Journal articles: 'Solar UV radiation'

1

de Gruijl, F. R. "Skin cancer and solar UV radiation." European Journal of Cancer 35, no. 14 (December 1999): 2003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00283-x.

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de Gruijl, F. R. "Health Effects from Solar UV Radiation." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 72, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032090.

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Sionkowska, Alina, Marcin Wisniewski, Joanna Skopinska, and Diego Mantovani. "Effects of solar radiation on collagen-based biomaterials." International Journal of Photoenergy 2006 (2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijp/2006/29196.

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The effect of solar radiation on collagen and collagen/synthetic polymer blends in the form of thin films and solutions has been studied by UV-VIS and FTIR spectroscopies. Films and solutions of collagen blended with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were irradiated by solar light. It was found that UV-VIS spectra, which characterize collagen, collagen/PVA, and collagen/PVP blended films, were significantly altered by solar radiation. FTIR spectra of collagen, collagen/PVA, and collagen/PVP films showed that after solar irradiation, the positions of Amide A bands were shifted to lower wavenumbers. There was not any significant alteration in the position of Amide I and Amide II bands of collagen and its blends after solar radiation. The effect of solar UV radiation in comparison with artificial UV radiation has been discussed.

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Rai, Neha, Luis Orlando Morales, and Pedro José Aphalo. "Perception of solar UV radiation by plants: photoreceptors and mechanisms." Plant Physiology 186, no. 3 (April 7, 2021): 1382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab162.

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Abstract About 95% of the ultraviolet (UV) photons reaching the Earth’s surface are UV-A (315–400 nm) photons. Plant responses to UV-A radiation have been less frequently studied than those to UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation. Most previous studies on UV-A radiation have used an unrealistic balance between UV-A, UV-B, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Consequently, results from these studies are difficult to interpret from an ecological perspective, leaving an important gap in our understanding of the perception of solar UV radiation by plants. Previously, it was assumed UV-A/blue photoreceptors, cryptochromes and phototropins mediated photomorphogenic responses to UV-A radiation and “UV-B photoreceptor” UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) to UV-B radiation. However, our understanding of how UV-A radiation is perceived by plants has recently improved. Experiments using a realistic balance between UV-B, UV-A, and PAR have demonstrated that UVR8 can play a major role in the perception of both UV-B and short-wavelength UV-A (UV-Asw, 315 to ∼350 nm) radiation. These experiments also showed that UVR8 and cryptochromes jointly regulate gene expression through interactions that alter the relative sensitivity to UV-B, UV-A, and blue wavelengths. Negative feedback loops on the action of these photoreceptors can arise from gene expression, signaling crosstalk, and absorption of UV photons by phenolic metabolites. These interactions explain why exposure to blue light modulates photomorphogenic responses to UV-B and UV-Asw radiation. Future studies will need to distinguish between short and long wavelengths of UV-A radiation and to consider UVR8’s role as a UV-B/UV-Asw photoreceptor in sunlight.

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Letic, Milorad. "Determination of the need for solar UV radiation protection." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 138, no. 11-12 (2010): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1012752l.

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Introduction. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, the eyes and the immune system are well known. The need for UV radiation protection is popularized by the introduction of UV index. Uneven intensity of UV radiation in different regions in different periods of the year and in different times of the day requires that recommendations for UV radiation protection are given for possible UV index values in those regions. Objective. The aim of the study is to establish a simple and consistent method for the determination of the need for UV radiation protection in Serbia where UV radiation intensity can be approximated as uniform. Methods. Possible values of UV index during the year and the sun elevation during the day in periods throughout the year were used for the determination of maximal possible UV index values. These values were compared to UV index forecasts regarding UV radiation protection. Results. Maximal possible values for UV index were used for producing the colour graph. Colours on the graph indicate the need for UV radiation protection. Green - protection is not needed, yellow - protection is needed, red - protection is obligatory. Comparisons with the need for protection based on forecasts showed congruence in 97% of cases. Conclusion. The use of the graph for the determination of the need for UV radiation protection gives nearly the same results as recommendations based on UV index forecasts. The advantages of the graph are that it gives recommendations for the whole year, for the time intervals during the day in every period of the year and for the whole territory of Serbia.

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du Preez, David J., Jelena V. Ajtić, Hassan Bencherif, Nelson Bègue, Jean-Maurice Cadet, and Caradee Y. Wright. "Spring and summer time ozone and solar ultraviolet radiation variations over Cape Point, South Africa." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-129-2019.

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Abstract. The correlation between solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) and atmospheric ozone is well understood. Decreased stratospheric ozone levels which led to increased solar UV radiation levels at the surface have been recorded. These increased levels of solar UV radiation have potential negative impacts on public health. This study was done to determine whether the break-up of the Antarctic ozone hole has an impact on stratospheric columnar ozone (SCO) and resulting ambient solar UV-B radiation levels at Cape Point, South Africa, over 2007–2016. We investigated the correlations between UV index, calculated from ground-based solar UV-B radiation measurements and satellite-retrieved column ozone data. The strongest anti-correlation on clear-sky days was found at solar zenith angle 25∘ with exponential fit R2 values of 0.45 and 0.53 for total ozone column and SCO, respectively. An average radiation amplification factor of 0.59 across all SZAs was calculated for clear-sky days. The MIMOSA-CHIM model showed that the polar vortex had a limited effect on ozone levels. Tropical air masses more frequently affect the study site, and this requires further investigation.

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Blumthaler, M., W. Ambach, and R. Ellinger. "Increase in solar UV radiation with altitude." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 39, no. 2 (June 1997): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(96)00018-8.

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Stahl, Wilhelm, and Helmut Sies. "Carotenoids and Protection against Solar UV Radiation." Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 15, no. 5 (2002): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000064532.

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Muñoz, E., E. Monroy, F. Calle, F. Omnès, and P. Gibart. "AlGaN Photodiodes For Monitoring Solar UV Radiation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 105, no. D4 (February 1, 2000): 4865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900939.

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Tyrrell, R. M. "Interaction of solar UV radiation with cells." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 9, no. 3-4 (June 1991): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(91)80180-p.

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Som, A. K. "Solar UV-B radiation measurement over Bahrain." Renewable Energy 2, no. 1 (February 1992): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(92)90065-b.

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Pribullová, A., and M. Chmelík. "Typical distribution of the solar erythemal UV radiation over Slovakia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 25, 2008): 5919–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-5919-2008.

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Abstract. Maps of the solar erythemal ultraviolet (UV) radiation daily doses were created for every month with horizontal resolution of 500 m at geographical domain 47.15 N–49.86 N×16.94 E–22.81 E covering the territory of Slovakia. Cloud modification factor for the UV radiation (cmfUV) was modelled utilizing relation between the cmf of total and UV radiation. The maps of the cmf factor of the UV radiation were created utilizing measurements of total radiation performed at 9 observatories during 1995–2004 period and the model of cmf dependence on altitude. Maps of clear-sky UV radiation daily dose and UV radiation daily dose affected by average cloudiness were constructed for mean monthly total ozone, their upper and lower monthly limits, for two probability levels of snow cover occurrence as criterion for the snow effect incorporation in the model and for 1 day representing typical values of every month. The map-set can be considered as an atlas of the solar erythemal UV radiation over Slovakia.

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Hughes, Kevin A., Blair Lawley, and Kevin K. Newsham. "Solar UV-B Radiation Inhibits the Growth of Antarctic Terrestrial Fungi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 3 (March 2003): 1488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.3.1488-1491.2003.

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ABSTRACT We tested the effects of solar radiation, and UV-B in particular, on the growth of Antarctic terrestrial fungi. The growth responses to solar radiation of five fungi, Geomyces pannorum, Phoma herbarum, Pythium sp., Verticillium sp., and Mortierella parvispora, each isolated from Antarctic terrestrial habitats, were examined on an agar medium in the natural Antarctic environment. A 3-h exposure to solar radiation of >287 nm reduced the hyphal extension rates of all species relative to controls kept in the dark. Pythium sp. cultures exposed to solar radiation for 1.5 h on five consecutive days were most sensitive to radiation of >287 nm, but radiation of >313 nm also inhibited growth to a lesser extent. Radiation of >400 nm had no effect on hyphal growth relative to controls kept in the dark. Short-wave solar UV-B radiation of between 287 and 305 nm inhibited the growth of Pythium sp. hyphae on and below the surface of the agar medium after 24 h, but radiation of ≥345 nm only reduced the growth of surface hyphae. Similar detrimental effects of UV-B on surface and, to a lesser extent, submerged hyphae of all five fungi were shown in the laboratory by using artificial UV-B from fluorescent lamps. A comparison of growth responses to solar radiation and temperature showed that the species that were most resistant to UV radiation grew fastest at higher temperatures. These data suggest that solar UV-B reduces the growth of fungi on the soil surface in the Antarctic terrestrial environment.

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Shapovalov, S. N. "Dependence of UVB-UVA Solar Radiation in the 280–400 nm Range on Changes in the Total Magnetic Field of the Sun." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya 3 (2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2021-3-111-116.

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The study presents the results of the correlation analysis for the average seasonal values of intensity of solar UV radiation (297–330 nm), as well as for the energy of the lines of solar spectral irradiance with total solar irradiance and total magnetic field of the Sun for the period of 2008–2018 (the 24th cycle of solar activity). The analysis is carried out using the spectral observations of solar UV radiation at Novolazarevskaya station (Antarctica), the SORCE spacecraft and WSO (Wilcox Solar Observatory) data. The dependence of the UVB-UVA radiation of 280–315 nm (UV-B) and 315–400 nm (UV-A) on changes in the total magnetic field of the Sun is revealed.

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Kumar, Sunil, D. S. Malik, and Prachi Rathi. "Effect of UV-B radiations on mortality and enzymes level in fish larvae of Tor tor and Schizothorax richardsonii on laboratory scale." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2080.

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Depletion of stratospheric ozone layer is resulting into increase in solar UV-B on earth surface. Ultra violet radiation is well known to cause many detrimental effects in aquatic organisms. The present study was performed to study the effect of solar ultraviolet radiation on fish fingerlings of Tor tor and Schizothorax richardsonii as a model system on laboratory scale. The effect of different intensities of natural solar and artificial UV-B radiation on fish larvae of T. tor and S. richardsonii in a presence of retene was investigated. Solar ultraviolet intensity showed seasonal and altitudinal variations in Garhwal region. Solar UV radiation level was lower (0.390 mw/cm2) in the month of January- February at lower altitude and highest (1.192 mw/cm2) in the month of July-August 2018 at higher altitude. Fish larvae exposed to artificial UV-B (average wavelength 312 nm and intensity of 750 mw/cm2) with retene (50µg/l) showed increase in gills malandialdehyde level and caused larvae mortality as indicating that enhanced solar UV-B exposure could be lethal to fish fauna in aquatic ecosystem. Artificial UV-B had a stronger damaging effect on fish larvae than solar radiation exhibited highly toxic in presence of retene. The larvae of S. richardsonii was found more sensitive than T. tor as indicated by high mortality rate (30%) and high pigmented characteristics on dorsal side. The solar and ultraviolet radiation showed a positive effect on high pigmentation. These results suggest that on a short time scale, UV-B radiation causing developmental stress on fish larvae may contribute to assess the phototoxic behaviour of cold water fishes.

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Feister, U., J. Junk, and M. Woldt. "Long-term solar UV radiation reconstructed by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2008): 453–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-453-2008.

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Abstract. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are efficient tools to derive solar UV radiation from measured meteorological parameters such as global radiation, aerosol optical depths and atmospheric column ozone. The ANN model has been tested with different combinations of data from the two sites Potsdam and Lindenberg, and used to reconstruct solar UV radiation at eight European sites by more than 100 years into the past. Annual totals of UV radiation derived from reconstructed daily UV values reflect interannual variations and long-term patterns that are compatible with variabilities and changes of measured input data, in particular global dimming by about 1980–1990, subsequent global brightening, volcanic eruption effects such as that of Mt. Pinatubo, and the long-term ozone decline since the 1970s. Patterns of annual erythemal UV radiation are very similar at sites located at latitudes close to each other, but different patterns occur between UV radiation at sites in different latitude regions.

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Blumthaler, M., W. Ambach, and M. Huber. "Höheneffekt der solaren UV-Strahlung in Abhängigkeit von Albedo, Trübung und Sonnenhöhe." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 2, no. 3 (July 2, 1993): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/2/1993/116.

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Turnbull, David J., and Alfio V. Parisi. "Optimizing Solar UV-Radiation Exposures for Vitamin D3: Comparing Global and Diffuse Spectral UV Radiation." Radiation Research 169, no. 3 (March 2008): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/rr1136.1.

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Farias, J., E. D. Albizzati, and O. M. Alfano. "Modelling and experimental verification of a solar reactor for photo-Fenton treatment." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (March 1, 2010): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.047.

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In the present work, a novel design of a solar reactor is presented. This pilot plant scale reactor uses the UV-Visible and Near-Infrared solar radiation to promote the photo-Fenton treatment. A theoretical study and experimental verification were performed using formic acid as a model pollutant. The radiative transfer, thermal energy and mass balances equations were solved to compute the formic acid (F) and hydrogen peroxide (P) concentrations as a function of time. The spectral and broadband solar radiation incident on the reactor window was calculated from a computational code: the SMARTS2 program. Statistical estimators have been used to measure the departure of theoretical model from experimental data. A good agreement for formic acid and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, temperature and total and UV broadband solar radiation was obtained. The normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) of the model for predicted variables were lower than 11%.

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Staiger, H., P. N. den Outer, A. F. Bais, U. Feister, B. Johnsen, and L. Vuilleumier. "Hourly resolved cloud modification factors in the ultraviolet." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 8, 2008): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-181-2008.

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Abstract. Cloud impacts on the transfer of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation through the atmosphere can be assessed using a cloud modification factor (CMF). The total global solar irradiation has proven to be a solid basis to derive CMF's for the UV radiation (UV_CMF). Total global irradiance is frequently measured and forecasted by numerical weather prediction systems. Its advantage compared to for instance cloud cover is that measured solar global irradiance contains already the effect of multiple reflection between cloud layers, reflection between the sides of the clouds, as well as the distinct difference whether the solar disc is obscured by clouds or not. In the UV range clouds decrease the irradiance to a lesser extent than in the visible and infrared spectral range; Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere yields a larger fraction of scatter radiation compared to that of light and infrared, hence, obscuring the solar disc will not totally block out the irradiation. Thus the relationship between CMF's for solar radiation and for UV-radiation is not straight forwards, but will depend on e.g. the solar zenith angle (SZA) and wavelength band or action spectrum in the UV considered. Den Outer et al. (2005) provide a UV_CMF algorithm on a daily base accounting for these influences. It requires as input a daily CMF in total global radiation (SOL_CMF) and the SZA at noon. The calculation of SOL-CMF uses the clear sky algorithm of the European Solar Radiation Atlas to account for varying turbidity impacts. The algorithm's capability to derive hourly UV_CMF's based on the SZA at the corresponding hour and its worldwide applicability is validated using hourly resolved observational data retrieved from the databases of the COST-Action 726 on "Long term changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe" and the USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program. The model performance for hourly resolution is shown to be comparable in absolute and relative deviations from a measured mean smoothed dependent on SZA with the well performing daily models of the COST-726 model intercomparison (Koepke et al., 2006).

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Naganuma, Masako, Eijiro Hara, Eiichio Yagi, and Minoru Fukuda. "Seasonal and geographical variation of solar UV radiation." Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 25, no. 1 (1991): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.25.15.

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Tobiska, W. K. "Measurement and nodeling of solar EUV/UV radiation." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science 25, no. 5-6 (January 2000): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1917(00)00034-9.

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Sinha, R. P., and D. P. Häder. "Life under solar UV radiation in aquatic organisms." Advances in Space Research 30, no. 6 (January 2002): 1547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00370-8.

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Tertsea, Igbawua. "Average Solar UV Radiation Dosimetry in Central Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 1, no. 6 (2013): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130106.18.

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Dvorkin, A. Y., and E. H. Steinberger. "MODELING THE ALTITUDE EFFECT ON SOLAR UV RADIATION." Solar Energy 65, no. 3 (February 1999): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(98)00126-1.

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Meinander, O., S. Kazadzis, M. Blumthaler, L. Ylianttila, B. Johnsen, K. Lakkala, T. Koskela, and W. Josefsson. "Diurnal discrepancies in spectral solar UV radiation measurements." Applied Optics 45, no. 21 (July 20, 2006): 5346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.005346.

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Lombardi, Christina, Julia E. Heck, Myles Cockburn, and Beate Ritz. "Solar UV Radiation and Cancer in Young Children." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 22, no. 6 (April 12, 2013): 1118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1316.

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Gies, Peter. "Australia has more than enough solar UV radiation." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 86, no. 2 (March 2003): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03064.x.

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Butson, Ethan T., Tsang Cheung, Peter K. N. Yu, and Martin J. Butson. "Measuring solar UV radiation with EBT radiochromic film." Physics in Medicine and Biology 55, no. 20 (September 21, 2010): N487—N493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/20/n01.

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Z�lzer, F., and J. Kiefer. "Risk estimates for UV-B-enhanced solar radiation." Naturwissenschaften 80, no. 10 (October 1993): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01136037.

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Ambach, W., and M. Blumthaler. "Biological effectiveness of solar UV radiation in humans." Experientia 49, no. 9 (September 1993): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01923543.

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den Outer, P. N., A. van Dijk, H. Slaper, A. V. Lindfors, H. De Backer, A. F. Bais, U. Feister, T. Koskela, and W. Josefsson. "Correcting spaceborne reflectivity measurements for application in solar ultraviolet radiation levels calculations at ground level." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2012): 61–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-61-2012.

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Abstract. The Lambertian Equivalent Reflection (LER) produced by satellite-carried instruments is used to determine cloud effects on ground level UltraViolet (UV) radiation. The focus is on data use from consecutive operating instruments: the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometers (TOMS) flown on Nimbus 7 from 1979 to 1992, TOMS on Earth Probe from 1996 to 2005, and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flown on Aura since 2004. The LER data produced by TOMS on Earth Probe is only included until 2002. The possibility to use the Radiative Cloud Fraction (RCF)-product of OMI is also investigated. A comparison is made with cloud effects inferred from ground-based pyranometer measurements at over 83 World Radiation Data Centre stations. Modelled UV irradiances utilizing LER data are compared with measurements of UV irradiances at eight European low elevation stations. The LER data set of the two TOMS instruments shows a consistent agreement, and the required corrections are of low percentage i.e. 2–3%. In contrast, the LER data of OMI requires correction of 7–10%, and a solar angle dependency therein is more pronounced. These corrections were inferred from a comparison with pyranometer data, and tested using the UV measurements. The RCF product of OMI requires a large correction but can then be implemented as a cloud effect proxy. However, a major drawback of RCF is the large number of clipped data, i.e. 18%, and results are not better than those obtained with the corrected LER product of OMI. The average reduction of UV radiation due to clouds for all sites together indicate a small trend: a diminishing cloudiness, in line with ground-based UV observations. Uncorrected implementation of LER would have indicated the opposite. An optimal field of view of 1.25° was established for LER data to calculate UV radiations levels. The corresponding area can be traversed within 5–7 h at the average wind speeds found for the West European continent.

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Ayoub, George M., and Lilian Malaeb. "Solar Water Disinfection: UV Radiation Transmittance of Various Solar Reactor Tubes." Energy Procedia 157 (January 2019): 498–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.214.

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Suárez Salas, Luis F., Jose L. Flores Rojas, Augusto J. Pereira Filho, and Hugo A. Karam. "Ultraviolet solar radiation in the tropical central Andes (12.0°S)." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 16, no. 6 (2017): 954–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6pp00161k.

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Ultraviolet (UV) solar irradiance measurements performed in the central Andes, Huancayo, Peru (12.0°S, 75.3°W, 3313 m asl) between January 2003 and December 2006 were used to analyse daily, monthly, and annual cycles of UV solar irradiance.

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Salvadori, Giacomo, Davide Lista, Chiara Burattini, Luca Gugliermetti, Francesco Leccese, and Fabio Bisegna. "Sun Exposure of Body Districts: Development and Validation of an Algorithm to Predict the Erythemal Ultra Violet Dose." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 3632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193632.

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Solar Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation has positive and negative effects on human body tissues. Small doses of solar UV radiation are needed by the human skin for the activation of the vitamin D production. Overexposure to solar UV radiation can produce acute and long-term negative effects, such as sunburns and, in the worst cases, cataracts and skin cancers. For this reason, knowing the amount of UV doses received by people is essential to evaluate their risk to UV overexposure and to evaluate the adequate countermeasure to avoid the negative effects. The original contribution of the present study consists in having searched, collected, adapted and processed a series of technical information and analytical relations, developing an algorithm suitable for the calculation of the erythemal UV dose on sloped surfaces exposed to solar radiation, which at the moment is not present in the scientific literature. The results obtained by the algorithm have been compared to the results of a field measurements campaign, carried out in three different Italian sites. Results comparison indicated that measured and calculated values show a sufficient level of agreement, with a mean absolute error equal to 20%.

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Stick, C., K. Krüger, N. H. Schade, H. Sandmann, and A. Macke. "Episode of unusual high solar ultraviolet radiation over central Europe due to dynamical reduced total ozone in May 2005." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 7 (May 29, 2006): 1771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1771-2006.

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Abstract. In late May 2005 unusual high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation were observed over central Europe. In Northern Germany the measured irradiance of erythemally effective radiation exceeded the climatological mean by more than about 20%. An extreme low ozone event for the season coincided with high solar elevation angles and high pressure induced clear sky conditions leading to the highest value of erythemal UV-radiation ever observed over this location in May since 1994. This hereafter called "ozone mini-hole" was caused by an elevation of tropopause height accompanied with a poleward advection of ozone-poor air from the tropics. The resultant increase in UV-radiation is of particular significance for human health. Dynamically induced low ozone episodes that happen in late spring can considerably enhance the solar UV-radiation in mid latitudes and therefore contribute to the UV-burden of people living in these regions.

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Stick, C., K. Krüger, N. H. Schade, H. Sandmann, and A. Macke. "Episode of unusual high solar ultraviolet radiation in central Europe due to dynamical reduced stratospheric ozone in May 2005." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 5 (October 24, 2005): 10409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-10409-2005.

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Abstract. In late May this year unusual high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation were observed in Europe. In Northern Germany the measured irradiance of erythemally effective radiation exceeded the climatological mean by more than about 20%. An extreme low ozone event for the season coincided with the high solar elevation angles during late spring leading to the highest value of erythemal UV-radiation ever observed at this location in May. This ''ozone mini-hole'' was caused by an elevation of tropopause height accompanied with a poleward advection of natural low total ozone from the tropics. The resultant increase in UV-radiation is of particular significance for human health. Dynamically induced low ozone episodes that happen around the summer solstice can considerably enhance the solar UV-radiation in the mid latitudes and therefore contribute to the UV-burden of people living in the mid latitudes.

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Chader, Henni, and Hocine Gacem. "Impact of solar radiation on health." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 7, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmsra.2020.7219.

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L’exposition aux irradiations solaires n’est pas sans risque sur la santé bien que l’homme lui attribue des effets bénéfiques pour l’organisme et une source d’embellissement pour les adeptes du bronzage. Des irradiations électromagnétiques du soleil, les rayons ultraviolets (UV) sont les plus dangereux pour l’organisme malgré qu’ils soient derrière la transformation du 7-déshydrocholestérol en cholécalciférol (D3), une vitamine impliquée grandement dans le métabolisme phosphocalcique. Les innombrables effets délétères que provoque le rayonnement solaire peuvent être d’apparition précoce, retardée ou à long terme ; ils peuvent être bénins comme l’effet coup de soleil ou graves à l’image du cancer de la peau. La réactivité du revêtement cutané vis-à-vis des rayons UV solaires varie avec le phototype qui se trouve sous l’influence de facteur génétique conditionnant la qualité et la quantité de la mélanine synthétisée par les mélanocytes.

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Turunen, M., M. L. Sutinen, K. Derome, Y. Norokorpi, and K. Lakkala. "Effects of solar UV radiation on birch and pine seedlings in the sub-Arctic." Polar Record 38, no. 206 (July 2002): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017769.

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AbstractThe responses of Betula pubescens Ehr. (European white birch), B. pendula Roth (silver birch) and two provenances of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) to solar ultraviolet (UV < 400 nm) radiation were investigated in a UV-exclusion field experiment during the 1997–99 growing seasons in Finnish Lapland (68°N). The seedlings were grown from seed under UV-B exclusion (a clear polyester filter) and UV-B/UV-A exclusion (a clear acrylic plate) as compared to control treatment (a polyethene filter) and ambient plants (no plastic filter). The mean daily maximum solar biologically effective UV-B irradiance (UV-BE) was 88 mW m-2, 68 mW m-2, and 91 mW m-2 for 1997, 1998, and 1999. A number of growth and biomass variables, PSII (Photosystem II) efficiency, and total concentration of nitrogen were recorded during and/or at the end of the experiment. Exposure (191 d) to solar UV radiation over three growing seasons did not cause many statistically significant UV effects in the growth or biomass of the seedlings. The only significant impacts of UV exclusion were found in P. sylvestris provenance Enontekiö. During the first growing season, the UVB/ UV-A exclusion treatment significantly accelerated the height increment (18–20%) off. sylvestris, and in the same seedlings, the UV-B exclusion treatment resulted in significantly increased dry weight of one-year-old needles (45–57%) after the second growing season. These UV impacts could not be seen at the end of the experiment or in any other species. The low concentration of N in current foliage was related to increased dry weight, but not to solar UV radiation (control vs UV exclusion). The present study indicated that solar UV radiation had limited, but sometimes transient, impacts on the growth of tree seedlings in the sub-Arctic. Longer-term field studies are needed, however, in order to detect the cumulative characteristics of the UV responses.

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Jacobs, Janette L., and George W. Sundin. "Effect of Solar UV-B Radiation on a Phyllosphere Bacterial Community." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 5488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.12.5488-5496.2001.

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ABSTRACT The effect of solar UV-B radiation on the population dynamics and composition of the culturable bacterial community from peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) was examined in field studies using plants grown under UV-B−transmitting (UV-B+) or UV-B−excluding (UV-B−) plastic filters. Our data demonstrate that solar UV-B selection alters phyllosphere bacterial community composition and that UV tolerance is a prevalent phenotype late in the season. The total bacterial population size was not affected by either UV-B treatment. However, isolates from the UV-B+ plots (n = 368) were significantly more UV tolerant than those from the UV-B− (n = 363) plots. UV sensitivity was determined as the minimal inhibitory dose of UV that resulted in an inhibition of growth compared to the growth of a nonirradiated control. The difference in minimal inhibitory doses among bacterial isolates from UV-B+ and UV-B− treatments was mainly partitioned among nonpigmented isolates, with pigmented isolates as a group being characterized as UV tolerant. A large increase in UV tolerance was observed within isolate groups collected late (89 and 96 days after planting) in the season. Identification of 200 late-season isolates indicated that the predominant UV-tolerant members of this group were Bacillus coagulans,Clavibacter michiganensis, andCurtobacterium flaccumfaciens. We selected C. michiganensis as a model UV-tolerant epiphyte to study if cell survival on UV-irradiated peanut leaves was increased relative to UV survival in vitro. The results showed an enhancement in the survival of C.michiganensis G7.1, especially following high UV-C doses (300 and 375 J m−2), that was evident between 24 and 96 h after inoculation. A dramatic increase in the in planta/in vitro survival ratio was observed over the entire 96-h experiment period for C. michiganensis T5.1.

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Vijayaraghavan and, Sanjay, and D. Y. Goswami. "On the Calibration of a Solar UV Radiometer to Measure Broadband UV Radiation from Blacklight Lamps." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1487884.

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Experiments in photocatalysis often involve the use of blacklight UV lamps to simulate the solar UV spectrum under indoor laboratory conditions. solar UV radiometers (such as the Eppley TUVR) which are calibrated for solar UV spectrum require correction when used to measure the energy from a lamp array. This paper describes a transfer calibration procedure that was used to determine instrument response to the blacklight lamp energy spectrum. It also shows theoretically and experimentally that a correction factor of about 1.15 is needed to use a solar UV radiometer for measurements of outputs from the lamps.

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Addas, Abdullah, Mahmoud Ragab, Ahmad Maghrabi, S. M. Abo-Dahab, and Eman F. El-Nobi. "UV Index for Public Health Awareness Based on OMI/NASA Satellite Data at King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2835393.

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Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) is essential for good health and formation of vitamin D while overexposure poses a risk to public health. Therefore, it is important to provide information to the public about the level of solar UV radiation. The ultraviolet index (UVI) is used to help avoid the negative effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans and to optimize individual exposure. There is limited ground measurement of solar UV radiation, but satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMIs) satellite products with a spatial resolution of 1 ° × 1 ° can be used to create UV index climatology at local noon time. In this study, we utilize OMI satellite products collected over the campus of King Abdulaziz University (KAU) (21.5° North and 39.1° East), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to estimate changes in exposure to UV over a period of 15 years (2004-2020). The results indicate a significantly increasing trend in UV index over this period. Between 2004 and 2020, daily “extreme” UV ( UVI > 11 , as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO)) occurred on 46.60% of days. The frequency of low UVI ( UVI < 2 ) was only about 0.06%. These results imply dangerous exposure levels to solar UV radiation on the KAU campus and call for safety measures to increase awareness and decrease direct exposure; for example, by implementing the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) general guidelines.

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Egli, Luca, Julian Gröbner, Gregor Hülsen, Luciano Bachmann, Mario Blumthaler, Jimmy Dubard, Marina Khazova, et al. "Quality assessment of solar UV irradiance measured with array spectroradiometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2016): 1553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1553-2016.

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Abstract. The reliable quantification of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the earth's surface requires accurate measurements of spectral global solar UV irradiance in order to determine the UV exposure to human skin and to understand long-term trends in this parameter. Array spectroradiometers (ASRMs) are small, light, robust and cost-effective instruments, and are increasingly used for spectral irradiance measurements. Within the European EMRP ENV03 project “Solar UV”, new devices, guidelines and characterization methods have been developed to improve solar UV measurements with ASRMs, and support to the end user community has been provided. In order to assess the quality of 14 end user ASRMs, a solar UV intercomparison was held on the measurement platform of the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) in Davos, Switzerland, from 10 to 17 July 2014. The results of the blind intercomparison revealed that ASRMs, currently used for solar UV measurements, show a large variation in the quality of their solar UV measurements. Most of the instruments overestimate the erythema-weighted UV index – in particular at large solar zenith angles – due to stray light contribution in the UV-B range. The spectral analysis of global solar UV irradiance further supported the finding that the uncertainties in the UV-B range are very large due to stray light contribution in this wavelength range. In summary, the UV index may be detected by some commercially available ASRMs within 5 % compared to the world reference spectroradiometer, if well characterized and calibrated, but only for a limited range of solar zenith angles. Generally, the tested instruments are not yet suitable for solar UV measurements for the entire range between 290 and 400 nm under all atmospheric conditions.

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Egli, L., J. Gröbner, G. Hülsen, L. Bachmann, M. Blumthaler, J. Dubard, M. Khazova, et al. "Quality assessment of solar UV irradiance measured with array spectroradiometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 12 (December 21, 2015): 13609–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-13609-2015.

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Abstract. The reliable quantification of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface requires accurate measurements of spectral global solar UV irradiance in order to determine the UV exposure to human skin and to understand long-term trends in this parameter. Array spectroradiometers are small, light, robust and cost effective instruments and are increasingly used for spectral irradiance measurements. Within the European EMRP-ENV03 project "Solar UV", new devices, guidelines, and characterization methods have been developed to improve solar UV measurements with array spectroradiometers and support to the end-user community has been provided. In order to assess the quality of 14 end-user array spectroradiometers, a solar UV intercomparison was held on the measurement platform of the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) in Davos, Switzerland, from 10 to 17 July 2014. The results of the intercomparison revealed that array spectroradiometers, currently used for solar UV measurements, show a large variation in the quality of their solar UV measurements. Most of the instruments overestimate the erythema weighted UV index – in particular at low solar zenith angles – due to stray light contribution in the UV-B range. The spectral analysis of global solar UV irradiance further supported the finding that the uncertainties in the UV-B range are very large due to stray light contribution in this wavelength range. In summary, the UV index may be detected by some commercially available array spectroradiometer within 5 % compared to the world reference spectroradiometer, if well characterized and calibrated, but only for a limited range or solar zenith angle. Generally, the tested instruments are not yet suitable for solar UV measurements for the entire range between 290 to 400 nm under all atmospheric conditions.

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Slieman, Tony A., and Wayne L. Nicholson. "Artificial and Solar UV Radiation Induces Strand Breaks and Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers in Bacillus subtilis Spore DNA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.199-205.2000.

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ABSTRACT The loss of stratospheric ozone and the accompanying increase in solar UV flux have led to concerns regarding decreases in global microbial productivity. Central to understanding this process is determining the types and amounts of DNA damage in microbes caused by solar UV irradiation. While UV irradiation of dormant Bacillus subtilis endospores results mainly in formation of the “spore photoproduct” 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine, genetic evidence indicates that an additional DNA photoproduct(s) may be formed in spores exposed to solar UV-B and UV-A radiation (Y. Xue and W. L. Nicholson, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2221–2227, 1996). We examined the occurrence of double-strand breaks, single-strand breaks, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, and apurinic-apyrimidinic sites in spore DNA under several UV irradiation conditions by using enzymatic probes and neutral or alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA from spores irradiated with artificial 254-nm UV-C radiation accumulated single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, while DNA from spores exposed to artificial UV-B radiation (wavelengths, 290 to 310 nm) accumulated only cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. DNA from spores exposed to full-spectrum sunlight (UV-B and UV-A radiation) accumulated single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, whereas DNA from spores exposed to sunlight from which the UV-B component had been removed with a filter (“UV-A sunlight”) accumulated only single-strand breaks and double-strand breaks. Apurinic-apyrimidinic sites were not detected in spore DNA under any of the irradiation conditions used. Our data indicate that there is a complex spectrum of UV photoproducts in DNA of bacterial spores exposed to solar UV irradiation in the environment.

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Borkowski, J. L. "Modelling of UV radiation variations at different time scales." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 3 (March 26, 2008): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-441-2008.

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Abstract. Solar UV radiation variability in the period 1976–2006 is discussed with respect to the relative changes in the solar global radiation, ozone content, and cloudiness. All the variables were decomposed into separate components, representing variations of different time scales, using wavelet multi-resolution decomposition. The response of the UV radiation to the changes in the solar global radiation, ozone content, and cloudiness depends on the time scale, therefore, it seems reasonable to model separately the relation between UV and explanatory variables at different time scales. The wavelet components of the UV series are modelled and summed to obtain the fit of observed series. The results show that the coarser time scale components can be modelled with greater accuracy than fine scale components and the fitted values calculated by this method are in better agreement with observed values than values calculated by the regression method, in which variables were not decomposed. The residual standard error in the case of modelling with the use of wavelets is reduced by 14% in comparison to the regression method without decomposition.

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Madronich, Sasha, Lars Olof Björn, and Richard L. McKenzie. "Solar UV radiation and microbial life in the atmosphere." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 17, no. 12 (2018): 1918–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7pp00407a.

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Many microorganisms are alive while suspended in the atmosphere, but are exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation from all directions. Geographic and seasonal patterns of DNA-damaging UV doses can be estimated from observations as well as modeling.

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Staiger, H., P. N. den Outer, A. F. Bais, U. Feister, B. Johnsen, and L. Vuilleumier. "Hourly resolved cloud modification factors in the ultraviolet." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 9 (May 9, 2008): 2493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2493-2008.

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Abstract. Cloud impacts on the transfer of ultraviolet (UV) radiation through the atmosphere can be assessed by using a cloud modification factor (CMF). CMF, which is based on total global solar irradiation (SOLCMF), has proved to be a solid basis to derive CMFs for the UV radiation (UVCMF). This is an advantage, because total global irradiance, the basis for SOLCMF, is frequently measured and forecasted by numerical weather prediction systems and includes all relevant effects for radiation transmission, such as cloud optical depth, different cloud layers, multiple reflection, as well as the distinct difference as to whether the solar disc is obscured by clouds or not. In the UV range clouds decrease the irradiance to a lesser extent than in the visible and infrared spectral range. Thus the relationship between CMFs for solar radiation and for UV-radiation is not straight forward, but will depend on whether, for example, the solar zenith angle (SZA) and wavelength band or action spectrum in the UV have been taken into consideration. Den Outer et al. provide a UVCMF algorithm on a daily basis, which accounts for these influences. It requires as input a daily SOLCMF and the SZA at noon. The calculation of SOLCMF uses the clear-sky algorithm of the European Solar Radiation Atlas to account for varying turbidity impacts. The algorithm's capability to derive hourly UVCMFs based on the SZA at the corresponding hour and its worldwide applicability is validated for erythemal UV using observational data retrieved from the databases of the COST-Action 726 on "Long-term changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe" and the USDA UV-B Monitoring Program. The clear-sky part of the models has proved to be of good quality. Accumulated to daily doses it forms a tight cluster of points to the highest measured daily sums. All sky model performances for hourly resolution are shown to be comparable in accuracy with the well performing daily models of the COST-726 model intercomparison.

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Tiba, Chigueru, and Sérgio da Silva Leal. "Enhancement of UV Radiation by Cloud Effect in NE of Brazil." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8107435.

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This paper reports a detailed analysis of ground-based measurements of cloud-enhanced global solar and UV radiation in NE Brazil in the city of Recife. It was found that (a) the phenomenon of UV enhancement, above clear sky model, is not uncommon and that it occurs on at least eight months; (b) the cumulative duration can reach 13 minutes; (c) there is a clear seasonal effect, and the probability of occurrence on a monthly basis shows two peaks, one in March and another in October; and (d) the most extreme UV radiation was 70.4 W/m2, approximately 6 W/m2 higher than the clear sky UV radiation. The extreme values should be taken into account in the study of effects related to the UV index and biological effects. Two statistical models also were elaborated, to estimate the UV solar radiation, in which the first is for all sky conditions and the second exclusively for situations where the global solar radiation is equal to or higher than 1367 W/m2, resulting from the enhancement effect caused by a particular configuration of the clouds. The statistical indicatives for both models presented, respectively, MBE% of 3.09 and 0.48% and RMSE% of 15.80 and 3.90%.

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Feister, U., J. Junk, M. Woldt, A. Bais, A. Helbig, M. Janouch, W. Josefsson, et al. "Long-term solar UV radiation reconstructed by ANN modelling with emphasis on spatial characteristics of input data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 12 (June 23, 2008): 3107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3107-2008.

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Abstract. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are efficient tools to derive solar UV radiation from measured meteorological parameters such as global radiation, aerosol optical depths and atmospheric column ozone. The ANN model has been tested with different combinations of data from the two sites Potsdam and Lindenberg, and used to reconstruct solar UV radiation at eight European sites by more than 100 years into the past. Special emphasis will be given to the discussion of small-scale characteristics of input data to the ANN model. Annual totals of UV radiation derived from reconstructed daily UV values reflect interannual variations and long-term patterns that are compatible with variabilities and changes of measured input data, in particular global dimming by about 1980/1990, subsequent global brightening, volcanic eruption effects such as that of Mt. Pinatubo, and the long-term ozone decline since the 1970s. Patterns of annual erythemal UV radiation are very similar at sites located at latitudes close to each other, but different patterns occur between UV radiation at sites in different latitude regions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solar UV radiation'

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