Journal articles on the topic 'Soldier settlement'

AbstractThis article examines the role of fortifications, garrisons, and militia service in the English East India Company’s early settlements in Asia and the Atlantic. Affecting everything from the physical space of such a settlement to the status and rights of its inhabitants, the institutions and ideologies of a variety of forms of military service revealed the degree to which Company leadership had early on come to understand their settlements in Asia not as mere trading factories, but as colonial plantations, and their role as a government in Asia. Even if their lofty ambitions rarely met expectations, the Company sought within them to cultivate law, jurisdiction, and a robust civic life that could in turn ensure an active, obedient, and virtuous body of subjects and, in a sense, citizens. The attitudes toward and policies concerning soldiering also revealed the degree to which the Company’s seventeenth-century regime, so often treated as unique amongst English overseas ventures and Europeans in Asia, in fact drew and innovated upon models of governance across Europe, the Atlantic, and Asia.

AbstractA funerary stele of a Pannonian auxiliary soldier recovered in 1996 at Gordion (Turkey) provided the first concrete evidence of Roman military activity at the site. The Latin epitaph on the monument revealed the presence of a unit (cohors VII Breucorum c.R. equitata), previously unattested in central Turkey, within the rural environs of northern Galatia. Little is currently known about the garrisons and movements of auxiliary forces in that region, and the monument's discovery permits a fresh examination of military deployment within Rome's comparatively lightly-garrisoned provinces of Asia Minor. New archaeological fieldwork in the Roman settlement at Gordion has provided a firm context for the stele, and recently published epigraphical finds relating to the soldier's unit and its deployment strongly link the monument's presence to activities surrounding Trajan's Parthian War (AD 114–117).

The English rural myth suggested that being close to the rhythms of nature, as opposed to being immersed in the irritations and pollution of city life, would create a settled, healthy, content, and loyal population. By the inter-war period the rural myth depicted an appealing image of self-sufficient, independent peasants living an uncomplicated lifestyle based on agricultural pursuits. In the aftermath of the First World War this picture of a golden countryside was popular and admired by social reformers, members of the government, and the general public. The coalition government incorporated this myth into its post-war social legislation and created in 1919 a land settlement scheme for newly demobilized soldiers aimed at establishing a new base of smallholding agricultural workers to populate the countryside. The myth may have been appealing, but it turned out to be economically not self-sustaining and politically it got little more than lip service. A myth cannot be attained through mere legislation. This article examines the land settlement scheme in East Sussex during the inter-war period and argues that even in an area seemingly well-suited to such a program, the scheme was neither practical nor successful in its attempt to put the myth into practice.

AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui proses penyelesaian Pidana yang dilakukan oleh Prajurit TNI dan untuk mengetahui perbuatan Melanggar hukum Pidana dalam Penyalahgunaan Senjata Api yang di Tinjau dari Perspektif Hukum Islam. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian lapangan atau field research kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah normatif dan yuridis.Adapun sumber data di penelitian ini ialah Hakim Militer dan Oditur Militer disertai Undang-Undang dan informasi media serta dari Al-Qur’an. Dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah membaca dan menelusuri buku yang berkaitan dengan observasi, interview dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang pandangan hukum islam terhadap kasus Penyalahgunaan Senjata Api yang dilakukan oleh Prajurit TNI yang melanggar norma atau aturan yang mendasar dari seorang Prajurit TNI. Maka penyelesaian perkara akan ditangani langsung oleh Atasan yang Berhak Menghukum (Ankum) yang akan menyelidiki terlebih dahulu dan menggolongkan pelanggaran tersebut sebagai disiplin Militer atau Tindak Pidana Militer dan selanjutnya akan diproses melalui persidangan dalam rana peradilan Militer XIV. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah Prajurit TNI seharusnya mematuhi aturan yang berlaku pada setiap peraturan yang diterapkan pada lingkungan Militer. Dalam Penyalahgunaan senjata Api seperti ini akan membuat masyarakat menjadi takut kepada seorang Prajurit TNI dan membuat nama baik seorang Prajurit TNI tercoreng.Kata Kunci: Aturan, Senjata api, Yuridis AbstractThe main problem of this research is is to determine the criminal settlement process carried out by TNI soldiers and to find out the acts of violating the criminal law in the misuse of firearms which are reviewed from the perspective of Islamic law. This research includes field research or descriptive qualitative field research with the research approach used is normative and juridical. The sources of data in this study are Military Judges and Military Prosecutors accompanied by laws and media information as well as from the Qur'an. By using the data collection method used is reading and browsing books related to observation, interviews and documentation, the results of this study explain the views of Islamic law on the case of the misuse of firearms by TNI soldiers who violate the basic norms or rules of a TNI soldier. Then the settlement of the case will be handled directly by the Superior with the Right to Punish (Ankum) who will investigate first and classify the violation as a Military discipline or Military Crime and will then be processed through a trial in the military court XIV. The implication of this research is that TNI soldiers should obey the rules that apply to every regulation applied to the military environment. In the misuse of firearms like this, people will be afraid of a TNI soldier and tarnish the good name of a TNI soldier.Keywords: Rules, Firearms, Juridical

In the speech in which the phrase ‘land fit for heroes’ was coined, Lloyd George proclaimed ‘(l)et us make victory the motive power to link the old land up in such measure that it will be nearer the sunshine than ever before … it will lift those who have been living in the dark places to a plateau where they will get the rays of the sun’. This speech conflated the issues of the ‘debt of honour’ and the provision of land to those who had served. These ideals had ramifications throughout the British Empire. Here we proffer two Antipodean examples: the national Soldier Settlement Scheme in New Zealand and the Imperial Group Settlement of British migrants in Western Australia and, specifically, the fate and the legacy of a Group of Gaelic speaking Outer Hebrideans who relocated to a site which is now in the outer fringes of metropolitan Perth.

In international disputes, forgone settlement offers are frequently lamented, but their impact on the dynamics of ongoing negotiations is largely overlooked. In the psychological literature, however, the consequences of missing an advantageous action opportunity have been studied extensively in the context of the inaction inertia phenomenon. According to this literature, forgoing attractive action opportunities renders decision makers susceptible to regret and increases the likelihood that subsequent opportunities will also be missed. This article explores the explanatory potential of the inaction inertia effect in the context of international negotiations. Findings based on laboratory experiments and analysis of the negotiations between Israel and Hamas over the release of the Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit strongly suggest that the concept of inaction inertia can enrich the understanding of failures and deadlocks in international negotiations. The article defines the conditions that are instrumental in identifying inertia-induced deadlocks and discusses factors that encourage the termination of inaction inertia and promote dispute settlement.

Reasonable depth of pile embedment is one of the key factors for the success of deep foundation pit projects. This paper has taken a deep foundation pit project in a granite residual soil area in Shenzhen as an example and used physical model tests to study the deformation law of the piles and the surrounding soil during the excavation of the deep foundation pit, revealing the variation law of earth pressure in time and space in the pit and then verified it by numerical simulation. The influence of the embedded depth of the pile on the deformation and earth pressure of the deep foundation pit is then explicitly discussed. The study shows that the embedded depth has a significant effect on the deformation and earth pressure distribution of the foundation pit. The earth pressure in front of the pile tends to approach the passive earth pressure as the embedment depth decreases, while the earth pressure behind the pile is in between the Rankine active earth pressure and the static soil pressure; the settlement value and settlement range of the surrounding soil are doubled. The pile displacement increases as the maximum displacement point rises. The maximum displacement of the pile body was used as the basis for determining the instability of the foundation pit. The optimum embedded depth is obtained when the depth of embedment of the pile is 0.22 H (H is the excavation depth of the foundation pit).

In this book, Paul Foos seeks to rescue the Mexican-American War from its status as a forgotten war, a status it has long shared with the Korean War. His approach is in keeping with recent work on the history of war from the perspective of the ordinary soldier, the regulars and militiamen who did the fighting at the front, not from the perspective of the generals. He thus mines a rich and fruitful seam of first person accounts written by soldiers themselves in the form of letters and memoirs long overlooked by historians. He seeks to correct two standard interpretations of the war. One of these, in the triumphalist tradition, interprets the conflict as a limited war that reflected and unleashed American “nationalism;” the other sees it as a victory for moralistic political elites who rescued the nation from the reckless expansionism of Southern extremists by limiting the acquisition of Mexican land in the final settlement. Both interpretations—and the second in particular—spotlight the leading men, insisting it was a war that the “masses” did not “understand, nor did they care” (9). Readers of this lively and eye-opening book are unlikely to put much credence in the received wisdom.

Construction data from a large braced excavation are evaluated in comparison to several methods of predicting the response of buildings to excavation-induced ground movements. The project included an excavation of up to about 20 m depth, over 650 m long, and 20 m wide made through generally competent glacial overburden. Excavation support was achieved using a braced soldier-pile and lagging wall system. A detailed instrumentation program was undertaken by the owner to monitor contractor compliance with ground and structure movement criteria. Data from 46 structures, with damage ranging from negligible to moderate categories, are presented, with four cases presented in detail. A modified approach to estimating potential damage categorization is provided and compared to case histories. Good agreement is demonstrated between actual and estimated damage categories.Key words: building damage, excavations, cracking, angular distortion, settlement.

AbstractThis article challenges the assumption that garrisons in post-union Scotland were confronted with an “uninflammable” and easily controlled urban population. The emphasis is instead placed on the distinctive aspects of eighteenth-century Scottish society, characterized as it was by a combination of dispersed settlement and the fastest growing urban sector within the British-Irish Isles. These factors severely complicated and challenged the army’s ability to consistently and effectively control Scotland’s villages, towns and cities. Yet confrontation was not the only mode of interaction between local garrisons and the civic world of the burghs. The article argues that excessive concentration upon large scale urban tumults, such as the Malt Tax or Porteous Riots, has detracted from the subtle and sophisticated social and cultural practices which not only regulated relations between both groups but that increasingly eroded the boundaries and definitions of what constituted a “soldier” and a “civilian” in eighteenth-century Scotland.

Investigations of thematic organization never yielded generally accepted results. The reasons behind this are closely tied to limitations regarding source material. On the one hand, there are certain chronological or thematic units poorly represented in the sources. On the other, there are cases well documented by the sources which can, however, overlook data logically expected to be mentioned. Still, Byzantine sources, including legal texts with their often anachronous clauses, have an understanding of thematic priorities which differs from our own, defined by our contemporary standards. Scholars investigating the institution of stratiotes constantly face such difficulties. An undesired but still rather common result of such problems accounts for the fact that researchers base their opinions on superficial lexis and terminology of Byzantine sources and disregard the connections between the main lines of development of the so-called middle Byzantine period (VII-XI centuries) and the changes in thematic organization. Today we can say that the first themes date from the VII century. From then on, the system was gradually developed. Although the original large themes were divided into smaller units during the VIII century, the principles of organization of subsequent themes - which appeared in the IX and X centuries - remained rather unchanged. Above all, that is quite evident from hierarchic lists (Taktika), dating from the first half of the IX to the first half of the X century (Taktikon Uspenskij, Philoteos' Kletorologion, Taktikon Beneshevich). Only in the late X century we encounter a new situation (Escorial Taktikon). In short, from then on we are dealing with quite a complex administrative organism. As for the social aspect, soldier are a part of society in which the so-called free peasants had their own land within the framework of village community property. This general picture is more or less reflected in various sources of different date : in the articles of the so-called Agrarian Law (end of VII - beginning of VIII century), in Theophanes' list of "crimes" of emperor Nicephoros I (802-811) and in data found in the Treaty on Tax Levying (X century). We are dealing with such social and economic foundations of the state which lasted, continually, at least from the end of the VII/the beginning of the VIII to the beginning of the X century, those which, when endangered by the crisis, the emperors attempted to defend by regular repetition of protective laws. All of the above leads us to the conclusion that it would be impossible to expect that the "birth" of this social order during the VII century brought about quick reform based on proclamations of generally valid laws. Secondly, general and common characteristics of the entire era changed in times of crisis, gradually and at first undetectably, so that the order of things marked by the crisis finally surfaced only in the X century. This development is understandable because many significant phenomena of social life were not necessarily defined by specific laws, regardless of the existence of a developed written legislative corpus. The foundations of the legislative order of the Empire did not come in the form of a written constitution or group of basic laws. Under such conditions, explanations of the social status of soldiers should not necessarily be sought among the early examples of pre-Macedonian legislature, just as, following such unsuccessful searches, one should not draw far-reaching conclusions. Since there was obviously no quick, focused and legislatively rounded-off reform at the moment of the appearance of the military order or social group in question, it would be dangerous to take either the "Ostrogorsky model" or the viewpoints which reject it as an absolute paradigm. After all, Byzantine practice was far more diverse then what we are often ready to admit. It is obvious that, in its initial phase - during the second half of the VII century - the thematic organization developed in times of long lasting demographic crisis and the first serious shortages of money reserves and natural goods. For the most part, the need for military corps could be met in no other way but by settling soldiers. Such soldiers-settlers comprise the kernel of the army and are distributed all across the land, as indicated by the names of the themes of the fist and second generation: Opsikion, Armeniakon, Anatolikon, Karavisianon, Voukelarion, Optimaton, Thrakesianon. Certain, although not numerous examples, uncover the diversity of the sources from which the newly the settled soldiers between the end of the VII and the first half of the IX century were recruited (Slavs in the theme Opsikion, the siege of the city of Tyana, extensive measures of emperor Nicephoros I, the case of the pretender to the throne, Thomas the Slav, and the case of the christianized Kouramites). Generally speaking, the settling of soldiers implies the existence of their more or less pronounced physical ties to the land. However, this does not have to implicate that they all had personal holdings or, to an even lesser extent, that they were all peasants. It only means that these soldiers used the land as the dominant source of income. For, according to De ceremoniis and Ibn-Khordadbih, their annual salary (????) amounted to 1 nomisma, and could not exceed the maximum of 12 (by exception 18) nomismata. Actually, these salaries should be seen as additional assets to the overall income of the soldiers. In that sense, some of the measures (crimes) of emperor Nicephoros I, as interpreted by the chronicle of Theophanes, are especially interesting. The first crime is the settlement of soldiers from all (Asia Minor) themes in the Sclavinias on the Balkans. Those designated for re-settlement had to sell their holdings, often lameting having to lease behind the graves of their parents, perhaps even more distant ancestors, too. Despite this "crime", there were not enough soldiers to satisfy the growing needs for military corps on both sides of the Empire. Thus the emperor recruited and equipped the poor from the sum of 18.5 nomismes which their neighbors had to pay to the state treasury. The measures of emperor Nicephoros show that in those days there were at least two type of stratiotes - soldiers who supported themselves from the income provided by their land holdings and those newly recruited or, perhaps, impoverished soldiers whose equipment was provided for by peasants, through the payments they made to the state treasury. The other solution was, apparently, if not temporary then rather rare, so that the general line of development lay closer to the first solution, both before and after the reign of Nicephoros. Already at the time of publishing of the Ecloga, that is during the reign of Leo III, ???????????? ????? was a common reality, just as it was in the much later Tactica of Leo VI. The described situation from the days of Nicephoros is very reminiscent of the way the military estate is defined in De cerimoniis, which speaks of soldiers with "houses", but also of poor soldiers who are in the service as a result of community support. This refers to soldiers who can be denoted, as they are in the famous novel by Constantine Porphyrogenitos, by epithets ??((((? and ?((((?. "House" is taken to mean the patrimony of an individual family, which provides material support for one soldier from its own ranks, as it clearly results from the Ecloga and the Taktika. That is why the expression ????????? - "one who participates in" (equipping a soldier) - appears already in the so-called Leges militares. Basically, we are dealing with the same phenomenon which in the later legislative texts of the Macedonian dynasty (X century) was given clearer articulation. All this implies that military service - ???????? - could be performed, in part or on the whole, through money payments. According to a considerable number of researchers, the fiscalization of the "stratia" should exclusively be taken as a feature of late Macedonian legislation. However, it is beyond doubt that this phenomenon also had a prior history. In the Vita of St. Euthymios the Younger we find mention of the fact that his mother, as a widow, inscribed the name of her then seven year old son on military lists in the early 830's. Apparently, such formal inscriptions of "soldiers" did happen as a means of evading money payments in substitution for military service. What is even more interesting, the fiscal duties imposed on widows or families came as a renewed ancient custom. One text by Theodore of Stoudion (March 801) implies that the empress Irene revoked this levy which existed in the days of earlier "Orthodox emperors". In the eyes of Theodore, those could only have been emperors from pre-Iconoclastic times. The striving of soldiers to gain property of farming land and the interaction between them and the tax paying population of farmers were always present, just as there were always clear demarcations between these two social groups. The soldiers with their property, on one side, and the peasants (and other civilians) with their property on the other, were precisely distinguished in the X century by the terms ???????????? ????? and (???????? ?????. These technical terms validated the statements found in the Tactica of Leo VI and the second Novel of Romanos I (934) regarding the two pillars of the state: the soldiers and the peasants. This, however, did not imply the introduction of new institutions but rather of new terminology with specific meaning introduced in times of precise agrarian codification. It is practically self evident that in the mentioned the living conditions of thematic soldiers between the VII/VIII and the X century, there were several options in articulating the social profile of a soldier. It is also evident what the relatively stable types of soldiers were based on. Firstly, already in the VIII century there is confirmation of the existence of soldiers with property, that is land holdings, the source of the greatest part of their income, whether as proprietors or as recruited members of certain families. In that respect, it is important to note that in one Taktikon from the 960's soldiers with personal property were marked as an ancient phenomenon, older even than the Macedonian legislation of the X century. The same applies to the distinction between ??????????, proprietor but not necessarily an active soldier, and ?????????????, one actually in military service. Moreover, the fact is that there did exist social differences between the numerous soldiers with land holdings. On the other hand, there were those among the soldiers who had no property what so ever or practically none to count with. They were recruited in different ways. Some soldiers from this category were recruited through collective contributions of the communities (beginning of IX century), while others received support from certain landowners (end of IX century). The first option appears in later years as well, as demonstrated by a case registered on the Peloponnesos in the first half of the X century, when the population was levied with collecting money in order to secure funding for the soldiers. It is certain that among the soldiers who traded their participation in such campaigns for financial contributions there were also those (former soldiers?) who had grown impoverished in the mean time and could not personally perform military service. The famous soldier Mousoulios from the Vita of Philaretos is a good example from the close of the VIII century. In order to monitor the process of impoverishment of soldiers, we would have to have more of this sort of information from various vitae. The X century legislation came only as a reaction to the crisis which at the beginning of the X century struck smaller and medium size landowners, both soldiers and civilians. This struggle to save the basic body of thematic soldiers had its climax in the days of Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos. In asserting the value of their property, the emperor could thus calmly claim that such a custom, although not formally written down, had already existed. Having become insufficient, this unwritten custom was codified and raised to the level of a written law. Parallel to the weakening of the military social stratum, there is a growing fiscalization of the stratia, which no longer necessarily had to represent military service but was rather seen as its financial support. The road was thus open for the appearance of a new mercenary army. On the other hand, parallel to the changes in military tactics, the wealthier soldiers finally gained a dominant role. In order to secure the service of such soldiers, in the days of Nicephoros II the minimal value of military land holdings was raised to 12 pounds of gold. This marked the beginning of the rise of lower military aristocracy. During the following, XI century, when the classical thematic organization no longer existed, thematic soldiers had already lost their importance and, save perhaps for minor exceptions, represented a thing of the past.

AbstractMore than six million European soldiers were involved in nineteenth-century empire-building and a substantial number of them stayed behind in the colonies. Throughout history, soldiers have been priming the pump for settler colonies, being a reliable force in difficult pioneering circumstances with high mortality rates. In the age of European mass migration, however, these colonial soldiers were consistently excluded from migration statistics. This article argues that there is a nexus between the beginning of the age of mass migration and the exclusion of colonial soldiers from migration history. Their status as un-free labourers developed into an anomaly at a time when free labour and free European migration increasingly became the norm. An important implication of including these colonial soldiers in the purview of migration history would be a revisiting of nineteenth-century European emigration history. It would require a broader comparative perspective on coercive labour conditions among nineteenth-century European migrants (military and non-military). This effort could be part of an ongoing revision of the perception of the age of European mass migration as overwhelmingly free.

For at least the first two centuries of empire, marriage for most soldiers during their years of active service was legally banned by the state. It is equally clear that the law forbidding iustum matrimonium did not stop some auxiliary soldiers from forming de facto relationships and creating families whilst in service. In some cases, families will have traveled with soldiers who were in service. Whether they dwelt within the forts or in extramural settlements, family members formed an integral part of the military community.

In November 1660 the newly restored king published a declaration for the settlement of Ireland. The substance of this document was that the ‘adventurers’ of the 1640s and the Cromwellian soldiers were to keep what they had got; the Irish Protestants who had actively supported the royalist cause (especially between 1648 and 1650) and who had not yet obtained compensation for this service were to receive their arrears of pay; Irish Catholics who had been deprived of their lands merely on the grounds of their religion were to be restored to what they had lost. From the clash of these interest groups came the moulding forces behind what is known as the ‘Restoration settlement’. (That settlement was based on two acts: the Act of Settlement, 1663, and the Act of Explanation, 1666. The former set out who were to receive lands and where; the latter explained and clarified the many conflicting clauses in the former.)

This research was conducted in the Baluwarti settlement of Surakarta. This settlement was once the royal city of the Surakarta Hadiningrat palace, which was founded in 1745. The Surakarta Hadingrat Palace was built in 1742 by Paku Buwana II. In 1748 Paku Buwana II died, and was replaced by Paku Buwana III. During his reign, Paku Buwana III began to build a settlement area for soldiers, sentana dalem, and abdi dalem which is currently known as the Baluwarti settlement. One of the objectives of this research is to explore the concept of settlement spatial layout. By using historical studies research methods, it is known that the concept of settlement spatial layout is manunggaling kawula lan gusti. Then the exploration of the concept of spatial layout continued until today (Paku Buwana XIII era). Based on the elements of spatial layout that are still and are still being maintained, it can be concluded that the spatial concept from the time of Paku Buwana III to Paku Buwana XIII is still being maintained. The Baluwarti settlement is a cultural heritage area of ??Solo City, and at the same time is a legacy of historical value, according to the Decree of the Mayor of Surakarta Number 646/116/i/1997 concerning the Determination of Ancient Historic Buildings and Areas in the Municipality of Surakarta. In this effort to conserve settlement areas, it also faces the same problems as in other places, including the absence of a clear concept in preservation so that the local community has not carried out conservation of the area properly. So that from the results of previous research, namely the concept of spatial layout which was maintained from the beginning until now (manunggaling kawula lan Gusti), will become the basic concept in preserving the settlement area of ??Baluwarti Surakarta.

The on-going survey of the Graeco-Roman remains in the Egyptian Eastern Desert constantly reveals previously unknown sites and settlements. Most can be shown to be related to either quarries, (gold) mines or the ancient road system. Some have a less evident raison d'être. Five such enigmatic settlements, all dating from the fifth to seventh centuries AD, are presented here. They show similarities in the construction method of the structures, their general layout and the absence of surface finds other than potsherds. Remarkably small numbers of graves were found associated with the buildings and only two settlements had artificial hydraulic installations nearby. The main differences among the settlements seem to be their size, ranging from 47 to 141 structures, and differences in the relative complexity of the structures. A wide variety of possible purposes for these settlements are discussed. These include placer gold extraction centres; camps for soldiers, hunters, gatherers or charcoal burners; semi-permanent Bedouin towns and early Christian monastic settlements. The current dearth of information renders it impossible to favour any of these suggestions or even to be certain that the sites ever served the same purpose.

Roman forts in the north-western part of the empire were vibrant, dynamic environments through which different groups of people moved, and in which they interacted. They are thus essential contexts for the understanding of broader changes in the Roman world. In Late Antiquity, the forts of Britain and northern Gaul show clear signs of the kinds of changes that overtook these provinces in the 5th c. A.D., at the same time as indicating long-term continuities in daily practices. In this paper, the evidence of both settlement and burial deposits from such sites will be explored to try and capture something of this balance between tradition and transformation. The emphasis will be on the vital importance for archaeologists of understanding the different temporal scales at which various past processes occurred.

The article deals with ceramic handmade vessel from a burial mound near Zolne village (mound No. 1, burial No. 10) in the central foothills of the Crimea. Partially reconstructed fragments were found in the Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. After the graphic reconstruction, it became clear that the vessel differs from the drawing given by A. A. Shchepynskyi, who was the author of the excavations. Both the vessel and the conditions of its discovery are analyzed; analogies in other complexes of the Crimea are given. Based on the typological analysis, the vessel is referred to one of the leading types of ceramics of the Kyzyl-Koba culture of the V-UB horizon, selected on Uch-Bash materials, dated from the beginning of the Taurian period. In addition, there are synchronous burial complexes, identical to the burial in Zolne mound. In addition to ceramics, chronological cluster of the warrior burial in Zolne mound is characterized by the bronze arrowheads of the Novocherkassk-type, known also at Uch-Bash in the layer of destruction of the previous IV-UB horizon. It should also be noted that in the inventory of the burial No. 10 of Zolne mound there is a whetstone with a hole for hanging, made from sandstone. It corresponds typologically to the whetstones from the horizon V-UB of Uch-Bash. The chronology of all finds of vases of this type generally fits into the second half of the VIII — early VII c. BC. Analysis of their context raises many questions not only archaeological, but also historical, namely, in connection with which events, firstly, the soldier was buried in Zolne mound, and secondly, why in his burial as an inventory item there was placed a vessel used by population of the Eastern and Central foothills of the Crimea. The sequence of events can now be reproduced as follows. At the time of the demise of the fortified settlement of Uch-Bash in the South-Western Crimea in the foothills of the Crimea a new cultural complex may have been already formed, which we characterize as the V-UB horizon. Its formation and functioning are connected with the arrival of a new nomadic horde, which is associated with Novocherkassk monuments, having earlier analogies on the eastern monuments of the Northern Black Sea coast, where they probably came from. The asynchrony of the emergence of a new complex of material culture in the Crimean foothills and Uch-Bash, where it appears some time after the layer of fire and destruction, shows that Uch-Bash both in the late Pre-Tauric and in the early Pre-Tauric periods, all was more focused on sea connections and waterways than on land, in contrast to the central group of sites of the Kyzyl-Koba culture in the basin of the Salgir River.

This article compares the Small Holdings Colonies Acts (1916 and 1918) for demobilized WWI soldiers in Britain upon which the Land Settlement (Scotland) Act of 1919 was established; and similar small holdings colonies for demobilized soldiers in Canada with a particular focus on provisions for the state to engage in compulsory acquisition of land for this purpose. My research shows in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, colonies and compulsory acquisition of land under the 1919 Act were part of a larger land reform movement (breaking up large estates) and represent progressive advances for traditional occupants – the crofters and tenant farmers – to have rights over their own lands. In Canada, on the other hand, domestic colonies for British soldiers served to displace indigenous peoples from their reserves already vastly diminished compared to traditional territories. The compulsory acquisition of land through surrenders from reserves compounded the problem. As such colonies in Canada had negative impacts on indigenous peoples as part of an ongoing settler colonization process. Thus I show that small holdings colonies particularly when combined with compulsory acquisition of land work in opposite directions normatively and materially in each country.

On 26 July 1647 Westminster, in the grip of plague and political crisis, exploded with rioting. With the connivance of leading Presbyterian politicians in parliament and the City, a throng of apprentices and demobilized soldiers besieged the two Houses, coercing the imprisoned members to accede to their demands. Many of the rioters had subscribed to an outlawed ‘Solemn Engagement’, calling for the restoration of the king: they demanded the reversal of parliament's declaration against this Engagement, and the return of the City's militia forces to its own strongly ‘Presbyterian’ Militia Committee. As the main body of rioters swarmed into the Court of Requests, through the Painted Chamber and assailed the doors of the house of lords, another smaller party led by one Brace, a grocer, ran down the Water Lane leading from the house to the river, to block this means of escape. Reminded by one of the rioters that ‘not at anie hand [was] this house to be forced’ Brace retorted ‘what they did, they were aduised by a Member of the house of Comons’.6 ‘Keepe them in, keepe them in thises three daies’, shouted their ringleader, the reformado captain, William Musgrave, ‘and if they will not grant your desires, cutt their throates’ ‘Through the barred doors of the Lords’ chamber came cries of ‘Traytors, put them out, hang their guts about their necks and many other like words’.

The paper discusses questions about the chronology of the settlement of Mardaite soldiers in the Balkans and their military-administrative position in the themata of the West: Peloponnesus, Cephalonia and Nicopolis. It presents arguments in favor of the hypothesis of the Mardaite settlement in Peloponnesus as the result of the colonization policy of Nicepho?rus I in the early 9th century. This view largely rests on information contained in the Chronicle of Monemvasia, a source hereto unused in discussions about the Mardaites. The Mardaites were moved in the territory of the themata of Nicopolis and Cephalonia at the close of the same century in a bid to reinforce Byzantine positions on the eastern coast of the Ionian Sea at the time of the Arab threat to this region. Finally, in the concluding passages the author touches on the military-administrative status of Mardaites in the themata of the West, who operated in units headed by tourmarchai, comparing them to other ethnic tourmai in the Byzantine Empire.

The modification of the Cromwellian land settlement in Ireland which followed the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 was regulated by two acts of parliament, one familiarly known as the act of settlement of 1662, the other as the act of explanation of 1665. They became the principal legal instruments upon which land ownership in the country was to rest for two centuries.The act of settlement was the statutory version, with the major addition of a preamble, of the so-called ‘Gracious declaration’ of 30 November 1660, a royal proclamation which enunciated the broad principles upon which the settlement was to be based. In its statutory form these principles were: the vesting in the king, as trustee for the purposes of the act, of all land confiscated since 23 October 1641 as a consequence of the rebellion, with the general exception of the land held on that date by the church and Trinity College, Dublin; the general confirmation to the adventurers and Cromwellian soldiers of the land they held on 7 May 1659; and the restoration of various classes of dispossessed proprietors, chiefly those catholics who could prove, before the commissioners appointed to execute the terms of the act, that they were innocent of having participated in the rebellion. Those found innocent were to be restored to their estates immediately without having to wait until the Cromwellian planters had first been ‘reprised’ (i.e. compensated) with land of equal value.

Abstract The article deals with the settlement of the Ground Forces in history to the present day. It confronts this information with actual trends of development of some branches of the armed forces, weapons systems, techniques, and new requirements on tactics, combat and operational use. From the armed conflicts in the last years which took place in Irak, Afghanistan, Islam state, we can conclude that the crucial tasks in battles and conflicts require the involvement of forces from other branches (Air forces, Special forces). The paper focuses on the necessity and importance of providing more and more intelligence, education, preparation and global more knowledge for regular soldiers.

Abstract This study presents the results of an in-depth study on landscape changes over the last two centuries in the region of Bela krajina, south-eastern Slovenia. Since this region is situated along the Slovenian–Croatian border, immigration and emigration are permanent fixtures in the region. Due to historical reasons, population structure and land use changes occurred. With regard to these processes, two case studies were selected: settlements of Adlešiči and Bojanci. Adlešiči is a village mainly inhabited by farmers of catholic religion. Bojanci was colonized by Orthodox Uskoki, i.e. refugees from Ottoman Empire who become Habsburg soldiers who lived a military life and had different attitude towards land cultivation. Landscapes in these two settlements have its own distinctive patterns contrasting to each other in the land use, showing historically distinctive cultural landscapes. The study aimed to interpret the development of cultural landscapes in these settlements by analysing the land use changes and identifying the factors that influenced it. Even though these sites have different management regimes, they are both affected by difficult karst terrain and isolation. The results confirmed the land abandonment and overgrowth of agricultural land in both case studies, however, at different rates.

Abstract The focus of this paper is on the Middle Euphrates: Dura-Europos as its best-known urban settlement; a series of villages known mostly from two papyrological dossiers situated along the river; and the military stations on the Euphrates. The paper asks questions about the impact (or lack of it) of the culture of Palmyra on the region's communities. It is argued that Dura-Europos remains our best case study for social and religious life in a Near Eastern small town under the Roman empire, and that the only evidence that actually makes the town look potentially ‘untypical’ is the idiosyncratic source material related to its Palmyrene inhabitants. The paper also questions the traditional periodization of Dura's history and puts forward the hypothesis that at two points during the so-called ‘Parthian phase’ Palmyrenes took advantage of a power vacuum along the Middle Euphrates and became the dominant military factor in the region.

While the Jewish studies in Russia include many publications devoted to the history of Jewish population beyond the Pale of Settlement, the historiography on the Jewish cantonists is rather limited. Most studies are based almost exclusively on the negative experiences and sad memories of the cantonists themselves. This article aims to reconstruct the environment in which the Jewish soldiers lived when serving in the Orenburg Line Battalion No. 8 housed in Yekaterinburg between 1843 and 1858. We have based our research on administrative records of the battalion stored in the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region. Thorough analyses of the newly discovered documents permits quite balanced view on the Jewish conscripts’ fate in the Urals. The newly discovered and analyzed documents have allowed us to reconstruct the soldiers’ everyday life: what they were doing; what they ate; what opportunities they had for maintaining Judaism and how they adapted to the new conditions. The study has revealed that Jewish soldiers were often involved in work unrelated to military service; many took their opportunity to learn new crafts of military musicians, shoemakers, tailors, and barbers. During their years of service in Yekaterinburg, many Jewish soldiers received awards, regular military ranks, some got married and fathered children. Jewish soldiers had the opportunity to preserve their ethno-religious identity: they could gather on Saturdays for collective prayer, celebrate major religious holidays, conduct life cycle rituals, and follow main religious prescriptions. Former cantonists were not barred from contacts with their relatives and other Jewish residents of the Ural-Siberian region. At the same time, they actively contacted the urban Orthodox population, which sometimes entailed conversion to Orthodoxy. This could have been prompted by such factors as unfavorable personal circumstances and desire to radically change their fate. Baptism could provide opportunity for extraordinary promotion, it enabled them to marry Orthodox girls, to obtain the status of a city dweller, to join one of the Orthodox parishes in Yekaterinburg, and to obtain legal residence in the city. According to our calculations, about 20% of the Jewish soldiers converted to Orthodoxy during their stay in Yekaterinburg. The study has allowed us to detail the situation of Jewish soldiers and to assess the Yekaterinburg period in the cantonists’ life with regard to preserving traditional religion and to integration into the urban community as well. How unique was the Yekaterinburg 15-year episode in the life of former cantonists can only be ascertained after studying similar documents from other battalions.

The article analyses how new settlements in the Andaman Islands changed the demography of humans and livestock in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Initially, British interest in the Islands was guided by its strategic location in the midst of the Indian Ocean. The aim was to establish a flag-post to secure imperial rule in India, Australia, Mauritius, and South East Asia. Convicts, guards and soldiers soon populated the islands. British expansionism had to face environmental forces that endangered the imperial project. Frequent cyclones, for example, resulted in a high number of shipwrecks on the coast of the islands. This article examines the role of ecological factors in the British imperial expansion in the Andaman Islands.

This research attempts to introduce and integrate two relatively foreign concepts to each other; paradigm of restorative justice and military justice system. The aim is simple, namely to explore the extent and under what conditions these two routes of adjudication can function side by side without violating core principles of traditional military justice. This goal implies one important point; not all criminal cases that fall under the jurisdiction of military justice can be resolved using a restorative justice approach. The application of restorative justice in the settlement of traffic accident cases committed by TNI soldiers can only be implemented by reforming the three components of the legal system as stated by Lawrence Friedman, namely legal substance, legal structure and legal culture. Operationally, the application of restorative justice can be carried out in 3 (three) stages, namely investigation, prosecution and trial. However, the application of restorative justice at these three stages is not intended to replace the criminal justice system within the military court, because the restorative justice program is basically complementary and not a substitute for the criminal justice system.