provided several findings. At high heating rate, NH3 and HCN are the two N-containing compounds, NH3 being the main one at all conditions; NH3 release increases with increasing heating rate and temperature to reach a maximum at 825-900°C while HCN yield increases sharply with temperature without reaching a plateau in the temperature range studied. N-selectivity, N release pattern and N-compounds thermal behaviour are affected by the fuel properties, in all probability including N-functionalities. While the total N-conversion levels to (HCN+NH3) are similar for all fuels at high heating rate, the differences are very significant at low heating rate (more than 2-fold for NH3 and 3-fold for HCN). This can be related to the different fuel properties including N-functionalities. Several attempts have been made previously to correlate N-functionalities and N-release during pyrolysis. However no clear dependence has ever been established for biomass. Furthermore, the intricate and versatile nature of N in biomass samples and its interactions with emicellulose, cellulose and lignin prior to and during pyrolysis are difficult to elucidate.

A mechanism of cross-linking between a protein side group and cellulose during pyrolysis was proposed. Further work should focus on the use of the data obtained for improved modelling of biomass pyrolysis. In order to obtain more mechanistic insights the study of model compounds seems more appropriate but may have limited validity because of the intricate structure of “real” biomass. These two types of studies are therefore complementary to obtain a good overview of N-release.

Paper V (or P-V) ([Becidan 2007c]) presents the kinetics of decomposition of the three afore-mentioned biomass residues. The results can be summarised as such:

(1) The samples were studied at five different T(t) temperature programs. The temperature programs covered a wide range of experimental conditions: the experiments exhibited 10 – 14 times variation in time span, mean reaction rate and peak reaction rate.

The experiments on a given sample were described by the same set of model parameters. The optimal parameters were determined by the method of least squares. Three models were proposed that described equally well the behavior of the samples in the range of observations.

(2) A model built from three distributed activation energy reactions was suitable to describe the devolatilisation at the highly different T(t) functions of our study with only 12 adjustable parameters. The other two models contained simpler mathematical equations (first order and nth order partial reactions, respectively), accordingly their use may be more convenient when the coupling of kinetic and transport equations are needed. On the other hand, the simpler models needed higher numbers of parameters to describe the complexity of these wastes

(3) The reliability of the proposed models was tested in three ways: (i) the models provided good fits for all the five experiments of a sample; (ii) the evaluation of a narrower subset of the experiments (the three slowest experiments) provided approximately the same parameters as the evaluation of the whole series of experiments; (iii) the models proved to be suitable to predict the behavior of the samples outside of those experimental conditions at which the model parameters were determined. Check (iii) corresponded to an extrapolation to ca. four-time higher reaction rates from the domain of the three slowest experiments.

(4) The evaluated experiments included “constant reaction rate” (CRR) measurements. This type of temperature control involves a continuously changing heating rate. The simultaneous evaluation of linear, stepwise and CRR experiments proved to be advantageous in the determination of reliable kinetic models. (5) The samples had very different chemical compositions. Nevertheless, the same models described them equally well. Accordingly, the models and the strategies for their evaluation and validation can be recommended for a wider range of biomass studies.

Paper VI (or P-VI) ([Becidan 2007d]), this study on thermally thick biomass samples pyrolysis has investigated (1) temperature field, (2) weight loss at two scales (TGA and macro-TGA). The main findings are:

(a) Qualitative evaluation of the thermal history: three temperature regimes have been identified: (1) exponentially increasing temperature, (2) linearly increasing temperature (3) 2-slope increasing temperature with a flattening period. The regime at a given point will depend on the sample weight, the reactor temperature and the location in the sample.

(b) Quantitative evaluation of the thermal history: significant temperature gradients were measured, with a maximum radial gradient of 167°C/cm for coffee waste at a reactor temperature of 900°C. This will affect the pyrolysis process.

(c) The step-by-step pyrolysis chemistry was described and discussed (10°C/min heating rate). By use of a novel concept, i.e. intra-sample heating rate, the exothermic step of pyrolysis was shown. It is related to char and/or char-forming reactions.

(d) The comparative study of weight loss in TGA and macro-TGA (10°C/min heating rate, never done before to our knowledge) was performed to investigate the “scaling effect”. Pyrolysis time and pyrolysis rate differences were characterised and quantified.


Paper III reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier, sciencedirect. com
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González, Martínez María. "Woody and agricultural biomass torrefaction : experimental study and modelling of solid conversion and volatile species release based on biomass extracted macromolecular components." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24326/1/gonzalez_martinez.pdf.

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Nowadays, there is an increasing awareness on the importance of biomass waste as a renewable source of energy, materials and chemicals. In this context, the European project MOBILE FLIP aims at developing and demonstrating mobile conversion processes suitable with variousunderexploited agro- and forest based biomass resources in order to produce energy carriers, materials and chemicals. One of these processes is torrefaction, which consists in a mild thermal treatment, occurring typically between 200 and 300°C during a few tens of minutes in a defaultoxygen atmosphere. The solid product obtained has thermal and processing properties closer to coal, and thus is suitable as fuel for combustion or gasification. During torrefaction, condensable coproducts are released, that may also be source of “green” chemicals. It is therefore crucial to characterize them to optimize the torrefaction process and design industrial units. Up to now, only few works have been focused on characterizing and modelling both solid and condensable species during torrefaction versus operating conditions and feedstock type. Furthermore, these studies typically include a reduced number of biomasses. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin,which constitute biomass macromolecular composition, are determining properties to predict biomass behaviour during torrefaction. However, torrefaction tests on these constituents are rare and always based on commercial compounds, which were proved as little representative of the native biomass. The objective of this study is to analyse the influence of biomass characteristics, mainly represented by the macromolecular composition in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, on the global behaviour of biomass in torrefaction, both in terms of solid mass loss and of productionprofiles of the volatile species released, in function of the operating conditions.14 biomasses from the main biomass families (deciduouswood, coniferous wood, agricultural byproductsand herbaceous crops) were selected for this study. An optimized extraction procedure was proposed to recover cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin fractions from 5 reference biomasses. Experiments were performed on a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a gas chromatography mass spectrometer device through a heated storage loop system (TGA-GC/MS). Solid degradation kinetics and volatile release profiles were followed during torrefaction experiments combining non-isothermal (200 to 300°C at 3°C/min) and isothermal (300°C, 30 min) conditions, ensuring the chemical regime thanks to the appropriate operating conditions. The results obtained with the raw materials demonstrated that biomass macromolecular composition is a main factor influencing biomass behavior in torrefaction. Consequently, the heterogeneity of the resource results in a diverse behavior in torrefaction, particularly in the case of agricultural biomasses. The results with the extracted components evidenced their very different behavior compared to thecommercial compounds, particularly in the case of cellulose. This suggests that a limitation could be induced by the common use in literature of commercial components for torrefaction modelling. The impact on the characterization of macromolecular components was also shown to be prevailing in their behavior in torrefaction, especially in the case of hemicellulose sugar composition and cellulose crystallinity. Furthermore, differences in release kinetics of volatile species during torrefaction were observed, even for volatiles belonging to the same chemical family (acids, furans, ketones). Derived from these results, a torrefaction model based on the additive contribution of extracted cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin to the global behavior of biomass in torrefaction was proposed, and this for the 5 representative biomasses.
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Liew, Lo Niee. "Solid-state Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biogas Production." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306870552.

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Ramadhan, Omar M. "Biomass derived oil : production, fractionation and structural investigation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326043.

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Sattar, Anwar. "Hydrogen production from biomass for use in solid oxide fuel cells." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6335/.

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This thesis presents an investigation into the use of four biochars (wood, rapeseed, miscanthus and sewage sludge) to generate a hydrogen-rich syngas that can be utilised in solid oxide fuel cells. Experimental investigations are split into three sections; (i) biochar characterisation, (ii) biochar gasification and (iii) the use of syngas in a single, microtubular solid oxide fuel cell. Characterisation revealed that wood biochar had the highest carbon content at 71.58%, sewage sludge had the lowest at 30% and rapeseed had the highest mineral content. The effects of temperature on gasification were investigated over a temperature range of 650 - 850°C at a steam flow of 172 g min\(^-\)\(^1\) kg\(^-\)\(^1\) biochar and effects of steam flow at 850°C over a steam flow range of 54 - 277 g min\(^-\)\(^1\) kg\(^-\)\(^1\) biochar. Results revealed the transient behaviour of the process as well as the effects of temperature and steam flow. Dry gas yield increases with both temperature and steam flow, with wood biochar giving maximum values of 2.58 m\(^3\) kg\(^-\)\(^1\) at 850°C and 277 g min\(^-\)\(^1\) kg\(^-\)\(^1\) biochar. Hydrogen content decreases at high temperatures and peak hydrogen content, 58.7%, was achieved at 750°C from the rapeseed biochar. Syngas from wood and rapeseed biochars was collected and used in a microtubular solid oxide fuel cell. Gas from rapeseed had a negative effect on the fuel cell performance, leading to a 28% decrease in the performance over the 30 minutes of potentiostatic operation of 0.7 V. Gas from wood biochar was more suitable and was used in the solid oxide fuel cell for approximately 500 minutes, giving an initial electrical efficiency of 16.8% at 0.7 V.
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Recari, Ansa Javier. "Gasification of biomass and solid recovered fuels (SRFs) for the synthesis of liquid fuels." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/450856.

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La gasificació és una tecnologia prometedora per l’aprofitament energètic de biomassa i residus, ja que permet convertir els combustibles sòlids en un gas de síntesi (syngas) amb diverses aplicacions. No obstant això, algunes limitacions encara impedeixen la completa implementació d’aquesta tecnologia a escala industrial, en particular per a la producció de combustibles líquids a partir del procés Fischer-Tropsch (FT). Els principals inconvenients estan relacionats amb la qualitat del syngas, per exemple una baixa relació H2/CO i la presència d’impureses (tar i contaminants menors), i depenen de la naturalesa del material i de les condicions d’operació del procés de gasificació. Aquesta tesi es centra en la millora de la qualitat del syngas de gasificació de biomassa i combustibles sòlids recuperats (CSRs) per a la producció de combustibles líquids. El treball es divideix en dos parts principals. La primera part consisteix en estudis experimentals de gasificació de biomassa i CSRs en un reactor de llit fluïditzat a escala de laboratori per tal d’analitzar la influència de les condicions d’operació (temperatura, agents de gasificació, etc.) en el rendiment del procés i la composició del gas. Ja que els CSRs contenen més quantitats de precursors de contaminants que la biomassa, es va desenvolupar un mètode per tal de determinar la concentració de HCl, H2S, HCN i NH3 en el syngas mitjançant la potenciometria d’ió-selectiu. També, es proposa l’aplicació d’un pretractament tèrmic (torrefacció) als materials de gasificació com un mètode per tal de millorar les propietats dels materials i disminuir l’emissió de contaminants en el syngas. Per últim, la segona part d’aquest treball consisteix en un estudi tecno-econòmic per estimar els costos d’inversió i d’operació de plantes de combustibles líquids FT a partir de la gasificació de biomassa i residus, partint dels resultats obtinguts experimentalment.
La gasificación es una tecnología prometedora para el aprovechamiento energético de biomasa y residuos ya que permite convertir los combustibles sólidos en un gas de síntesis (syngas) con múltiples aplicaciones. Sin embargo, ciertas limitaciones todavía impiden la completa implementación de esta tecnología a escala industrial, en particular para la producción de combustibles líquidos a partir del proceso Fischer Tropsch (FT). Los principales inconvenientes están relacionados con la calidad del syngas, por ejemplo una baja relación H2/CO y la presencia de impurezas (tar y contaminantes menores), y dependen de la naturaleza del material y de las condiciones de operación del proceso de gasificación. Esta tesis se centra en la mejora de la calidad del syngas de gasificación de biomasa y combustibles sólidos recuperados (CSRs) para la producción de combustibles líquidos. El trabajo se divide en dos partes principales. La primera parte consiste en estudios experimentales de gasificación de biomasa y CSRs en un reactor de lecho fluidizado a escala de laboratorio para evaluar la influencia de las condiciones de operación (temperatura, materiales de lecho, agentes de gasificación, etc.) en el rendimiento del proceso y la composición del gas. Debido a que los CSRs contienen mayores cantidades de precursores de contaminantes que la biomasa, se ha desarrollado un método para determinar la concentración de HCl, H2S, HCN y NH3 en el syngas mediante potenciometría de ion selectivo. Además, se propone la aplicación de un pretratamiento térmico (torrefacción) a los materiales de gasificación como un método para mejorar las propiedades de los materiales y disminuir la emisión de contaminantes en el syngas. Por último, la segunda parte consiste en un estudio tecno-económico para estimar los costes de inversión y de operación de plantas de combustibles líquidos FT a partir de la gasificación de biomasa y residuos, partiendo de los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente.
Gasification is a promising technology for energy exploitation of biomass and waste, converting carbonaceous fuels into a synthesis gas (syngas) with multiple applications. However, technical obstacles hinder the full implementation of this technology at industrial scale, particularly for the production of liquid fuels through Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Those challenges are mainly related to the syngas quality, such as a low H2/CO ratio and the presence of impurities (tar and minor contaminants), strongly influenced by the nature of the feedstock and the operating conditions of the gasification process. This thesis focuses on the improvement of the syngas quality from gasification of biomass and solid recovered fuels (SRFs) aiming to produce liquid fuels. The present work is divided in two main blocks. The first block corresponds to biomass and SRFs gasification experiments in a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor in order to study the influence of key operating conditions (temperature, bed materials, gasification agents, etc.) on the gasification performance and gas composition. Since SRF materials contain higher amounts of contaminants precursors than biomass, a method to assess the concentration of HCl, H2S, HCN and NH3 in the syngas by means of ion-selective potentiometry was developed. The application of a thermal pretreatment (torrefaction) to the gasification feedstocks is proposed as a way to upgrade the feedstock properties and abate the release of contaminants in the syngas. The second part of this work consists in a techno-economic analysis that estimates capital and production costs of FT liquid fuel plants based on biomass and waste gasification, using as input the experimental results.
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Risnes, Håvar. "High Temperature Filtration in Biomass Combustion and Gasification Processes." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1485.

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High temperature filtration in combustion and gasification processes is a highly interdisciplinary field. Thus, particle technology in general has to be supported by elements of physics, chemistry, thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer processes. This topic can be addressed in many ways, phenomenological, based on the up stream processes (i.e. dust/aerosol formation and characterisation) or apparatus oriented.

The efficiency of the thermochemical conversion process and the subsequent emission control are major important areas in the development of environmentally sound and sustainable technology. Both are highly important for combustion and gasification plant design, operation and economy.

This thesis is divided into four parts:

I. High temperature cleaning in combustion processes.

II. Design evaluations of the Panel Bed Filter technology.

III. Biomass gasification

IV. High temperature cleaning of biomass gasification product gas

The first part validates the filter performance through field experiments on a full scale filter element employed to a biomass combustion process and relates the results to state of the art within comparable technologies (i.e. based on surface filtration). The derived field experience led to new incentives in the search for a simplified design featuring increased capacity. Thus, enabling both high efficiency and simplified production and maintenance. A thorough examination of design fundamentals leading to the development of a new filter geometry is presented.

It is evident that the up-stream process has significant influence upon the operation conditions of a filter unit. This has lead to a detailed investigation of some selected aspects related to the thermochemical conversion. Furthermore, the influence of fuel characteristics upon conversion and product gas quality is discussed.

The last part discusses the quality of biomass gasification product gas and requirements put upon the utilisation of this gas in turbines, diesel engines or other high temperature applications. Filtration experiments conducted on product gas derived from wood gasification are reported and discussed.

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Josephson, Alexander Jon. "Modeling Soot Formation Derived from Solid Fuels." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7020.

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Soot formation from complex solid fuels, such as coal or biomass, is an under-studied and little understood phenomena which has profound physical effects. Any time a solid fuel is combusted, from coal-burning power plants to wildland fires, soot formation within the flame can have a significant influence on combustion characteristics such as temperature, heat flux, and chemical profiles. If emitted from the flame, soot particles have long-last effects on human health and the environment. The work in this dissertation focuses on creating and implementing computational models to be used for predicting soot mechanisms in a combustion environment. Three models are discussed in this work; the first is a previously developed model designed to predict soot yield in coal systems. This model was implemented into a computational fluid dynamic software and results are presented. The second model is a detailed-physics based model developed here. Validation for this model is presented along with some results of its implementation into the same software. The third model is a simplified version of the detailed model and is presented with some comparison case studies implemented on a variety of platforms and scenarios. While the main focus of this work is the presentation of the three computational models and their implementations, a considerable bulk of this work will discuss some of the technical tools used to accomplish this work. Some of these tools include an introduction to Bayesian statistics used in parameter inference and the method of moments with methods to resolve the 'closure' problem.
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Books on the topic "Solid biomass"

1

Birdsall, Jaquelyn. Repowering solid fuel biomass electricity generation. Sacramento, California]: [California Energy Commission], 2012.

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Jones, Jenny M., Amanda R. Lea-Langton, Lin Ma, Mohamed Pourkashanian, and Alan Williams. Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6437-1.

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Matolcsy, G. A. Development of a moisture resistant densified solid fuel from forest biomass. Ottawa: The Dept., 1986.

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Company, RAM Mutual Insurance. Fire safety in solid fuel burning systems. Esko, Minn: RAM Mutual Insurance Co., 2002.

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Lind, Terttaliisa. Ash formation in circulating fluidised bed combustion of coal and solid biomass. Espoo, Finland: VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1999.

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Grammelis, Panagiotis. Solid biofuels for energy: A lower greenhouse gas alternative. London: Springer, 2011.

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Tillman, David A. Solid fuel blending: Principles, practices, and problems. Oxford: Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012.

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International Workshop on Thermal Solid Waste Utilisation in Regular and Industrial Facilities (1999 Kazimierz Dolny, Poland). Thermal solid waste utilisation in regular and industrial facilities: [proceedings of the International Workshop on Thermal Solid Waste Utilisation in Regular and Industrial Facilities, held November 28-30, 1999, in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland]. New York: Kluwer Academic, 2000.

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European Forum on Electricity Production from Biomass and Solid Wastes by Advanced Technologies (1st 1991 Florence). Electricity production from biomass and solid wastes by advanced technologies: Proceedings of the 1st European forum on electricity production from biomass and solid wastes by advanced technologies, Florence, Italy, 27-29 November 1991. [Luxembourg]: [Office for Official Publications of the European Communities], 1992.

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Duong, Dao (Dao N.B.) and Harding N. S, eds. Solid fuel blending: Principles, practices, and problems. Oxford: Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solid biomass"

1

Christoforou, Elias, and Paris A. Fokaides. "Biomass Raw Material." In Advances in Solid Biofuels, 5–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00862-8_2.

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Christoforou, Elias, and Paris A. Fokaides. "Solid Biomass Pretreatment Processes." In Advances in Solid Biofuels, 25–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00862-8_3.

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Pels, J. R., and A. J. Sarabèr. "Utilization of Biomass Ashes." In Solid Biofuels for Energy, 219–35. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-393-0_10.

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Webster, David J. "Municipal Solid Waste as a Biomass Feedstock." In Plant Biomass Conversion, 109–27. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470959138.ch5.

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Klemm, Marco, Ralf Schmersahl, Claudia Kirsten, Nadja Weller, Annett Pollex, Jan Hari Arti Khalsa, and Thomas Zeng. "Upgraded “New” Solid Biofuels." In Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass), 451–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_247.

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Mirowski, Tomasz, and Eugeniusz Mokrzycki. "Thermochemical Processing of Solid Biomass." In Biomass in Small-Scale Energy Applications: Theory and Practice, 1–18. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2019. | Series: Energy systems : from design to management: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429286063-1.

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Jones, Jenny M., Amanda R. Lea-Langton, Lin Ma, Mohamed Pourkashanian, and Alan Williams. "The Combustion of Solid Biomass." In Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels, 25–43. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6437-1_3.

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Hartmann, Hans. "Solid Biofuels and Their Characteristics." In Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass), 415–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_245.

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Bhaskaran, Sminu, Saurabh Gupta, and Santanu De. "Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification of Solid Fuels." In Coal and Biomass Gasification, 425–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7335-9_17.

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Durand, A., C. Vergoignan, and C. Desgranges. "Biomass estimation in solid state fermentation." In Advances in Solid State Fermentation, 23–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0661-2_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Solid biomass"

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Barreiros Martins, Luis A., Marco Andre´ Reis, Manuel Eduardo Ferreira, and Jose´ Carlos Teixeira. "Drying Kinetics of Solid Biomass." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64242.

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The growing costs of conventional energy resources has significantly changed the economies and led to an increased demand for biomass. Biomass in its natural state has a high moisture content, which reduces the combustion efficiency and may cause problems in its processing. One of the most widely used forms of solid biomass concerns pellets that are often manufactured from saw dust. The manufacturing process requires that the raw material should be supplied in controllable conditions of humidity (in the order of 10%, dry basis); otherwise the final product will have poor mechanical properties. So it is essential to do the drying process to reduce the moisture content to acceptable values and to improve the efficiency of using of this product. In this way becomes necessary to study the various parameters that influence the drying process of biomass. For this purpose a drying wind tunnel was built. The facility consists of a ventilator, an electrical heating system and settling chamber and a testing chamber. This facility allows the study of the influence of moisture content and initial grain size of samples and the temperature and air velocity in the drying process of biomass. Air is supplied into a sample of biomass and its temperature and humidity are monitored along time. The humidity is measured by weighting the sample at regular intervals. Measurements were carried out on pine sawdust that was sieved into samples of various particle size. The temperature and air velocity was varied for each sample and the drying kinetics were used to derive working correlations from the experimental data. The results have shown that the gas temperature is the most important parameter in the drying of sawdust. The data was also correlated with dimensionless parameters.
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Burra, K. G., and A. K. Gupta. "Role of Catalyst in Solid Biomass Gasification." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59039.

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Energy recovery from biomass is of pinnacle importance for renewable and sustainable energy development. Gasification techniques offer efficient and effective transformation of solid biomass into gas/liquid fuels and value added materials. This technique offers clean energy production with improved efficiency compared to other transformation techniques. Catalysts offer improved reaction efficiency and product yield. However, a robust catalyst for efficient biomass conversion to fuel gases requires close examination. Transitional metals, being inert compared to alkali metals, have shown good catalytic activity in reformation reactions, such as, high temperature and low temperature water-gas shift reactions in ammonia plants with good heat conductivity and catalytic activity. In this study catalytic conversion of pine wood chips using dry (CO2) gasification is investigated. The catalytic effects of CuO/Al2O3-SiO2 (made by wetness impregnation) on the rate of gasification, along with the gaseous species evolved during the gasification at different temperatures (700°C to 900°C) using CO2 are investigated in a semi-batch type reactor. The H2/CO ratio in the syngas and the temporal evolution of various gases evolved, their total yield, and the energy yield are quantified from the analysis of gases evolved. The results reveal significant enhancement in H2 yield and production rate along with selective dry reformation of CH4, while the effect on CO yields were unaffected. Improved yields of H2 and CH4 but no change in CO suggest the catalytic activity of CuO in enhancing the formation of high molecular weight hydrocarbons.
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Infiesta, Luciano, Cassius Ferreira, Alam Trovó, Luciana Gonçalves, Washington Martins da Silva Jr., Valério Luiz Borges, and Solidônio Carvalho. "PELLETIZED BIOMASS FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES FOR USE AS SOLID FUEL." In Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2018.cit18-0015.

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Shamsuddin, Abd Halim, and Mohd Shahir Liew. "High Quality Solid Biofuel Briquette Production From Palm Oil Milling Solid Wastes." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90122.

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Malaysia has about 4.2 million hectares of oil palm plantation. The palm oil milling industry has over 400 mills throughout the country with total milling capacity of 82 million tonnes fresh fruit bunches, FFB, per year. In 2003, the amount of FFB processed was 67 million tonnes, which generated solid wastes in the forms of empty fruit bunches, EFB (19.43 million tonnes), mesocarp fibres (12.07 million tonnes) and palm kernel shell (4.89 million tonnes). These wastes has moisture content of 60–70% for EFB and mesocarp fibre, and 34–40% for palm kernel shell, and calorific value of 5.0 – 18.0 Mj/kg. A processing technology was developed to process these low quality biomass fuels into high quality solid biofuel briquettes with moisture content in the range 8–12%. Depending on the formulations and the sources of the raw biomass, the final solid biofuel briquettes can have calorific values in the range of 18–25 Mj/kg. The production of the solid biofuel briquettes would be an attractive financial advantage for full exploitation of biomass fuels. Logistic problems due to the disperse nature of the biomass resources would significantly be addressed.
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Apprill, Bob, Logan Coen, Brian Gessler, Jonathan Mattson, and Christopher Depcik. "Fixed Bed Solid Fuel Combustor for the Purpose of Testing Solid Biomass Emissions Properties." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36543.

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Fossil fuels place a large strain on the environment due to the pollution produced through their extraction and usage. One method to reduce societal fossil fuel usage is through co-combustion of coal with woody biomass. However, overproduction of this biomass may lead to significant environmental deterioration. A potential sustainable substitute for the woody biomass is in the form of dried algae. Because the emission characteristics of algae combustion are unknown, a simple dry mass combustor was constructed, including necessary instrumentation, as part of an undergraduate design class with the goal of a more thorough characterization of algae’s combustion properties. The combustor is a simple and affordable design, in keeping with the classes’ principles of sustainability through a focus on energy, environment, and economy. The combustor consists of a flow controller that sends air into a metallic plenum, where modulations in flow are reduced before it is sent to a steel pipe for combustion. This paper describes the concepts involved in the design of this combustor, and preliminary assessment efforts employing the system when testing biomass pellets. Testing showed combustion efficiency greater than 98%, and the data clearly illustrates three separate phases to the reaction process, with rapid changes in emissions and temperature punctuating the ends of these phases.
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Ma, Long-bo, Da-hong Zhang, and Zu-jun Liu. "Way of the Development of Solid biomass fuel Industry." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icise.2010.5690560.

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David Lanning, Christopher Lanning, James Fridley, James Dooley, and Mark DeTray. "Mode of Failure Model for Cutting Solid Section Biomass." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25016.

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Zhu, Zhe, Saqib Sohail Toor, Lasse Rosendahl, Donghong Yu, and Guanyi Chen. "Experimental Study of Subcritical Water Liquefaction of Biomass: Effects of Catalyst and Biomass Species." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6708.

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In this work, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wood industry residues (wood, bark, sawdust) and macroalgae for producing biofuels has been investigated under subcritical water conditions (at temperature of 300 °C), with and without the presence of a catalyst. The effects of catalyst and biomass type (woody and non-woody) on the biomass conversion, bio-crude yield, and the qualities of products were studied. The results suggested that the addition of potassium carbonate as a catalyst showed a positive effect on bio-crude yield, especially for wood, where it was enhanced to 47.48 wt%. Macroalgae showed a higher biomass conversion and a lower bio-crude yield than other woody biomass investigated in the present study, irrespective of whether the catalyst was used. Meanwhile, the effect of catalyst on macroalgae was less significant than that of woody biomass. The heating values and thermal stability of all bio-crudes were analyzed. The results showed that the higher heating values (HHVs) were in the range of 24.15 to 31.79 MJ/kg, and they were enhanced in the presence of a catalyst, except for that of the macroalgae. The solid residues were characterized by heating value, SEM and FTIR. It was found that the addition of K2CO3 lowered the solids quality in terms of the heating values, while it did not have apparent effect on the functional groups of solid residues. SEM analysis of the raw biomass and solid residues revealed that the char formation for wood, sawdust and macroalgae had initially finished when they were treated in hot compressed water at 300 °C, while conversion of bark had not completed yet.
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Siregar, S. R. H., D. Nursani, and A. Surjosatyo. "Influence of Die Temperature on Unit Density and Calorific Value of Municipal Solid Waste Pellets." In International Conference on Sustainable Biomass (ICSB 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.210603.034.

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Rahim, D. A., M. Yan, R. D. A. Pohan, D. Hantoko, and H. Susanto. "Upgrading of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches to Solid Fuel Using Torrefaction and Hydrothermal Treatment." In International Conference on Sustainable Biomass (ICSB 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.210603.030.

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Reports on the topic "Solid biomass"

1

Farzan, Hamid. NEW SOLID FUELS FROM COAL AND BIOMASS WASTE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/789505.

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Akers, David J., Glenn A. Shirey, Zalman Zitron, and Charles Q. Maney. PRODUCTION OF NEW BIOMASS/WASTE-CONTAINING SOLID FUELS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806994.

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Glenn A. Shirey and David J. Akers. Production of New Biomass/Waste-Containing Solid Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861525.

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Lindberg, Jenny P., and Jukka Tana. Best Available Techniques (BAT) in solid biomass fuel processing, handling, storage and production of pellets from biomass. Nordic Council of Ministers, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2012-550.

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Henry Liu and Yadong Li. COMPACTING BIOMASS AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES TO FORM AND UPGRADED FUEL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837464.

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Kelly, John T., George Miller, and Mehdi Namazian. A LOW COST AND HIGH QUALITY SOLID FUEL FROM BIOMASS AND COAL FINES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/795777.

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Hu, Hongqiang, Michael Clark, Amber Hoover, Kevin Kenney, B. Dutcher, G. Wilson, and V. Sethi. Technical Assessment of Using Biomass from Methyl-bromide Treated Fields in Solid Fuel Boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1408506.

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J. Richard Hess, Christopher T. Wright, Kevin L. Kenney, and Erin M. Searcy. Uniform-Format Solid Feedstock Supply System: A Commodity-Scale Design to Produce an Infrastructure-Compatible Bulk Solid from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- Executive Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/971374.

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Tao, Greg, G. A Reversible Planar Solid Oxide Fuel-Fed Electrolysis Cell and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Hydrogen and Electricity Production Operating on Natural Gas/Biomass Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/934689.

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Westendorf, Tiffany, Harish Acharya, Zhe Cui, Anthony Furman, Mark Giammattei, Jeff Rader, and Arturo Vazquez. Demonstration of Pressurizing Coal/Biomass Mixtures Using Posimetric Solids Pump Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1116038.

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