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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solid alternative fuels

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Academic literature on the topic 'Solid alternative fuels'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Solid alternative fuels"

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Holubčík, Michal, Nikola Kantová, Jozef Jandačka, and Zuzana Kolková. "Alternative solid fuels combustion in small heat source." MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816808002.

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Air quality is related to the using of solid fuel based heat sources in which the human factor has a major influence on the quality of combustion, which can lead to higher emissions into the air. One of the negative factors is the use of alternative fuels in heat sources. The article deals with the combustion of various alternative fuels, on a waste basis, in small heat sources. There were tested 4 types of fuels: beech wood pieces, 2 types of solid alternative fuel on the base of municipal waste and wood waste. In the experiment, it was tested the influence of used fuel in the fireplace on the heat output, efficiency, production of gaseous emissions and particulate matter. The results confirmed that combustion of fuels not recommended by the heat source manufacturer reduces the efficiency of combustion and significantly increases all monitored emissions.

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Scala, Fabrizio, and Riccardo Chirone. "Fluidized bed combustion of alternative solid fuels." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28, no. 7 (September 2004): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2003.12.005.

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LaBarbera, Mark, Mark Fedkin, Jeoung Lee, Zoungfei Zhow, and Serguei Lvov. "Degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating with Alternative Fuels." ECS Transactions 25, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 1125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3205640.

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Vlaskin, Mikhail S. "Municipal solid waste as an alternative energy source." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, no. 8 (February 28, 2018): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918762023.

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One of the main objectives in the field of waste management today is the implementation of waste-to-energy concept, because it decreases the amount of municipal solid waste landfilled and economizes the traditional hydrocarbon fuels. One of the main objectives of this study was to assess the global energetic potential of municipal solid waste and its potential contribution in energy balance. This evaluation was based on the analysis of main municipal solid waste properties such as component and chemical compositions, and heating value. The comparison of municipal solid waste properties and energetic potential with those for traditional solid fuels was also discussed. For comparison, the biomass samples and coals collected from Russian coal basins were considered. Study of municipal solid waste properties showed that municipal solid waste represents a well-flammable fuel with high carbon content (up to 50–60% for dry ash-free basis), and relatively high O/C atomic ratio. Total world energetic potential of municipal solid waste was estimated as 20 billion GJ that is 12.6% from energetic potential of coal mined. It was shown that by municipal solid waste incineration it is possible to produce 800 billion kWh of electrical energy that is about 3.5% of total world electricity generation. It was shown that in 2035 energetic potential of municipal solid waste may share up to 21.7% from energetic potential of coal. Executed estimations confirmed the urgency of municipal solid waste waste-to-energy implementation.

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Ariyaratne, Wijesinghe Kaluarachchige Hiromi, Edirisinghe Vidana Pathiranage Jagath Manjula, Morten Christian Melaaen, and Lars André Tokheim. "Kiln Process Impact of Alternative Solid Fuel Combustion in the Cement Kiln Main Burner – Mathematical Modelling and Full-Scale Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1291.

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Increased use of alternative fuels in cement kilns is a trend in the world. However, replacing fossil fuels like coal with different alternative fuels will give various impacts on the overall kiln process due to the fuel characteristics. Hence, it is important to know to what extent the fossil fuels can be replaced by different alternative fuels without severely changing process conditions, product quality or emissions. In the present study, a mass and energy balance for the combustion of different alternative fuels in a cement rotary kiln was developed. First, the impact of different fuel characteristics on kiln gas temperature, kiln gas flow rate and air requirement were observed by using coal (reference case), meat and bone meal (MBM), two different wood types, refuse derived fuel and a mixture of saw dust and solid hazardous waste as the primary fuel. It was found that the key process parameters depend largely on the chemical characteristics of the fuel. It appears that MBM shows quite different results from other alternative fuels investigated. Next, simulation of combustion of a mixture of coal and MBM in the main burner was carried out in three steps. The first step was combustion of replacing part of coal energy with MBM, and a reduction in kiln exhaust gas temperature compared to the coal reference case was found. In the second step, the fuel feed rate was increased in order to raise the kiln gas temperature to that of the reference case. In the third step, the fuel feed rate and the clinker production rate were changed in order to have not only the same kiln gas temperature but also to obtain the same volumetric flow rate of total exhaust gas from the precalciner as in the reference case. Around 7% of reduction in clinker production rate could be observed when replacing 48% of the coal energy input. Results from a full-scale test using the same mixture of coal and MBM verified the simulation results.

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Ioelovich, M. J. "STUDY OF THERMAL ENERGY OF ALTERNATIVE SOLID FUELS." PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 8, no. 4 (2018): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2018-8-4-117-124.

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ULEWICZ, Małgorzata, and Paweł MACIEJEWSKI. "APLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS - ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 160, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 384–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3023.

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Fuels made from municipal and industrial waste, called alternative fuels, have been used in many countries for over 20 years. Alternative fuels are known to be made up of mixtures of different flammable waste, which can be solid or liquid. There are a number of wastes that can be incinerated as fuel: selected combustible fractions of municipal wastes, waste products derived from paint and varnish production, liquid crude-oil derived wastes, car tyres and others. These fuels should fall within the extreme values of parameters such as: minimum heating value, maximum humidity content, maximum content of heavy and toxic metals. There are a number of countries that use their own alternative fuels, which have different trade names, differ in the amounts and the quality of the selected municipal and industrial waste fractions, in order to ensure the better use of the chemical energy contained in waste. In Poland, there are different plants also use alternative fuels, for example a cement plants have initiated activities directed at promoting the wider use of alternative fuels. The experience gained by the cement plants confirms that such activities are economically and ecologically beneficial. The incineration of alternative fuels is a safe method of waste utilization.

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Chen, Suhang, Yue Tang, Wei Zhang, Ruiqi Shen, Hongsheng Yu, Yinghua Ye, and Luigi T. DeLuca. "Innovative Methods to Enhance the Combustion Properties of Solid Fuels for Hybrid Rocket Propulsion." Aerospace 6, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6040047.

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The low regression rates for hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-based solid fuels and poor mechanical properties for the alternative paraffin-based liquefying fuels make today hybrid rocket engines far from the outstanding accomplishments of solid motors and liquid engines. In this paper, a survey is conducted of several innovative methods under test to improve solid fuel properties, which include self-disintegration fuel structure (SDFS)/paraffin fuels, paraffin fuels with better mechanical properties, high thermal conductivity fuels and porous layer combustion fuels. In particular, concerning HTPB, new results about diverse insert and low-energy polymer particles enhancing the combustion properties of HTPB are presented. Compared to pure HTPB, regression rate can be increased up to 21% by adding particles of polymers such as 5% polyethylene or 10% oleamide. Concerning paraffin, new results about self-disintegrating composite fuels incorporating Magnesium particles (MgP) point out that 15% 1 μm- or 100 μm-MgP formulations increase regression rates by 163.2% or 82.1% respectively, at 335 kg/m2·s oxygen flux, compared to pure paraffin. Overall, composite solid fuels featuring self-disintegration structure appear the most promising innovative technique, since they allow separating the matrix regression from the combustion of the filler grains. Yet, the investigated methods are at their initial stage. Substantial work of refinement in this paper is for producing solid fuels to fulfill the needs of hybrid rocket propulsion.

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Kijo-Kleczkowska, Agnieszka, Magdalena Szumera, and Katarzyna Środa. "Thermal Analysis of Solid Fuels in an Inert Atmosphere." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 731–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0052.

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Abstract The paper takes the analysis of thermal studies of different types of fuels. It allowed diversification of fuels depending on their composition and origin. Consideration of coal, biomass and waste (coal mule, sewage sludge) as fuel is nowadays an important aspect of energy in our country. It should be emphasized that Poland power engineering is based up to 95% on coal - the primary fuel. Mining industry, forced to deliver power engineering more and better fuel, must however, use a deeper cleaning of coal. This results in a continuous increase waste in the form of mule flotation. The best method of disposing these mule is combustion and co-combustion with other fuels. On the other hand, commonly increasing awareness state of the environment and the need to reduce CO2 emissions energy industry have committed to implement alternative solutions in order to gain power, through, i.a.: development technologies use of biomass, which is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in Poland. The paper presents the results of research TG-DTA fuels made in an inert atmosphere.

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Rokni, M. "Addressing fuel recycling in solid oxide fuel cell systems fed by alternative fuels." Energy 137 (October 2017): 1013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.082.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solid alternative fuels"

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Akkapeddi, Srikanth Schindler Anton K. "Alternative solid fuels for the production of Portland cement." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1432.

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Maimoun, Mousa Awad. "Environmental study of solid waste collection." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4793.

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The growing municipal solid waste generation rates have necessitated more efficient, optimized waste collection facilities. The majority of the US collection fleet is composed of diesel-fueled vehicles which contribute significant atmospheric emissions including greenhouse gases. In order to reduce emissions to the atmosphere, more collection agencies are investigating alternative fuel technologies such as natural gas, biofuels (bio-gas and bio-diesel), and hybrid electric technology. This research is an in-depth environmental analysis of potential alternative fuel technologies for waste collection vehicles. This study will evaluate the use of alternative fuels by waste collection vehicles. Life-cycle emissions, cost, fuel and energy consumption were evaluated for a wide range of fossil and bio-fuel technologies. Moreover, the energy consumption and the tail-pipe emissions of diesel-fueled waste collection vehicles were estimated using MOVES 2010a software. Emission factors were calculated for a typical waste collection driving cycle as well as constant speed. Finally, the selection of fuel type by the waste collection industry requires consideration of environmental, security, financial, operational, and safety issues. In this study, a qualitative comparison between alternative fuels was performed; a multifactorial assessment of these factors was conducted taking into account the opinion of the waste collection industry of the importance of each factor. Liquid-petroleum fuels have higher life-cycle emissions compared to natural gas; however landfill natural gas has the lowest life-cycle emissions compared to all other fuel categories. Compressed natural gas waste collection vehicles have the lowest fuel cost per collection vehicle mile travel compared to other fuel categories. Moreover, the actual driving cycle of waste collection vehicles consists of repetitive stops and starts during waste collection; this generates more emissions than constant speed driving. Finally, the multifactorial assessment indicates that natural gas and landfill gas have better environmental, economical, and energy security performance than current liquid-petroleum fuels.
ID: 030646260; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.Env.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-77).
M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

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Tai, Chia-Hui. "Trace Elemental Analysis of Ashes in the Combustion of the Binder Enhanced d-RDF by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501168/.

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Incineration is an attractive solution to the problems of disposing of municipal solid wastes and supplying energy. Because up to 25 percent of the waste in refuse-derived-fuel systems is ash, the physical and chemical characteristics of ash become more and more important for its potential impacts and methods suitable for their disposal. Trace elements concentration in ash is of great interest because of its relationship to regulatory criteria under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regarding toxicity and hazards. The applications of a microwave oven sample dissolution method has been tested on a variety of standard reference materials, with reproducible and accurate results. Fourteen trace elements, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, and Zn, from the dissolved ash samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.

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Čech, Jan. "Provozně-ekonomické posouzení instalace nové turbíny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442874.

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This diploma thesis deals with the operational and economic assessment of the installation of new TG3 turbines in the Přerov Heating Plant. The beginning of this thesis deals with a brief theoretical introduction of this investment and describes the classical economic evaluation methods and the Monte Carlo method. Subsequently, the investment project was analyzed and inputs for the economic model were created. The economic model was then evaluated using classical methods and Monte Carlo methods, the results are then compared with each other. Based on the results of the economic evaluation, the most efficient variant of the Přerov Heating Plant technology was chosen.

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Corre, Gaël Pierre Germain. "Studies of alternative anodes and ethanol fuel for SOFCs /." St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/841.

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Corre, Gaël Pierre Germain. "Studies of alternatives anodes and ethanol fuel for SOFCs." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/841.

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This thesis explores the development of efficient engineered composite alternative anodes and the use of ethanol as a fuel for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. SOFCs can in theory operate with fuels other than hydrogen. However, this requires the design of efficient alternative anode material that do not catalyze carbon formation and that are tolerant to redox cycles. An innovative concept has been developed that relies on the impregnation of perovskites into porous YSZ structures to form the anode functional layer. Catalysts are added to provide sufficient catalytic activity. Cells with anodes containing LSCM and Ce/Pd have displayed excellent performance. At 800°C, and with a 65 μm thick electrolyte, the power outputs were above 1W/cm² in humidified hydrogen and 0.7 W/cm² in humidified methane. These electrodes have shown the ability to reduce CO₂ electrochemically with an efficiency that is similar to that which can be achieved for H₂O electrolysis and the anodes could operate on pure CO₂. The importance of incorporating an efficient catalyst was demonstrated. The use of 0.5 wt% of Pd is sufficient to dramatically improve the performance in such electrodes. The microstructure of impregnated LSCM-YSZ composites plays an important role in the high performance obtained. A layer of LSCM nanoparticles covering the YSZ is formed upon reduction, offering a great surface area for electrochemical reactions. The fabrication method presented in this thesis is a powerful tool for designing microstructures in situ. Among the various fuels under consideration for SOFCs, ethanol offers outstanding advantages. Half cell measurements have been performed to characterize the performance of different types of anodes when operated on ethanol/steam mixtures. Steady performance was achieved on LSCM-CGO anodes. Carbon deposits from gas phase reactions have been evidenced and were found to be responsible for the performance enhancement when the cell is operated in diluted ethanol as compared to hydrogen. At high steam content, polarization resistances of LSCM-CGO-YSZ anodes in ethanol/ steam mixtures were shown to be below 0.3 Ω.cm² at 950°C.

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Ahmed, Fathi Salem Molouk. "Study on Ammonia Utilization and Alternative Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215555.

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Wang, Chao. "A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF LINKING SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL MICROSTRUCTURE PARAMETERS TO CELL PERFORMANCE." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1377786080.

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Puengjinda, Pramote. "A Study on Ni-cermet and Alternative Ceramic Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157601.

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McCoppin, Jared Ray. "Fabrication and Analysis of Compositionally Graded Functional Layers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1292631552.

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Books on the topic "Solid alternative fuels"

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Grammelis, Panagiotis. Solid biofuels for energy: A lower greenhouse gas alternative. London: Springer, 2011.

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Kerstetter, James D. Municipal solid waste to energy: Analysis of a national survey : for Washington communities interested in energy recovery as an alternative to landfilling municipal solid waste. Olympia, WA (809 Legion Way S.E., FA 11, Olympia 98504-1211): Washington State Energy Office, 1987.

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Kerstetter, James D. Municipal solid waste to energy: An analysis of a national survey : for Washington communities interested in energy recovery as an alternative to landfilling municipal solid waste. Olympia, WA (809 Legion Way S.E., FA-11, Olympia 98504-1211): Washington State Energy Office, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solid alternative fuels"

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Irvine, John T. S., and Paul Connor. "Alternative Materials for SOFCs, Opportunities and Limitations." In Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures, 163–80. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4456-4_7.

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Koskin, Anton P., Inna V. Zibareva, and Aleksey A. Vedyagin. "Conversion of Rice Husk and Nutshells into Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid Biofuels." In Biorefinery of Alternative Resources: Targeting Green Fuels and Platform Chemicals, 171–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1804-1_8.

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Zuo, Chendong, Mingfei Liu, and Meilin Liu. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy, 7–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1957-0_2.

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Weil, K. S., C. A. Coyle, J. S. Hardy, J. Y. Kim, and G.-G. Xia. "Alternative Methods of Sealing Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 79–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118407189.ch9.

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Assabumrungrat, Suttichai, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Vorachatra Sukwattanajaroon, and Dang Saebea. "Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Electrical Power Generation-A Review." In Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia, 526–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119066354.ch51.

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Mogensen, Mogens. "Comparison of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Alternative Fuel Cells and Competitive Technologies." In Oxygen Ion and Mixed Conductors and their Technological Applications, 449–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2521-7_17.

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Mehrotra, Smriti, V. Kiran Kumar, K. Man Mohan, S. Gajalakshmi, and Bhawana Pathak. "Terracotta Membrane-based Microbial Fuel Cell with Algal Biocathode: A Low-Cost Alternative to Dairy Wastewater Treatment Coupled Electricity and Biomass Production." In Integrated Approaches Towards Solid Waste Management, 177–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70463-6_17.

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Harding, N. Stanley. "Characteristics of Alternative Fuels." In Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems, 83–131. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373611-6.00003-3.

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Martinez-Guerra, Edith, Tapaswy Muppaneni, Veera Gnaneswar Gude, and Shuguang Deng. "Non-Conventional Feedstock and Technologies for Biodiesel Production." In Advanced Solid Catalysts for Renewable Energy Production, 96–118. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3903-2.ch004.

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Increased consumption and energy security issues have led many developed and developing countries to seek methods to produce alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one such high-density alternative fuel that can increase the longevity of transportation fuels. Biodiesel can be produced from a wide range of feedstock using simple process schemes. In the past, edible oils were used as feedstock for biodiesel fuel production; however, use of non-traditional feed stock like waste cooking oil, non-edible oils, animal fats, and algae can make biodiesel production a sustainable process. The high free fatty acids content in the feedstock, longer reaction rates, high energy consumption, and the catalysts used in the conversion process pose some limitations for current biodiesel production. These limitations can be addressed by developing novel process techniques such as microwaves and ultrasound and by developing non-catalytic transesterification methods. Enhancing byproduct recovery seems to be an important strategy to improve the energy footprint and economics of current biodiesel production.

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Hasib, Aziz, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Rida Kacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid, and Mohamed Berkani. "Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns." In Solid Waste Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93936.

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The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major obstacle for the majority of municipalities in developing countries because of the impacts related to the landfilling of waste. Garbage is an energy-rich material. As a result, energy recovery is considered to be a sustainable waste management method. In Morocco, 7.4 million tons are produced annually; most of the waste is landfilled without any recovery despite the impacts related to this method of disposal. The objective of this chapter is to characterize combustible fractions (RDF) from household waste in Morocco and to study the economic and environmental benefits of their use as alternative fuels in cement kilns. The results of this research show that the combustible fractions contained in household waste in Morocco constitute a potential sustainable energy source with a high lower calorific value (4454 kcal/kg). The study of the advantages of co-incineration shows that the substitution of pet coke by 15% RDF reduces the pollution linked to gaseous emissions. In addition, the cement plant can make financial savings 389 USD/h by minimizing the use of fossil fuels.

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Conference papers on the topic "Solid alternative fuels"

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Klein, Alexander, and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Energy Recovery From Municipal Solid Wastes by Gasification." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1692.

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Recovery of energy from MSW by combustion in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants reduces landfilling and air/water emissions, and also lessens dependence on fossil fuels for power generation. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of gasification processes as an alternative to the combustion of MSW. Gasification uses a relatively small amount of oxygen or water vapor to convert the organic compounds into a combustible gas. Its advantages are a much lower volume of process gas per unit of MSW and thus smaller volume of gas control equipment; also, gasification generates a fuel gas that can be integrated with combined cycle turbines or reciprocating engines, thus converting fuel energy to electricity more efficiently than the steam boilers used in combustion of MSW. The disadvantages are the need to pre-process the MSW to a Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and the formation of tars that may foul the downstream gas cleaning and energy conversion systems. This paper presents two prominent gasification processes and compares their energy characteristics with a mass burn WTE and a suspension firing WTE that uses shredded WTE. The results showed potential energy and capital cost advantages for gasification. However, long-term operating results from industrial plants are needed for gasification to become a practical alternative to combustion.

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Elizalde-Blancas, Francisco, S. Raju Pakalapati, F. Nihan Cayan, and Ismail B. Celik. "Numerical Simulations of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating on Coal Syngas: A Parametric Study." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78396.

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Fuel cells are considered to be one of the main sources of future power supply around the world because of their many desirable features; technology virtually free of pollution, the ability to use alternative fuels other than fossil fuels, and higher efficiencies than combustion engines. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) can operate on a wide range of fuels, particularly with coal syngas. However, several issues have to be solved before SOFC’s operating on coal syngas can be introduced into the market as a reliable and cost viable technology. Numerical simulations can be used in conjunction with experiments to assist in resolution of such barriers. In the present work, a three-dimensional model is used to study the performance of a SOFC running on coal syngas operating at various conditions. The code is capable of simulating several species in the fuel stream, such as methane, steam, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide. Due to the presence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of both fuels is considered. Internal reforming and water gas shift reaction are other processes that are taken into account. Simulations of typical anode-supported button cells are performed to assess the effects of cell operating temperature, fuel composition and CO electrochemistry on the performance of the button SOFCs.

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Yang, Man, Zhigang Xu, Salil Desai, Dhananjay Kumar, and Jagannathan Sankar. "Fabrication of Novel Single-Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Towards Green Technology." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12627.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is a green energy technology that offers a cleaner and more efficient alternative to fossil fuels. The fabrication of miniaturized device structure for fuel cell manufacturing is a viable method for improving their efficiency. In this research, single chamber-SOFC with inter-digitized structure of electrolyte and electrodes has been developed by two novel methods. In the deposition method, the SC-SOFC design patterns were created with photolithography and micro-structured thin film electrolytes and electrodes were prepared with pulsed laser deposition (PLD). In the direct-writing method, micro-structured electrodes were injected on electrolyte substrates. These studies showed good potential of manufacturing methods for fabricating novel type of fuel cell design.

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Haseltalab, A., L. van Biert, and BTW Mestemaker. "Energy Management for Hybrid Power Generation Using Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." In International Ship Control Systems Symposium. IMarEST, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2631-8741.2020.006.

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The shipping industry is facing increasing requirements to decrease its environmental footprints. This challenge is being addressed through the use of alternative fuels and adoption of novel energy sources in advanced power and propulsion systems. In this paper, an energy management approach is proposed to determine the optimal split between different energy sources of a vessel with hybrid power generation. The power and propulsion system of the vessel consists of a gas engine-generator set and a solid oxide fuel cell, both fed with liquefied natural gas, and a battery. Specific fuel consumption curves and transient capabilities of the engine and fuel cell are used to determine the optimal split and the battery is used to deal with the fast load transients during heavy operations and also providing power during low power demanding activities. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated for a dredging vessel with a DC power and propulsion system and compared to a benchmark vessel powered by gas engine-generator sets only. The results indicate a 16.5% reduction in fuel consumption compared to a benchmark non-hybrid power system and conventional power management.

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Curtiss, Peter S., and Jan F. Kreider. "Life Cycle Analysis of Automotive Ethanol Produced From Municipal Solid Waste." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90327.

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The trend of increasing petroleum prices has prompted the consideration of other fuels for transportation. Ethanol has received a great deal of attention based on the hope that it is possible to develop a sustainable and relatively environmentally responsible alternative to gasoline. Currently, the biofuels industry depends heavily on the use of cereal crops as the feedstock for the ethanol refineries. This practice, however, has led to concern over the diversion of food supplies to fuel supplies; price increases of corn and corn-dependent products (milk, beef, etc.) have already been blamed on the market forces pushing crops towards fuel production. Additionally, sufficient land water exist in the US for cereal crop-based biofuels. Another method for producing ethanol uses waste products as the main feedstock. The waste can consist of anything fermentable — agricultural field remnants, yard clippings, and paper and food waste all are potentially inputs to the ethanol production process. An added benefit of such a system is the decrease in the amount of material that must be disposed in landfills or dumps. This paper briefly discusses the conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to ethanol for use as an automotive replacement fuel.

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Green, Christopher K., Jeffrey L. Streator, and Comas Haynes. "Modeling Leakage With Mica-Based Compressive Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15264.

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Fuel cells represent a promising energy alternative to the traditional combustion of fossil fuels. In particular, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been of interest due to their high energy densities and potential for stationary power applications. One of the key obstacles precluding the maturation and commercialization of planar SOFCs has been the lack of a robust sealant. This paper presents a computational model of leakage with the utilization of mica-based compressive seals. A finite element model is developed to ascertain the macroscopic stresses and deformations in the interface. In conjunction with the finite element model is a microscale contact mechanics model that accounts for the role of surface roughness in determining the mean interfacial gap at the interface. An averaged Reynolds equation derived from mixed lubrication theory is applied to model the leakage flow across the rough, annular interface. The composite model is applied as a predictive tool for assessing how certain physical parameters (i.e., seal material composition, compressive applied stress, surface finish, and interfacial conformity) affect seal leakage rates.

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Brickner, Robert H. "Behind the Scenes: Historic Agreement to Develop U.S. Virgin Islands’ First Alternative Energy Facilities." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3516.

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In the summer of 2009, Governor John P. DeJongh, Jr. announced that the Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority (WAPA) had just signed two 20-year Power Purchase Agreements, and the Virgin Islands Waste Management Authority (VIWMA) had signed two 20-year Solid Waste Management Services Agreements with affiliates of Denver-based Alpine Energy Group, LLC (AEG) to build, own, and operate two alternative energy facilities that will serve the residents of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas. The alternative energy facilities, to be built on St. Croix and St. Thomas, have a projected cost of $440 million and will convert an estimated 146,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) using WastAway Services® technology, which will be combined with petroleum coke as fuel in fluidized bed combustion facilities to generate steam and electric power. These sustainable projects will provide 33 MW of electric power to St. Thomas and St. John and 16 MW of electric power to St. Croix, and will help to provide long-term cost stability for electric power and solid waste management in the Territory. Construction is expected to start in spring 2010 with an anticipated completion date during the fourth quarter of 2012. This procurement is a significant achievement for the U.S. Virgin Islands. When the projects are fully implemented, they will allow the Territory to reduce its dependence on oil, recover the energy value and certain recyclable materials from its municipal solid waste, and divert this waste from landfill. Since VIWMA has the responsibility to collect and/or dispose of solid waste year-round, having a system incorporating multiple solid waste processing lines and an adequate supply of spare parts on hand at all times is crucial to meeting the daily demands of waste receiving and processing, and RDF production. Also, with the location of the US Virgin Islands in a hurricane zone, and with only one or two combustion units available in each Project, the ability to both stockpile waste pre-RDF processing and store the produced RDF is very important. Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB)’s work has included a due diligence review of the Projects and providing professional support in VIWMA’s negotiations with AEG. GBB’s initial primary assignment centered on reviewing the design and operations of the RDF processing systems that will be built and operated under the respective Service Contracts. VIWMA needed to undertake a detailed technical review of the proposed RDF processing system, since this was the integration point of the waste collection system and waste processing/disposal services. GBB, in association with Maguire, was requested to provide this review and present the findings and opinions to VIWMA. In the completion of this effort, which included both a technical review and participation in negotiations to advance the Service Contracts for the Projects, GBB made direct contact with the key equipment suppliers for the Projects proposed by AEG. This included Bouldin Corporation, the primary RDF processing system supplier, with its patented WastAway technology, and Energy Products of Idaho, the main thermal processing equipment supplier, with its fluidized bed combustion technology and air pollution control equipment. Additionally, since the combustion systems for both Projects will generate an ash product that will require marketing for use and/or disposal over the term of the Service Contracts, GBB made contact with LA Ash, one of the potential subcontractors identified by AEG for these ash management services. Due to the nature of the contract guarantees of VIWMA to provide 73,000 tons per year of Acceptable Waste to each Project for processing, VIWMA authorized GBB to perform a current waste stream characterization study. Part of this effort included waste sorts for one week each in February 2009 on St. Croix and March 2009 on St. Thomas, with the results shared with VIWMA and AEG, as compiled. The 2009 GBB waste stream characterization study incorporated historical monthly waste weigh data from both the Bovoni and Anguilla Landfills that were received from VIWMA staff. The study has formed a basis for continuing to augment the waste quantity information from the two landfills with the additional current monthly results compiled by VIWMA staff going forward following the waste sorts. The final GBB report was published in December 2009 and includes actual USVI landfill receipt data through August 31, 2009. The information contained in this document provides the underpinnings to allow for better tracking and analysis of daily, weekly and monthly waste quantities received for recycling, processing and disposal, which are important to the overall waste processing system operations, guarantees and cost projections. GBB’s annual projections are that the total waste on St. Croix is currently over 104,000 tons per year and over 76,000 tons per year on St. Thomas. The thermal processing technology selected for both Projects is a fluidized bed process, employing a heated bed of sand material “fluidized” in a column of air to burn the fuel — RDF and/or Pet Coke. As such, the solid waste to be used in these combustion units must be size-reduced from the myriad of sizes of waste set out at the curb or discharged into the large roll-off boxes or bins at the many drop-off sites in the US Virgin Islands. While traditional RDF would typically have several days of storage life, the characteristics of the pelletized RDF should allow several weeks of storage. This will be important to having a sound and realistic operating plan, given the unique circumstances associated with the climate, waste moisture content, island location, lack of back-up disposal options and downtime associated with the Power Generation Facility. During the negotiations between AEG and VIWMA, in which GBB staff participated, in addition to RDF and pelletized RDF as the waste fuel sources, other potential fuels have been discussed for use in the Projects and are included as “Opportunity Fuels” in the Service Contracts. These Opportunity Fuels include ground woody waste, dried sludges, and shredded tires, for example. Therefore, the flexibility of the EPI fluidized bed combustion boilers to handle multi-fuels is viewed as an asset over the long term, especially for an island location where disposal options are limited and shipping materials onto and off of each island is expensive. This presentation will provide a unique behind-the-scenes review of the process that led to this historic agreement, from the due diligence of the proposed technologies, to implementation planning, to the negotiations with the contractor. Also discussed will be the waste characterization and quantity analysis performed in 2009 and the fast-track procurement planning and procurement of construction and operating services for a new transfer station to be sited on St. Croix.

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Amati, Valentina, Enrico Sciubba, and Claudia Toro. "Exergy Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68339.

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The paper presents the exergy analysis of a natural gas fuelled energy conversion process consisting of a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell coupled with a gas turbine. The fuel is partly processed in a reformer and then undergoes complete reforming in an internal reforming planar SOFC stack (IRSOFC). The syngas fuels in turn a standard gas turbine cycle that drives the fuel compressor and generates excess shaft power. Extensive heat recovery is enforced both in the Gas Turbine and between the topping SOFC and the bottoming GT. Two different configurations have been simulated and compared on an exergy basis: in the first one, the steam needed to support the external and the internal reforming reactions is completely supplied by an external Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), while in the second one that steam is mainly obtained by recirculating part of the steam-rich anode outlet stream. The thermodynamic model of the fuel cell system has been developed and implemented into the library of a modular object-oriented Process Simulator, Camel-Pro®; then, by means of this simulator, the exergetic performance of the two alternative configurations has been analyzed. A detailed analysis of the exergy destruction at component level is presented, to better assess the distribution of irreversibilities along the process and to gain useful design insight.

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Moulton-Patterson, Linda. "The Emergence of Conversion Technologies in California as a Viable Alternative to Landfilling." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2201.

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In the 1980’s, California faced landfill siting problems and a projected shortage of landfill capacity that could impact the health and safety in California. To address this issue, the California Integrated Waste Management Act was passed in 1990 and established a framework to limit reliance on landfills. This framework gives greater emphasis to recycling, waste prevention, source reduction, and composting. The Integrated Waste Management Act required each city and county to implement plans to divert 25% of solid waste by 1995 and 50% by 2000 from landfills. Although we have achieved a 47% diversion rate and have 170 composting facilities, we still have approximately 30 millions tons of material being landfilled. This may be an untapped resource for energy and alternative fuels production.

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Rückert, Marcel, Stefan Heitzig, and Hubertus Murrenhoff. "Reducing Friction and Wear in Common-Rail Pumps by Grooved and Contoured Pistons." In BATH/ASME 2016 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2016-1744.

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Within the cluster of excellence “Tailor-made Fuels from Biomass” at RWTH Aachen University new biofuels are developed and investigated. Because common-rail injection pumps are generally lubricated by the fuel itself, the tribological characteristics of the fuel candidates is of interest. The lubricity and viscosity of the alternative fuels differ from diesel. Hence, a reliable function of the tribological contacts, which are designed for the operation with diesel, cannot be guaranteed. To achieve a reliable operation even for fuels with, for instance, a lower viscosity or worse lubricity an optimisation of the tribological contacts is necessary. The focus of the investigations presented in this paper lies on the piston-cylinder-contact. Prior to the simulative study the losses in a pump operating with various fuel candidates are quantified by means of efficiency measurements. By these measurements the great impact of the fuel’s rheology on the pump performance is clarified. Based on detailed EHD-simulations with various fuels under typical operating conditions, an optimisation of the piston-cylinder-contact is presented. The optimisation aims for the reduction of solid friction by changing the pressure field on the piston. The approaches can basically be separated into grooved and contoured pistons. The potential of the different approaches is discussed based on simulation results and effects, which occur in the lubricating film of the optimised contacts.

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Reports on the topic "Solid alternative fuels"

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Wang, Xiaoxing, Wenying Quan, Jing Xiao, Emanuela Peduzzi, Mamoru Fujii, Funxia Sun, Cigdem Shalaby, et al. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating on Alternative and Renewable Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177778.

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Stevenson, J. W., and T. R. Armstrong. Alternative materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10181035.

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Prouse, D., S. Elangovan, A. Khandkar, R. Donelson, and L. Marianowski. Advanced alternate planar geometry solid oxide fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6571826.

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Elangovan, S., D. Prouse, A. Khandkar, R. Donelson, and L. Marianowski. Advanced alternate planar geometry solid oxide fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6622800.

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Prouse, D., S. Elangovan, A. Khandkar, R. Donelson, and L. Marianowski. Advanced alternate planar geometry solid oxide fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6858155.

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Bates, J. L., T. R. Armstrong, and L. A. Chick. Alternative materials for solid oxide fuel cells: Processing and interactions of materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10194823.

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Elangovan, S., D. Prouse, A. Khandkar, R. Donelson, and L. Marianowski. Advanced alternate planar geometry solid oxide fuel cells. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10146157.

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Prouse, D., S. Elangovan, A. Khandkar, R. Donelson, and L. Marianowski. Advanced alternate planar geometry solid oxide fuel cells. Interim quarterly technical progress report, November 1, 1988--January 31, 1989. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10149382.

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Prouse, D., S. Elangovan, A. Khandkar, R. Donelson, and L. Marianowski. Advanced alternate planar geometry solid oxide fuel cells. Third interim quarterly technical progress report, July 1, 1988--September 30, 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148533.

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