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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid alternative fuels'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Holubčík, Michal, Nikola Kantová, Jozef Jandačka, and Zuzana Kolková. "Alternative solid fuels combustion in small heat source." MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816808002.

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Air quality is related to the using of solid fuel based heat sources in which the human factor has a major influence on the quality of combustion, which can lead to higher emissions into the air. One of the negative factors is the use of alternative fuels in heat sources. The article deals with the combustion of various alternative fuels, on a waste basis, in small heat sources. There were tested 4 types of fuels: beech wood pieces, 2 types of solid alternative fuel on the base of municipal waste and wood waste. In the experiment, it was tested the influence of used fuel in the fireplace on the heat output, efficiency, production of gaseous emissions and particulate matter. The results confirmed that combustion of fuels not recommended by the heat source manufacturer reduces the efficiency of combustion and significantly increases all monitored emissions.
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Scala, Fabrizio, and Riccardo Chirone. "Fluidized bed combustion of alternative solid fuels." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28, no. 7 (September 2004): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2003.12.005.

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3

LaBarbera, Mark, Mark Fedkin, Jeoung Lee, Zoungfei Zhow, and Serguei Lvov. "Degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating with Alternative Fuels." ECS Transactions 25, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 1125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3205640.

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4

Vlaskin, Mikhail S. "Municipal solid waste as an alternative energy source." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, no. 8 (February 28, 2018): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918762023.

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One of the main objectives in the field of waste management today is the implementation of waste-to-energy concept, because it decreases the amount of municipal solid waste landfilled and economizes the traditional hydrocarbon fuels. One of the main objectives of this study was to assess the global energetic potential of municipal solid waste and its potential contribution in energy balance. This evaluation was based on the analysis of main municipal solid waste properties such as component and chemical compositions, and heating value. The comparison of municipal solid waste properties and energetic potential with those for traditional solid fuels was also discussed. For comparison, the biomass samples and coals collected from Russian coal basins were considered. Study of municipal solid waste properties showed that municipal solid waste represents a well-flammable fuel with high carbon content (up to 50–60% for dry ash-free basis), and relatively high O/C atomic ratio. Total world energetic potential of municipal solid waste was estimated as 20 billion GJ that is 12.6% from energetic potential of coal mined. It was shown that by municipal solid waste incineration it is possible to produce 800 billion kWh of electrical energy that is about 3.5% of total world electricity generation. It was shown that in 2035 energetic potential of municipal solid waste may share up to 21.7% from energetic potential of coal. Executed estimations confirmed the urgency of municipal solid waste waste-to-energy implementation.
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Ariyaratne, Wijesinghe Kaluarachchige Hiromi, Edirisinghe Vidana Pathiranage Jagath Manjula, Morten Christian Melaaen, and Lars André Tokheim. "Kiln Process Impact of Alternative Solid Fuel Combustion in the Cement Kiln Main Burner – Mathematical Modelling and Full-Scale Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1291.

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Increased use of alternative fuels in cement kilns is a trend in the world. However, replacing fossil fuels like coal with different alternative fuels will give various impacts on the overall kiln process due to the fuel characteristics. Hence, it is important to know to what extent the fossil fuels can be replaced by different alternative fuels without severely changing process conditions, product quality or emissions. In the present study, a mass and energy balance for the combustion of different alternative fuels in a cement rotary kiln was developed. First, the impact of different fuel characteristics on kiln gas temperature, kiln gas flow rate and air requirement were observed by using coal (reference case), meat and bone meal (MBM), two different wood types, refuse derived fuel and a mixture of saw dust and solid hazardous waste as the primary fuel. It was found that the key process parameters depend largely on the chemical characteristics of the fuel. It appears that MBM shows quite different results from other alternative fuels investigated. Next, simulation of combustion of a mixture of coal and MBM in the main burner was carried out in three steps. The first step was combustion of replacing part of coal energy with MBM, and a reduction in kiln exhaust gas temperature compared to the coal reference case was found. In the second step, the fuel feed rate was increased in order to raise the kiln gas temperature to that of the reference case. In the third step, the fuel feed rate and the clinker production rate were changed in order to have not only the same kiln gas temperature but also to obtain the same volumetric flow rate of total exhaust gas from the precalciner as in the reference case. Around 7% of reduction in clinker production rate could be observed when replacing 48% of the coal energy input. Results from a full-scale test using the same mixture of coal and MBM verified the simulation results.
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Ioelovich, M. J. "STUDY OF THERMAL ENERGY OF ALTERNATIVE SOLID FUELS." PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 8, no. 4 (2018): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2018-8-4-117-124.

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ULEWICZ, Małgorzata, and Paweł MACIEJEWSKI. "APLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS - ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 160, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 384–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3023.

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Fuels made from municipal and industrial waste, called alternative fuels, have been used in many countries for over 20 years. Alternative fuels are known to be made up of mixtures of different flammable waste, which can be solid or liquid. There are a number of wastes that can be incinerated as fuel: selected combustible fractions of municipal wastes, waste products derived from paint and varnish production, liquid crude-oil derived wastes, car tyres and others. These fuels should fall within the extreme values of parameters such as: minimum heating value, maximum humidity content, maximum content of heavy and toxic metals. There are a number of countries that use their own alternative fuels, which have different trade names, differ in the amounts and the quality of the selected municipal and industrial waste fractions, in order to ensure the better use of the chemical energy contained in waste. In Poland, there are different plants also use alternative fuels, for example a cement plants have initiated activities directed at promoting the wider use of alternative fuels. The experience gained by the cement plants confirms that such activities are economically and ecologically beneficial. The incineration of alternative fuels is a safe method of waste utilization.
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Chen, Suhang, Yue Tang, Wei Zhang, Ruiqi Shen, Hongsheng Yu, Yinghua Ye, and Luigi T. DeLuca. "Innovative Methods to Enhance the Combustion Properties of Solid Fuels for Hybrid Rocket Propulsion." Aerospace 6, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6040047.

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The low regression rates for hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-based solid fuels and poor mechanical properties for the alternative paraffin-based liquefying fuels make today hybrid rocket engines far from the outstanding accomplishments of solid motors and liquid engines. In this paper, a survey is conducted of several innovative methods under test to improve solid fuel properties, which include self-disintegration fuel structure (SDFS)/paraffin fuels, paraffin fuels with better mechanical properties, high thermal conductivity fuels and porous layer combustion fuels. In particular, concerning HTPB, new results about diverse insert and low-energy polymer particles enhancing the combustion properties of HTPB are presented. Compared to pure HTPB, regression rate can be increased up to 21% by adding particles of polymers such as 5% polyethylene or 10% oleamide. Concerning paraffin, new results about self-disintegrating composite fuels incorporating Magnesium particles (MgP) point out that 15% 1 μm- or 100 μm-MgP formulations increase regression rates by 163.2% or 82.1% respectively, at 335 kg/m2·s oxygen flux, compared to pure paraffin. Overall, composite solid fuels featuring self-disintegration structure appear the most promising innovative technique, since they allow separating the matrix regression from the combustion of the filler grains. Yet, the investigated methods are at their initial stage. Substantial work of refinement in this paper is for producing solid fuels to fulfill the needs of hybrid rocket propulsion.
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Kijo-Kleczkowska, Agnieszka, Magdalena Szumera, and Katarzyna Środa. "Thermal Analysis of Solid Fuels in an Inert Atmosphere." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 731–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0052.

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Abstract The paper takes the analysis of thermal studies of different types of fuels. It allowed diversification of fuels depending on their composition and origin. Consideration of coal, biomass and waste (coal mule, sewage sludge) as fuel is nowadays an important aspect of energy in our country. It should be emphasized that Poland power engineering is based up to 95% on coal - the primary fuel. Mining industry, forced to deliver power engineering more and better fuel, must however, use a deeper cleaning of coal. This results in a continuous increase waste in the form of mule flotation. The best method of disposing these mule is combustion and co-combustion with other fuels. On the other hand, commonly increasing awareness state of the environment and the need to reduce CO2 emissions energy industry have committed to implement alternative solutions in order to gain power, through, i.a.: development technologies use of biomass, which is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in Poland. The paper presents the results of research TG-DTA fuels made in an inert atmosphere.
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10

Rokni, M. "Addressing fuel recycling in solid oxide fuel cell systems fed by alternative fuels." Energy 137 (October 2017): 1013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.082.

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11

Yanovskiy, L. S., A. V. Baykov, V. V. Raznoschikov, and I. S. Averkov. "Alternative Fuels and Perspectives Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Usage in Air Transport." ECS Transactions 57, no. 1 (October 6, 2013): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05701.0149ecst.

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12

Paradis, Hedvig, Martin Andersson, Jinliang Yuan, and Bengt Sundén. "Simulation of alternative fuels for potential utilization in solid oxide fuel cells." International Journal of Energy Research 35, no. 12 (May 18, 2011): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1862.

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13

Levytska, O., and O. Sichevii. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN USING ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL GAS BIOFUELS." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety 20 (January 24, 2020): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.20.2019.13.

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Feature of the topic and problem statement. The paper presents for the first time a comparative characteristic of emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of traditional fuels (natural gas) and biomass in fuel furnaces of boilers and recommended for the use the most environmentally efficient fuels. Comparative characteristics of emissions of harmful substances during the combustion of various types of fuel allows to determine the optimal type of fuel in the construction and commission of a new power plants, and also adds up-to-date information that will be useful in the scientific and scientific-popular discussions that are widespread today regarding the exhaustion and replacement of non-renewable energy sources, the safety of alternative fuels and their advantages in comparison with non-renewable ones. The purpose of the work is determining of the amount of emissions of harmful substsnces entering the environment during the combustion of natural gas and solid alternative fuels - wood waste, straw, flax straw and sunflower husk, their comparison, justification of calculation of the carbon content in the fuel of a given chemical composition. Findings. During the comparative analysis, high values for the carbon dioxide emissions for all the materials were considered. It is also noted that there are no emissions of suspended solid particles and sulfur diоxide during the combustion of natural gas and it is determined that at its combustion, methane emissions will be the smallest. In as-sessing the level of safety when using unrenewable and alternative fuels, the higher content of methane, dinitrogen oxide and unmethane volatile organic compounds and the lower content of nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide in emissions from combustion of alternative fuels compared to emissions at combustion of unrenewable fuels were determined during the calculations. When burning natural gas there is mercury in small amounts in the emissions. Originality. The paper presents for the first time a comparative characteristic of emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of traditional fuels (natural gas and fuel oil) and biomass in fuel furnaces of boilers and recommended for the use the most environmentally efficient fuels. When making calculation works the following regularities are defined. In unrenewable and alternative fuels, a higher proportion of carbon passes into carbon dioxide emission and less to carbon oxide emission, while proportion of carbon in carbon dioxide emission is higher in unrenewable fuels. In addition, in unre-newable and alternative fuels, a large proportion of nitrogen is converted into nitrogen oxide emission, and less in emission of dinitrogen oxide, while the proportion of nitrogen in the emission of nitrogen oxide is also higher in unrenewable fuels. The paper defines a formula for calculating the carbon content in natural gas from the Central Asia-Center gas pipeline. The provided calculations and the introduction of simplified formulas serve as an example for the calculation of emis-sion factors and emissions in assessing the level of safety of existing equipment and can be used in the development of permit documents of enterprises that carry out emissions of harmful substances to the environment.
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Fuller, Jack, and Robert Bessette. "A Baselining of Alternative Fuel Usage." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 5, no. 1 (February 23, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01205010001.

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Alternative fuel usage is becoming a more and more prevalent topic of discussion and important research area for those who work in the energy field and perform research on energy topics. This interest is due to the dwindling supply and increasing cost of more traditional energy supplies, as well as environmental considerations. Bio-fuels have now become an important research area as they have the potential to be able to replace some portion of the current United States dependence on traditional energy sources. This research project performed a baselining effort on as large a sample of solid fuel boilers (utilizing the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) data) as was possible given the time and resource constraints of the project. This baselining effort in particular focused on alternative fuel usage commonly used in facilities surveyed across the United States. It is felt that the baselining report generated as a result of this effort will provide valuable assistance to researchers as they continue to analyze the impact of alternative fuel usage (particularly the use of bio-fuels). This is a relatively new research field that will impact much of the focus on energy generation and fuel supplies for many years to come.
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Сподинюк, Н. А., and В. Б. Шепітчак. "Analysis of the cost of heat energy and the ways of it's saving for residential buildings." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 30, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36930/40300211.

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The rise in gas prices causes them to switch to alternative fuels such as firewood, coal and fuel briquettes. Replacing a gas boiler with a solid fuel does not require much effort and such a solution was economically feasible given the high cost of electricity as well. However, to date, energy pricing has undergone a realignment. So the question remains how to really save energy and money of consumers. The purpose of the article was to analyze the cost of thermal energy during the heating period for individual buildings given the constant change in price and priorities for a particular fuel. Mathematical estimation of heat losses of an individual building was carried out, based on a number of assumptions and generalizations. Thanks to this technique, it is possible to estimate with sufficient accuracy for engineering calculations, consumption of natural gas, solid fuel and electricity to provide energy to the home heating system. As a result of the analysis, a number of features can be outlined. After rising gas prices, individual homeowners have made a sharp switch to solid fuel heating. In 2016, prices for alternative fuels, such as coal and fuel briquettes, were much lower than the price of gas for the population. Therefore, a solid fuel boiler unit was a good solution to the problems of Ukrainians in the fight against energy dependence. In 2020, the situation changed dramatically. The price of solid fuels has risen and it is difficult to find an alternative to gas now, taking into account the ease of operation of the gas boiler, as opposed to solid fuel. The sharp rise in the price of firewood and coal is associated with high demand and a sharp decrease in solid fuel resources. It should also be noted that the problem of ecology in Ukraine will continue to become increasingly important. Therefore, the use of solid fuel sources of heat will have to be consciously refuse in the near future. Application of local infrared heating system will allow to provide local heating of only some residential zones. Also, the installation of a two-zone or three-zone electricity meter and quality regulation of the infrared heating system will save energy.
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Karwat, Bolesław, Dariusz Głowiński, and Emil Stańczyk. "Using alternative fuels in the production of cement / Wykorzystanie paliw alternatywnych przy produkcji cementu." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2014-0013.

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Abstract The paper presents a modern approach to environmental protection in a cement plant. The possibilities of using alternative fuels are discussed along with the consequences of using them. The authors describe the feeding systems of impregnated and shredded solid fuels and tyres, as well as of liquid fuels. The basic parameters of alternative fuels used are also discussed
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Kurc, Beata, Piotr Lijewski, Łukasz Rymaniak, Paweł Fuć, Marita Pigłowska, Rafał Urbaniak, and Bartosz Ciupek. "High-Energy Solid Fuel Obtained from Carbonized Rice Starch." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164096.

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The paper describes the investigations of the physicochemical properties of biocoal, a solid fuel obtained following the carbonization of rice starch. The production of biocoal (carbonization) was completed at the temperature of 600 °C in the nitrogen atmosphere. As a result of the carbonization, amorphous carbon with high monodispersity was obtained, devoided of oxygen elements and was a very well developed BET specific surface—360 m2 g−1. The investigations of the technical parameters have confirmed a very high concentration of energy. The calorific value of 53.21 MJ kg−1 and the combustion heat of 54.92 MJ kg−1 are significantly higher than those of starch before carbonization (18.72 MJ kg−1 and 19.43 MJ kg−1, respectively) and these values for typical biomass fuels. These values are also greater than those of hard coal. Other advantageous features of the obtained fuel are low ash (0.84%) and moisture content. These features predispose this fuel for the application as an alternative to conventional fuels.
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Gis, Wojciech, Maciej Gis, Piotr Wiśniowski, and Mateusz Bednarski. "An Attempt to Reduce the Emission of Spark-Ignition Engine with Mixtures of Bioethanol and Gasoline as Substitute Fuels." Journal of KONES 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0054.

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Abstract Limiting emissions of harmful substances is a key task for vehicle manufacturers. Excessive emissions have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on human life. A significant problem is the emission of nitrogen oxides as well as solid particles, in particular those up to a diameter of 2.5 microns. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a problem. Therefore, work is underway on the use of alternative fuels to power the vehicle engines. The importance of alternative fuels applies to spark ignition engines. The authors of the article have done simulation tests of the Renault K4M 1.6 16v traction engine for emissions for fuels with a volumetric concentration of bioethanol from 10 to 85 percent. The analysis was carried out for mixtures as substitute fuels – without doing any structural changes in the engine's crankshafts. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen at full throttle for selected rotational speeds as well as selected engine performance parameters such as maximum power, torque, hourly and unit fuel consumption were determined. On the basis of the simulation tests performed, the reasonableness of using the tested alternative fuels was determined on the example of the drive unit without affecting its constructions, in terms of e.g. issue. Maximum power, torque, and fuel consumption have also been examined and compared. Thus, the impact of alternative fuels will be determined not only in terms of emissions, but also in terms of impact on the parameters of the power unit.
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Müllerová, Jana, and Jozef Puskajler. "Review of Health and Safety Risks of Wood Chips Use." Advanced Materials Research 1001 (August 2014): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1001.426.

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Alternative solid fuels becoming popular thanks to considerable fuel cost save (comparing to gas). Pellet quality varies depending on content of bark, straw and other non-wood additives. These additives decrease the combustion efficiency and increase the fuel consumption and solid emission. Pellets stored in large amount bring certain hazard for a man. They may become dangerous for the high fire risk due to self-ignition tendency and also due to moulds presence attacking the human breath system.
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Paradis, Hedvig, Martin Andersson, Jinliang Yuan, and Bengt Sunden. "ChemInform Abstract: Simulation of Alternative Fuels for Potential Utilization in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." ChemInform 43, no. 40 (September 7, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201240269.

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21

Rokni, Masoud. "Thermodynamic analysis of SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell)–Stirling hybrid plants using alternative fuels." Energy 61 (November 2013): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.06.001.

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22

Žurková, Kateřina, Karla Kryštofová, Helena Raclavská, and Hana Škrobánková. "Influence of Refused Glass on Thermal Properties of Municipal Waste." Applied Mechanics and Materials 832 (April 2016): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.832.23.

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It is important to reduce the amount of municipal waste deposited in landfills, Czech Republic, therefore, puts more emphasis on the recovery of mixed municipal waste, which oblige and EU regulations. Production of solid alternative fuel that is suitable also due to less consumption of fossil fuels, is one of the uses of mixed municipal waste (Waste to Energy). A relatively high proportion of glass in mixed municipal waste is a major problem in the production of solid alternative fuel. The glass contained in the solid alternative fuel can be the cause of formation incrusts on heat transfer surfaces in combustion plants. For all examined types of glass, it was found that the melting temperature of the muffle furnace was 750 ° C. When using the method (ISO 540) for determining the temperature of softening , melting and flow showed no effect of the amount of glass in the ash, but the melting point was significantly higher (around 1,200 °C).
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Жуков, Евгений, Evgeniy Jukov, Константин Меняев, Konstantin Menyaev, Дмитрий Таймасов, Dmitriy Taymasov, Николай Гаврин, and Nikolay Gavrin. "Comprehensive use of wood and agricultural waste in the energy sector of Siberia." Safety in Technosphere 6, no. 6 (May 23, 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5af02c6f319c41.30850749.

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The article considers the methods of increasing technoeconomic and ecological indices of boilers of little and average power by the means of vertical-way combustion of alternative fuels (eg. husks, chips, wood waste). We analyzed the technology of combustion of solid fuels from plant biomass and revealed several issues in the combustion of light sailing particles. The article is dedicated to the investigation of the properties of alternative fuels, to the generation and refinement of furnace arrangements for combustion of low-grade fuels. The results of our work represent a new construction design of the furnace chamber for effective combustion of alternative fuels. The new construction design of the furnace chamber is obtained via the aerodynamic modelling with the use of the «SigmaFlame» software.
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Gajewska, Teresa, Mateusz Malinowski, and Maciej Szkoda. "The Use of Biodrying to Prevent Self-Heating of Alternative Fuel." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183039.

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Alternative fuels (refuse-derived fuels—RDF) have been a substitute for fossil fuels in cement production for many years. RDF are produced from various materials characterized by high calorific value. Due to the possibility of self-ignition in the pile of stored alternative fuel, treatments are carried out to help protect entrepreneurs against material losses and employees against loss of health or life. The objective of the research was to assess the impact of alternative fuel biodrying on the ability to self-heat this material. Three variants of materials (alternative fuel produced on the basis of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) and on the basis of bulky waste (mainly varnished wood and textiles) and residues from selective collection waste (mainly plastics and tires) were adopted for the analysis. The novelty of the proposed solution consists in processing the analyzed materials inside the innovative ecological waste apparatus bioreactor (EWA), which results in increased process efficiency and shortening its duration. The passive thermography technique was used to assess the impact of alternative fuel biodrying on the decrease in the self-heating ability of RDF. As a result of the conducted analyses, it was clear that the biodrying process inhibited the self-heating of alternative fuel. The temperature of the stored fuel reached over 60 °C before the biodrying process. However, after the biodrying process, the maximum temperatures in each of the variants were about 30 °C, which indicates a decrease in the activity of microorganisms and the lack of self-ignition risk. The maximum temperatures obtained (>71 °C), the time to reach them (≈4 h), and the duration of the thermophilic phase (≈65 h) are much shorter than in the studies of other authors, where the duration of the thermophilic phase was over 80 h.
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Szücs, Botond, and Pál Szentannai. "Experimental Investigation on Mixing and Segregation Behavior of Oxygen Carrier and Biomass Particle in Fluidized Bed." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13764.

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In this work, lab-scale cold fluidization equipment is designed and constructed to investigate the mixing and segregating phenomena of binary fluidized beds. The focus of the investigation is carbon reduction with the fluidized bed technology-based Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). Nowadays, aspiration to carbon reduction focuses on the solid fuels. Therefore, it is of great importance to integrate the benefits of CLC technology with the use of solid fuels. The measurements of fuel particles in the fluidized bed are extended from the homogeneous and spherical shape to the inhomogeneous, non-spherical shape. During the tests, an iron-based oxygen carrier (OC) for chemical looping combustors is examined with different particle sizes. In addition, the tests included the examination of three different fuel samples (crushed coal, agricultural pellet, and Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)), which can be utilized in chemical looping combustion with In-situ gasification. The experiments are carried out using the bed-frozen method. With this method, the vertical concentration of active particles could be measured. The results show that the particle size of the oxygen carrier does fundamentally influence its vertical placement, and the non-spherical character of most alternative fuels must also be considered for optimal reactor design.
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Moreno, Joseba, Matthias Hornberger, Max Schmid, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Hard Coal, Wheat Straw, and Solid Recovered Fuel in a 200 kWth Calcium Looping CFB Calciner." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082162.

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The fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of biomass and solid recovered fuel (SRF) is globally emerging as a viable solution to achieve net-negative carbon emissions in the heat and power sector. Contrary to conventional fossil fuels, alternative fuels are highly heterogeneous, and usually contain increased amounts of alkaline metals and chlorine. Hence, experimental studies are mandatory in order to thoroughly characterize the combustion behavior and pollutant formation of non-conventional fuels in novel applications. This work gives an overview of experimental investigations on the oxy-fuel combustion of hard coal, wheat straw, and SRF with a limestone bed in a semi-industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) pilot plant. The CFB combustor was able to be operated under different fuel blending ratios and inlet O2 concentrations, showing a stable hydrodynamic behavior over many hours of continuous operation. The boundary conditions introduced in this study are expected to prevail in carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes, such as the oxy-fuel combustion in the CFB calciner of a Calcium Looping (CaL) cycle for post-combustion CO2 capture.
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Topal, Alexander, Iryna Holenko, and Luidmyla Haponych. "CLEAN UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES AND ALTERNATIVE FUELS DERIVED FROM IT." Environmental Problems 5, no. 4 (2020): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2020.04.202.

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For the municipal solid waste (MSW) to be used in a proper way, it is necessary to implement clean technologies capable of thermal treatment of MSW and RDF in order to produce heat and electricity while meeting current ecological requirements. Nowadays, a number of technologies for MSW/RDF thermal treating are being used worldwide. Among them, the most proven technologies, applicable for industrial introduction, have been considered while analyzing their advantages/ disadvantages accounting for local conditions of Ukraine.
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Świechowski, Kacper, Ewa Syguła, Jacek A. Koziel, Paweł Stępień, Szymon Kugler, Piotr Manczarski, and Andrzej Białowiec. "Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Components and Refuse-Derived Fuel—Process Efficiency and Fuel Properties of Carbonized Solid Fuel." Data 5, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5020048.

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New technologies to valorize refuse-derived fuels (RDFs) will be required in the near future due to emerging trends of (1) the cement industry’s demands for high-quality alternative fuels and (2) the decreasing calorific value of the fuels derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) and currently used in cement/incineration plants. Low-temperature pyrolysis can increase the calorific value of processed material, leading to the production of value-added carbonized solid fuel (CSF). This dataset summarizes the key properties of MSW-derived CSF. Pyrolysis experiments were completed using eight types of organic waste and their two RDF mixtures. Organic waste represented common morphological groups of MSW, i.e., cartons, fabrics, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (multi-material packaging also known as Tetra Pak cartons), and wood. The pyrolysis was conducted at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C (20 °C intervals), with a retention (process) time of 20 to 60 min (20 min intervals). The mass yield, energy densification ratio, and energy yield were determined to characterize the pyrolysis process efficiency. The raw materials and produced CSF were tested with proximate analyses (moisture content, organic matter content, ash content, and combustible part content) and with ultimate analyses (elemental composition C, H, N, S) and high heating value (HHV). Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the pyrolysis process were performed. The dataset documents the changes in fuel properties of RDF resulting from low-temperature pyrolysis as a function of the pyrolysis conditions and feedstock type. The greatest HHV improvements were observed for fabrics (up to 65%), PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (up to 56%), and wood (up to 46%).
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Baharuddin, Nurul Akidah, Andanastuti Muchtar, Abu Bakar Sulong, and Huda Abdullah. "Fabrication Methods for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.396.

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As an environmentally friendly technology, the fuel cell is one of the alternative technologies that can replace fossil fuels. Various types of fuel cells are available in the market, including the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The planar and tubular designs of SOFC are the leading designs mentioned in the literature. Several factors such as manufacturing cost, manufacturing process and production scale differentiate between the two main designs. Each cell component can be produced using a number of methods, two of which are the most common, namely dry pressing and screen printing techniques for the making of planar SOFC. This paper thus reviews several works that have utilized each of the fabricating methods mentioned. The processing steps, technical parameters, and results, such as the maximum power density of each method are discussed.
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Zabihian, Farshid, and Alan S. Fung. "Performance analysis of hybrid solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine cycle: Application of alternative fuels." Energy Conversion and Management 76 (December 2013): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.005.

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31

Salamov, O. M., and F. F. Aliyev. "PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 01-03 (February 25, 2019): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.025-041.

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The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.
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Swat, Marek. "Innovative Method for the Combustion of Glycerol Fraction in Solid Fuel Grate Boiler." Solid State Phenomena 237 (August 2015): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.237.301.

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The possibility of the economic utilisation of the glycerine phase and soaps will decide on the profitability of biofuel production technologies. A concept of using waste glycerol fraction, which is a by-product of esterification, as an energy source in a typical solid fuel grate boiler is investigated. Based on studies of the combustion of glycerol fraction in an adapted commercial boiler, it was found that the combustion process of glycerol fraction is very different from the combustion of solid fuels. Established technology for fuel delivery (injection into the combustion chamber) determines the dynamics of the combustion process and the intensity of oxidation, and its effects can be controlled by the characteristics of the injection of glycerol phase. It is possible to use glycerol fraction as an alternative fuel that is neutral for the environment (CO2 emission factor = 0) in a typical solid fuel grate boiler.
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de Castro, José Adilson, Vagner Silva Guilherme, Alexandre Boscaro França, and Yasushi Sazaki. "Iron Ore Sintering Process Based on Alternative Gaseous Fuels from Steelworks." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.554.

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This paper deals with the numerical simulation of the new technology of gaseous fuel utilization on the sintering process of iron ore. The proposed methodology is to partially replace the solid fuel(coke breeze) by steelworks gases. A multiphase mathematical model based on transport equations of momentum, energy and chemical species coupled with chemical reaction rates and phase transformations is proposed to analyze the inner process parameters. A base case representing the actual industrial operation of a large sintering machine is used with thermocouples inserted into the sintering bed to record the inner bed temperatures and compare with model predictions in order to obtain model validation and parameters adjustment. Good agreement of the temperature pattern was obtained for the base case and thus, the model was used to predict four cases of fuel gas utilization: a) 2% of the wind boxes inflow from N01-N15 wind boxes of natural gas(NG), b) same condition with coke oven gas(COG), c) same condition with blast furnace gas(BFG) and d) mixture of 50% COG and 50% BFG. The model predictions indicated that for all cases, except only BFG, the sintering zone is enlarged and the solid fuel consumption is decreased about 8kg/t of sinter product. In order to maximize the steelworks gas utilization it is recommended the use of mixture of COG and BFG with optimum inner temperature distribution
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Hurtado Pérez, Elías, Oscar Mulumba Ilunga, David Alfonso Solar, María Cristina Moros Gómez, and Paula Bastida-Molina. "Sustainable Cooking Based on a 3 kW Air-Forced Multifuel Gasification Stove Using Alternative Fuels Obtained from Agricultural Wastes." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 7723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187723.

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In this research work, a 3 kW stove based on biomass gasification, together with a fuel obtained from agriculture wastes as an alternative to the commonly used charcoal, have been developed looking for sustainable cooking in poor communities. Alternative fuel (BSW) are briquettes obtained by carbonization and densification of agricultural solid wastes. Two laboratory methods, water boil test (WBT) and controlled kitchen test (CCT) were used to analyze the performance of this approach by comparing the proposed improved stove (ICS-G) with the traditional one (TCS), when using both types of fuels: charcoal and BSW. Results indicate that consumption of charcoal decreases by 61% using the improved ICS-G stove instead of the traditional TCS. Similar fuel savings are obtained when using BSW fuels. BSW fuel allows for a carbon monoxide (CO) emission reduction of 41% and 67%, and fine particles (PM) in a 84% and 93%, during the high and low power phases of the tests, respectively. Use of BSW fuel and ICS-G stove instead of the TCS stove with charcoal, provides a cooking time reduction of 18%, savings of $353.5 per year per family in the purchase of fuel, and an emission reduction of 3.2 t CO2/year.family.
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35

Liu, Kang, Rui Wang, and Meiqing Yu. "Biodiesel production from soybean oils by a novel nano-magnetic solid base catalyst (K/ZrO2/γ-Fe2O3)." RSC Advances 7, no. 82 (2017): 51814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10067a.

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36

Bouabid, Ghizlane, Fouzia Byoud, Nisrine Benzbiria, Driss Nahya, and Mohammed Azzi. "Use of Non-Hazardous Solid Waste as Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing Process." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.1.1657.

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The incineration of non-hazardous solid waste and its use as alternative fuel in cement manufacturing process was studied and simulated under the effect of air flow acceleration in a laboratory scale reactor. Firstly, analysis of the different waste materials (textile, wood and paper) was performed separately, showing that textile samples presented the highest levels of heavy metals (H.M). In the course of a test run using solid recovered fuel (SRF), the mass balance of heavy metals revealed that lead and chromium probably volatilized during firing while arsenic, cadmium and zinc were trapped in clinker. As to gaseous emissions, heavy metals concentration in the stack remained relatively low and below the standard limits. Secondly, the temperature and concentration of gases flue was monitored. It was shown that the combustion regime is characterized by low reaction temperatures and an oxygen-deficient environment. Air injection rate affected significantly the formation and degradation mechanisms of the emitted gases concentrations, particularly CO, CO2, NO, NOx, SO2. Textile waste exhibited the lowest concentration of emitted gases compared to the other types of waste.
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37

Wardach-Święcicka, Izabela, and Dariusz Kardaś. "Modeling of heat and mass transfer during thermal decomposition of a single solid fuel particle." Archives of Thermodynamics 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2013-0010.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate the heat and mass transfer during thermal decomposition of a single solid fuel particle. The problem regards the pyrolysis process which occurs in the absence of oxygen in the first stage of fuel oxidation. Moreover, the mass transfer during heating of the solid fuels is the basic phenomenon in the pyrolysis-derived alternative fuels (gas, liquid and solid phase) and in the gasification process which is focused on the generation of syngas (gas phase) and char (solid phase). Numerical simulations concern pyrolysis process of a single solid particle which occurs as a consequence of the particle temperature increase. The research was aimed at an analysis of the influence of particle physical properties on the devolatilization process. In the mathematical modeling the fuel grain is treated as an ideal sphere which consists of porous material (solid and gaseous phase), so as to simplify the final form of the partial differential equations. Assumption that the physical properties change only in the radial direction, reduces the partial derivatives of the angular coordinates. This leads to obtaining the equations which are only the functions of the radial coordinate. The model consists of the mass, momentum and energy equations for porous spherical solid particle heated by the stream of hot gas. The mass source term was determined in the wide range of the temperature according to the experimental data. The devolatilization rate was defined by the Arrhenius formula. The results of numerical simulation show that the heating and devolatilization time strongly depend on the physical properties of fuel. Moreover, proposed model allows to determine the pyrolysis process direction, which is limited by the equilibrium state.
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38

Santos, L. M. C., L. A. R. Almeida, A. M. Fraga, and C. A. G. Veras. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A PARAFFIN BASED HYBRID ROCKET." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2006): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v5i1.61658.

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Hybrid rockets are known to be simpler, safer, environmentally friend, and, more importantly, cheaper than most of the technologies for propulsion devices used today. Hybrid rockets can be applied as the propulsion system in satellites launch vehicles, micro-satellites and tactical missiles. This paper deals with combustion of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and paraffin as the solid fuels burning with gaseous oxygen (GOX) as well as N O as the oxidizer in lab scale hybrid rocket motors. A test 2 stand was built to carry out the experiments. The main objectives were to investigate the ignition of the solid fuels, burning performance and regression rates for different operating conditions. With paraffin-based fuel the hybrid motor had the regression rate enhanced two to three folds compared to the UHMWPE, as reported in the literature. The overall performance of the motor, with paraffin as the fuel, is comparable to other technologies. Paraffin-based hybrid rockets can, then, be a safer and cheaper alternative to satellite launch vehicles for the Brazilian space program.
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39

Hauch, A., R. Küngas, P. Blennow, A. B. Hansen, J. B. Hansen, B. V. Mathiesen, and M. B. Mogensen. "Recent advances in solid oxide cell technology for electrolysis." Science 370, no. 6513 (October 8, 2020): eaba6118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6118.

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In a world powered by intermittent renewable energy, electrolyzers will play a central role in converting electrical energy into chemical energy, thereby decoupling the production of transport fuels and chemicals from today’s fossil resources and decreasing the reliance on bioenergy. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) offer two major advantages over alternative electrolysis technologies. First, their high operating temperatures result in favorable thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, enabling unrivaled conversion efficiencies. Second, SOECs can be thermally integrated with downstream chemical syntheses, such as the production of methanol, dimethyl ether, synthetic fuels, or ammonia. SOEC technology has witnessed tremendous improvements during the past 10 to 15 years and is approaching maturity, driven by advances at the cell, stack, and system levels.
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40

Mandić, Nikola, Helena Ukić Boljat, Toni Kekez, and Lidija Runko Luttenberger. "Multicriteria Analysis of Alternative Marine Fuels in Sustainable Coastal Marine Traffic." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062600.

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Marine transportation is considered to be one of the most important aspects of global transportation services. Due to the increase in marine transportation, there are significant impacts on the marine environment. One of the possible measures for mitigation of the environmental impact could be switching to environmentally friendly fuel. However, the alternative fuel selection process is considered to be a problem due to various criteria to be considered and stakeholders that should be involved in the selection process. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of multicriteria analysis as a decision-support tool for the alternative marine fuel selection problem in coastal marine traffic. The suggested methodology takes into account environmental, technological, and economic aspects, and ensures the participation of different stakeholders in the selection process. The priority ranking of the alternatives is based on a combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). The implementation of this method considers the involvement of relevant stakeholders through evaluation of the criteria weights and performance of each alternative with respect to each criterion. The method is applied for the case study of Croatia, where the results demonstrated that the best alternative for all stakeholders is electric propulsion, even though there are differences in opinions and perceptions with respect to the objectives and criteria. The findings of this analysis, likely the first of this type in this area, can serve as a solid basis for strategic planning.
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Widayat, John Philia, Thariq Farsha, and Fahmi Rifaldi. "Synthesis of Zeolite Catalyst from Geothermal Solid Waste for Crude Glycerol Dehydration to Acrolein." Key Engineering Materials 849 (June 2020): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.849.130.

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Limited reserves of conventional fossil fuels have led people to come up with alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that mostly produced nowadays. Glycerol as byproduct of biodiesel production can be converted to acrolein trough dehydration reaction. Acrolein is an important intermediate for the production of chemicals product and also used for agricultures. Application of various catalyst in glycerol dehydration to acrolein has been reported. Zeolite is a micro-porous, alumino-silicate mineral that can be used as catalyst for this reaction. Geothermal solid waste contains silica that can be used as zeolite catalyst raw material. In this research, zeolite catalyst was synthesized from geothermal solid waste in hydrothermal reactor at 150°C for 8 hours. The catalyst product was characterized by EDX and showed that the zeolite catalyst was analcime type. BET characterization showed that this catalyst has mesoporous surface area. Catalyst application on glycerol dehydration was occurred in fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. This process produced liquid product and analysed by FT-IR. The FT-IR result showed that the liquid product contains acrolein. The variation amount of catalyst in dehydration process affect to the glycerol conversion. The increasing of catalyst amount enhanced glycerol conversion.
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42

Ngadi, Zakia, and Mohamed Lhassan Lahlaouti. "Coal and Biomass Co-Combustion: CFD Prediction of Velocity Field for Multi-Channel Burner in Cement Rotary Kiln." Proceedings 63, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020063018.

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This paper represents the medialization of alternative fuels co-combustion, in a cement rotary kiln, established on the commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS FLUENT. The focus is placed on the key issues in the flow field, mainly on how they are affected by turbulence models and co-processing conditions. Real data, from a Moroccan cement plant, are used for model input. The simulation results have shown a potential effect of the physics model on turbulent and gas-solid flow prediction. The CFD results can be taken as a guideline for improved co-processing burner design and reduce the effect of using alternative fuels.
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43

Anthony, E. "Fluidized bed combustion of alternative solid fuels; status, successes and problems of the technology." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 21, no. 3 (1995): 239–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(95)00005-3.

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44

Silva, Rita Barros, Rui Fragoso, Carlos Sanches, Mario Costa, and Susete Martins-Dias. "Which chlorine ions are currently being quantified as total chlorine on solid alternative fuels?" Fuel Processing Technology 128 (December 2014): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.07.003.

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45

Cubars, Edgars, and Liena Poiša. "ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BIOMASS FUELS PROPERTIES." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4043.

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There is a growing interest about the possibility of exploiting the local biomass as an energy source. The main resource for biofuel production in Latvia is wood. Water plants, like common reed, growing in nearly all of the water reservoirs in Latvia, and all cultivate plants and residues of cereal crops, also can be good alternative for solid bio fuels production. The aim of this paper is to analyze possibilities to make composite fuels from these recourses. The study reveals research of ash content and highest burning heat value in different composite biomass fuels. It contains analysis of samples obtained from various local Latvian biomass types, i.e. reed, wood, flax spray, hay, hemp and peat, by combining them in different proportions. The study contains optimal combining proportions of different biomass types for composite fuel production basing on the ash content and burning heat in them. The results of the study show that the value of wood highest burning heat is higher than another biomass types like reed, peat, hay, hemp and flax spray. It means that combining of different biomass types with wood, will reduce the calorific value of composite biomass. Also, wood is a fuel with a low ash content, and admixture of various biomass types available in Latvia, as well as admixture of coal dust to the wood in composite duels, increases ash content in the respective fuels. In order to increase the burning heat and decrease ash content value to the optimal level and to diversify raw materials necessary for biomass fuel generating process, the authors analyze possibilities of using composite fuels by combining wood and coal dust.
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46

Hamzah, Norfadhilah, Koji Tokimatsu, and Kunio Yoshikawa. "Solid Fuel from Oil Palm Biomass Residues and Municipal Solid Waste by Hydrothermal Treatment for Electrical Power Generation in Malaysia: A Review." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041060.

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Malaysia generated 156,665 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity in 2016 of which the biggest share of 48.4% was sourced from coal and coke. Malaysia coal consumption was met by 90.5% of imported coal due to high demand from the power sector. Malaysia also has a vast biomass resource that is currently under-utilised for electricity generation. This paper reviews the potential of oil palm residues and municipal solid waste (MSW) for alternative coal replacement employing hydrothermal treatment (HTT). In 2017, about 51.19 million tonnes (Mt) of oil palm waste was available with 888.33 peta-joule (PJ) energy potential to generate 88.03 terawatt-hours (TWh) electricity from oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunks (OPT), empty fruit bunch (EFB), mesocarp fibre (MF), palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). Meanwhile, the MSW energy potential and electricity generation potential was estimated at 86.50 PJ/year and 8.57 TWh/year, respectively. HTT with washing co-treatment eliminates the use of drying for converting range of biomass and MSW into clean solid fuel known as hydrochar. The hydrochar increased in caloric value with lower moisture, Potassium (K) and Chlorine (Cl) contents. These value-added fuels can be used as coal alternative and reduce dependency on imported coal for energy security in Malaysia.
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47

Herrador, José Miguel Hidalgo, Jakub Fratczak, Zdeněk Tišler, Hector de Paz Carmona, and Romana Velvarská. "Oxalic Acid as a Hydrogen Donor for the Hydrodesulfurization of Gas Oil and Deoxygenation of Rapeseed Oil Using Phonolite-Based Catalysts." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 15, 2020): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163732.

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The use of renewable local raw materials to produce fuels is an important step toward optimal environmentally friendly energy consumption. In addition, the use of these sources together with fossil fuels paves the way to an easier transition from fossil to renewable fuels. The use of simple organic acids as hydrogen donors is another alternative way to produce fuel. The present work reports the use of oxalic acid as a hydrogen donor for the catalytic hydrodesulfurization of atmospheric gas oil and the deoxygenation of rapeseed oil at 350 °C. For this process, one commercial NiW/SiO2–Al2O3 solid and two NiW/modified phonolite catalysts were used, namely Ni (5%) W (10%)/phonolite treated with HCl, and Ni (5%) W (10%)/phonolite treated with oxalic acid. The fresh phonolite catalysts were characterized by Hg porosimetry and N2 physisorption, ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The sulfided metal phonolite catalysts were characterized by XRD and XRF. Hydrodesulfurization led to a decrease in sulfur content from 1 to 0.5 wt% for the phonolite catalysts and to 0.8 wt% when the commercial catalyst was used. Deoxygenation led to the production of 15 and 65 wt% paraffin for phonolite and commercial solids, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of using oxalic acid as a hydrogen donor in hydrotreating reactions.
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Štofová, Lenka, Petra Szaryszová, and Bohuslava Mihalčová. "Testing the Bioeconomic Options of Transitioning to Solid Recovered Fuel: A Case Study of a Thermal Power Plant in Slovakia." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061720.

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This paper deals with the state and perspectives of bioenergy development in the context of exploiting the potential of available natural resources. We analyse the economic benefits of transitioning to alternative biofuel within the research task in cooperation with the Vojany black coal power plant. Within the applied methodology, a non-parametric data envelopment analysis method was used to confirm the most economically efficient types of fuels used in the combustion process. The assumption of fuel efficiency was confirmed by testing fuel combustion combinations directly in the power plant. The transition to 100% combustion of solid recovered fuel creates the potential for sustainable production of the analysed power plant and compliance with the current emission values of basic pollutants and new stricter limits, which will be binding in the EU from August 2021. The proposed solutions were analysed by Monte Carlo simulation. An estimate of the economic results achieved by the power plant was simulated, assuming a complete transition to solid recovered fuel. The results of the study support the feasibility of creating a circular waste management market, with the Vojany black coal power plant as the largest user of solid recovered fuel in Slovakia and abroad.
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Muliane, Ulfi, and Puji Lestari. "Utilization of alternative fuels and materials in cement kiln towards emissions of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylenes (BTEX)." MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814708002.

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Co-processing in cement industry has benefits for energy conservation and waste recycling. Nevertheless, emissions of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylenes (BTEX) tend to increase compared to a non co-processing kiln. A study was conducted in kiln feeding solid AFR (similar to municipal solid waste, MSW) having production capacity 4600-ton clinker/day (max. 5000 ton/day) and kiln feeding biomass having production capacity 7800-ton clinker/day (max. 8000 ton/day). The concentration of VOCs emissions tends to be higher at the raw mill on rather than the raw mill off. At the raw mill on, concentration of total volatile organic carbon (VOCs) emission from cement kiln stack feeding Solid AFR 1, biomass, Solid AFR 2, and mixture of Solid AFR and biomass is 16.18 mg/Nm3, 16.15 mg/Nm3, 9.02 mg/Nm3, and 14.11 mg/Nm3 respectively. The utilization of biomass resulted in the lower fraction of benzene and the higher fraction of xylenes in the total VOCs emission. Operating conditions such as thermal substitution rate, preheater temperature, and kiln speed are also likely to affect BTEX emissions.
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Čedík, Jakub, Martin Pexa, Michal Holúbek, Zdeněk Aleš, Radek Pražan, and Peter Kuchar. "Effect of Diesel Fuel-Coconut Oil-Butanol Blends on Operational Parameters of Diesel Engine." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153796.

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The global concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is increasing as well as the emissions of harmful pollutants. Utilization of liquid biofuels in combustion engines helps to reduce these negative effects. For diesel engines, the most common alternative fuels are based on vegetable oils. Blending neat vegetable oils with diesel and/or alcohol fuels is a simple way to make them suitable for diesel engines. In this study, coconut oil was used in ternary fuel blends with diesel and butanol. Coconut oil is a potentially usable source of renewable energy, especially in the Pacific, where it is a local product. Diesel fuel-coconut oil-butanol fuel blends were used in concentrations of 70%/20%/10% and 60%/20%/20%, and 100% diesel fuel was used as a reference. The effect of the fuel blends on the production of harmful emissions, engine smoke, performance parameters, fuel consumption and solid particles production was monitored during the measurement. The engine was kept at a constant speed during the measurement and the load was selected at 50%, 75% and 100%. From the results, it can be stated that in comparison with diesel fuel, specific fuel consumption increased with a positive effect on the reduction of engine smoke.
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